223:
163:
215:
234:
467:
noted that this theory had never been widely supported or conclusively disproven. (Hubert added that its standing had not been assisted by an association with another of
Jullian's hypotheses, that there had also been something akin to an Italo-Celtic "unified empire".) The Ligurian–Celtic question is
638:
A risk of circular logic has been pointed out: if it is believed that the
Ligurians are non-Celtic or indeed pre-Indo-European, and if many place names and tribal names that classical authors state are Ligurian seem to be Celtic, it is incorrect to discard all the clearly Celtic ones when collecting
630:
Their thesis is that the
Ligurians were survivors of the ancient pre-Indo-European populations that had occupied Europe from at least the fifth millennium BC. These populations would have had languages of their own families, which they would have preserved until the onset of waves of
267:: "many tribes occupy these mountains, all Celtic except the Ligurians; but while these Ligurians belong to a different people , still they are similar to the Celts in their modes of life ". He also mentioned that earlier (Greek) sources referred to the
380:(2nd edition, 1889–1894), Jubainville proposed that Ligurian may have been the first Indo-European language spoken in Corsica, Sardinia, eastern Spain, southern France, and western Italy, based on the occurrence there of an apparent
607:" No indisputable evidence has been found that the Ambrones of Jutland had partly Celtic origins, and tribes in other parts of Europe also had similar names, suggesting that either the two ethnonyms were coincidental
913:
1798:
293:
usually considered the Salyes to have originated as either a hybrid of Gauls and
Ligures or the result of the westernmost Ligurians coming under the influence of a Celtic elite.
923:
190:
Very little is known about ancient
Ligurian; the lack of inscriptions and the unknown origin of the Ligurian people prevent its certain linguistic classification as a
718:
Le documentazioni sulla lingua dei Liguri non ne permettono una classificazione linguistica certa (preindoeuropeo di tipo mediterraneo? Indoeuropeo di tipo celtico?).
296:
Even in antiquity, because of the strong similarities of the
Ligures' language and culture to those of the Gaulish Celts, some Greek scholars referred to them as
2018:
787:
2023:
2003:
623:
posit that ancient
Ligurian was a pre-Indo-European language, with significant late Indo-European influence, especially Celtic (Gaulish) and
918:
557:
1131:
1848:
17:
508:'chin, chin bone'. Many Indo-European languages use 'mouth' to mean the part of a river that meets the sea or a lake, but it is only in
2008:
1788:
218:
Map of Italy and its languages. The
Ligurian group is N4. The Ligurian is increasingly attested as a non-Indo-European language.
60:
Northern
Mediterranean Coast straddling South-east French and North-west Italian coasts, including Northern Tuscany and Corsica.
807:
359:
2028:
1998:
1993:
1014:
1044:. "Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise" series (in French). Vol. Supplement 1 (2nd ed.). Paris: E. de Boccard.
825:
Mees, Bernard (2003). "A genealogy of stratigraphy theories from the Indo-European west". In
Anderson, Henning (ed.).
812:
Les Premiers Habitants de l'Europe d'après les Écrivains de l'Antiquité et les Travaux des Linguistes: Seconde Édition
1100:
1059:
869:
834:
1871:
1124:
245:
The question of the Ligurians' ethnolinguistic origins and identity has remained unresolved. They may have been a
415:
1713:
1701:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1778:
1606:
1390:
1385:
659:
137:
2033:
1933:
1903:
1758:
499:
1881:
1783:
1222:
1117:
635:. Later, the latter would conquer the territories, imposing their culture and language on the Ligurians.
420:
The hypothesis of a wider Ligurian substrate has never been generally accepted or conclusively rejected.
246:
191:
2038:
1550:
87:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1806:
1728:
1723:
1379:
1365:
1140:
730:
337:. However, the term may have been derogatory, and the Sigynnae are generally considered to have been
30:
This article is about the prehistoric language of the Ligures. For the modern Romance language, see
1773:
1718:
1489:
1319:
1208:
793:
91:
1587:
1482:
1432:
1411:
1402:
1284:
1201:
1161:
632:
570:
195:
1743:
1738:
1503:
1475:
1466:
1425:
444:
363:
250:
597:. The Ligurians, hearing this as identical to an ancient alternate name for their own people (
2043:
1895:
1768:
1748:
1496:
1291:
1229:
428:
83:
926:
on 26 September 2007 – via Leiden University Centre for Linguistics; Internet Archive.
1876:
1866:
1856:
1706:
1560:
1373:
1257:
1086:
956:(in German). Mainz & Wiesbaden: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz.
473:
381:
175:
was spoken in pre-Roman times and into the Roman era by an ancient people of north-western
8:
1923:
1696:
1681:
1616:
1418:
1340:
1250:
1243:
1194:
1152:
290:
565:
Another possibility may be inferred from a second point made by Delamarre: according to
1657:
1611:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1074:
976:
640:
456:
431:(or "Illyro-Venetic") branch of Indo-European, supposedly found across Western Europe.
249:
people; spoken an early Indo-European language, such as a third primary branch of the
153:
1861:
1838:
1833:
1811:
1753:
1531:
1454:
1347:
1096:
1092:
1055:
865:
830:
772:
669:
342:
31:
2013:
1823:
1816:
1763:
1691:
1686:
1643:
1636:
1566:
1510:
1448:
1354:
1326:
1312:
1298:
1215:
1187:
1175:
1168:
624:
582:
509:
479:
254:
99:
95:
829:. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company. pp. 11–44.
1650:
1601:
1555:
1438:
1333:
1305:
1264:
1181:
483:
460:
432:
75:
1828:
1596:
1109:
994:
Laviosa Zambotti, Pia (1943). "La civiltĂ dei piĂą antichi agricoltori liguri".
909:
574:
424:
371:
367:
334:
318:
1022:
1987:
1091:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 49. Translated by Jones, Horace. London:
1042:
Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule: Etude de géographie historique
814:(in French). Paris: Ernest Thorin. V.II, Book II, Chapter 9, Sections 10, 11.
705:
620:
130:
263:, around the beginning of the first century, wrote of the region around the
1733:
1541:
1275:
853:
764:
464:
121:
469:
257:); and/or gradually come under increasing Gaulish and other influences.
1908:
1627:
1577:
1443:
980:
594:
440:
314:
203:
490:. His argument hinges on two points: firstly, the Ligurian place-name
472:
in his 1969 paper "The Pre-Roman Peoples of South-east Gaul: Study of
861:
664:
608:
498:, located near a river mouth) is claimed by Delamarre to derive from
310:
146:
114:
27:
Extinct unclassified language of northwest Italy and southeast France
967:
Malkiel, Yakov (1952). "Old and New Trends in Spanish Linguistics".
443:, focusing on river names, converted the concept into his theory of
713:
643:
to "demonstrate" that Ligurian is non-Celtic or non-Indo-European.
578:
566:
439:
inscriptions (although these were later generally seen as Celtic).
436:
338:
326:
222:
199:
414:(For examples of the Corsican toponymy cited by Jubainville, see:
353:
1144:
745:
586:
532:
487:
330:
233:
226:
184:
50:
1585:
450:
1236:
1082:
528:
268:
260:
180:
162:
619:
Scholars such as Ernst Gamillscheg, Pia Laviosa Zambotti, and
598:
495:
302:
297:
284:
278:
214:
176:
614:
551:
523:, which is considered Ligurian, this root is found also in
264:
209:
544:
513:
502:
890:
827:
Language Contacts in Prehistory: Studies in Stratigraphy
792:. Translated by Godley, A. D. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1012:
1054:(in French) (2nd ed.). Paris: Editions Errance.
325:, a word that strongly resembled the ethnonym of the
543:
may well derive from another PIE root with the form
348:
277:)—then the western neighbours of the Ligures—as the
878:
253:or an earlier Celtic language (i.e., separate from
1015:"Celtic Gods: The Gaulish and Ligurian god, Vasio"
686:
674:
1985:
1139:
993:
723:
627:(Latin), superimposed on the original language.
459:(or "Pre-Celtic") with Ligurian was proposed by
423:Other linguists expanded on Jubainville's idea.
416:Prehistory of Corsica § Ligurian hypothesis
198:. The linguistic hypotheses are mainly based on
354:Ligurian as a non-Celtic Indo-European language
1125:
714:Treccani -Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
451:Ligurian as a Celtic or Italo-Celtic language
1969:Families with more than 30 languages are in
555:
375:
1081:
951:
806:
751:
611:or that a more distant connection existed.
362:held that Ligurian may have been the first
272:
2019:Languages attested from the 3rd century BC
1132:
1118:
919:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
558:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
427:adapted it as one basis of a hypothetical
161:
1049:
896:
848:
846:
785:
313:noted that the Ligurians who lived above
860:. "The History of Civilization" series.
615:Ligurian as a Pre-Indo-European language
232:
221:
213:
2024:Languages extinct in the 1st century BC
1039:
966:
884:
653:
384:, represented by place names ending in
210:Ancient sources regarding the Ligurians
14:
1986:
852:
843:
786:Herodotus (1920). A. D. Godley (ed.).
639:Ligurian words and to use this edited
1113:
1068:
763:
692:
680:
2004:Unclassified Indo-European languages
936:
824:
757:
908:
573:, Ligurian troops fighting for the
360:Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville
24:
1052:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise
733:. Britannica.com. 16 December 2014
600:outĂ´s kata genos onomazousi Ligues
25:
2055:
486:similar to, but not the same as,
358:French historian and philologist
349:Theories on the Ligurian language
2009:Unclassified languages of Europe
1013:Dyfed Lloyd Evans (2005–2011).
1006:
987:
960:
945:
930:
902:
818:
800:
779:
698:
377:Premiers Habitants de l'Europe
13:
1:
646:
435:saw evidence for Ligurian in
333:tribe located at the time in
238:
237:Languages in Iron Age Italy,
303:
285:
283:, and to their territory as
279:
7:
2029:Pre-Indo-European languages
952:Gamillscheg, Ernst (1950).
941:. Chapter 10, Sections 5-6.
922:(in German). Archived from
808:Jubainville, H. D'Arbois de
482:argues that Ligurian was a
413:
18:Ligurian (ancient language)
10:
2060:
1999:Extinct languages of Italy
1994:Languages of ancient Italy
1789:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
1050:Delamarre, Xavier (2003).
1033:
512:for which reflexes of PIE
298:
179:and current south-eastern
29:
1957:
1894:
1847:
1797:
1677:
1670:
1625:
1576:
1540:
1465:
1401:
1364:
1274:
1151:
1069:Kruta, Venceslas (1991).
1019:Nemeton: The Sacred Grove
752:Strabo & Jones (1917)
160:
144:
128:
112:
107:
72:
64:
56:
46:
41:
794:Harvard University Press
769:The Foundations of Latin
708:. Enciclopedie on line.
603:), returned the shout: "
569:, in 102 BC, during the
1966:have no living members.
1849:East and Southeast Asia
996:Rivista di Studi Liguri
633:Indo-European migration
599:
589:), who began to shout "
571:Battle of Aquae Sextiae
546:
515:
504:
341:(or members of another
317:referred to travelling
556:
519:mean 'mouth'. Besides
463:(1859–1933). In 1934,
445:Old European hydronymy
376:
364:Indo-European language
273:
242:
230:
219:
196:Indo-European language
1040:Barruol, Guy (1969).
858:The Rise of the Celts
455:An identification of
307:('Celto-Ligurians').
236:
225:
217:
969:Studies in Philology
796:. Book 5, Chapter 9.
712:(in Italian). Rome:
474:Historical Geography
68:300 BCE (?) – 100 CE
2034:Gallo-Roman culture
1607:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
1391:Northwest Caucasian
1386:Northeast Caucasian
1088:Geography, Volume I
1075:Thames & Hudson
731:"Ligurian language"
1872:Austronesian–Ongan
1671:Proposed groupings
954:Romanen und Basken
554:' (so in Pokorny,
468:also discussed by
457:Proto-Italo-Celtic
345:-speaking tribe).
289:. Scholars of the
251:Italo-Celtic group
243:
231:
220:
2039:Linguistic strata
1981:
1980:
1890:
1889:
1882:Sino-Austronesian
1666:
1665:
1141:Language families
1093:William Heinemann
914:"g^enu-1, g^neu-"
773:Walter de Gruyter
670:the Linguist List
247:pre-Indo-European
192:Pre-Indo-European
173:Ligurian language
169:
168:
88:Pre-Indo-European
32:Ligurian language
16:(Redirected from
2051:
1949:Proto-Euphratean
1675:
1674:
1583:
1582:
1551:Great Andamanese
1134:
1127:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1078:
1065:
1045:
1027:
1026:
1021:. Archived from
1010:
1004:
1003:
991:
985:
984:
964:
958:
957:
949:
943:
942:
934:
928:
927:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
875:
850:
841:
840:
822:
816:
815:
804:
798:
797:
783:
777:
776:
761:
755:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
727:
721:
720:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
657:
602:
577:were facing the
561:
549:
531:), which may be
518:
507:
480:Xavier Delamarre
419:
379:
306:
301:
300:
288:
282:
276:
240:
165:
156:
140:
124:
117:
78:
39:
38:
21:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2048:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1953:
1944:Paleo-Laplandic
1939:Pre-Finno-Ugric
1886:
1843:
1807:Greater Siangic
1793:
1779:Uralic–Yukaghir
1729:Ibero-Caucasian
1724:Elamo-Dravidian
1662:
1621:
1572:
1536:
1461:
1397:
1380:North Caucasian
1360:
1270:
1209:Paleo-Sardinian
1147:
1138:
1103:
1062:
1046:Reprinted 1975.
1036:
1031:
1030:
1025:on 18 May 2013.
1011:
1007:
992:
988:
965:
961:
950:
946:
935:
931:
910:Pokorny, Julius
907:
903:
895:
891:
883:
879:
872:
864:. p. 162.
851:
844:
837:
823:
819:
805:
801:
784:
780:
762:
758:
750:
746:
736:
734:
729:
728:
724:
704:
703:
699:
691:
687:
679:
675:
658:
654:
649:
617:
484:Celtic language
461:Camille Jullian
453:
433:Paul Kretschmer
370:and related to
356:
351:
229:in Roman Italy.
212:
152:
136:
133:
120:
113:
103:
79:
76:Language family
74:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1774:Uralo-Siberian
1771:
1766:
1761:
1759:Serbi–Mongolic
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Dravido-Korean
1716:
1714:Dené–Yeniseian
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1702:Dené–Caucasian
1699:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1320:Hurro-Urartian
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1202:Paleo-Corsican
1198:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1079:
1066:
1060:
1047:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1005:
1002:(2–3): 96–108.
998:(in Italian).
986:
975:(3): 437–458.
959:
944:
929:
901:
899:, p. 177.
897:Delamarre 2003
889:
877:
870:
842:
835:
817:
799:
778:
775:. p. 112.
756:
754:, iv., p. 203.
744:
722:
697:
685:
673:
651:
650:
648:
645:
616:
613:
583:Germanic tribe
575:Roman Republic
452:
449:
429:"Pan-Illyrian"
425:Julius Pokorny
374:. In his work
368:Western Europe
355:
352:
350:
347:
335:Eastern Europe
241:6th century BC
211:
208:
167:
166:
158:
157:
150:
142:
141:
134:
129:
126:
125:
118:
110:
109:
108:Language codes
105:
104:
92:Paleo-European
82:
80:
73:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
48:
47:Native to
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2056:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:Eskimo–Uralic
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:Paleosiberian
1584:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1483:Austroasiatic
1480:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1433:Austroasiatic
1430:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1412:Indo-European
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1285:Indo-European
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1162:Indo-European
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1104:
1102:9780674990555
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1061:2-87772-237-6
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1001:
997:
990:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
955:
948:
940:
933:
925:
921:
920:
915:
911:
905:
898:
893:
886:
881:
873:
871:9780415850414
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:Hubert, Henri
849:
847:
838:
836:1-58811-379-5
832:
828:
821:
813:
809:
803:
795:
791:
790:
789:The Histories
782:
774:
770:
766:
765:Baldi, Philip
760:
753:
748:
732:
726:
719:
715:
711:
707:
701:
695:, p. 55.
694:
689:
683:, p. 54.
682:
677:
671:
667:
666:
661:
656:
652:
644:
642:
636:
634:
628:
626:
622:
621:Yakov Malkiel
612:
610:
606:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
560:
559:
553:
548:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
511:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
475:
471:
466:
462:
458:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
411:
407:
404:, as well as
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
294:
292:
291:Classical Era
287:
281:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
235:
228:
224:
216:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
183:known as the
182:
178:
174:
164:
159:
155:
151:
149:
148:
143:
139:
135:
132:
131:Linguist List
127:
123:
119:
116:
111:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2044:Italo-Celtic
1970:
1963:
1962:Families in
1919:Pre-Goidelic
1914:Pre-Germanic
1744:Indo-Semitic
1739:Indo-Pacific
1734:Indo-Hittite
1649:
1642:
1635:
1565:
1542:Indian Ocean
1509:
1504:Austronesian
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1476:Sino-Tibetan
1474:
1453:
1431:
1426:Sino-Tibetan
1424:
1417:
1410:
1378:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1230:North Picene
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1087:
1070:
1051:
1041:
1023:the original
1018:
1008:
999:
995:
989:
972:
968:
962:
953:
947:
939:Caius Marius
938:
932:
924:the original
917:
904:
892:
885:Barruol 1969
880:
857:
826:
820:
811:
802:
788:
781:
768:
759:
747:
735:. Retrieved
725:
717:
709:
700:
688:
676:
663:
655:
637:
629:
618:
604:
590:
564:
540:
536:
524:
520:
491:
478:
465:Henri Hubert
454:
422:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
357:
322:
309:
295:
259:
244:
189:
172:
170:
145:
84:Unclassified
36:
1769:Ural-Altaic
1749:Indo-Uralic
1561:Sentinelese
1292:Afroasiatic
1258:Eteocypriot
710:Treccani.it
535:. However,
470:Guy Barruol
304:KeltolĂgues
299:Κελτολίγυες
1988:Categories
1909:Pre-Celtic
1877:East Asian
1867:Austro-Tai
1857:Andamanese
1707:Eurasiatic
1628:North Asia
1578:North Asia
1490:Hmong–Mien
1444:Burushaski
1403:South Asia
1374:Kartvelian
1341:Philistine
1251:Eteocretan
1195:Tartessian
937:Plutarch.
693:Kruta 1991
681:Kruta 1991
647:References
609:homophones
595:battle cry
441:Hans Krahe
366:spoken in
204:onomastics
98:, or para-
1934:Pre-Vedic
1924:Pre-Greek
1896:Substrata
1799:Arunachal
1697:Nostratic
1682:Alarodian
1617:Yeniseian
1467:East Asia
1419:Dravidian
1276:West Asia
1244:Tyrsenian
1085:(1917) .
1071:The Celts
862:Routledge
856:(2013) .
737:29 August
665:MultiTree
605:Ambrones!
591:Ambrones!
382:substrate
311:Herodotus
286:Ligystike
147:Glottolog
115:ISO 639-3
1929:Vasconic
1904:Atlantic
1658:Eskaleut
1612:Yukaghir
1527:Koreanic
1522:Tungusic
1517:Mongolic
1455:Harappan
1366:Caucasus
1348:Sumerian
1223:Ligurian
810:(1889).
767:(2002).
716:. 2011.
706:"Liguri"
660:Ligurian
579:Ambrones
567:Plutarch
527:(modern
494:(modern
437:Lepontic
339:Scythian
327:Sigynnae
323:sigunnai
315:Massilia
274:Salluvii
200:toponymy
154:anci1248
42:Ligurian
2014:Ligures
1964:italics
1862:Austric
1839:Kho-Bwa
1834:Hrusish
1812:Siangic
1754:Karasuk
1654: ?
1567:Kenaboi
1532:Japonic
1497:Kra–Dai
1458: ?
1449:Kusunda
1355:Elamite
1327:Kassite
1313:Kaskian
1216:Camunic
1188:Iberian
1145:Eurasia
1034:Sources
981:4173021
593:" as a
587:Jutland
533:Gaulish
488:Gaulish
343:Iranian
331:nomadic
319:hawkers
271:(Latin
255:Gaulish
227:Liguria
185:Ligures
51:Liguria
1824:Mijiic
1817:Digaro
1764:Pontic
1692:Borean
1687:Altaic
1651:Rouran
1644:Turkic
1637:Uralic
1626:Other
1511:Turkic
1439:Nihali
1334:Gutian
1306:Hattic
1299:Turkic
1265:Minoan
1237:Sicani
1182:Basque
1176:Turkic
1169:Uralic
1153:Europe
1099:
1083:Strabo
1058:
979:
868:
833:
641:corpus
625:Italic
541:Genava
529:Geneva
525:Genava
510:Celtic
400:, and
280:Ligyes
269:Salyes
261:Strabo
194:or an
181:France
100:Celtic
96:Celtic
57:Region
1602:Nivkh
1556:Ongan
977:JSTOR
585:from
547:ǵonu-
545:*
537:Genua
521:Genua
516:ǵenu-
514:*
505:ǵenu-
503:*
496:Genoa
492:Genua
410:-inca
406:-inco
402:-osca
398:-osco
394:-usco
390:-asca
386:-asco
372:Sicel
177:Italy
1971:bold
1829:Miju
1597:Ainu
1097:ISBN
1056:ISBN
866:ISBN
831:ISBN
739:2015
552:knee
539:and
408:and
329:, a
265:Alps
202:and
171:The
1544:rim
1143:of
668:on
662:at
581:(a
562:).
500:PIE
476:".
321:as
138:xlg
122:xlg
65:Era
1990::
1095:.
1073:.
1017:.
973:49
971:.
916:.
912:.
845:^
771:.
447:.
418:.)
412:.
396:,
392:,
388:,
239:c.
206:.
187:.
94:,
90:,
1973:.
1590:"
1586:"
1133:e
1126:t
1119:v
1105:.
1077:.
1064:.
1000:9
983:.
887:.
874:.
839:.
741:.
550:'
102:)
86:(
34:.
20:)
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