115:
1222:. The relief valve on the top is designed to vent off excess pressure in order to prevent the rupture of the container itself. Given a fire of sufficient duration and intensity, the pressure being generated by the boiling and expanding gas can exceed the ability of the valve to vent the excess. Alternatively, if, due to continued venting, the liquid level drops below the area being heated, the tank structure can be overheated and subsequently weakened in that area. If either occurs, the container may rupture violently, launching pieces of the vessel at high velocity, while the released products can ignite as well, potentially causing catastrophic damage to anything nearby, including other containers.
1170:
131:
544:
104:
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1017:(methane) (38 MJ/m equivalent to 10.6 kWh/m), which means that LPG cannot simply be substituted for natural gas. In order to allow the use of the same burner controls and to provide for similar combustion characteristics, LPG can be mixed with air to produce a synthetic natural gas (SNG) that can be easily substituted. LPG/air mixing ratios average 60/40, though this is widely variable based on the gases making up the LPG. The method for determining the mixing ratios is by calculating the
621:. In many climates, renewable sources such as solar and wind power would still require the construction, installation and maintenance of reliable baseload power sources such as LPG fueled generation to provide electrical power during the entire year. 100% wind/solar is possible, the caveat being that the expense of the additional generation capacity necessary to charge batteries plus the cost of battery electrical storage makes this option economically feasible in only a minority of situations.
590:
80:
1257:
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88:
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36:
792:, unintentionally tested the worst-case scenario of a sudden and complete refrigerant expulsion into the passenger compartment followed by subsequent ignition. He and several others in the car sustained minor burns to their face, ears, and hands, and several observers received lacerations from the burst glass of the front passenger window. No one was seriously injured.
1032:
LPG-based SNG or natural gas with localized storage and piping distribution network to the households for catering to each cluster of 5000 domestic consumers can be planned under the initial phase of the city gas network system. This would eliminate the last mile LPG cylinders road transport which is
691:
is higher. Many governments impose less tax on LPG than on petrol or fuel-oil, which helps offset the greater consumption of LPG than of petrol or fuel-oil. However, in many
European countries, this tax break is often compensated by a much higher annual tax on cars using LPG than on cars using petrol
702:
In 2020, BW LPG successfully retrofitted a Very Large Gas
Carrier (VLGC) with LPG propulsion technology, pioneering LPG's application in large-scale maritime operations. LPG’s lowers emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter align with stricter standards set
662:
or auto propane. In some countries, it has been used since the 1940s as a petrol alternative for spark ignition engines. In some countries, there are additives in the liquid that extend engine life and the ratio of butane to propane is kept quite precise in fuel LPG. Two recent studies have examined
490:
In India, nearly 28.5 million metric tons of LPG were consumed in the 2023-24 financial year in the domestic sector, mainly for cooking. In 2016, the number of domestic connections was 215 million (i.e., one connection for every six people) with a circulation of more than 350 million LPG cylinders.
1028:
plants in times of high demand to make up shortages in natural gas supplied to their distributions systems. LPG-SNG installations are also used during initial gas system introductions when the distribution infrastructure is in place before gas supplies can be connected. Developing markets in India
514:
urban areas, being used in virtually all households, with the exception of the cities of Rio de
Janeiro and São Paulo, which have a natural gas pipeline infrastructure. Since 2001, poor families receive a government grant ("Vale Gás") used exclusively for the acquisition of LPG. Since 2003, this
695:
Not all automobile engines are suitable for use with LPG as a fuel. LPG provides less upper cylinder lubrication than petrol or diesel, so LPG-fueled engines are more prone to valve wear if they are not suitably modified. Many modern common rail diesel engines respond well to LPG use as a
630:
491:
Most of the LPG requirement is imported. Piped city gas supply in India is not yet developed on a major scale. LPG is subsidised by the Indian government for domestic users. An increase in LPG prices has been a politically sensitive matter in India as it potentially affects the
667:
emissions are increased. The studies were split on CO emissions, with one finding significant increases, and the other finding slight increases at low engine load but a considerable decrease at high engine load. Its advantage is that it is non-toxic, non-corrosive and free of
787:
Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants argue against such bans on the grounds that there have been very few such incidents relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled with hydrocarbons. One particular test, conducted by a professor at the
585:
technologies (CHP). CHP is the process of generating both electrical power and useful heat from a single fuel source. This technology has allowed LPG to be used not just as fuel for heating and cooking, but also for decentralized generation of electricity.
276:, mainly two grades of LPG are sold: commercial propane and HD-5. These specifications are published by the Gas Processors Association (GPA) and the American Society of Testing and Materials. Propane/butane blends are also listed in these specifications.
692:
or fuel-oil. Propane is the third most widely used motor fuel in the world. 2013 estimates are that over 24.9 million vehicles are fueled by propane gas worldwide. Over 25 million tonnes (over 9 billion US gallons) are used annually as a vehicle fuel.
1713:
523:
differentiates between LPG destined for cooking and LPG destined for other uses, establishing a lower price for the former. This is a result of a directive from the
Brazilian federal government, but its discontinuation is currently being debated.
506:
to newer buildings has reduced LPG usage to less than 24% of residential units. However, other than electric, induction, or infrared stoves, LPG-fueled stoves are the only type available in most suburban villages and many public housing estates.
474:
LPG has a wide variety of uses in many different markets as an efficient fuel container in the agricultural, recreation, hospitality, industrial, construction, sailing and fishing sectors. It can serve as fuel for cooking, central heating and
1207:(BLEVE). This is typically a concern for large refineries and petrochemical plants that maintain very large containers. In general, tanks are designed so that the product will vent faster than pressure can build to dangerous levels.
422:
of the contained liquid. The ratio of the densities of the liquid and vapor varies depending on composition, pressure, and temperature, but is typically around 250:1. The pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its
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2350:
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a cause of traffic and safety hurdles in Indian cities. These localized natural gas networks are successfully operating in Japan with feasibility to get connected to wider networks in both villages and cities.
393:). As the density and vapor pressure of LPG (or its components) change significantly with temperature, this fact must be considered every time when the application is connected with safety or
1326:
349:
sources, being manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by
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produced by oil, 70% of that of coal, and less than 50% of that emitted by coal-generated electricity distributed via the grid. Being a mix of propane and butane, LPG emits less carbon per
2269:
1836:
Qi, D; Bian, Y; Ma, Z; Zhang, C; Liu, S (2007). "Combustion and exhaust emikon characteristics of a compression ignition engine using liquefied petroleum gas–fuel-oil blended fuel".
1504:
272:), and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In the northern hemisphere winter, the mixes contain more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane. In the
2399:
2248:
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As it is much less polluting than most traditional solid-fuel stoves, replacing cookstoves used in developing countries with LPG is one of the key strategies adopted to reduce
2342:
1798:
Zhang, Chunhua; Bian, Yaozhang; Si, Lizeng; Liao, Junzhi; Odbileg, N (2005). "A study on an electronically controlled liquefied petroleum gas-diesel dual-fuel automobile".
1745:
927:, from which most LPG is derived, stand at 300 trillion cubic meters (10,600 trillion cubic feet). Production continues to grow at an average annual rate of 2.2%.
703:
by the
International Maritime Organization (IMO), making LPG a viable transition option as the maritime industry transitions towards net zero carbon emissions.
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Global LPG production reached over 292 million metric tons per year (Mt/a) in 2015, while global LPG consumption to over 284 Mt/a. 62% of LPG is extracted from
1234:
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Besides its use as an energy carrier, LPG is also a promising feedstock in the chemical industry for the synthesis of olefins such as ethylene, propylene,
1966:
912:
Because of the natural gas and the oil-refining industry, Europe is almost self-sufficient in LPG. Europe's security of supply is further safeguarded by:
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supplementary fuel. This is where LPG is used as fuel as well as diesel. Systems are now available that integrate with OEM engine management systems.
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2426:
1315:
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353:, and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no
2200:
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Conversion kits can switch a vehicle dedicated to gasoline to using a dual system, in which both gasoline and LPG are used in the same vehicle.
2010:
1226:
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LPG containers have pressure relief valves, such that when subjected to exterior heating sources, they will vent LPGs to the atmosphere or a
2280:
1489:
1864:"World's first VLGC to be retrofitted with pioneering LPG propulsion technology achieves historic milestone; successfully runs on LPG fuel"
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type). Typically, these vessels are designed and manufactured according to some code. In the United States, this code is governed by the
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52:
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1214:. Large, spherical LPG containers may have up to a 15 cm steel wall thickness. They are equipped with an approved pressure relief
2002:
1241:(REL) of 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m) over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 2000 ppm, 10% of the lower explosive limit, LPG is considered
1024:
LPG-based SNG is used in emergency backup systems for many public, industrial and military installations, and many utilities use LPG
427:, likewise varies depending on composition and temperature; for example, it is approximately 220 kilopascals (32 psi) for pure
1204:
1190:
1134:
962:
323:, is added so that leaks can be detected easily. The internationally recognized European Standard is EN 589. In the United States,
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and there is an ignition source. The second is suffocation due to LPG displacing air, causing a decrease in oxygen concentration.
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hydrocarbons in systems originally designed to carry non-flammable refrigerant presents a significant risk of fire or explosion.
17:
1534:
315:. HD-5 limits the amount of propylene that can be placed in LPG to 5% and is utilized as an autogas specification. A powerful
1738:
1448:
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LPG is used for cooking in many countries for economic reasons, for convenience or because it is the preferred fuel source.
1359:
1351:
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Such substitution is widely prohibited or discouraged in motor vehicle air conditioning systems, on the grounds that using
2428:
Burning opportunity : clean household energy for health, sustainable development, and wellbeing of women and children
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came into force in 1989, they have been replaced in nearly every country due to the negative effects CFCs have on Earth's
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and China (among others) use LPG-SNG systems to build up customer bases prior to expanding existing natural gas systems.
503:
2457:
1426:
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1367:
1185:. These containers are either cylindrical and horizontal (sometimes referred to as bullet tanks) or spherical (of the
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renewable energy sources, LPG can be used as a standalone energy source without the prohibitive expense of electrical
114:
2409:
2305:
1941:"Net-zero by 2050: Achieving shipping decarbonization through industry momentum and the new ambition at IMO | UNCTAD"
1603:
1560:
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988:
883:(HFO) propellants have become more widely adopted in aerosol systems due to their relatively low vapor pressure, low
802:
970:
2888:
2003:"Detailed Questions About HC-12a ®, OZ-12 ®, DURACOOL 12a ®, EC-12a, and other Flammable Hydrocarbon Refrigerants"
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depending on local specifications). It burns more cleanly than petrol or fuel-oil and is especially free of the
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1940:
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904:. 44% of global consumption is in the domestic sector. The U.S. is the leading producer and exporter of LPG.
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1914:
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Green
Finance and Investment Promoting Clean Urban Public Transportation and Green Investment in Kazakhstan
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One remedy that is utilized in industrial settings is to equip such containers with a measure to provide a
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People can be exposed to LPG in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, and eye contact. The
887:(GWP), and nonflammability. Manual pump sprays can be used as an alternative to a stored propellant.
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747:
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a flexible supply chain via water, rail and road with numerous routes and entry points into Europe.
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751:
67:
1800:
Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering
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Commercially available LPG is currently derived mainly from fossil fuels. Burning LPG releases
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1233:) for LPG exposure in the workplace as 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m) over an 8-hour workday. The
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Predominantly in Europe and rural parts of many countries, LPG can provide an alternative to
63:
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LPG-fuel-oil fuel mixes and found that smoke emissions and fuel consumption are reduced but
2212:
2014:
1001:
LPG is composed mainly of propane and butane, while natural gas is composed of the lighter
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LPG has a lower energy density per liter than either petrol or fuel-oil, so the equivalent
130:
8:
2794:
1065:
per unit of energy than does coal or oil, but more than natural gas. It emits 81% of the
719:
blending stock because it has exceptional anti-knock properties and gives clean burning.
324:
2216:
1577:
1203:
If a tank is subjected to a fire of sufficient duration and intensity, it can undergo a
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at 20 °C (68 °F), and approximately 2,200 kilopascals (320 psi) for pure
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and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations such as
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Fuels and lubricants handbook : technology, properties, performance, and testing
1419:"Aerosol Propellant | Aerosol Propellant Gas | Aerosol Supplies Dubai – Brothers Gas"
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880:
879:(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane) or combinations of the two. More recently, liquid
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per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its
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Freon chemical compounds in household refrigerators, air-cooling systems and as a
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1771:"ANP quer fim de diferença entre preços do gás de botijão – 17/08/2017 – Mercado"
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Varieties of LPG that are bought and sold include mixes that are mostly propane (
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have been found to be more effective in extinguishing fires than carbon dioxide.
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1218:. A large fire in the vicinity of the vessel will increase its temperature and
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and is a particularly cost-effective and efficient way to heat off-grid homes.
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1505:"Analysis of seasonal mixtures – Propane-butane Fuel Mixture (Summer, Winter)"
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of the mix. Gases having the same Wobbe index are held to be interchangeable.
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Kinetic studies of propane oxidation on Mo and V based mixed oxide catalysts
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at 55 °C (131 °F). LPG in its gaseous phase is still heavier than
2845:
2830:
2616:
2601:
2596:
2037:"A Warm Weather Warning: Stay Away from Flammable Hydrocarbon Refrigerants"
1811:
1696:
1557:"ASTM D1835 – 11 Standard Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases"
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781:
728:
598:
492:
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443:, and thus will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as
415:
92:
1556:
574:. LPG is most often used in areas that do not have direct access to piped
331:
are also approved odorants, although neither is currently being utilized.
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2862:
2769:
2646:
2611:
2121:"Car explosion leads to prosecution against leading hydrocarbon promoter"
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White-bordered green diamond symbol used on LPG-powered vehicles in China
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to provide greater reliability while still achieving some reduction in CO
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440:
404:
346:
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320:
216:
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189:
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96:
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operations, e.g. typical cuttoff level option for LPG reservoir is 85%.
389:
is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for
2850:
2840:
2835:
2825:
2774:
1245:(due solely to safety considerations pertaining to risk of explosion).
1141: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
777:
in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
610:
466:
volume will contain vapour at a pressure that varies with temperature.
219:. When specifically used as a vehicle fuel, it is often referred to as
134:
Tank cars in a
Canadian train for carrying liquid petroleum gas by rail
79:
1478:(2nd printing. ed.). West Conshohocken, Pa.: ASTM International.
2857:
2779:
2631:
2343:"U.S. Is World's Largest LPG Exporter, But When Will Market Balance?"
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901:
844:
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418:. They are typically filled to 80–85% of their capacity to allow for
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1621:"LPG Accounting Specificity During ITS Storage and Transportation"
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1002:
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are also used as propellants to deliver foodstuffs (for example,
824:
819:. The most common replacements of CFCs are mixtures of volatile
659:
646:
641:
432:
316:
220:
203:, cooking equipment, and vehicles. It is increasingly used as an
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44:
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grant is part of the government's main social welfare program ("
87:
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2581:
1174:
1006:
828:
511:
463:
428:
378:
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170:
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LPG can be stored in a variety of manners. LPG, as with other
447:. There are two main dangers to this. The first is a possible
1215:
1082:
548:
412:
328:
123:
1967:"*overview of advantages and disadvantages of alternatives*"
2669:
2506:
2201:"Global emissions of VOCs from compressed aerosol products"
1242:
1009:. LPG, vaporised and at atmospheric pressure, has a higher
354:
200:
811:(CFCs) were once often used as propellants, but since the
578:. In the UK about 200,000 households use LPG for heating.
2424:
2180:
1531:"Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications and Test Methods"
1391:
1078:
436:
916:
a wide range of sources, both inside and outside Europe;
900:
while the rest is produced by petroleum refineries from
843:
are also used. All these have the disadvantage of being
407:, LPG will evaporate quickly at normal temperatures and
2451:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – L.P.G."
738:
Blended from pure, dry propane (refrigerant designator
2199:
Yeoman, Amber M.; Lewis, Alastair C. (22 April 2021).
1976:. European Commission. 5–6 April 2008. Archived from
1235:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1106:
373:
of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for
361:
emission. As it is a gas, it does not pose ground or
1252:
1088:
LPG burns more cleanly than higher molecular weight
1085:
than butane but more carbon per joule than propane.
1523:
1181:In a refinery or gas plant, LPG must be stored in
1013:(46 MJ/m equivalent to 12.8 kWh/m) than
2880:
1559:. American Society for Testing & Materials.
593:Bottling LPG in the Marshall Islands for storage
2097:. Parliament of New South Wales. Archived from
2070:. Parliament of New South Wales. Archived from
2066:Iemma, Morris; Lo Po', Faye (16 October 1997).
2065:
1797:
1390:] (in Italian). Vol. II. Roma, Italy:
519:"). Also, since 2005, the national oil company
2401:Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas
930:
754:and can serve as a functional replacement for
2522:
2011:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1915:"Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - What is it?"
1835:
1227:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
803:Aerosol spray dispenser § Aerosol propellants
1449:"Performance and Safety of LPG Refrigerants"
558:Liquefied petroleum gas tank on a rural farm
451:if the mixture of LPG and air is within the
2198:
2007:Ozone Layer Depletion - Alternatives / SNAP
1589:
1316:World Energy Prices: Database Documentation
969:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
746:(R-600a) the blend "R-290a" has negligible
2529:
2515:
2502:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2157:"Fires Halted Quickly by "Lazy" Freon Gas"
1496:
1358:. NFPA 58 (2017 ed.). Quincy, Mass.:
2249:"Solstice® Propellant Technical Bulletin"
2224:
1669:"High-purity propylene from refinery LPG"
1636:
1157:Learn how and when to remove this message
989:Learn how and when to remove this message
706:
1793:
1791:
1243:immediately dangerous to life and health
1205:boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
1191:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
1168:
1036:
645:
628:
588:
553:
542:
498:LPG was once a standard cooking fuel in
129:
113:
102:
86:
78:
70:, nor with "condensate" in the sense of
2418:
2340:
2270:"Statistical Review of Global LPG 2016"
1714:"India: LPG consumption volume in 2023"
1618:
510:LPG is the most common cooking fuel in
411:and is usually supplied in pressurized
14:
2881:
2498:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
2377:. OECD Publishing. 2017. p. 124.
581:LPG can be used as a power source for
502:; however, the continued expansion of
377:and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade
345:, and is almost entirely derived from
27:Fuel for heating, cooking and vehicles
2510:
2353:from the original on 30 December 2017
2205:Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
1831:
1829:
1788:
1502:
1465:
1429:from the original on 30 December 2016
907:
795:
731:refrigeration, usually by means of a
215:in an effort to reduce damage to the
2477:"Calorific value of Different Fuels"
2460:from the original on 8 December 2015
2397:
2092:
1396:Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana
1360:National Fire Protection Association
1350:
1332:from the original on 8 February 2024
1139:adding citations to reliable sources
1110:
967:adding citations to reliable sources
934:
925:proven world reserves of natural gas
891:
43:It has been suggested that parts of
29:
1974:Technical Meeting on HCFC Phase-Out
403:As its boiling point is below room
24:
2425:World Health Organization (2016).
2322:from the original on 10 April 2017
1826:
1472:ed, George E. Totten, ed. (2003).
1471:
1107:Fire/explosion risk and mitigation
1053:. LPG does, however, release less
1049:. The reaction also produces some
609:emissions. However, as opposed to
25:
2910:
2491:
2398:Shah, Yatish T. (16 March 2017).
1751:from the original on 8 April 2017
1625:Measuring Equipment and Metrology
1563:from the original on 22 May 2012.
1537:from the original on 21 June 2013
1492:from the original on 4 June 2016.
727:LPG is instrumental in providing
672:or any additives, and has a high
531:for domestic cooking and outdoor
2748:
1838:Energy Conversion and Management
1416:
1255:
1229:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
1115:
939:
923:According to 2010–12 estimates,
875:(1,1,1,2,-tetrafluoroethane) or
801:This section is an excerpt from
722:
538:
180:. It can sometimes contain some
91:Two 45 kg (99 lb) LPG
34:
2443:
2391:
2365:
2334:
2298:
2262:
2241:
2192:
2149:
2113:
2086:
2059:
2043:. 27 April 2005. Archived from
2041:Society of Automotive Engineers
2029:
1995:
1959:
1933:
1907:
1882:
1856:
1763:
1731:
1706:
1689:
1675:
1661:
1612:
1583:
1567:
1177:Butano facility in Gijón, Spain
1126:needs additional citations for
2481:Centre for Ecological Sciences
2341:Needham, John (7 April 2016).
2226:10.1525/elementa.2020.20.00177
2130:. 7 April 2005. Archived from
1850:10.1016/j.enconman.2006.06.013
1549:
1533:. Gas Processors Association.
1441:
1410:
1384:Enciclopedia degli idrocarburi
1376:
1344:
1308:
863:). Medicinal aerosols such as
13:
1:
2575:Underground coal gasification
1388:Encyclopaedia of Hydrocarbons
1302:
1173:LPG Horton sphere tanks at a
790:University of New South Wales
658:, it is often referred to as
624:
369:. LPG has a typical specific
2536:
2093:Ryan, J. F. (29 June 2000).
2068:"Motor Vehicle Hydrocarbons"
1890:"Benefits of LPG Propulsion"
1356:Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code
7:
1638:10.23939/istcmtm2019.03.021
1594:(4th ed.). Stuttgart:
1323:International Energy Agency
1248:
931:Comparison with natural gas
733:gas absorption refrigerator
656:internal combustion engines
633:LPG filling connector on a
10:
2915:
2306:"WLPGA Annual Report 2015"
2095:"Hydrocarbon Refrigerants"
1321:(Report) (2020 ed.).
1282:Gasoline gallon equivalent
1239:recommended exposure limit
1231:Permissible exposure limit
800:
711:LPG can be converted into
639:
482:
365:hazards, but it can cause
74:(natural gusting liquids).
61:
2813:
2757:
2746:
2728:
2700:
2645:
2551:
2544:
2169:. April 1947. p. 115
1619:Zivenko, Oleksiy (2019).
1590:Horst Bauer, ed. (1996).
1103:in the developing world.
1092:because it releases less
748:ozone depletion potential
654:When LPG is used to fuel
462:contains 86% liquid; the
381:(gasoline). However, its
885:global warming potential
752:global warming potential
527:LPG is commonly used in
118:A dual fuel LPG-powered
99:used for domestic supply
68:associated petroleum gas
62:Not to be confused with
2889:Liquefied petroleum gas
2431:. Geneva, Switzerland:
1101:household air pollution
684:present in the latter.
603:renewable power sources
601:, can be combined with
583:combined heat and power
469:
139:Liquefied petroleum gas
18:Liquified petroleum gas
2790:Natural-gas processing
2483:. IISc. Archived from
1812:10.1243/095440705X6470
1271:Compressed natural gas
1212:fire-resistance rating
1178:
707:Conversion to gasoline
651:
637:
594:
559:
551:
141:, also referred to as
135:
127:
111:
100:
84:
72:natural-gas condensate
2552:Manufactured fuel gas
2313:World LPG Association
1172:
1037:Environmental effects
649:
632:
592:
557:
546:
133:
117:
106:
90:
82:
64:liquefied natural gas
2894:Petroleum production
2487:on 19 February 2020.
2439:on 24 November 2017.
1598:. pp. 238–239.
1398:. 2005. p. 26.
1362:. pp. 11, 132.
1135:improve this article
963:improve this section
165:gases, specifically
143:liquid petroleum gas
2795:Natural gas storage
2347:Butane Propane News
2217:2021EleSA...9..177Y
2183:carrier in aerosol
1947:. 22 September 2023
1592:Automotive Handbook
1423:www.brothersgas.com
1417:Alvi, Moin ud-Din.
809:Chlorofluorocarbons
715:which is a premium
334:LPG is prepared by
325:tetrahydrothiophene
213:chlorofluorocarbons
83:LPG storage spheres
2805:Pipeline transport
2765:Compressor station
1237:(NIOSH) has set a
1179:
1094:particulate matter
908:Security of supply
869:hydrofluoroalkanes
841:methyl ethyl ether
796:Aerosol propellant
768:chlorofluorocarbon
652:
638:
595:
560:
552:
351:Walter O. Snelling
251:), mostly butane (
205:aerosol propellant
201:heating appliances
136:
128:
112:
101:
85:
2876:
2875:
2744:
2743:
2587:Blast furnace gas
2570:Coal gasification
2162:Popular Mechanics
1870:. 21 October 2020
1596:Robert Bosch GmbH
1461:on 10 March 2015.
1167:
1166:
1159:
999:
998:
991:
892:Global production
881:hydrofluoroolefin
813:Montreal Protocol
772:hydrofluorocarbon
547:LPG cylinders in
420:thermal expansion
195:LPG is used as a
157:which contains a
107:LPG minibuses in
60:
59:
51:into this page. (
16:(Redirected from
2906:
2752:
2549:
2548:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2488:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2435:. Archived from
2422:
2416:
2415:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2286:on 10 April 2017
2285:
2279:. Archived from
2274:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2176:
2174:
2167:Hearst Magazines
2165:. Vol. 87.
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2017:on 7 August 2009
2013:. Archived from
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1983:on 5 August 2009
1982:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1775:Folha de S.Paulo
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1511:on 9 August 2010
1507:. Archived from
1500:
1494:
1493:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1454:. Archived from
1453:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1320:
1312:
1277:Filling carousel
1265:
1260:
1259:
1183:pressure vessels
1162:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1119:
1111:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1062:
994:
987:
983:
980:
974:
943:
935:
689:fuel consumption
564:electric heating
495:voting pattern.
453:explosive limits
395:custody transfer
387:relative density
357:and very little
314:
303:
296:
271:
270:
269:
261:
260:
250:
249:
248:
240:
239:
223:or even just as
38:
37:
30:
21:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2809:
2753:
2740:
2724:
2696:
2641:
2553:
2540:
2535:
2494:
2475:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2197:
2193:
2172:
2170:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2137:on 19 July 2008
2134:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1834:
1827:
1796:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1588:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1501:
1497:
1486:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1411:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1132:
1120:
1109:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:carbon monoxide
1039:
1011:calorific value
995:
984:
978:
975:
960:
944:
933:
910:
894:
889:
888:
865:asthma inhalers
806:
798:
725:
709:
644:
627:
608:
541:
485:
472:
425:vapour pressure
371:calorific value
363:water pollution
327:(thiophane) or
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
295:
291:
287:
268:
265:
264:
263:
259:
256:
255:
254:
252:
247:
244:
243:
242:
238:
235:
234:
233:
231:
75:
56:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2912:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2758:Infrastructure
2755:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Regasification
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2561:
2559:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2493:
2492:External links
2490:
2472:
2471:
2442:
2417:
2410:
2390:
2384:978-9264279643
2383:
2364:
2333:
2297:
2261:
2240:
2191:
2148:
2112:
2101:on 22 May 2005
2085:
2074:on 1 July 2009
2058:
2028:
1994:
1958:
1932:
1906:
1881:
1855:
1825:
1787:
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1730:
1705:
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1611:
1604:
1582:
1566:
1548:
1522:
1495:
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1440:
1409:
1375:
1369:978-1455913879
1368:
1343:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:Industrial gas
1284:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1250:
1247:
1165:
1164:
1147:September 2009
1123:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1071:
1059:
1047:greenhouse gas
1043:carbon dioxide
1038:
1035:
997:
996:
947:
945:
938:
932:
929:
921:
920:
917:
909:
906:
893:
890:
871:(HFA): either
853:carbon dioxide
837:Dimethyl ether
807:
799:
797:
794:
724:
721:
708:
705:
670:tetraethyllead
640:Main article:
626:
623:
619:energy storage
606:
540:
537:
484:
481:
471:
468:
383:energy density
329:amyl mercaptan
311:
307:
300:
293:
289:
266:
257:
245:
236:
58:
57:
42:
40:
33:
26:
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2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Bunsen burner
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
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2788:
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2478:
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2455:
2452:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2411:9781315302348
2407:
2404:. CRC Press.
2403:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2047:on 5 May 2005
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1747:
1740:
1739:"LPG Profile"
1734:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1605:0-8376-0333-1
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1485:9780803120969
1481:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1263:Energy portal
1258:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:Horton sphere
1184:
1176:
1171:
1161:
1158:
1150:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1124:This section
1122:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
993:
990:
982:
979:February 2022
972:
968:
964:
958:
957:
953:
948:This section
946:
942:
937:
936:
928:
926:
918:
915:
914:
913:
905:
903:
899:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:cooking spray
858:
857:whipped cream
854:
850:
849:Nitrous oxide
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
804:
793:
791:
785:
783:
778:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
723:Refrigeration
720:
718:
714:
704:
700:
697:
693:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
674:octane rating
671:
666:
661:
657:
648:
643:
636:
631:
622:
620:
616:
612:
604:
600:
591:
587:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
556:
550:
545:
539:Rural heating
536:
534:
530:
529:North America
525:
522:
518:
517:Bolsa Família
513:
508:
505:
501:
496:
494:
488:
480:
478:
477:water heating
467:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
401:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:air pollution
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
285:
281:
277:
275:
274:United States
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93:gas cylinders
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2899:Fossil fuels
2846:Gas lighting
2831:Gas cylinder
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2617:Producer gas
2602:Landfill gas
2597:Gasification
2485:the original
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2462:. Retrieved
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1334:. Retrieved
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1153:
1144:
1133:Please help
1128:verification
1125:
1098:
1090:hydrocarbons
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1040:
1031:
1026:peak shaving
1023:
1000:
985:
976:
961:Please help
949:
922:
911:
895:
823:, typically
821:hydrocarbons
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779:
775:refrigerants
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737:
729:off-the-grid
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710:
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682:particulates
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599:fossil fuels
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460:gas cylinder
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211:, replacing
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2868:Pilot light
2863:Gas turbine
2770:Gas carrier
2647:Natural gas
2612:Pintsch gas
2464:28 November
2454:www.cdc.gov
2277:Argus Media
1951:21 February
1899:21 February
1874:21 February
1575:49 CFR
1503:Unipetrol.
1292:Intumescent
1198:flare stack
1019:Wobbe index
1015:natural gas
898:natural gas
817:ozone layer
750:, very low
665:hydrocarbon
576:natural gas
568:heating oil
458:A full LPG
441:natural gas
405:temperature
347:fossil fuel
343:natural gas
321:ethanethiol
217:ozone layer
209:refrigerant
163:hydrocarbon
161:mixture of
126:, Australia
122:taxicab in
120:Ford Falcon
97:New Zealand
66:, nor with
2883:Categories
2851:Gas mantle
2841:Gas heater
2836:Gas engine
2826:Gas burner
2775:Gas holder
2326:13 January
2290:13 January
1945:unctad.org
1844:(2): 500.
1806:(2): 207.
1780:25 January
1336:8 February
1303:References
839:(DME) and
766:and other
625:Motor fuel
2858:Gas stove
2780:Gas meter
2632:Water gas
2256:Honeywell
2235:2325-1026
1820:109657186
1697:"LPG pdf"
1655:211776025
1647:0368-6418
1404:955421604
1297:POL valve
950:does not
902:crude oil
845:flammable
833:isobutane
782:flammable
744:isobutane
676:(102–108
635:Skoda 120
521:Petrobras
512:Brazilian
500:Hong Kong
449:explosion
445:basements
439:, unlike
409:pressures
341:or "wet"
339:petroleum
284:butylenes
280:Propylene
190:isobutene
182:propylene
178:isobutane
159:flammable
109:Hong Kong
2800:Odorizer
2785:Gasworks
2736:Hydrogen
2637:Wood gas
2607:Mond gas
2592:Blau gas
2565:Coal gas
2538:Fuel gas
2458:Archived
2357:10 April
2351:Archived
2317:Archived
1868:BW Group
1755:30 March
1746:Archived
1718:Statista
1561:Archived
1535:Archived
1515:29 April
1490:Archived
1427:Archived
1354:(2017).
1327:Archived
1249:See also
1220:pressure
1193:(ASME).
873:HFA 134a
717:gasoline
713:alkylate
572:kerosene
533:grilling
504:town gas
391:gasoline
375:fuel oil
336:refining
197:fuel gas
186:butylene
155:fuel gas
153:), is a
2720:Propane
2710:Autogas
2690:Bio-SNG
2556:History
2258:. 2017.
2213:Bibcode
2105:30 July
2078:30 July
2051:30 July
2021:30 July
1987:30 July
1685:. 2011.
1578:173.315
1433:14 June
1003:methane
971:removed
956:sources
877:HFA 227
825:propane
660:autogas
642:Autogas
483:Cooking
433:propane
416:vessels
317:odorant
221:autogas
174:-butane
167:propane
53:Discuss
45:Propane
2715:Butane
2627:Syngas
2582:Biogas
2408:
2381:
2233:
2173:7 June
2141:24 May
1925:13 May
1919:BW LPG
1894:BW LPG
1818:
1653:
1645:
1602:
1541:18 May
1482:
1402:
1366:
1175:Repsol
1007:ethane
829:butane
764:R-134a
742:) and
464:ullage
429:butane
379:petrol
359:sulfur
304:, and
207:and a
188:, and
151:LP gas
2729:Other
2545:Types
2320:(PDF)
2309:(PDF)
2284:(PDF)
2273:(PDF)
2252:(PDF)
2135:(PDF)
2124:(PDF)
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1970:(PDF)
1816:S2CID
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1742:(PDF)
1700:(PDF)
1651:S2CID
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1452:(PDF)
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1330:(PDF)
1319:(PDF)
1273:(CNG)
1216:valve
1083:joule
740:R-290
615:solar
570:, or
549:India
413:steel
124:Perth
49:moved
2814:Uses
2670:HCNG
2466:2015
2406:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2359:2017
2328:2017
2292:2017
2231:ISSN
2175:2019
2143:2012
2128:VASA
2107:2009
2080:2009
2053:2009
2023:2009
1989:2009
1953:2024
1927:2024
1901:2024
1876:2024
1782:2019
1757:2017
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1643:ISSN
1600:ISBN
1543:2012
1517:2013
1480:ISBN
1435:2016
1400:OCLC
1394:and
1364:ISBN
1352:NFPA
1338:2024
1077:per
1045:, a
1005:and
954:any
952:cite
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760:R-22
756:R-12
613:and
611:wind
470:Uses
355:soot
176:and
2702:LPG
2685:SNG
2680:NGC
2675:LNG
2665:CNG
2660:CBM
2655:APG
2433:WHO
2221:doi
2181:DDT
1846:doi
1808:doi
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1633:doi
1392:Eni
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