Librarian - Knowledge

1574: 773: 34: 1330: 1672: 530: 966: 635: 1134: 718: 1565:(AALL). These activist organizations are viewed as controversial by some librarians, while others view them as a natural extension and outgrowth of their own deeply held library ethics. Librarians in the United States who as political actors in our times provide examples of a commitment to equality, the right to know or social justice include Peter Chase, George Christian, Janet Nocek, and Barbara Bailey. In the Doe v. Gonzales case, these librarians challenged the constitutionality of the nondisclosure provisions of the National Security Letters issued by the government under the USA Patriot Act in terrorist or other investigations. The four received the Roger Baldwin Medal of Liberty from the American Civil Liberties Union in June 2007. 1366: 1013: 1065: 209: 1802: 1822:, the only Deaf liberal arts university in the United States, was founded in 1876. The library's collection has grown from a small number of reference books to the world's largest collection of deaf-related materials with over 234,000 books and thousands of other materials in different formats. The collection is so large that the library had to create a hybrid classification system based on the Dewey Decimal Classification System in order to make cataloging and location within the library much easier for both library staff and users. The library also houses the university's archives, which holds some of the oldest deaf-related books and documents in the world. 1771: 1729: 1124: 1702:(Old Number 53.12), "The American Library Association supports the inclusion in library collections of materials that reflect the diversity of our society, including those related to sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity or expression. ALA encourages all American Library Association chapters to take active stands against all legislative or other government attempts to proscribe materials related to sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity or expression; and encourages all libraries to acquire and make available materials representative of all the people in our society. Adopted 2005, Amended 2009, 2010." 1257: 1763:. When disabled communities began demanding equality in the 1970s, Hagemeyer decided to go back to school for her master's degree in library science. While she was studying there, she realized that there was not very much information about the Deaf community at her library or at the libraries of any of her classmates. She soon became an activist for Deaf awareness at her library, and she became the first “Librarian for the Deaf Community” from any public library in the nation. Hagemeyer also constructed a manual of resources for Deaf people and those associated with them called 1451: 896: 554: 706: 1637: 1695:"The American Library Association stringently and unequivocally maintains that libraries and librarians have an obligation to resist efforts that systematically exclude materials dealing with any subject matter, including sex, gender identity or expression, or sexual orientation. The Association also encourages librarians to proactively support the First Amendment rights of all library users, regardless of sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity or expression. Adopted 1993, amended 2000, 2004, 2008, 2010." 929:

experience harassment or emotionally challenging situations in their daily work. The public library in particular can often be described as having an emotionally charged atmosphere. There is evidence to suggest that specialized librarians might experience similar conditions. For example, health science librarians report experiencing a mild to moderate amount of secondary traumatic stress that develops from working closely with patients who are experiencing trauma.

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people in their community. The QBPL hired a deaf librarian, Lori Stambler-Dunsmore, to train the library staff about Deaf culture, to teach sign language classes for family members and people who are involved with deaf people, and to teach literacy classes for Deaf patrons. In working with the library, Stambler-Dunsmore was able to help the community reach out to its deaf neighbors, and helped other deaf people become more active in their outside community.

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institutions; one might be a school library/media teacher, a member of a public library team, or a librarian in a penal institution. Licensing for library/media teacher includes a Bachelor or Master of Arts in Teaching and additional higher-level course work in library science. YA librarians who work in public libraries are expected to have a master's degree in Library and Information Science (MLIS), relevant work experience, or a related credential.

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accounting for the transition included the demographic losses of the First World War, the provisions of the Public Libraries Act of 1919, the library-building activity of the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, and the library employment advocacy of the Central Bureau for the Employment of Women. In the United Kingdom, evidence suggests that the Conservative government began replacing professional librarians with unpaid volunteers in 2015–2016.

6288: 1438:. This robot is able to navigate the library, look for the specified book, and upon its discovery, carefully take it from the shelf and deliver it to the user. Because of the robot's extremely limited function, its introduction into libraries poses little risk of the employment of librarians, whose duties are not defined by menial tasks such as the retrieval of books. Recently over 100 libraries in the United States have begun adding 6278: 413: 813: 791:. The help may take the form of research on a specific question, providing direction on the use of databases and other electronic information resources; obtaining specialized materials from other sources; or providing access to and care of delicate or expensive materials. These services are sometimes provided by other library staff that have been given a certain amount of special training; some have criticized this trend. 6298: 579:, and the CDC had earlier named librarians as key public health staff to support COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing, so many librarians and library staff volunteered to help with contact tracing. Librarians also supported their community in other ways, such as staffing non-emergency hotlines and manning shelters for the homeless, for which they were able to retain their income, while others were 6268: 1794:

provide services for the Deaf community, availability of text telephones or TTYs not only to assist patrons with reference questions but also for making outside calls, using the most recent technology in order to communicate more effectively with Deaf patrons, including closed captioning services for any television services, and developing a collection that would interest the members of the Deaf community.

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the collection, analysis, dissemination, and coordination of information on the status of women in librarianship. The bibliographic history of women in U.S. librarianship and women librarians developing services for women has been well-documented in the series of publications initially issued by the Social Responsibilities Round Table Task Force on Women and later continued by COSWL.

469:, Naudé advocated collecting all kinds of books, old and new, of famous, more obscure, and heretical authors. He also contributed to the idea of organization and administration of libraries which led to the development of library collections. It was also in part thanks to Naudé that some libraries began to lend books outside of the precincts of the library. 800:

children's section of a library may act as its own separate library within the same building. Children's librarians must be knowledgeable of popular books for school-aged children and other library items, such as e-books and audiobooks. They are charged with the task of creating a safe and fun learning environment outside of school and the home.

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and virtual workplace, many special librarians may not even work in a library at all but instead manage and facilitate the use of electronic collections. Funding for special libraries varies widely. Librarians in some types of special libraries may be required to have additional training, such as a law degree for a librarian in an academic

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and journal publications have aimed to develop the scholarship around women in librarianship by shedding light on important female librarians of history, acknowledging and analyzing the viewpoints of specific groups of female and minority librarians, and bringing the pay gaps of the library profession into discussion.

361:. During this period, the lectern system, in which books were chained to desks for security, was also introduced. Classification and organization of books during this period was generally done by subject and alphabetically, with materials inventoried using basic check lists. Later in the period, individuals known as 521:. During the French Revolution, librarians assumed sole responsibility for selecting books for use by all citizen of the nation. Out of this action came the implementation of the concept of modern library service: the democratic extension of library services to the general public, regardless of wealth or education. 1000:

community. Mission statements, service and collection policies are the fundamental administrative features of public libraries. Occasionally, private lending libraries serve the public in the manner of public libraries. In the United States, public librarians and public libraries are represented by the

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The ALA has admitted that disabled people belong to a minority that is often overlooked and under-represented by people in the library, and the Deaf community belongs in this minority group. However, in the last few decades, libraries across the United States have made great strides in the mission of

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is a library that is an integral part of a college, university, or other institution of postsecondary education, administered to meet the information and research needs of its students, faculty, and staff. In the United States, the professional association for academic libraries and librarians is the

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of lending libraries. Some specialize in serving adults or children. Children's librarians provide appropriate material for children at all age levels, include pre-readers, conduct specialized programs and work with the children (and often their parents) to help foster interest and competence in the

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Deaf people at the library have the same needs as every other person visiting the library and often have more difficulty accessing materials and services. Australian librarian Karen McQuigg states that “even ten years ago, when I was involved in a project looking at what public libraries could offer

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Owing to the large number of men in greater positions of power within the library field, women have also been largely left out of standard histories of U.S. librarianship, but Suzanne Hildenbrand's scholarly assessment of the work done by women has expanded the historical record. Writers, academics,

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initiatives for works in the public domain, teach information literacy and technology classes to their users, and work on the development of information architectures for improving access and search functionality. These examples illustrate some of the ways in which librarians are using technology to

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There are three ways in which these requirements can be met: the individual must obtain an ALIA-recognized bachelor's degree in library and information studies, complete a first degree in any discipline followed by an ALIA-recognized postgraduate diploma or masters course, or gain an ALIA-recognized

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Experienced librarians may take administrative positions such as library or information center director or learning resource officer. Similar to the management of any other organization, they are concerned with the long-term planning of the library, and its relationship with its parent organization

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Electronic resources librarians manage the databases that libraries license from third-party vendors. School librarians work in school libraries and perform duties as teachers, information technology specialists, and advocates for literacy. Instruction librarians teach information literacy skills in

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ALIA is responsible for accreditation of library specific qualifications for both librarians and library technicians. Professional Australian teacher-librarians require slightly different qualifications. In addition to having a degree that meets ALIA's accreditation process, teacher librarians must

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exclusively serves the needs of a public or private school. The primary purpose is to support the students, teachers, and curriculum of the school or school district. In addition to library administration, certificated teacher-librarians instruct individual students, groups and classes, and faculty

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In Nashville, Tennessee, Sandy Cohen manages the Library Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (LSDHH). The program was created in 1979 in response to information accessibility issues for the Deaf in the Nashville area. Originally, the only service provided was the news via a teletypewriter or

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The Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship (COSWL) of the American Library Association, founded in 1976, represents the diversity of women's interest within ALA and ensures that the Association considers the rights of the majority (women) in the library field, and promotes and initiates

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Despite women making up most of the workforce, in 2014, women working as full-time librarians reported a median annual salary of $ 48,589, compared to $ 52,528 for men. In 2019 the wage gap was still 92 percent of the median annual earnings reported by men. African American women earned just 69.9

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are libraries designed to perform some specific function for a particular set of people or an organization, i.e. news, law, medical, theological, prison, corporate, or museum. They can be highly specialized, serving a discrete user group with a restricted collection area. In an increasingly global

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As user and community needs change over time, the role of the librarian continues to reflect these changes. Librarians assist and interact with vulnerable or at-risk populations regularly. It is proposed that librarians experience a moderate degree of work-related stress, and is reported that many

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Outreach librarians are charged with providing library and information services for underrepresented groups, such as people with disabilities, low-income neighborhoods, home bound adults and seniors, incarcerated and ex-offenders, and homeless and rural communities. In academic libraries, outreach

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Librarianship grew into a female-dominated sphere in the late 19th century due to the lower value of women's wages in comparison to men's. Since women had greater difficulty finding work than men, they were more likely to work for lower wages, thus making them more appealing to employers. Women,

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are created through legislation within the jurisdiction they serve. Accordingly, they are given certain benefits, such as taxpayer funding, but must adhere to service standards and meet a wide group of client needs. They are usually overseen by a board of directors or library commission from the

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Media specialists teach students to find and analyze information, purchase books and other resources for the school library, supervise library assistants, and are responsible for all aspects of running the library/media center. Both library media teachers (LMTs) and young adult public librarians

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concerning the duties of a professional librarian, which were published in 1650 as "The Reformed Librarie-Keeper". He held that librarians should not only care for the books, but should also be well educated and accomplished to raise the standards of librarianship. Furthermore, he advocated that

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to locate manuscripts in deteriorating monastic libraries. As a result, Renaissance libraries were filled with a wealth of texts. While materials in these libraries were mostly restricted, the libraries were open to the public. Librarians were needed to plan and organize libraries to meet public

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Over the years, library services have begun to evolve in order to accommodate the needs and desires of local Deaf communities. At the Queen Borough Public Library (QBPL) in New York, the staff implemented new and innovative ideas in order to involve the community and library staff with the Deaf

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Within the American Library Association (ALA), some also join the Social Responsibilities Round Table (SRRT). SRRT came into being amid the social ferment of the 1960s and is often critical of the American Library Association for not living up to its professed ideals. Another important activist

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or Director of Libraries. Some post-secondary institutions treat librarians as faculty, and they may be called professor or other academic ranks, which may or may not increase their salary and benefits. Some universities make similar demands of academic librarians for research and professional

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A young adult or YA librarian specifically serves patrons who are between 12 and 18 years old. Young adults are those patrons that look to library services to give them direction and guidance toward recreation, education, and emancipation. A young adult librarian could work in several different

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and physical processing of new materials. A Youth Services librarian, or children's librarian, is in charge of serving young patrons from infancy all the way to young adulthood. Their duties vary, from planning summer reading programs to weekly story hour programs. They are multitaskers, as the

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The role of the librarian has changed much over time, with the past century in particular bringing many new media and technologies into play. From the earliest libraries in the ancient world to the modern information hub, there have been keepers and disseminators of the information held in data

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is one such set of guidelines, and it was published to inform libraries of the services that should be provided for Deaf patrons. Most of the guidelines pertain to ensuring that Deaf patrons have equal access to all available library services. Other guidelines include training library staff to

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The death of her husband had forced Theresa Elmendorf to end her unpaid status, and for the next 20 years she held the position of vice-librarian at the Buffalo Public Library. Her new role also meant an increased participation in the American Library Association; in 1911–12 she served as its

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In England in the 1870s, a new employment role opened for women in libraries; it was said that the tasks were "Eminently Suited to Girls and Women." By 1920, women and men were equally numerous in the library profession, but women pulled ahead by 1930 and comprised 80% by 1960. The factors

5118:(Chicago: ALA, 1984) Katharine Phenix and Kathleen de la Peña McCook (1982–1986) (Chicago: ALA, 1989); later years by Lori A Goetsch; Sarah Watstein (1987–1992) (Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 1993) Betsy Kruger; Catherine A Larson; Allison A Cowgill (1993–1997) Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 2000). 740:

Collection development or acquisitions librarians monitor the selection of books and electronic resources. Large libraries often use approval plans, which involve the librarian for a specific subject creating a profile that allows publishers to send relevant books to the library without any

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The increasing role of technology in libraries has a significant impact on the changing roles of librarians. New technologies are dramatically increasing the accessibility of information, and librarians are adapting to the evolving needs of users that emerge from the adoption of these new

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The Internet has had a profound impact on the resources and services that librarians of all kinds provide to their patrons. Electronic information has transformed the roles and responsibilities of librarians, even to the point of revolutionizing library education and service expectations.

1004:. Public library staffing is structured in response to community needs. Libraries bridge traditional divisions between technical and public services positions by adopting new technologies such as mobile library services and reconfigure organizations depending on the local situation. 1185:

in some academic subject, sometimes but not necessarily related to their professional responsibilities; in major research libraries, some of the librarians will hold PhD degrees in subject fields. Other advanced degrees often taken in conjunction with a degree in librarianship are

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order books and other materials that will interest their young adult patrons. They also must help YAs find relevant and authoritative Internet resources. Helping this age group to become lifelong learners and readers is a main objective of professionals in this library specialty.

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Systems librarians develop, troubleshoot and maintain library systems, including the library catalog and related systems. Technical service librarians work "behind the scenes" ordering library materials and database subscriptions, computers and other equipment, and supervise the

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to win favor from citizens. While scholars were employed in librarian roles in the various emperors' libraries, there was no specific office or role that qualified an individual to be a librarian. For example, Pompeius Macer, the first librarian of Augustus' library, was a

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TTY, but today, the program has expanded to serving the entire state of Tennessee by providing all different types of information and material on deafness, Deaf culture, and information for family members of Deaf people, as well as a historical and reference collection.

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While there were full-time librarians in the 18th century, the professionalization of the library role was a 19th-century development, as shown by its first training school, its first university school, and its first professional associations and licensing procedures.

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The Library Leadership and Management Association Division of the ALA has a discussion group titled "LLAMA Women Administrators Discussion Group," which exists to provide a forum for discussion of problems of particular concern to women in administrative positions.

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The ALA also has the Women & Gender Studies Section (WGSS) of its Division "Association of College & Research Libraries"; this section was formed to discuss, promote, and support women's studies collections and services in academic and research libraries.

1035:. Depending upon the institution, the library may serve a particular faculty or the entire institution. Many different types, sizes, and collections are found in academic libraries and some academic librarians are specialists in these collections and archives. A 745:. Librarians can then see those books when they arrive and decide if they will become part of the collection or not. All collections librarians also have a certain amount of funding to allow them to purchase books and materials that don't arrive via approval. 504:, libraries changed; the content of libraries became less selective, to include literature of entertainment as well as academic value. At this time, libraries also became fully open to the public, with access no longer restricted to a small circle of readers. 262:. These scholars contributed significantly to the collection and cataloging of the wide variety of scrolls in the library's collection. Most notably, Callimachus created what is considered to be the first subject catalog of the library holdings, called the 2391:

The main plank of government policy towards libraries is to shift them into the voluntary sector. This shift in strategy is reflected in the new Cipfa figures: though paid library staff fell by 5.3% from 18,028 to 17,064, volunteer numbers rose by 7.5% to

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cents and Hispanic and Latina women earned 63.8 cents on every dollar earned by a man of any race. Asian women were the only female racial group to earn more than men of all races, but they still only earned 76.7 cents to the dollar reported by Asian men.

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Historically, librarianship has offered differing career opportunities for men and women in the United States, where 83 percent of all librarians were women in 2015. That number had fallen to 79 percent in 2018, before going back up to 81 percent in 2019.

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usually become teaching faculty in schools of library and information science, or sometimes occupy the directorship or deanship of university libraries. Those undertaking research at the doctoral level can pursue a very wide range of interests including

205:; astronomical calculations; mathematical tables; grammatical and linguistic tables; dictionaries; and commercial records and laws. All of these tablets were cataloged and arranged in logical order by subject or type, each having an identification tag. 1719:

of librarians in popular culture are frequently negative: librarians are portrayed as puritanical, punitive, unattractive, and timid if female, or timid, unattractive, and effeminate if male. These stereotypes have harmed librarians in the public eye.

1388:" (used to denote digital technology) and "librarian". The term "cybrarian" can be applied to someone who concerns themselves primarily with the role that technology plays in a traditional library setting. The term is also sometimes used for freelance 1487:. YALSA, The Young Adult Library Services Association, serves Young Adult librarians, and is part of the American Library Association. Many U.S. states have their own library association as well. Librarians may also join such organizations as the 1236:

In the United Kingdom, a librarian can have a three- or four-year bachelor's degree in library science; separate master's degrees in librarianship, archive management, and records management are also available. These degrees are accredited by the

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The American Library Association's Social Responsibilities Round Table Feminist Task Force (FTF) was founded in 1970 by women who wished to address sexism in libraries and librarianship. FTF was the first ALA group to focus on women's issues.

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disease. During this time, library services were in high demand as patrons were stuck inside during quarantine, but with limited building access, most public library patrons switched to digital content, online learning, and virtual programs.

1313:; however, an additional library science degree is not generally required. Many, if not most, academic librarians also have a second, subject-based master's degree. This is especially true of librarians working at four-year colleges. 728:

Specific duties vary depending on the size and type of library. Olivia Crosby described librarians as "Information experts in the information age." Most librarians spend their time working in one of the following areas of a library:

1202:. Despite the existence of doctoral programs existing to supplement a master's degree, the American Library Association considers a master's degree from an ALA accredited or approved program to be the terminal degree in the field. 975:

Basic categories of workplace settings for librarians are routinely classified around the world as: public, academic, school, and special. Some librarians will start and operate their own business. They often call themselves

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however, have made continuous progress toward equality, a reform called for following advancements of the American Library Association to amplify female representation in the library field, as well as reflected by the rise of

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for cataloguing records electronically. They had to purchase and run the computers necessary to use the software. They had to teach the public how to use the new technologies and move to more virtual working environments.

266:. The pinakes contained 120 scrolls arranged into ten subject classes; each class was then subdivided, listing authors alphabetically by titles. The librarians at Alexandria were considered the "custodians of learning". 1288:

In the United States and Canada, a librarian generally has a one or two-year (more common) master's degree in library science from an accredited university. This master's degree is obtained following graduation from a

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in effective research methods, often referred to as information literacy skills. Audio-visual equipment service and/or textbook circulation may also be included in a school librarian's responsibilities. Often,

197:. Ashurbanipal was the first individual in history to introduce librarianship as a profession. We know of at least one "keeper of the books" who was employed to oversee the thousands of tablets on Sumerian and 1212:, and library associates (not to be confused with academic rank of assistant librarian or associate librarian) may have diplomas but usually do not hold library-related degrees. Occasionally they also hold 749:

face-to-face classes or through the creation of online learning objects. They instruct library users on how to find, evaluate, and use information effectively. They are most common in academic libraries.

491:, gave up his career as a diplomat and established Oxford's Bodleian library. He is credited as creating the first functional library of modern times. Subsequent librarians following Bodley were called 654:, "book"). A 1713 definition of the word was "custodian of a library", while in the 17th century, the role was referred to as a "library-keeper", and a librarian was a "scribe, one who copies books". 151:

stores. Roles and responsibilities vary widely depending on the type of library, the specialty of the librarian, and the functions needed to maintain collections and make them available to its users.

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One of the most significant examples of how technology has changed the role of librarians in the last 50 years has been the move from traditional card catalogs to online public access catalogs (

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The role of a librarian is continually evolving to meet social and technological needs. A modern librarian may deal with provision and maintenance of information in many formats, including

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upheld that the librarian was the most important factor in the aid of learning. He is credited as including science texts in addition to conventional literature within library collections.

1317:, the international honor society for library & information science and information technology, honors faculty for distinguished service to education for librarianship with the annual 3916: 2299:

Kerslake, Evelyn (1 March 2007). "'They have had to come down to the women for help!' Numerical feminization and the characteristics of women's library employment in England, 1871–1974".

1789:(IFLA) and the ALA were written in order to help libraries make their information more accessible to people with disabilities, and in some cases, specifically the Deaf community. IFLA's 3040: 1747:

the deaf, it seemed as if the gap between the requirements of this group and what public libraries could offer was too great for public libraries to be able to serve them effectively.”

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or "keepers of the tablets" were scribes or priests who were trained to handle the vast amount and complexity of these records. The extent of their specific duties is unknown.

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Hayes, Jessica B.; Parks, Cecelia; McNeilly, Samantha; Johnson, Phill (1 November 2018). "Boomers to Millennials: Generational Stereotypes at Work in Academic Librarianship".

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The same could be said of other technology developments, from electronic databases (including the Internet), to logistical functions such as bar codes (or in the near future

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technologies. Digital librarians have become ubiquitous in the Information Age, so much so that a new word has been coined for such digital curators: "cybrarian", which is a

2918: 1767:, which is now online at the website of the Friends of Libraries for Deaf Action. Hagemeyer was one of the first library activists to make strides for the Deaf community. 1508: 1238: 772: 79:

Three- or four-year degree; in some countries a post-graduate diploma or master's degree is required, while specialist librarians may need a relevant subject degree (e.g.

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in 2020, many librarians were temporarily displaced as libraries across the country were affected by a nationwide shutdown in efforts to control the spread of

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is considered to be a time of aristocratic enthusiasm for libraries. During this period, great private libraries were developed in Europe by figures such as

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Coleman, Sterling Joseph (1 August 2014). "'Eminently Suited to Girls and Women': The Numerical Feminization of Public Librarianship in England 1914–31".

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materials, such as manuscripts, documents and records, though this varies from country to country, and there are other routes to the archival profession.

622:. The Librarian Reserve Corps founder, Elaine Hicks, and co-leadership Stacy Brody and Sara Loree, were awarded the 2021 Librarian of the Year title from 500:, Bodley's Librarian. They would earn £40 a year. The ideas formed with these librarians continued to develop into the 17th century. With the approach of 3309: 1664:

The Reference and Adult Services Division of the ALA has a discussion group titled "Women's Materials and Women Library Users," formed in the mid-1980s.

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service as are required of faculty. Academic librarians administer various levels of service and privilege to faculty, students, alumni, and the public.

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Increasing technological advance has presented the possibility of automating some aspects of traditional libraries. In 2004 a group of researchers in

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B.2.1.15 Access to Library Resources and Services Regardless of Sex, Gender Identity, Gender Expression, or Sexual Orientation (Old Number 53.1.15):

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Reference or research librarians help people doing research to find the information they need, through a structured conversation called a

6281: 5676: 3844: 3653: 3546:"The changing roles, responsibilities and skills of subject and learning support librarians in the Southern African Customs Union region" 1520: 4720: 4053:"Public access computing and Internet access in public libraries: The role of public libraries in e-government and emergency situations" 2609: 2225:

Occasional Papers (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Graduate School of Library and Information Science); No. 160 (July 1983)

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In the 14th century, universities began to reemerge which had libraries and employed librarians. At the same time royalty, nobles and

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In Germany, the first step for an academic librarian is a PhD in a subject field, followed by additional training in librarianship.

2502: 1411:). Many librarians provide virtual reference services (via web-based chat, instant messaging, text messaging, and e-mail), work in 1104: 5379: 4146: 3815: 6046: 1881: 4315: 2910: 6177: 5669: 1496: 1100: 1061:

are qualified teachers who take academic courses for school library certification or earn a master's degree in Library Science.

965: 564: 285:, kept the contents of their private libraries to themselves, only boasting of the enormity of his collection. Others, such as 4784: 634: 5605: 5291: 4831: 4185: 3615: 3274: 3179: 3138: 1562: 1531: 1133: 1096: 2523: 6192: 4698: 4251: 2725: 5649: 5621: 5089: 4975: 828:(the city or county for a public library, the college/university for an academic library, or the organization served by a 6219: 2370: 910:

Initiating and establishing creative digital activities to introduce children to coding, engineering and website building

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Pagowsky, Nicole; Rigby, Miriam (2014). "Contextualizing Ourselves: The Identity Politics of the Librarian Stereotype".

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The Role of Women in Librarianship, 1876-1976: The Entry, Advancement, and Struggle for Equalization in One Profession

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Working with other education organisations to establish continual, lifelong learning and further education initiatives

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librarians might focus on high school students, transfer students, first-generation college students, and minorities.

5956: 5137: 3783: 3343: 1886: 2973:"Librarian Reserve Corps: Literature indexing and metadata enhancement (LIME) observations from a year in the field" 5020: 4943: 2552: 1461: 5400: 4869: 2754: 6301: 6204: 6061: 5979: 4222: 4084: 1629:. She was confirmed by Congress in July, and assumed office as the 14th Librarian of Congress in September 2016. 1350: 4635: 3895: 3581: 1613:(which had been founded in 1876), serving in that office for just over a year. The highly esteemed position of 1365: 6051: 5344:"Are the deaf a disabled group, or a linguistic minority? Issues for librarians in Victoria's public libraries" 2667: 1353:(TAFE) college/institute followed by an ALIA-recognized bachelor's degree in library and information studies. 1091:

or appropriate subject degrees for subject specialties such as chemistry, engineering, etc. Many belong to the

307: 20: 4900: 3313: 3237: 1039:, or chief librarian, is responsible for the library within the college structure, and may also be called the 717: 4272:

Marín, R.; Sanz, P.J.; del Pobil, A.P. (2003). "The UJI Online Robot: An Education and Training Experience".

1711: 1546: 1484: 1427:, which present both challenges and opportunities in providing access and promoting them to library patrons. 1092: 1064: 1016: 988:, or independent information professionals. Below are the basic differences between the types of libraries. 853:

Suggesting appropriate books ("readers' advisory") for children of different reading levels and recommending

480:

librarians deserve a living wage in order to use their energy to perform their duties to the fullest extent.

289:, took on the role of lending librarian by sharing scrolls in their collection. Many Roman emperors included 2784: 832:). In smaller or specialized libraries, librarians typically perform a wide range of the different duties. 208: 6327: 6199: 6167: 6014: 6004: 5974: 5909: 5643: 3945: 2582: 1610: 1550: 1516: 1500: 1480: 1468: 1294: 1261: 1127: 1112: 882: 515:, selected and identified over 300,000 books and manuscripts that became the property of the people in the 4812:

Nelson, Bonnie R. “The Chimera of Professionalism.” Library Journal, vol. 105, no. 17, Oct. 1980, p. 2029.

4687:"A Commitment to Human Rights Let's Honor the Qualities Required of a Librarian Dedicated to Human Rights" 4308:"3D Systems Presents 100 Libraries & Museums Participating in MakerLab Club with New Cube 3D Printers" 3519: 1012: 689:

instruction; computer provision and training; coordination with community groups to host public programs;

6182: 5984: 5804: 4475: 4215:"MARC Format Documentation Overview (Network Development and MARC Standards Office, Library of Congress)" 4030: 3870: 1876: 1504: 1144: 1108: 219: 154: 1553:. The Progressive Librarians Guild covers the actions of union library workers in its journal and blog, 6291: 6271: 6118: 5655: 5633: 5183: 5153: 4450: 4345: 1801: 1770: 1492: 1001: 969: 639: 350: 302:, an office that combined both military and judicial duties. A later librarian of the same library was 5562:

The Scholar as Librarian as Collector." R.W. Chambers Memorial Lecture at University College, London.

5060: 4399: 1774: 1534:. Many librarians around the world share American librarians' concern over ethical issues surrounding 6231: 6214: 6187: 6172: 5704: 4664: 4425: 3703: 3678: 1841: 1728: 1137: 615: 255: 3753: 3728: 1756:

making libraries more accessible to disabilities in general and to the Deaf community specifically.

437:, a universal listing of all printed books, emerged from well-established academics and librarians: 6332: 6261: 5946: 5843: 5540:

Cohen, S. (2006). "Have you heard about the Library Services for the Deaf & Hard of Hearing?".

4610: 3403: 1866: 1809:, Brazil, receives experts to debate issues related to libraries and changes planned for the future 1306: 1123: 985: 722: 618:. As of November 2021, the Librarian Reserve Corps has vetted over 60,000 publications relating to 231: 4581: 4579:

See also, the series, "There is Power in a Union: Union Activism 2006 Timeline" beginning in 2006

4496: 4370: 3195:

Love, Johnnieque B. (1 March 2003). "The Enhanced and Changing Role of the Specialist Librarian".

3123:

Effective School Librarianship: Successful Professional Practices from Librarians Around the World

2583:"Federal Funding For State And Local Contact Tracing Efforts Is An Urgent Priority, And A Bargain" 1759:

One of the first activists in the library community working toward accessibility for the Deaf was

1733: 143:

providing access to information, and sometimes social or technical programming, or instruction on

5914: 5451: 4001: 1906: 1040: 678: 557: 433: 421: 5116:

On Account of Sex: An Annotated Bibliography on the History of Women in Librarianship, 1977–1981

6031: 6026: 5929: 5885: 4472:"The official website of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions" 4051:

Bertot, John Carlo; Jaeger, Paul T.; Langa, Lesley A.; McClure, Charles R. (4 September 2006).

2405: 1871: 1389: 1171: 977: 843: 761: 685:-based and digital resources. A librarian may also provide other information services, such as 508: 4168:

Wormell, Irene; Olesen, Annie Joan; Mikulás, Gábor (2011). "What is information consulting?".

3836: 6036: 5936: 4212: 4138: 3561: 1901: 1617:

was held entirely by men from its creation in 1802 (two years after the establishment of the

1614: 1369: 1242: 1199: 1195: 820: 334:

of libraries alive after the fall of the Roman Empire. It is during this time that the first

235: 5001:"Library Feminism and Library Women's History: Activism and Scholarship, Equity and Culture" 1641: 1450: 1256: 895: 6154: 6139: 6096: 6056: 5989: 5870: 5799: 3750:"Visual Resources Association – The International Association of Image Media Professionals" 1819: 1599: 1515:(IFLA) represents the interests of libraries and librarians internationally. (See also the 1290: 1072: 981: 690: 686: 395:. These libraries were sponsored by popes, royals, and nobility who sent agents throughout 303: 247: 144: 127: 5727: 5274:

The Librarian Stereotype: Deconstructing Perceptions and Presentations of Information Work

3917:"Human Resources and Skills Development: 4142 Elementary School and Kindergarten Teachers" 2972: 2939: 1700:

B.2.12 Threats to Library Materials Related to Sex, Gender Identity, or Sexual Orientation

1181:

It is common in academic and other research libraries to require the librarians to obtain

8: 6322: 6144: 6076: 6021: 5924: 5855: 5431: 4970: 2406:"LJ Survey: U.S. Public Libraries Mostly Closed, But No Consensus on Who Works and Where" 1618: 1605:

Historically, top positions in the library field have largely been held by men. In 1911,

1310: 1175: 788: 373: 227: 212: 3979: 2494: 6251: 6226: 6209: 6086: 6081: 5999: 5737: 5564: 5375: 5324: 5012: 4935: 4289: 4177: 4126: 3807: 3496: 3463: 3433: 3384: 3212: 3002: 2880: 2351: 2316: 2273: 2265: 1896: 1836: 1420: 1302: 1205: 1182: 904:

Answering incoming reference questions via telephone, postal mail, email, fax, and chat

591: 553: 345:. Within the monasteries, the role of librarian was often filled by an overseer of the 4100: 2594: 899:

A librarian pushes a book cart at Camp Delta, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on December 3, 2002

878:

Building and maintaining collections to respond to changing community needs or demands

875:

Assessing library services and collections in order to best meet library users' needs.

6162: 6123: 6106: 5941: 5890: 5769: 5732: 5601: 5577: 5489: 5287: 5133: 4827: 4307: 4181: 3975: 3789: 3779: 3611: 3501: 3483: 3437: 3425: 3388: 3376: 3339: 3336:

The librarian's Internet survival guide: strategies for the high-tech reference desk"

3290:

McKinzie, Steve (October 2002). "For Ethical Reference, Pare the Paraprofessionals".

3270: 3263: 3216: 3175: 3144: 3134: 3006: 2994: 2884: 2872: 2864: 2355: 2320: 2281: 2277: 2072: 2034: 1984: 1932: 1606: 1318: 1217: 1209: 1150: 1083: 1058: 603: 595: 587: 481: 450: 5328: 3420: 2347: 1293:

program in any discipline. The Library Science master's degree is accredited by the

1161:

in library science. The first doctoral degree in library science was offered by the

6111: 5994: 5833: 5826: 5794: 5712: 5520: 5360: 5355: 5343: 5316: 5277: 4293: 4281: 4173: 4096: 4060: 3966:

Wyss, Paul Alan (September 2008). "A Question of Degrees for Academic Librarians".

3491: 3475: 3415: 3368: 3204: 3167: 3126: 2984: 2856: 2590: 2343: 2308: 2257: 2228: 1577:

Library Personnel. The library staff and the delivery truck, Kelly Aviation Field,

1442:

to their collections in an effort to expose the public to cutting-edge technology.

1435: 1036: 1027: 996: 919:

Making and enforcing computer appointments on the public access Internet computers.

512: 103: 3408:

Partnership: The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research

3372: 2860: 2465:"Libraries Are Dealing With New Demand For Books And Services During The Pandemic" 1636: 1216:

or graduate degrees in other disciplines. These workers, sometimes referred to as

705: 458: 442: 6071: 6009: 5966: 5865: 5860: 5816: 5779: 5764: 5742: 5696: 5628: 5320: 5090:"American Library Association, Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship" 4243: 4142: 3776:

Libraries and librarianship : sixty years of challenge and change, 1945-2005

1760: 1341:

In Australia, a professional librarian must meet the requirements set out by the

1225: 1154: 829: 796: 670: 623: 576: 401: 278: 107: 5661: 4965: 4686: 3479: 3356: 475:

is considered to be the first English library theorist. He wrote two letters to

6101: 5951: 5838: 5821: 5811: 5774: 5754: 5747: 5722: 5276:. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries Press. pp. 1–37. 5130:

Keeping the Faith: The Public Library's Commitment to Adult Education, 1950 ...

1891: 1456: 1400: 1053: 937:

There are a number of contributing factors to the librarians’ roles changing.

777: 476: 438: 396: 290: 270: 99: 38:

A librarian in a military base library helps an airman find an entry in a book.

4285: 3148: 2038: 6316: 6066: 5789: 5638: 5581: 3487: 3464:"Health sciences librarians, patient contact, and secondary traumatic stress" 3429: 3380: 2998: 2868: 2312: 2076: 1988: 1936: 1373: 1269: 1213: 1020: 816: 488: 3793: 3091: 2989: 2285: 1561:

organization is the Social Responsibilities Special Interest Section of the

5875: 4551: 3505: 3061: 2876: 2844: 2495:"Public Libraries Respond to COVID-19: Survey of Response & Activities" 1741: 1626: 1622: 1412: 1187: 693:

for people with disabilities; and assistance locating community resources.

650:, as demonstrated by the etymology of the word "librarian" (from the Latin 417: 357:(literally "librarian") following his successful translations of the Greek 274: 251: 243: 182: 80: 5525: 5508: 4065: 4052: 3208: 3171: 1778: 1526:

Recent issues of concern for U.S. libraries include implementation of the

1419:

Librarians must continually adapt to new formats for information, such as

5880: 5759: 4924:"President's Address: The Public Library: A Leaven'd and Prepared Choice" 4522: 1851: 1527: 1503:

serves Canada and there are provincial associations as well, such as the

1314: 1281: 1088: 1068: 384: 346: 331: 259: 194: 5433:

Achievement: From a lack of knowledge to an appreciation of Deaf history

5016: 5000: 4939: 4923: 3545: 1806: 318: 5784: 5590:

Pioneers in Librarianship : Sixty Notable Leaders Who Shaped the Field.

5408: 4214: 3942:"Human Resources and Skills Development: 4141 Secondary School Teacher" 3808:"Statement on the Terminal Professional Degree for Academic Librarians" 2269: 2223:

Winter, Michael F. (1983). "The professionalization of librarianship".

1716: 1535: 1439: 1381: 1265: 1191: 847: 674: 568: 294: 62: 5282: 3891: 2697:"As States Seek COVID Detectives, Librarians Are Among The Candidates" 1507:. In the United Kingdom, the professional body for Librarians is the 765:

young reader. (In larger libraries, some specialize in teen services,

3585: 2233: 1846: 1676: 1158: 730: 666: 599: 598:, serving as "information first responders" in the fight against the 472: 466: 446: 392: 380:, an attribute that is closely connected to librarians of this time. 339: 327: 239: 223: 198: 119: 4639: 2248:

Wilensky, Harold L. (1964). "The Professionalization of Everyone?".

5493: 4213:

Library of Congress Network Development and MARC Standards Office.

3355:

Smith, Daniella L.; Bazalar, Bryan; Wheeler, Maurice (2020-05-18).

3338:, Irene E. McDermott, Barbara E. Quint, p. 1-2, Information Today, 3233: 3130: 2940:"Librarian Reserve Corps -- Doody's Collection Development Monthly" 2261: 1334: 1221: 766: 734: 682: 662: 619: 607: 590:. It was a global network of volunteer librarians, specializing in 580: 416:

Enlightenment era librarian in a library, 19th-century painting by

412: 388: 358: 286: 5634:

U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Outlook Handbook: Librarians

5480:

Hollander, Pat (June 1995). "Deaf-Advocacy at Queens Borough PL".

4447:"The Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals" 1479:

The two largest library associations in the United States are the

887:

Writing grants to gain funding for expanded program or collections

869:

Developing programs for library users of all ages and backgrounds.

812: 760:

Public service librarians work with the public, frequently at the

372:

began to establish libraries of their own as status symbols. King

5717: 5692: 4131:

International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology

4078: 4076: 2362: 1856: 1787:

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

1680: 1539: 1513:

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

1424: 1298: 742: 713:

in 2013. iPad, PC, eReader and laptop computer are required tools

369: 299: 263: 190: 186: 140: 123: 2815:"Librarian Volunteers Help WHO Make Sense of COVID Information" 1645: 1385: 1277: 1273: 781: 425: 400:

needs. A tool to achieve these organizational goals, the first

322:

Burgundian scribe Jean Miélot in his scriptorium (15th century)

282: 4958: 4073: 3866: 1545:

Some librarians join activist organizations like the UK-based

1372:

provides new technology, VR, 3D printer, etc for residents of

365:

began more formal cataloguing, inventory, and classification.

349:

where monks would copy out books cover to cover. A monk named

4755:"Library Professionals: Facts, Figures, and Union Membership" 1578: 1431: 854: 646:

Traditionally, a librarian is associated with collections of

611: 534: 342: 335: 171: 5452:"Guidelines for Library Services to Deaf People 2nd Edition" 5191: 4966:"Senate Confirms Carla Hayden as 14th Librarian of Congress" 3302: 2435:"ALA Executive Board Recommends Closing Libraries to Public" 1509:

Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals

1239:

Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals

907:

Delivering arts and cultural activities to local communities

174:

were the first to train clerks to keep records of accounts.

4614: 4446: 4391: 4337: 3605: 2206: 2204: 1408: 1396: 658: 647: 202: 5044:

Reclaiming the American library past: writing the women in

4660: 4500: 4421: 3699: 3674: 3544:

Chanetsa, Ngulube, Bernadette, Patrick (October 1, 2014).

3121:

Lo, Patrick; Rogers, Heather; Chiu, Dickson K. W. (2018).

3033:"Battling the Infodemic: LJ's 2021 Librarians of the Year" 2119: 2117: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 1163:

Graduate Library School, University of Chicago, 1928-1989.

5509:"The Deaf Collection at the Gallaudet University Library" 5306: 3749: 3724: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1228:, ready reference, and serials and monograph processing. 1166: 84: 4050: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2129: 1981:

Libraries and librarianship in the West: a brief history

1095:. There are also more specific associations such as the 839:

Researching topics of interest for their constituencies.

465:, the first printed monograph on librarianship. In this 5068: 4471: 4366: 3892:"United States Bureau of Labour Statistics: Librarians" 3357:"Public Librarian Job Stressors and Burnout Predictors" 2977:

Journal of Health Information and Libraries Australasia

2911:"Librarian Reserve Corps Fighting COVID-19's Infodemic" 2581:

Salomon, Joshua A.; Reingold, Arthur L. (11 May 2020).

2114: 2083: 835:

Representative examples of librarian responsibilities:

453:. The four librarians responsible for establishing the 376:

began his own library, and he kept his collection as a

5376:"Library services for people with disabilities policy" 4785:"Library Workers: Facts & Figures Fact Sheet 2016" 4721:"Library Workers: Facts & Figures Fact Sheet 2016" 3812:

Association of College & Research Libraries (ACRL)

3649: 3635:. Englewood, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited. p. 4. 1955: 2050: 2048: 2031:

The President, the Professor, and the College Library

2012: 2010: 1723: 923: 575:

As the crisis escalated, there was a high demand for

4194: 4167: 4127:"Cybrarian: The Librarian of Future Digital Library" 4083:

Katsirikou, Anthi; Sefertzi, Elena (December 2000).

2845:"The Librarian Reserve Corps: An Emergency Response" 872:

Managing access to electronic information resources.

5622:

ALIA: Careers in Library and Information Management

4685:Phenix, Katharine; McCook, Kathleen (1 July 2007). 3354: 2553:"Digital Escape Rooms and Other Online Programming" 2102: 1349:library technician qualifications (undertaken at a 1297:and can have specializations within fields such as 338:(book as opposed to scroll) enters popularity: the 4338:"Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA)" 4271: 4082: 3262: 2045: 2007: 1995: 1943: 1785:New guidelines from library organizations such as 913:Marking promotion and advocacy of library services 612:Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) 586:The Librarian Reserve Corps was formed during the 281:in their home. Many of these aristocrats, such as 5691: 5114:Kathleen de la Peña McCook and Katharine Phenix, 4849:President, the first woman to hold that position. 3543: 2966: 2964: 1511:(formerly known as the Library Association). The 157:has changed over time to reflect changing roles. 6314: 5639:SLA's Competencies for Information Professionals 3550:Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 1609:became the first woman elected president of the 1416:fulfill and expand upon their historical roles. 893:Publishing articles in library science journals 431:During the 16th century, the idea of creating a 230:in 323 BC, was created to house the entirety of 52:Information professional, information specialist 4752: 4085:"Innovation in the every day life of libraries" 3461: 3402:Rodger, Joanne; Erickson, Norene (2021-05-16). 3236:. Central Jersey Regional Library Cooperative. 2580: 1651: 932: 5598:Foundations of Library and Information Science 4759:Department for Professional Employees, AFL-CIO 4027:Australian Library and Information Association 3998:Australian Library and Information Association 3633:Dictionary for Library and Information Science 3584:. American Library Association. Archived from 3401: 2961: 1791:Guidelines for Library Services to Deaf People 1399:). Librarians had to develop software and the 1357:also hold recognized teaching qualifications. 1343:Australian Library and Information Association 807: 548: 313: 277:, it was common for Roman aristocrats to hold 201:materials, including literary texts; history; 5677: 5271: 5154:"LLAMA Women Administrators Discussion Group" 4636:"AALL, Social Responsibilities SIS Home Page" 4497:"Information for Social Change Journal (ISC)" 3462:Becker, Rachel W.; McCrillis, Aileen (2015). 3404:"The Emotional Labour of Public Library Work" 1489:Association of College and Research Libraries 1445: 1033:Association of College and Research Libraries 951:Changing educational and learning environment 629: 5055: 5053: 4994: 4992: 4928:Bulletin of the American Library Association 4684: 4520: 3837:"Becoming a Library Assistant or Technician" 3778:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 124. 3566:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3520:"School librarians: The beginning of an era" 3269:. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company. 3120: 1625:was nominated for the position by President 733:can be specialized librarians who deal with 234:. It was notable for its famous librarians: 5439:. 67th IFLA Council and General Conference. 5041: 4998: 4661:"The American Association of Law Libraries" 3675:"The American Association of Law Libraries" 3256: 3254: 2668:"Contact Tracing and Libraries – MBLC Blog" 2371:"UK library budgets fall by £25m in a year" 1568: 1521:IFLA World Library and Information Congress 6277: 5684: 5670: 5506: 5243:"B.2 Intellectual Freedom (Old Number 53)" 5213:"B.2 Intellectual Freedom (Old Number 53)" 3468:Journal of the Medical Library Association 2785:"LibGuides: Librarian Reserve Corps: Home" 2639:"Librarians Recruited as COVID-19 Hunters" 2614:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1640:A librarian with sorted books to be sold. 1467:awards, presented in association with the 916:Assisting job seekers and local businesses 677:; photographs and other graphic material; 139:is a person who works professionally in a 32: 5574:Librarianship, Its Philosophy and History 5571: 5524: 5479: 5429: 5359: 5281: 5184:"ACRL Women & Gender Studies Section" 5050: 4989: 4921: 4064: 3495: 3419: 3228: 3226: 3084: 2988: 2524:"Pandemic Forces Programs to Move Online" 2232: 2210: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2096: 2069:History of libraries in the western world 1966: 866:Facilitating and promoting reading clubs. 4422:"Art Libraries Society of North America" 3773: 3700:"Art Libraries Society of North America" 3289: 3251: 2970: 2842: 2492: 2298: 2247: 1800: 1769: 1727: 1670: 1635: 1572: 1449: 1364: 1328: 1255: 1132: 1122: 1105:American Theological Library Association 1063: 1011: 964: 894: 890:Digitizing collections for online access 811: 771: 716: 704: 633: 610:to various organizations, including the 552: 528: 507:In 18th-century France, two librarians, 457:are important figures in librarianship. 411: 330:in Europe are credited with keeping the 317: 207: 5592:2022. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 5341: 4890: 2462: 2333: 1978: 1882:American librarianship and human rights 1683:, 2014, Library of M. M. Kotsyubynskoho 700: 6315: 5378:. American Library Association. 2012. 4821: 4748: 4746: 3644: 3642: 3260: 3223: 2222: 2066: 1926: 1732:Librarians in the Research Library in 1497:Art Libraries Society of North America 1101:Art Libraries Society of North America 565:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States 5665: 5595: 5539: 5309:The Journal of Academic Librarianship 4789:Department for Professional Employees 4725:Department for Professional Employees 4523:"Progressive Librarians Guild - Home" 4200: 3630: 2908: 2726:"Other (Pandemic) Duties as Assigned" 2610:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" 2381:from the original on December 8, 2016 2108: 2054: 2016: 2001: 1949: 1563:American Association of Law Libraries 1097:American Association of Law Libraries 941:Development in information technology 860:Reviewing books and journal databases 487:Another key figure of this time, Sir 189:, created a library at his palace in 6267: 5644:Library and Information Science Wiki 4862:"Theresa West Elmendorf (1855-1932)" 4822:McCook, Kathleen de la Peña (1979). 4765:from the original on 27 October 2020 4731:from the original on 25 October 2016 3965: 3608:Introduction to Public Librarianship 3606:McCook, Kathleen de la Peña (2011). 3194: 3161: 3125:(1 ed.). Apple Academic Press. 2849:Medical Reference Services Quarterly 2368: 2028: 776:Royal Portuguese Reading Cabinet in 407: 165: 6297: 5449: 5430:Hagemeyer, Alice L. (August 2001). 5005:Library History Research in America 4859: 4743: 4402:from the original on April 29, 2022 4124: 3639: 3164:The Image and Role of the Librarian 2789:librarianreservecorps.libguides.com 2607: 1691:The ALA Policy Manual states under 1007: 956:Changes in scholarly communication. 13: 5556: 4860:Nix, Larry T (December 12, 2008). 4701:from the original on 29 April 2021 4318:from the original on 28 March 2015 4178:10.1016/B978-1-84334-662-3.50001-3 4149:from the original on 29 April 2021 3054: 2843:Callaway, Jessica (January 2021). 1862:History of public library advocacy 1750: 1724:Librarianship for Deaf communities 1705: 1584: 1532:Children's Internet Protection Act 1078: 924:Librarians and work-related stress 463:Avis pour dresser une bibliothèque 14: 6344: 5957:Library and information scientist 5615: 5253:from the original on 3 March 2014 5223:from the original on 3 March 2014 5164:from the original on 7 March 2014 5096:from the original on 17 June 2012 4946:from the original on June 8, 2022 4582:"Progressive Librarian | Archive" 3847:from the original on 31 July 2014 3361:Journal of Library Administration 3072:from the original on 8 March 2021 2595:10.1377/forefront.20200506.867202 2403: 2369:Kean, Danuta (December 8, 2016). 2336:Library & Information History 1887:Libraries and the LGBTQ community 1813: 1454:Presenters and recipients of the 1047: 991: 769:, or other special collections.) 6296: 6286: 6276: 6266: 6257: 6256: 6247: 6246: 5600:. American Library Association. 5533: 5500: 5473: 5443: 5423: 5393: 5368: 5335: 5300: 5265: 5235: 5205: 5176: 5146: 5121: 5108: 5082: 5035: 5023:from the original on May 5, 2022 4915: 4884: 4853: 4840: 4815: 4806: 4777: 4713: 4678: 4556:unionlibraryworkers.blogspot.com 3030: 2971:Callaway, Jessica (2021-05-14). 2499:Public Library Association (PLA) 2463:Wilburn, Thomas (16 June 2020). 1474: 1462:Carnegie Corporation of New York 1251: 1157:. It is also possible to earn a 181:Sometime in the 8th century BC, 6287: 5980:Library and information science 5568:17 no 3 (Autumn 1968): 279–284. 5462:from the original on 2021-04-29 5382:from the original on 2016-08-07 4978:from the original on 2016-08-26 4795:from the original on 2016-10-25 4667:from the original on 2010-04-23 4653: 4628: 4603: 4592:from the original on 2012-08-09 4573: 4562:from the original on 2012-04-26 4544: 4533:from the original on 2012-08-08 4514: 4489: 4478:from the original on 2015-07-06 4464: 4453:from the original on 2019-07-15 4439: 4428:from the original on 2010-04-18 4414: 4384: 4373:from the original on 2008-11-22 4359: 4348:from the original on 2011-11-19 4330: 4300: 4265: 4254:from the original on 2017-12-18 4236: 4225:from the original on 2017-12-30 4206: 4161: 4118: 4107:from the original on 2019-04-27 4044: 4015: 3986: 3959: 3934: 3909: 3898:from the original on 2012-01-11 3884: 3873:from the original on 2008-08-05 3859: 3829: 3818:from the original on 2021-10-28 3800: 3767: 3756:from the original on 2011-07-12 3742: 3731:from the original on 2008-09-13 3717: 3706:from the original on 2008-08-25 3692: 3681:from the original on 2008-09-01 3667: 3656:from the original on 2012-09-29 3650:"Special Libraries Association" 3624: 3599: 3574: 3537: 3512: 3455: 3444:from the original on 2021-09-21 3421:10.21083/partnership.v16i1.6189 3395: 3348: 3328: 3283: 3240:from the original on 2008-08-31 3188: 3155: 3114: 3102:from the original on 6 May 2021 3043:from the original on 2021-11-04 3024: 3013:from the original on 2021-11-04 2950:from the original on 2021-11-04 2932: 2921:from the original on 2021-11-04 2902: 2891:from the original on 2021-11-07 2836: 2825:from the original on 2021-11-04 2812: 2806: 2795:from the original on 2021-11-04 2776: 2765:from the original on 2020-09-22 2747: 2736:from the original on 2020-10-29 2718: 2707:from the original on 2020-10-30 2689: 2678:from the original on 2020-10-30 2660: 2649:from the original on 2020-10-27 2631: 2620:from the original on 2020-10-28 2601: 2574: 2563:from the original on 2020-11-01 2545: 2534:from the original on 2020-10-30 2516: 2505:from the original on 2020-10-31 2486: 2475:from the original on 2020-10-29 2456: 2445:from the original on 2020-11-01 2427: 2416:from the original on 2020-10-17 2397: 2348:10.1179/1758348914Z.00000000063 2327: 2292: 2241: 2216: 2071:. Scarecrow Press. p. 70. 1351:Technical and Further Education 533:National Library of France, in 6052:Electronic resource management 5572:Mukherjee, Ajit Kumar (1966). 5507:Harrington, Thomas R. (1998). 5361:10.1080/00049670.2003.10721582 4922:Elmendorf, H. L. (July 1912). 4527:progressivelibrariansguild.org 4125:Dey, Tulima (1 October 2012). 2060: 2022: 1972: 1920: 21:The Librarian (disambiguation) 1: 5654:, Ernest Cushing Richardson, 5046:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 5042:Hildenbrand, Suzanne (1996). 4999:Hildenbrand, Suzanne (2000). 4891:Bertram, Cara (May 6, 2013). 4866:Wisconsin Library Association 4691:Information for Social Change 4638:. Aallnet.org. Archived from 4101:10.1016/S0166-4972(00)00004-3 3725:"Medical Library Association" 3373:10.1080/01930826.2020.1733347 2861:10.1080/02763869.2021.1873627 2782: 2250:American Journal of Sociology 1913: 1712:Librarians in popular culture 1549:and the North American-based 1547:Information for Social Change 1485:Special Libraries Association 1360: 1176:history of books and printing 1093:Special Libraries Association 1017:Southern Methodist University 960: 524: 5651:Some Old Egyptian Librarians 5321:10.1016/j.acalib.2018.09.011 4586:Progressive Librarians Guild 4029:. 2008-06-24. Archived from 4000:. 2006-08-10. Archived from 3841:American Library Association 3774:Bobinski, George S. (2007). 3582:"Public Library Association" 3162:Katz, Linda S (2003-06-27). 1652:American Library Association 1611:American Library Association 1551:Progressive Librarians Guild 1517:List of Library Associations 1501:Canadian Library Association 1481:American Library Association 1469:American Library Association 1295:American Library Association 1262:American Library Association 1149:Librarians generally hold a 1128:Cambridge University Library 1118: 1113:Visual Resources Association 933:Changing roles of librarians 7: 5985:Education for librarianship 4663:. Aallnet.org. 2010-04-06. 3480:10.3163/1536-5050.103.2.006 3096:Online Etymology Dictionary 2759:American Libraries Magazine 2755:"What's Lost in a Furlough" 2730:American Libraries Magazine 2643:American Libraries Magazine 2557:American Libraries Magazine 2528:American Libraries Magazine 2439:American Libraries Magazine 1929:Readings in library history 1877:Librarians in North America 1829: 1505:Ontario Library Association 1145:Education for librarianship 1109:Medical Library Association 842:Referring patrons to other 808:Additional responsibilities 709:A librarian's workspace at 549:COVID-19 pandemic in the US 314:Middle Ages and Renaissance 220:Great Library of Alexandria 155:Education for librarianship 10: 6349: 6145:History of library science 5450:Day, John Michael (2000). 5348:Australian Library Journal 4753:Research Department, DPE. 4613:. libr.org. Archived from 4499:. Libr.org. Archived from 4396:Public Library Association 3610:. New York, Neal-Schuman. 2067:Harris, Michael H (1984). 2029:Lyle, Guy Redvers (1963). 1979:Jackson, Sidney L (1974). 1739: 1709: 1493:Public Library Association 1446:Professional organizations 1333:ALIA inaugural meeting at 1324: 1142: 1002:Public Library Association 970:Los Angeles Public Library 640:National Library of Norway 630:Roles and responsibilities 160: 18: 6242: 6153: 6132: 5965: 5899: 5703: 5576:. Asia Publishing House. 5456:IFLA Professional Reports 5092:. ala.org. 26 July 2006. 5061:"ALA Feminist Task Force" 4244:"Virtual Reference Shelf" 1927:Dunlap, Leslie W (1972). 1842:List of female librarians 1519:.) IFLA hosts the annual 1260:The iconic symbol of the 1231: 1220:, perform duties such as 1138:Oxford University Library 857:for recreational reading. 616:World Health Organization 353:who took on the title of 273:and the beginning of the 113: 91: 73: 68: 56: 48: 43: 31: 6262:Category:Library science 5947:Information professional 5844:Learning Resource Centre 3261:Anders, Rebecca (1978). 2313:10.1179/174581607x177466 1867:Information professional 1569:Gender and librarianship 1307:information architecture 986:competitive intelligence 980:, research specialists, 723:Helsinki Central Library 711:Newmarket Public Library 661:; electronic resources; 5656:Charles Scribner's Sons 5646:(archived 30 June 2019) 5596:Rubin, Richard (2010). 4552:"Union Library Workers" 4286:10.1023/A:1026220621431 3968:College Student Journal 3867:"Society of Archivists" 3631:Reitz, Joan M. (1998). 3197:The Reference Librarian 3066:Encyclopedia Britannica 2990:10.55999/johila.v2i1.51 2493:SHOFMANN (2020-03-23). 1907:Public library advocacy 1775:University of São Paulo 1621:) until 2016, when Dr. 1390:information consultants 844:community organizations 679:bibliographic databases 558:New York Public Library 502:Bibliotheca Universalis 455:Bibliotheca Universalis 434:Bibliotheca Universalis 6032:Collection development 4170:Information Consulting 1872:Library Bill of Rights 1810: 1782: 1737: 1698:It also states, under 1684: 1648: 1581: 1471: 1376: 1338: 1285: 1284:(territory of the USA) 1172:information technology 1140: 1130: 1075: 1023: 972: 900: 824: 784: 725: 714: 643: 602:as a direct result of 560: 537: 518:Bibliothèque Nationale 509:Hubert-Pascal Ameilhon 428: 323: 215: 176:"Masters of the books" 6037:Collective collection 5526:10.26443/el.v22i3.131 4066:10.5210/fm.v11i9.1392 3234:"Become a Librarian!" 3209:10.1300/j120v37n78_10 3172:10.4324/9780203820742 1902:Periodicals librarian 1804: 1773: 1740:Further information: 1731: 1674: 1639: 1615:Librarian of Congress 1576: 1555:Union Library Workers 1453: 1370:Austin Public Library 1368: 1332: 1259: 1243:Society of Archivists 1200:public administration 1196:health administration 1136: 1126: 1067: 1015: 968: 898: 821:Librarian of Congress 815: 775: 720: 708: 637: 556: 532: 415: 321: 293:into their political 211: 6200:Library associations 6140:History of libraries 6057:Information literacy 5588:Nappo, Christian A. 5342:McQuigg, K. (2003). 3316:on February 12, 2011 3265:Careers in a Library 2909:Talia (2020-05-15). 1820:Gallaudet University 1600:second-wave feminism 1073:University of Sydney 1037:university librarian 982:knowledge management 701:Positions and duties 691:assistive technology 687:information literacy 638:Librarians at work, 494:Protobibliothecarius 404:, appeared in 1595. 304:Gaius Julius Hyginus 269:Near the end of the 145:information literacy 19:For other uses, see 6328:Library occupations 6077:Library instruction 5937:Periodicals/serials 5856:Special collections 5542:Tennessee Libraries 5513:Education Libraries 4971:Library of Congress 4872:on January 16, 2021 4023:"Teacher-Librarian" 2587:Health Affairs Blog 1619:Library of Congress 1465:I Love My Librarian 1421:electronic journals 1311:teaching credential 1206:Library technicians 978:information brokers 789:reference interview 374:Charles V of France 228:Alexander the Great 226:after the death of 213:Library of Congress 28: 6252:Category:Libraries 6119:Technical services 6087:Library publishing 6082:Library management 5910:Distance education 5627:2021-11-22 at the 5565:The Book Collector 5482:American Libraries 4521:Sarah Henriksson. 3292:American Libraries 2608:CDC (2020-02-11). 1897:Library technician 1837:List of librarians 1811: 1783: 1738: 1685: 1649: 1642:Malmö City Library 1582: 1472: 1377: 1339: 1303:records management 1286: 1276:(including French 1226:library cataloging 1218:para-professionals 1210:library assistants 1141: 1131: 1076: 1059:teacher-librarians 1024: 973: 901: 825: 785: 726: 715: 644: 592:academic libraries 561: 538: 429: 324: 216: 75:Education required 26: 6310: 6309: 6097:Readers' advisory 5770:Library of things 5607:978-1-55570-690-6 5293:978-0-8389-8704-9 5249:. 4 August 2010. 5219:. 4 August 2010. 5160:. 23 March 2012. 4903:on April 20, 2022 4893:"Madam PResident" 4846:Thomison, p. 280 4833:978-0-912700-01-4 4611:"Welcome to SRRT" 4314:. 23 March 2015. 4274:Autonomous Robots 4187:978-1-84334-662-3 4172:. pp. 1–11. 3617:978-1-55570-697-5 3556:– via Sage. 3276:978-0-8225-0334-7 3181:978-0-429-23626-6 3140:978-1-315-14957-8 2915:The Springy Share 1607:Theresa Elmendorf 1337:, 20 August, 1937 1319:Beta Phi Mu Award 1291:bachelor's degree 1151:university degree 1084:Special libraries 1041:Dean of Libraries 604:COVID-19 pandemic 596:medical libraries 588:COVID-19 pandemic 482:Gottfried Leibniz 451:Gottfried Leibniz 408:Enlightenment era 279:private libraries 166:The ancient world 133: 132: 128:knowledge manager 6340: 6300: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6280: 6279: 6270: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6250: 6249: 6047:Discovery system 5995:Archival science 5705:Types of library 5686: 5679: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5611: 5585: 5550: 5549: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5407:. 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Arlisna.org. 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4351: 4349: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4255: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4123: 4119: 4110: 4108: 4095:(12): 705–709. 4081: 4074: 4049: 4045: 4036: 4034: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4007: 4005: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3821: 3819: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3786: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3709: 3707: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3559: 3558: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3527: 3524:The Sunday News 3518: 3517: 3513: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3445: 3400: 3396: 3353: 3349: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3259: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3203:(78): 149–165. 3193: 3189: 3182: 3160: 3156: 3141: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3037:Library Journal 3029: 3025: 3016: 3014: 2969: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2841: 2837: 2828: 2826: 2819:Library Journal 2811: 2807: 2798: 2796: 2781: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2739: 2737: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2681: 2679: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2650: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2606: 2602: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2564: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2535: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2508: 2506: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2476: 2461: 2457: 2448: 2446: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2410:Library Journal 2404:Riley, Elliot. 2402: 2398: 2384: 2382: 2367: 2363: 2332: 2328: 2301:Library History 2297: 2293: 2246: 2242: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2084: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2046: 2033:. H.W. Wilson. 2027: 2023: 2015: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1983:. McGraw-Hill. 1977: 1973: 1965: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1931:. R.R. 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Routledge. 3165: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2855:(1): 90–102. 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2813:Dar, Mahnaz. 2809: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2197: 2192: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2132: 2126:, p. 96. 2125: 2120: 2118: 2111:, p. 45. 2110: 2105: 2099:, p. 88. 2098: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2057:, p. 39. 2056: 2051: 2049: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2019:, p. 38. 2018: 2013: 2011: 2004:, p. 37. 2003: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1969:, p. 75. 1968: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1952:, p. 36. 1951: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1919: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1751:United States 1748: 1743: 1735: 1730: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1591: 1585:United States 1580: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1475:United States 1470: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1452: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1374:Austin, Texas 1371: 1367: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1336: 1331: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270:United States 1267: 1263: 1258: 1252:North America 1249: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1214:undergraduate 1211: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1125: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1022: 1021:Dallas, Texas 1018: 1014: 1005: 1003: 998: 989: 987: 983: 979: 971: 967: 955: 954: 950: 949: 945: 944: 940: 939: 938: 930: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 897: 892: 889: 886: 884: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 852: 849: 845: 841: 838: 837: 836: 833: 831: 822: 818: 817:Justin Winsor 814: 805: 801: 798: 792: 790: 783: 779: 774: 770: 768: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 744: 738: 736: 732: 724: 719: 712: 707: 698: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 641: 636: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 573: 570: 566: 559: 555: 546: 542: 536: 531: 522: 520: 519: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 498: 495: 490: 489:Thomas Bodley 485: 483: 478: 474: 470: 468: 464: 460: 459:Gabriel Naudé 456: 452: 448: 444: 443:Gabriel Naudé 440: 436: 435: 427: 423: 419: 414: 405: 403: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 341: 337: 333: 329: 320: 311: 309: 305: 301: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 222:, created by 221: 214: 210: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 179: 177: 173: 158: 156: 152: 148: 146: 142: 138: 129: 125: 121: 118: 112: 109: 105: 101: 98: 90: 86: 82: 78: 72: 67: 64: 61: 55: 51: 47: 42: 35: 30: 22: 6092:Preservation 6042:Conservation 5990:Acquisitions 5901: 5871:Subscription 5800:Presidential 5650: 5597: 5589: 5573: 5563: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5516: 5512: 5502: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5464:. 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