45:
213:
279:
969:'We are going to do methane,' Musk announced as he described his future plans for reusable launch vehicles including those designed to take astronauts to Mars within 15 years, 'The energy cost of methane is the lowest and it has a slight Isp (Specific Impulse) advantage over Kerosene' said Musk adding, 'and it does not have the pain in the ass factor that hydrogen has.' ... SpaceX's initial plan will be to build a lox/methane rocket for a future upper stage codenamed Raptor. ... The new Raptor upper stage engine is likely to be only the first engine in a series of lox/methane engines.
256:
60:
263:
Air forces have long recognized the strategic importance of liquid oxygen, both as an oxidizer and as a supply of gaseous oxygen for breathing in hospitals and high-altitude aircraft flights. In 1985, the USAF started a program of building its own oxygen-generation facilities at all major consumption
196:
has a lower boiling point at −196 °C (77 K) than oxygen's −183 °C (90 K), and vessels containing liquid nitrogen can condense oxygen from air: when most of the nitrogen has evaporated from such a vessel, there is a risk that liquid oxygen remaining can react violently with organic
134:
Because of its cryogenic nature, liquid oxygen can cause the materials it touches to become extremely brittle. Liquid oxygen is also a very powerful oxidizing agent: organic materials will burn rapidly and energetically in liquid oxygen. Further, if
127:
with a freezing point of 54.36 K (−218.79 °C; −361.82 °F) and a boiling point of 90.19 K (−182.96 °C; −297.33 °F) at 1 bar (15 psi). Liquid oxygen has an
550:
had managed to liquefy most gases then known to exist. Six gases, however, resisted every attempt at liquefaction and were known at the time as "permanent gases". They were oxygen,
948:
746:
897:
Advances in
Cryogenic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1957 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado, August 19–21, 1957
730:
408:
70:) is poured from a beaker into a strong magnet, the oxygen is temporarily suspended between the magnet poles, owing to its paramagnetism.
201:
can be oxygen-enriched by letting it stand in open air; atmospheric oxygen dissolves in it, while nitrogen evaporates preferentially.
131:
of 1:861 and because of this, it is used in some commercial and military aircraft as a transportable source of breathing oxygen.
905:
881:
708:
221:
956:
922:
426:
404:
742:
30:
This article is about the liquid form of the element oxygen. For the commercial dietary supplement product, see
763:
123:. Liquid oxygen has a density of 1.141 kg/L (1.141 g/ml), slightly denser than liquid water, and is
812:
17:
869:
Liquid Oxygen Liquid
Acquisition Device Bubble Point Tests With High Pressure LOX at Elevated Temperatures
673:
868:
361:
31:
1013:
998:
44:
1023:
273:
317:
245:
212:
524:
447:
357:
278:
204:
The surface tension of liquid oxygen at its normal pressure boiling point is 13.2 dyn/cm.
895:
698:
392:
371:
298:
585:
824:
574:
283:
236:
and is widely used for industrial and medical purposes. Liquid oxygen is obtained from the
38:
147:
unpredictably from sources of ignition such as flames, sparks or impact from light blows.
8:
1003:
638:
502:
484:
980:
828:
850:
813:"Noncollinear magnetism in liquid oxygen: A first-principles molecular dynamics study"
901:
854:
704:
471:
342:
104:
328:
1018:
840:
832:
793:
777:
493:
489:
167:
120:
1008:
750:
628:
618:
589:
559:
547:
532:
519:
302:
225:
193:
128:
100:
696:
836:
633:
608:
603:
346:
310:
290:
249:
233:
217:
183:
171:
59:
992:
623:
475:
434:
148:
116:
356:
used liquid oxygen. Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, the ascent stages of the
648:
578:
567:
515:
387:
383:
379:
375:
353:
321:
174:. Modern computer simulations indicate that, although there are no stable O
140:
949:"Musk goes for methane-burning reusable rockets as step to colonise Mars"
653:
643:
459:
455:
421:
159:
797:
697:
Moore, John W.; Stanitski, Conrad L.; Jurs, Peter C. (21 January 2009).
613:
581:
in
Switzerland succeeded in producing the first droplets of liquid air.
498:
324:
198:
144:
124:
845:
464:
439:
136:
555:
551:
511:
397:
338:
306:
294:
90:
259:
Insulated evaporator and storage container setup for liquid oxygen
563:
528:
443:
152:
255:
507:
430:
237:
115:
Liquid oxygen has a clear light sky-blue color and is strongly
86:
417:
480:
413:
350:
182:
molecules do tend to associate in pairs with antiparallel
241:
923:"SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power"
900:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 150–.
592:
produced the first measurable quantity of liquid oxygen.
764:"Liquid Oxygen Receipt, Handling, Storage and Disposal"
810:
170:, who proposed it to explain why liquid oxygen defied
119:: it can be suspended between the poles of a powerful
103:
in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by
107:, an application which has continued to the present.
367:As of 2024, many active rockets use liquid oxygen:
780:(1924). "The Magnetism of Oxygen and the Molecule O
893:
990:
983:. Scienceclarified.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-22.
867:J. M. Jurns and J. W. Hartwig (2011).
882:1U.S. Army Oxygen Generation System Development
327:missile also used liquid oxygen under the name
232:In commerce, liquid oxygen is classified as an
700:Principles of Chemistry: The Molecular Science
27:One of the physical forms of elemental oxygen
914:
753:. Lindecanada.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-22.
940:
811:Oda, Tatsuki; Alfredo Pasquarello (2004).
301:applications, usually in combination with
139:, some materials such as coal briquettes,
37:"LOX" redirects here. For other uses, see
921:Belluscio, Alejandro G. (March 7, 2014).
920:
844:
197:material. Conversely, liquid nitrogen or
786:Journal of the American Chemical Society
277:
254:
220:technician transfers liquid oxygen to a
211:
58:
43:
267:
14:
991:
110:
55:) (light sky-blue liquid) in a beaker.
776:
222:Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules
946:
703:. Cengage Learning. pp. 297–.
24:
894:Timmerhaus, K. D. (8 March 2013).
427:Korea Aerospace Research Institute
405:Indian Space Research Organisation
25:
1035:
947:Todd, David (November 20, 2012).
289:Liquid oxygen is the most common
166:) was first predicted in 1924 by
974:
887:
282:SpaceX's liquid oxygen ball at
155:, often exhibit this behavior.
874:
861:
804:
770:
756:
736:
724:
690:
666:
316:Liquid oxygen was used in the
250:cryogenic air separation plant
13:
1:
660:
178:molecules in liquid oxygen, O
674:"First liquid-fueled rocket"
85:, is a clear light sky-blue
7:
733:. chemistry.ohio-state.edu.
596:
584:In 1883, Polish professors
337:. In the 1950s, during the
77:, sometimes abbreviated as
10:
1040:
884:. RTO-MP-HFM-182. dtic.mil
837:10.1103/PhysRevB.70.134402
540:
362:Space Shuttle main engines
318:first liquid fueled rocket
271:
36:
32:Liquid Oxygen (supplement)
29:
341:both the United States'
274:Liquid rocket propellant
246:fractional distillation
207:
137:soaked in liquid oxygen
953:FlightGlobal Hyperbola
525:United Launch Alliance
286:
260:
229:
71:
56:
766:. USAF Training Film.
393:European Space Agency
372:Chinese space program
358:Apollo Saturn rockets
281:
258:
215:
186:, forming transient O
99:. It was used as the
62:
47:
959:on November 28, 2012
575:Louis Paul Cailletet
364:used liquid oxygen.
268:In rocket propellant
63:When liquid oxygen (
39:Lox (disambiguation)
927:NASAspaceflight.com
829:2004PhRvB..70m4402O
798:10.1021/ja01674a008
639:Natterer compressor
485:Space Launch System
467:(under development)
400:(under development)
240:found naturally in
111:Physical properties
749:2012-02-18 at the
586:Zygmunt Wróblewski
287:
261:
230:
72:
57:
907:978-1-4684-3105-6
817:Physical Review B
778:Lewis, Gilbert N.
710:978-0-495-39079-4
472:Firefly Aerospace
349:rockets, and the
299:spacecraft rocket
105:Robert H. Goddard
16:(Redirected from
1031:
1014:Industrial gases
999:Rocket oxidizers
984:
978:
972:
971:
966:
964:
955:. Archived from
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
918:
912:
911:
891:
885:
878:
872:
865:
859:
858:
848:
823:(134402): 1–19.
808:
802:
801:
792:(9): 2027–2032.
774:
768:
767:
760:
754:
740:
734:
731:Cryogenic Safety
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
694:
688:
687:
685:
684:
670:
490:Northrop Grumman
224:aircraft at the
168:Gilbert N. Lewis
121:horseshoe magnet
98:
69:
54:
21:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1024:1883 in science
989:
988:
987:
979:
975:
962:
960:
945:
941:
931:
929:
919:
915:
908:
892:
888:
879:
875:
866:
862:
809:
805:
783:
775:
771:
762:
761:
757:
751:Wayback Machine
743:Characteristics
741:
737:
729:
725:
715:
713:
711:
695:
691:
682:
680:
672:
671:
667:
663:
658:
629:Liquid nitrogen
619:Liquid hydrogen
599:
590:Karol Olszewski
560:carbon monoxide
548:Michael Faraday
543:
303:liquid hydrogen
297:propellant for
276:
270:
226:Bagram Airfield
210:
194:Liquid nitrogen
189:
181:
177:
165:
129:expansion ratio
113:
97:
93:
68:
64:
53:
49:
48:Liquid oxygen (
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1037:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
986:
985:
973:
939:
913:
906:
886:
880:Arnold, Mark.
873:
860:
803:
781:
769:
755:
735:
723:
709:
689:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
634:List of stoffs
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
609:Industrial gas
606:
604:Oxygen storage
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
582:
577:in France and
571:
542:
539:
538:
537:
536:
535:
522:
505:
496:
487:
478:
469:
452:United States
450:
437:
424:
411:
402:
390:
284:Cape Canaveral
269:
266:
234:industrial gas
228:, Afghanistan.
218:U.S. Air Force
209:
206:
187:
179:
175:
163:
149:Petrochemicals
112:
109:
95:
66:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1036:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
982:
977:
970:
958:
954:
950:
943:
928:
924:
917:
909:
903:
899:
898:
890:
883:
877:
870:
864:
856:
852:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
773:
765:
759:
752:
748:
744:
739:
732:
727:
712:
706:
702:
701:
693:
679:
675:
669:
665:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
624:Liquid helium
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
534:
530:
526:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:
504:
500:
497:
495:
491:
488:
486:
482:
479:
477:
476:Firefly Alpha
473:
470:
468:
466:
461:
457:
454:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
438:
436:
432:
428:
425:
423:
419:
415:
412:
410:
406:
403:
401:
399:
394:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
363:
359:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
331:
326:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
285:
280:
275:
265:
257:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
223:
219:
214:
205:
202:
200:
195:
191:
185:
173:
169:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
108:
106:
102:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:Liquid oxygen
61:
46:
40:
33:
19:
18:Liquid Oxygen
976:
968:
963:November 22,
961:. Retrieved
957:the original
952:
942:
930:. Retrieved
926:
916:
896:
889:
876:
871:, p. 4.
863:
820:
816:
806:
789:
785:
772:
758:
738:
726:
714:. Retrieved
699:
692:
681:. Retrieved
677:
668:
649:Solid oxygen
579:Raoul Pictet
568:nitric oxide
516:Falcon Heavy
463:
396:
388:Long March 8
384:Long March 7
380:Long March 6
376:Long March 5
366:
354:R-7 Semyorka
333:
329:
322:World War II
315:
288:
262:
231:
203:
192:
157:
151:, including
143:, etc., can
141:carbon black
133:
117:paramagnetic
114:
82:
78:
74:
73:
654:Tetraoxygen
644:Rocket fuel
460:New Shepard
456:Blue Origin
172:Curie's law
162:molecule (O
160:tetraoxygen
1004:Cryogenics
993:Categories
981:Cryogenics
683:2019-03-16
661:References
614:Cryogenics
499:Rocket Lab
442:(Russia):
360:, and the
334:Sauerstoff
272:See also:
199:liquid air
932:March 13,
855:123535786
846:2297/3462
573:In 1877,
546:By 1845,
465:New Glenn
440:Roscosmos
416:(Japan):
291:cryogenic
125:cryogenic
747:Archived
597:See also
556:nitrogen
552:hydrogen
520:Starship
512:Falcon 9
503:Electron
398:Ariane 6
343:Redstone
339:Cold War
307:kerosene
295:oxidizer
145:detonate
101:oxidizer
91:dioxygen
89:form of
1019:Liquids
825:Bibcode
716:3 April
678:HISTORY
564:methane
541:History
529:Atlas V
494:Antares
444:Soyuz-2
330:A-Stoff
311:methane
293:liquid
264:bases.
190:units.
153:asphalt
83:LOXygen
1009:Oxygen
904:
853:
707:
566:, and
533:Vulcan
508:SpaceX
448:Angara
431:Naro-1
351:Soviet
320:. The
238:oxygen
87:liquid
851:S2CID
418:H-IIA
347:Atlas
248:in a
184:spins
965:2012
934:2014
902:ISBN
718:2011
705:ISBN
588:and
481:NASA
435:Nuri
414:JAXA
409:GSLV
345:and
332:and
208:Uses
158:The
841:hdl
833:doi
794:doi
784:".
325:V-2
309:or
244:by
242:air
81:or
79:LOX
995::
967:.
951:.
925:.
849:.
839:.
831:.
821:70
819:.
815:.
790:46
788:.
745:.
676:.
562:,
558:,
554:,
531:,
527::
518:,
514:,
510::
501::
492::
483::
474::
462:,
458::
446:,
433:,
429::
422:H3
420:,
407::
395::
386:,
382:,
378:,
374::
313:.
305:,
252:.
216:A
936:.
910:.
857:.
843::
835::
827::
800:.
796::
782:2
720:.
686:.
570:.
188:4
180:2
176:4
164:4
96:2
94:O
67:2
65:O
52:2
50:O
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
