2234:
1774:
19:
2197:
1743:
103:
147:
is driven by the rapid release of pressure, often involving the explosion of gas previously dissolved within the material. The most famous and destructive historical eruptions are mainly of this type. An eruptive phase can consist of a single eruption, or a sequence of several eruptions spread over
3746:
Ingrid
Ukstins Peate; Joel A. Baker; Mohamed Al-Kadasi; Abdulkarim Al-Subbary; Kim B. Knight; Peter Riisager; Matthew F. Thirlwall; David W. Peate; Paul R. Renne; Martin A. Menzies (2005). "Volcanic stratigraphy of large-volume silicic pyroclastic eruptions during Oligocene Afro-Arabian flood
1803:
continuously erupted from 1983 to 2018, producing 2.7 km (1 cu mi) of lava covering more than 100 km (40 sq mi). Despite their ostensibly benign appearance, effusive eruptions can be as dangerous as explosive ones: one of the largest effusive eruptions in history
4002:
Best, Myron G.; Scott R. B.; Rowley P. D.; Swadley W. C.; Anderson R. E.; Grommé C. S.; Harding A. E.; Deino A. L.; Christiansen E. H.; Tingey D. G.; Sullivan K. R. (1993). "Oligocene–Miocene caldera complexes, ash-flow sheets, and tectonism in the central and southeastern Great Basin".
2257:
in the past. These can comprise hundreds of large eruptions, producing millions of cubic kilometers of lava in total. No large eruptions of flood basalts have occurred in human history, the most recent having occurred over 10 million years ago. They are often associated with breakup of
2270:. Most large igneous provinces have either not been studied thoroughly enough to establish the size of their component eruptions, or are not preserved well enough to make this possible. Many of the eruptions listed above thus come from just two large igneous provinces: the
1828:
circa 6700 BC, with 25 km (6 cu mi) lava erupted, the latter being the largest effusive eruption in the last 10,000 years. The lava fields of these eruptions measure 565 km (Laki), 700 km (Eldgjá) and 950 km
1812:, which produced about 15 km (4 cu mi) of lava and killed one fifth of Iceland's population. The ensuing disruptions to the climate may also have killed millions elsewhere. Still larger were the Icelandic eruptions of
957:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
662:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
582:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
555:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
467:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
410:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
329:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
261:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
234:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
5105:
T. Worthington; Tim J. Worthington; Roger
Hekinian; Peter Stoffers; Thomas Kuhn; Folkmar Hauff (30 May 2006). "Osbourn Trough: Structure, geochemistry and implications of a mid-Cretaceous paleospreading ridge in the South Pacific".
2278:. The latter is the most recent large igneous province, and also one of the smallest. A list of large igneous provinces follows to provide some indication of how many large eruptions may be missing from the lists given here.
184:
74,000 years ago, at least 2,800 cubic kilometres (670 cu mi), or the
Yellowstone eruption 620,000 years ago, around 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi), occur worldwide every 50,000 to 100,000 years.
89:
have taken their toll, and many eruptions have not left enough evidence for geologists to establish their size. Even for the eruptions listed here, estimates of the volume erupted can be subject to considerable uncertainty.
4106:
Lindsay, J. M.; S. de Silva; R. Trumbull; R. Emmermann; K. Wemmer (April 2001). "La Pacana caldera, N. Chile: a re-evaluation of the stratigraphy and volcanology of one of the world's largest resurgent calderas".
2845:
provinces, such as the Chon Aike province in
Argentina and the Whitsunday igneous province of Australia, are not included in this list because they are composed of many separate eruptions that have not been
2864:
These volumes are estimated total volumes of tephra ejected. If the available sources only report a dense rock equivalent volume, the number is italicized but not converted into a tephra volume.
5361:
6061:
4365:
Huff, W.D.; Bergstrom, S.M.; Kolata, D.R. (October 1992). "Gigantic
Ordovician volcanic ash fall in North America and Europe: Biological, tectonomagmatic, and event-stratigraphy significance".
3972:
4020:"Geochronology (40Ar/39Ar, K-Ar and He-exposure ages) of Cenozoic magmatic rocks from Northern Chile (18–22°S): implications for magmatism and tectonic evolution of the central Andes"
4500:
Bindeman, Ilya N.; John W. Valley (May 2003). "Rapid generation of both high- and low-δ18O, large-volume silicic magmas at the Timber
Mountain/Oasis Valley caldera complex, Nevada".
4214:
Takahiro, Sonehara; Satoru, Harayama (1 November 2007). "Petrology of the Nohi
Rhyolite and its related granitoids: A Late Cretaceous large silicic igneous field in central Japan".
3407:
3490:
4019:
5824:
Peate, Ingrid
Ukstins; et al. (2005). "Volcanic stratigraphy of large-volume silicic pyroclastic eruptions during Oligocene Afro-Arabian flood volcanism in Yemen".
2927:
2365:. Volume includes Broken Ridge and the Southern and Central Kerguelen Plateau (produced 120–95 Ma), but not the Northern Kerguelen Plateau (produced after 40 Ma).
4957:
5945:
3332:"Characterization of volcanic structures associated to the silicic magmatism of the Paraná-Etendeka Province, in the Aparados da Serra region, southern Brazil"
5637:
5515:
4251:
Froggatt, P. C.; Nelson, C. S.; Carter, L.; Griggs, G.; Black, K. P. (13 February 1986). "An exceptionally large late
Quaternary eruption from New Zealand".
3257:"Lithostratigraphy and volcanology of the Serra Geral Group, Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province in Southern Brazil: Towards a formal stratigraphical framework"
4473:
3798:"Etendeka Volcanism of the Goboboseb Mountains and Messum Igneous Complex, Namibia. Part II: Voluminous Quartz Latite Volcanism of the Awahab Magma System"
2988:
5489:
4192:
3698:
360:
One of the largest and oldest supereruptions. Existence as a single eruption is controversial. Possibly a multiple 2,000+ km event under a million years.
3330:
BENITES, SUSANA; SOMMER, CARLOS A.; LIMA, EVANDRO F. DE; SAVIAN, JAIRO F.; HAAG, MAURICIO B.; MONCINHATTO, THIAGO R.; TRINDADE, RICARDO I.F. DA (2020).
6109:
5365:
4747:
3594:
1788:
involve a relatively gentle, steady outpouring of lava rather than large explosions. They can continue for years or decades, producing extensive fluid
4725:
4161:
3292:
4845:
3980:
4642:"EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, held in Nice, France; chapter: Valley Evolution, Uplift, Volcanism, and Related Hazards in the Central Andes of Peru"
5429:
4299:
Morgan, Lisa A.; McIntosh, William C. (March 2005). "Timing and development of the Heise volcanic field, Snake River Plain, Idaho, western USA".
3127:
3677:
5700:
4216:
4109:
5148:
5010:
3884:
3385:
4343:
3061:
Scott E. Bryan; Ingrid
Ukstins Peate; David W. Peate; Stephen Self; Dougal A. Jerram; Michael R. Mawby; J.S. Marsh; Jodie A. Miller (2010).
5669:
3206:
5790:
5387:
Hoernle, Kaj; Folkmar Hauff; Paul van den Bogaard (August 2004). "70 m.y. history (139–69 Ma) for the Caribbean large igneous province".
5874:
4699:
5034:
4601:"The 26.5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body"
3729:
3524:
5457:"Flood basalts, continental breakup and the dispersal of Gondwana: evidence for periodic migration of upwelling mantle flows (plumes)"
4818:
4157:
3452:
2958:
2797:
2633:
3482:
5985:
5083:
4849:
4777:
4033:
2710:
2423:
explosive (.5 million km) to effusive (5 million km) eruptions, 25–40 Ma. Includes many volcanic centers, including the
1694:
5764:
2445:
5587:
O'Connor, J. M.; le Roex, A. P. (1992). "South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems. 1: Distribution of volcanism in time and spac".
5257:
4696:"The floor of Yellowstone Lake is anything but quiet: Volcanic and hydrothermal processes in a large lake above a magma chamber"
4404:
Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth".
3255:
Rossetti, Lucas; Lima, Evandro F.; Waichel, Breno L.; Hole, Malcolm J.; Simões, Matheus S.; Scherer, Claiton M.S. (2018-04-15).
3181:
2592:
6081:
4641:
3844:"The 36–18 Ma Indian Peak–Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super-eruptions"
2802:
2668:
2486:
2323:
Largest igneous body on Earth, later split into three widely separated oceanic plateaus, with a fourth component perhaps now
3622:"Distribution and Eruptive Volume of Aso-4 Pyroclastic Density Current and Tephra Fall Deposits, Japan: A M8 Super-Eruption"
6114:
3093:
1046:
4577:
2204:
1750:
110:
62:'s largest eruptions can have a major regional or even global impact, with some affecting the climate and contributing to
5882:
5735:
5589:
5523:
5156:
5108:
3842:
Tingey, David G.; Hart, Garret L.; Gromme, Sherman; Deino, Alan L.; Christiansen, Eric H.; Best, Myron G. (2013-08-01).
6056:
2569:
5937:
5336:
4887:
3976:
5432:. Palaeobiology and Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol. Archived from
6086:
6066:
5835:
5629:
5562:
4060:"Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning?"
3758:
2689:
2434:
2399:
634:
6013:
5941:
4814:
4548:
4188:
2980:
2807:
2372:
441:
The largest of the Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex, and includes flows over 4,000 meters thick at the most.
23:
5875:"Correlation of Indian Ocean tephra to individual Oligocene silicic eruptions from Afro-Arabian flood volcanism"
4942:
4525:
4451:
4390:
4184:
6076:
5456:
3705:
2792:
3928:
5398:
5282:
Coffin, M.F.; Pringle, M.S.; Duncan, R.A.; Gladczenko, T.P.; Storey, M.; MĂĽller, R.D.; Gahagan, L.A. (2002).
4509:
4374:
4308:
1684:
1421:
1302:
1170:
4785:
4755:
3586:
2208:
1754:
114:
5978:
5328:
2984:
2954:
348:
4721:
4153:
3256:
2530:
2271:
947:
224:
6119:
4904:"Smithsonian Institution – Global Volcanism Program: Worldwide Holocene Volcano and Eruption Information"
4452:"Middle Miocene ash-flow calderas at the compressive margin of southwest Japan arc: Review and synthesis"
3888:
2885:
This is the volume of crustal thickening, so the figure includes intrusive as well as extrusive deposits.
2822:
2743:
2275:
2171:
2148:
2125:
2102:
2055:
2005:
1982:
1959:
1935:
1912:
1888:
5693:"The Significance of the Contemporaneous Shiva Impact Structure and Deccan Volcanism at the KT Boundary"
6018:
5210:
Kerr, Andrew C.; Mahoney, John J. (2007). "Oceanic plateaus: Problematic plumes, potential paradigms".
4751:
4557:
3745:
3415:
2817:
1341:
134:
5433:
3408:"Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans"
3164:
3669:
1490:
1351:
1101:
789:
5692:
5549:
4989:
4907:
4680:
3957:
896:
Nohi Rhyolite total volume over 7,000 km in 70 to 72 Ma, Gero Ash-Flow Sheet being the largest
529:
Formed the White Rock Caldera, one of the largest eruptions of the Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite flareup.
5185:
5003:
2919:
3892:
3182:"Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces"
5971:
5826:
5699:. 2009 Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America. Vol. 41. Portland. p. 160.
5659:
4339:
4058:
Knott, Thomas; Branney, M.; Reichow, Marc; Finn, David; Tapster, Simon; Coe, Robert (June 2020).
4018:
Wörner, Gerhard; Konrad Hammerschmidt; Friedhelm Henjes-Kunst; Judith Lezaun; Hans Wilke (2000).
4005:
Field Trip Guidebook for Cordilleran/Rocky Mountain Sections of the Geological Society of America
3749:
3544:
2424:
1660:
1651:
1630:
1621:
1600:
1591:
1573:
Related to a 1200 cubic km tuff (Topopah Spring Member) as another member in the Paintbrush tuff
1281:
1272:
502:
492:
418:
298:
161:
3213:
386:
Volume includes 5550 km of distal tuffs. This estimate is uncertain to a factor of 2 or 3.
6124:
6023:
5544:
2678:
2246:
2228:
2031:
847:
293:
Largest known eruption on earth in at least the last million years, possibly responsible for a
5799:
1365:
1331:
1254:
Related to a 1000 cubic km tuff (Tiva Canyon Member) as another member in the Paintbrush tuff
1115:
913:
803:
751:
One of 2 previously unknown Yellowstone hotspot Supereruptions; Largest Yellowstone eruption.
5911:
5058:
4976:
4781:
4695:
4667:
4543:
4017:
3944:
3516:
2726:
1408:
294:
5899:
5752:
5606:
5540:
5325:
The North Atlantic Igneous Province: Stratigraphy, Tectonic, Volcanic and Magmatic Processes
5173:
5125:
5104:
3060:
2511:
Mainly Southern Africa and Antarctica. Also South America, India, Australia and New Zealand
5895:
5839:
5748:
5602:
5536:
5471:
5402:
5295:
5219:
5169:
5121:
5067:
4810:
4612:
4561:
4513:
4413:
4378:
4312:
4262:
4225:
4122:
4071:
3855:
3811:
3802:
3762:
3633:
3558:
3428:
3268:
3148:
3077:
2812:
1092:
986:
700:
2950:
2456:
8:
6038:
2770:
2324:
2304:
1513:
1481:
1467:
923:
857:
843:
5843:
5475:
5406:
5299:
5223:
5071:
5053:
4841:
4616:
4565:
4517:
4417:
4382:
4316:
4266:
4229:
4126:
4075:
3859:
3815:
3766:
3637:
3562:
3432:
3272:
3152:
3081:
1821:
1184:
6048:
5855:
5728:"Age of the Emeishan Flood magmatism and relations to Permian-Triassic boundary events"
5727:
4429:
4278:
3778:
3377:
3123:
2328:
1540:
140:
74:, relatively gentle outpourings of lava. A separate list is given below for each type.
67:
5907:
5760:
5558:
4134:
5859:
5633:
5614:
5389:
5342:
5332:
5246:
5028:
4883:
4433:
4237:
4059:
3782:
3723:
3651:
3444:
3381:
3369:
3361:
3284:
3280:
3188:
2754:
2362:
2351:
2338:
1785:
903:
779:
475:
269:
71:
35:
3089:
1436:
6008:
5903:
5847:
5756:
5610:
5554:
5479:
5410:
5303:
5227:
5177:
5129:
5075:
5054:"Large igneous provinces: Crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences"
4949:
4620:
4569:
4521:
4463:
4421:
4386:
4320:
4282:
4270:
4253:
4233:
4130:
4079:
3863:
3819:
3770:
3641:
3566:
3436:
3351:
3343:
3276:
3156:
3135:
3085:
2787:
2490:
1825:
1321:
479:
173:
78:
5308:
5283:
5231:
4943:"Goldschmidt Conference 2005: Field Trip Guide to the Columbia River Basalt Group"
4648:
3347:
2233:
1820:
eruption) circa 934, with 18 km (4 cu mi) of erupted lava, and the
1317:
6028:
3824:
3797:
2766:
2693:
2560:
2389:
2267:
2250:
1800:
1670:
1471:
722:
670:
148:
several days, weeks or months. Explosive eruptions usually involve thick, highly
86:
63:
4544:"Calderas and Ash Flow Tuffs of the Mogollon Mountains, Southwestern New Mexico"
3545:
Antonio Costa; Victoria C. Smith; Giovanni Macedonio; Naomi E. Matthews (2014).
3331:
3062:
6033:
5181:
5133:
4625:
4600:
4024:
2664:
2647:
2617:
2466:
2259:
2238:
1460:
A part of the large eruptions that occurred in southwest Japan to 13 to 15 Ma.
1206:
A part of the large eruptions that occurred in southwest Japan to 13 to 15 Ma.
977:
758:
169:
27:
5851:
4425:
3774:
3160:
58:. While many eruptions only pose dangers to the immediately surrounding area,
6103:
5723:
5664:
5516:"Revised Indian plate rotations based on the motion of Indian Ocean hotspots"
5484:
5346:
4879:
3925:"Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado"
3655:
3646:
3621:
3571:
3546:
3365:
3288:
2873:
Also the site of 972 and 943 km (233 and 226 cu mi) eruptions.
1813:
1725:
Osumi pumice fall deposit, Ito ignimbrite, and Aira-Tanzawa ash fall deposit
1156:
51:
43:
5247:"Kerguelen Plateau—Broken Ridge: A Major Lip Related to the Kerguelen Plume"
4573:
3795:
1773:
30:, the largest eruption since 1912, is dwarfed by the eruptions in this list.
5049:
4468:
3440:
3373:
2606:
2500:
2254:
2078:
1865:
1703:
713:
55:
18:
4599:
Wilson, Colin J. N.; Blake, S.; Charlier, B. L. A.; Sutton, A. N. (2006).
3448:
2407:
Southwest United States: mainly in Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and New Mexico
4542:
Ratté, J. C.; R. F. Marvin; C. W. Naeser; M. Bikerman (27 January 1984).
4250:
4105:
2923:
2722:
1449:
1130:
165:
5792:
Geological Report on the Muskox Property: Coppermine River Area, Nunavut
5386:
4541:
4001:
3356:
4639:
3868:
3843:
1500:
927:
690:
5938:"Columbia Plateau, Columbia River Basin, Columbia River Flood Basalts"
5079:
4640:
Thouret, J. C.; Wörner, G.; Singer, B.; Finizola, A. (April 6, 2003).
4007:. Crustal Evolution of the Great Basin and the Sierra Nevada: 285–312.
2894:
Actually several provinces, ranging in size from 1.5 to 6.6 million km
2637:
1796:
5414:
4953:
4403:
4324:
4274:
4084:
280:
181:
149:
5149:"The single largest oceanic plateau: Ontong Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi"
3924:
1817:
885:
5891:
5744:
5721:
5598:
5532:
5427:
5165:
5117:
5047:
4118:
3547:"The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption"
3424:
3144:
2718:
2580:
2520:
2420:
2416:
1897:
Member comprises 8–10 flows with a total volume of ~50,000 km
1527:
5994:
5963:
3121:(Data in this table are from Ward (2009) unless noted otherwise)
2596:
2549:
2474:
1805:
1230:
Also includes a 900 cubic km tuff as a second member in the tuff
153:
82:
3207:"Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009)"
2485:
A large outpouring of lava on land, believed to have caused the
2266:
in the geologic record, and may have contributed to a number of
6062:
Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
3796:
Ewart, A.; Milner, S.C.; Armstrong, R.A.; Duncan, A.R. (1998).
3517:"Volcanic Explosivity Index: Measuring the size of an eruption"
2842:
2545:
2541:
2263:
1778:
1716:
1140:
157:
393:
Goboboseb–Messum volcanic centre—Springbok quartz latite unit
66:. Volcanic eruptions can generally be characterized as either
5281:
4903:
4698:. National Park Service and United States Geological Survey.
3128:"Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways"
2629:
1789:
1398:
144:
59:
5513:
2920:"Super Volcano Will Challenge Civilization, Geologists Warn"
176:
materials are the primary product, typically in the form of
4526:
10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0581:RGOBHA>2.0.CO;2
4391:
10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0875:GOVAFI>2.3.CO;2
3741:
3739:
1809:
1792:
1659:
Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the
1629:
Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the
1599:
Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the
1310:
Related to a 1050 cubic km tuff, the Bloodgood Canyon tuff
1280:
Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the
1014:
One of 2 previously unknown Yellowstone hotspot eruptions.
501:
Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the
177:
39:
4941:
Martin, B. S.; Petcovic, H. L.; Reidel, S. P. (May 2005).
3973:"4. Petrology – The Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite Flare-Up"
721:
It is the only known supervolcano located directly on the
4873:
4598:
1429:
Related to a 1200 cubic km tuff, the Apache Springs tuff
47:
3736:
2855:
Dates are an average of the range of dates of volcanics.
4057:
3329:
3254:
5322:
4874:
Frank Press & Raymond Siever (1978). "Volcanism".
4842:"A Brief History of the Pu'u 'O'o Eruption of Kilauea"
4499:
2245:
Highly active periods of volcanism in what are called
5464:
European Geosciences Union Special Publication Series
5428:
Goodwin, Anna; Wyles, Jon & Morley, Alex (2001).
5362:"Introduction – The Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite Flare-Up"
3841:
505:
and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma.
5514:
O'Neill, C.; MĂĽller, R. D.; Steinberger, B. (2003).
4940:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
1663:
and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma
1633:
and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma
1603:
and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma
1284:
and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma
609:
Volume estimate is uncertain to a factor of 2 or 3.
77:
There have probably been many such eruptions during
5873:Peate, Ingrid Ukstins; et al. (30 June 2003).
5586:
4445:
4443:
4364:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
2951:"Flood basalts, mantle plumes and mass extinctions"
1059:England, exposed in Northern Europe and Eastern US
867:One of the largest Yellowstone eruptions on record
5690:
3483:"What is a supervolcano? What is a supereruption?"
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
4921:
3620:Takarada, Shinji; Hoshizumi, Hideo (2020-06-23).
3619:
2632:, believed to have been one of the causes of the
6101:
5691:Chatterjee, Sankar; Mehrotra, Naresh M. (2009).
4846:School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
4440:
4397:
4882:: W. F. Freeman and Company. pp. 348–378.
4805:
4803:
3003:
2818:Supervolcano § Massive explosive eruptions
1944:Two flows with a total volume of 5,500 km
135:Supervolcano § Massive explosive eruptions
4456:The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan
4340:"Plate Tectonics from the Middle of the Plate"
4298:
4217:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
4213:
4110:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3261:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3122:
862:
604:
435:
404:Paraná and Etendeka traps, Brazil and Namibia
381:
354:
287:
5979:
5660:"India's Smoking Gun: Dino-Killing Eruptions"
5284:"Kerguelen Hotspot Magma Output since 130 Ma"
4869:
4867:
4449:
1708:
1693:Helped cause the exceptional preservation at
1610:Uncompahgre—Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs
1135:
705:
4800:
4592:
4148:
4146:
4144:
2040:One of the oldest large eruptions preserved
1067:One of the oldest large eruptions preserved
340:
5254:Seventh Annual V. M. Goldschmidt Conference
5209:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4185:"Description: Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming"
3615:
3613:
3611:
2913:
2911:
2760:
2731:
2703:Consists of at least 150 individual flows.
2698:
2658:
2623:
2586:
2554:
2514:
2480:
2450:
2410:
2383:
2356:
2327:onto South America. Possibly linked to the
2318:
2166:
2143:
2120:
2097:
2073:
2050:
2023:
2000:
1977:
1954:
1930:
1907:
1883:
1860:
1676:
1643:
1613:
1583:
1559:
1532:
1505:
1476:
1441:
1413:
1397:Predates half of the uplift of the central
1383:
1357:
1326:
1294:
1264:
1240:
1216:
1190:
1162:
1107:
1077:
1051:
1024:
998:
968:
939:
908:
877:
852:
821:
795:
764:
735:
675:
646:
619:
593:
566:
539:
484:
451:
423:
396:
370:
313:
275:
245:
216:
81:beyond those shown in these lists. However
5986:
5972:
4864:
2187:
6110:Events in the geological history of Earth
5548:
5483:
5307:
4624:
4467:
4141:
4083:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3867:
3823:
3645:
3570:
3355:
3063:"The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth"
2917:
2798:List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions
2736:Associated with silicic, explosive tuffs
2628:A large igneous province of west-central
5788:
5041:
4537:
4535:
4488:
4294:
4292:
3608:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3336:Anais da Academia Brasileira de CiĂŞncias
2908:
2881:
2879:
2711:Ethiopia-Yemen Continental Flood Basalts
2232:
1857:Mahabaleshwar–Rajahmundry Traps (Upper)
1772:
1695:Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument
1237:Paintbrush tuff (Tonopah Spring Member)
50:, and various gases are expelled from a
17:
5935:
5323:D. W. Jolley; B. R. Bell, eds. (2002).
5048:Coffin, Millard F.; Millard F. Coffin;
4811:"VHP Photo Glossary: Effusive Eruption"
4182:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3405:
1549:Elliptical caldera is ~35 km wide
70:, sudden ejections of rock and ash, or
6102:
5798:. Vol. NTS 86 O/6. Archived from
5782:
5146:
5033:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4693:
4244:
4053:
4051:
3922:
3907:
3728:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3117:
3115:
3113:
2305:Ontong Java–Manihiki–Hikurangi Plateau
2241:large igneous province (map in German)
689:Really a regional correlation of many
193:
93:
5967:
5872:
5823:
5454:
4839:
4788:from the original on 14 February 2012
4532:
4450:Daisuke, Miura; Yutaka, Wada (2007).
4289:
3927:. USGS Investigations Series I-2799.
3837:
3835:
3538:
3504:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
2961:from the original on 29 February 2012
2876:
2803:List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland
2634:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
2286:
2140:California Creek–Airway Heights flow
1733:
1556:Paintbrush tuff (Tiva Canyon Member)
521:Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex
431:Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex
199:
5948:from the original on 7 February 2012
5640:from the original on 8 December 2011
5244:
5086:from the original on 28 October 2011
4852:from the original on 7 February 2012
4580:from the original on 24 October 2021
4476:from the original on 6 December 2018
4195:from the original on 4 February 2012
4164:from the original on 9 December 2018
3470:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
2991:from the original on 11 October 2013
2981:"Effusive & Explosive Eruptions"
2858:
2191:
2070:Gran Canaria shield basalt eruption
1737:
1091:First of several eruptions from the
206:
97:
5883:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5736:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5590:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5524:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5157:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5109:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4963:from the original on 3 October 2012
4337:
4048:
3931:from the original on 31 August 2010
3882:
3110:
2446:Caribbean–Colombian oceanic plateau
13:
5993:
5789:Gittings, Fred W. (October 2008).
5672:from the original on 29 March 2010
5627:
5359:
4346:from the original on 10 March 2012
3970:
3883:Ort, Michael (22 September 1997).
3832:
3306:
2930:from the original on 23 March 2012
2918:Roy Britt, Robert (8 March 2005).
2849:
2593:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
2570:Central Atlantic magmatic province
874:Nohi Rhyolite—Gero Ash-Flow Sheet
693:originally thought to be distinct
14:
6136:
5770:from the original on 25 July 2011
5726:; Tung-Yi Lee; Genyao Wu (2002).
5703:from the original on 6 April 2010
5495:from the original on 24 July 2011
5147:Taylor, Brian (31 January 2006).
3977:University of Colorado at Boulder
3406:Ambrose, Stanley H. (June 1998).
3231:
3212:. Teton Tectonics. Archived from
3187:. Teton Tectonics. Archived from
2669:Permian–Triassic extinction event
2487:Permian–Triassic extinction event
1808:during the 1783–1784 eruption of
5263:from the original on 5 June 2011
4821:from the original on 27 May 2010
4748:"How Volcanos Work: Cerro Galan"
4702:from the original on 30 May 2010
4238:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.05.012
3281:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.008
2948:
2690:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
2591:Believed to be the cause of the
2435:Caribbean large igneous province
2400:Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up
2195:
1741:
635:Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up
627:William's Ridge, central Nevada
180:. Eruptions the size of that at
101:
6014:Prediction of volcanic activity
5936:Topinka, Lyn (27 August 2002).
5929:
5866:
5817:
5715:
5684:
5652:
5621:
5580:
5507:
5448:
5421:
5380:
5353:
5327:. Special Publication No. 197.
5316:
5275:
5238:
5203:
5140:
5098:
5016:from the original on 2017-08-08
4996:
4910:from the original on 2012-10-24
4896:
4833:
4770:
4740:
4728:from the original on 2018-12-09
4714:
4687:
4633:
4549:Journal of Geophysical Research
4358:
4331:
4207:
4176:
4099:
4011:
3995:
3964:
3923:Lipman, Peter W. (2007-11-02).
3876:
3789:
3691:
3680:from the original on 2019-12-22
3662:
3597:from the original on 2021-04-23
3579:
3527:from the original on 2019-06-01
3493:from the original on 2019-09-25
3399:
3388:from the original on 2021-10-24
3295:from the original on 2021-10-24
3099:from the original on 2020-08-07
3090:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001
2888:
2867:
2808:List of impact craters on Earth
2373:North Atlantic Igneous Province
1777:Effusive eruption of lava from
985:Last of the eruptions from the
4694:Morgan, Lisa (30 March 2004).
2973:
2942:
2835:
2793:List of flood basalt provinces
2667:, may have contributed to the
1261:Bachelor—Carpenter Ridge tuff
1021:Sana'a Ignimbrite—Tephra 2W63
367:Sam Ignimbrite and Green Tuff
1:
6082:Quaternary volcanic eruptions
5908:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00192-4
5761:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00535-6
5559:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00368-6
5399:Geological Society of America
5232:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.019
4840:Ruben, Ken (6 January 2008).
4510:Geological Society of America
4375:Geological Society of America
4309:Geological Society of America
4183:Topinka, Lyn (25 June 2009).
4135:10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00270-5
3670:"Lexique du substrat rocheux"
3348:10.1590/0001-3765202020180981
2901:
1685:Thirtynine Mile volcanic area
1422:Mogollon-Datil volcanic field
1303:Mogollon-Datil volcanic field
1171:Mogollon-Datil volcanic field
732:Grey's Landing Supereruption
213:Guarapuava —Tamarana—Sarusas
5615:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90138-L
5329:Geological Society of London
2985:Geological Society of London
2955:Geological Society of London
1580:San Juan—Sapinero Mesa Tuff
349:Flat Landing Brook Formation
337:Flat Landing Brook Eruption
7:
6115:Lists of volcanic eruptions
5309:10.1093/petrology/43.7.1121
3889:Northern Arizona University
2823:Types of volcanic eruptions
2781:
2744:Columbia River Basalt Group
2276:Columbia River Basalt Group
2172:Columbia River Basalt Group
2149:Columbia River Basalt Group
2126:Columbia River Basalt Group
2103:Columbia River Basalt Group
2056:Columbia River Basalt Group
2006:Columbia River Basalt Group
1983:Columbia River Basalt Group
1960:Columbia River Basalt Group
1936:Columbia River Basalt Group
1913:Columbia River Basalt Group
1889:Columbia River Basalt Group
1640:Platoro—Chiquito Peak tuff
1489:Last large eruption in the
1291:Bursum—Apache Springs Tuff
10:
6141:
6072:Largest volcanic eruptions
6057:Extraterrestrial volcanoes
6019:Volcanic explosivity index
5455:Segev, A. (4 March 2002).
5182:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.049
5134:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.018
4752:San Diego State University
4558:American Geophysical Union
4025:Revista GeolĂłgica de Chile
3825:10.1093/petrology/39.2.227
3626:Frontiers in Earth Science
3551:Frontiers in Earth Science
3416:Journal of Human Evolution
2226:
1006:Located in southern Idaho
743:Located in southern Idaho
654:Paraná and Etendeka traps
574:Paraná and Etendeka traps
547:Paraná and Etendeka traps
459:Paraná and Etendeka traps
321:Paraná and Etendeka traps
297:of the human species (see
253:Paraná and Etendeka traps
132:
6047:
6001:
5852:10.1007/s00445-005-0428-4
4647:: 641–644. Archived from
4426:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9
3775:10.1007/s00445-005-0428-4
3161:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005
2531:Paraná and Etendeka traps
2272:Paraná and Etendeka traps
1491:Yellowstone National Park
948:Paraná and Etendeka traps
936:Palmas BRA-21—Wereldsend
225:Paraná and Etendeka traps
6087:Volcanic eruption deaths
6067:Large volcanic eruptions
5630:"CAMP site introduction"
5485:10.5194/smsps-2-171-2002
4626:10.1093/petrology/egi066
3647:10.3389/feart.2020.00170
3572:10.3389/feart.2014.00016
3204:Supplementary Table II:
2828:
2315:Southwest Pacific Ocean
2293:Volume (millions of km)
2287:Age (Millions of years)
1838:Age (Millions of years)
1354:—Ongatiti–Mangatewaiiti
1187:—Murou pyroclastic flow
818:Iftar Alkalb—Tephra 4 W
590:Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite
448:Caxias do Sul—Grootberg
194:Age (millions of years)
5900:2003E&PSL.211..311U
5827:Bulletin of Volcanology
5753:2002E&PSL.198..449L
5697:Abstracts with Programs
5607:1992E&PSL.113..343O
5541:2003E&PSL.215..151O
5174:2006E&PSL.241..372T
5126:2006E&PSL.245..685W
4574:10.1029/JB089iB10p08713
4406:Bulletin of Volcanology
3750:Bulletin of Volcanology
3179:Supplementary Table I:
2425:San Juan volcanic field
2247:large igneous provinces
2188:Large igneous provinces
1661:San Juan volcanic field
1652:San Juan volcanic field
1631:San Juan volcanic field
1622:San Juan volcanic field
1601:San Juan volcanic field
1592:San Juan volcanic field
1282:San Juan volcanic field
1273:San Juan volcanic field
995:McMullen Supereruption
792:—Kidnappers ignimbrite
643:Anita Garibaldi—Beacon
503:San Juan volcanic field
493:San Juan volcanic field
299:Toba catastrophe theory
6024:Volcanic Seven Summits
5245:Weis, D.; Frey, F. A.
4984:Cite journal requires
4675:Cite journal requires
4469:10.5575/geosoc.113.283
3952:Cite journal requires
3441:10.1006/jhev.1998.0219
2679:Coppermine River Group
2242:
2229:Large igneous province
2032:Gawler Range Volcanics
1880:Wapshilla Ridge flows
1782:
1380:Huaylillas Ignimbrite
848:Huckleberry Ridge Tuff
31:
5059:Reviews of Geophysics
4782:National Park Service
3747:volcanism in Yemen".
3070:Earth-Science Reviews
2727:Arabian-Nubian Shield
2380:North Atlantic Ocean
2236:
1776:
1409:Bloodgood Canyon Tuff
1213:Timber Mountain tuff
295:population bottleneck
133:Further information:
21:
5430:"The Siberian Traps"
5288:Journal of Petrology
4817:. 29 December 2009.
4778:"Wall Mountain Tuff"
4605:Journal of Petrology
3803:Journal of Petrology
3458:on 28 September 2010
2813:Lists of earthquakes
2350:South Indian Ocean,
2209:adding missing items
1795:flows. For example,
1755:adding missing items
1673:—Wall Mountain tuff
1567:Southwestern Nevada
1248:Southwestern Nevada
1224:Southwestern Nevada
1093:Heise volcanic field
987:Heise volcanic field
701:Gakkel Ridge Caldera
419:Wah Wah Springs Tuff
310:Guarapuava —Ventura
272:—Youngest Toba Tuff
115:adding missing items
6039:Volcano observatory
5917:on 20 November 2008
5844:2005BVol...68..135P
5476:2002SMSPS...2..171S
5407:2004Geo....32..697H
5300:2002JPet...43.1121C
5224:2007ChGeo.241..332K
5191:on 20 November 2008
5072:1994RvGeo..32....1C
4617:2005JPet...47...35W
4566:1984JGR....89.8713R
4518:2003GSAB..115..581B
4418:2004BVol...66..735M
4383:1992Geo....20..875H
4317:2005GSAB..117..288M
4267:1986Natur.319..578F
4230:2007JVGR..167...57S
4127:2001JVGR..106..145L
4076:2020Geo....48..934K
4032:(2). Archived from
3885:"La Garita Caldera"
3860:2013Geosp...9..864B
3816:1998JPet...39..227E
3767:2005BVol...68..135P
3638:2020FrEaS...8..170T
3563:2014FrEaS...2...16C
3433:1998JHumE..34..623A
3273:2018JVGR..355...98R
3153:2009TSF...517.3188W
3082:2010ESRv..102..207B
2771:Channeled Scablands
2655:Southwestern China
2249:have produced huge
2163:Stember Creek flow
1514:Main Ethiopian Rift
1482:Yellowstone hotspot
1468:Yellowstone Caldera
1366:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
1332:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
1159:—Kneeling Nun tuff
1116:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
1047:Deicke and Millbrig
924:Southern Hemisphere
914:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
858:Yellowstone hotspot
844:Yellowstone Caldera
804:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
616:Windows Butte tuff
536:Jacui—Goboboseb II
141:explosive eruptions
94:Explosive eruptions
68:explosive eruptions
6120:Cenozoic volcanism
5668:. 10 August 2005.
4906:. Volcano.si.edu.
4758:on 6 February 2012
4722:"Corbetti Caldera"
3869:10.1130/GES00902.1
3219:on 20 January 2010
3194:on 20 January 2010
3170:on 20 January 2010
2329:Louisville hotspot
2243:
2207:; you can help by
2094:Joseph Creek flow
1904:McCoy Canyon flow
1786:Effusive eruptions
1783:
1753:; you can help by
1734:Effusive eruptions
1541:Catamarca Province
1185:Omine-Odai Caldera
761:—Atana ignimbrite
563:Ourinhos—Khoraseb
143:, the eruption of
113:; you can help by
72:effusive eruptions
32:
6095:
6094:
5634:Auburn University
5436:on 11 August 2010
5080:10.1029/93RG02508
4261:(6054): 578–582.
2779:
2778:
2755:Pacific Northwest
2457:Galápagos hotspot
2363:Kerguelen hotspot
2352:Kerguelen Islands
2339:Kerguelen Plateau
2284:Igneous province
2225:
2224:
2185:
2184:
1974:Pruitt Draw flow
1951:Sand Hollow flow
1771:
1770:
1731:
1730:
1352:Mangakino Caldera
1149:Aso-4 ignimbrite
1102:Mangakino Caldera
1085:Blacktail, Idaho
790:Mangakino Caldera
780:resurgent caldera
671:Oxaya ignimbrites
476:La Garita Caldera
270:Lake Toba Caldera
242:Santa Maria—Fria
191:Volcano—eruption
131:
130:
36:volcanic eruption
6132:
6009:Decade Volcanoes
5988:
5981:
5974:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5916:
5910:. Archived from
5879:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5804:
5797:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5732:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5567:
5561:. Archived from
5552:
5520:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5494:
5487:
5461:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5415:10.1130/G20574.1
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5364:. Archived from
5357:
5351:
5350:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5294:(7): 1121–1137.
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5251:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5218:(3–4): 332–353.
5212:Chemical Geology
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5190:
5184:. Archived from
5153:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5032:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5015:
5008:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4962:
4954:10.2172/15016367
4947:
4938:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4878:(2nd ed.).
4871:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4807:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4754:. Archived from
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4646:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4497:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4471:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4338:Stetten, Nancy.
4335:
4329:
4328:
4325:10.1130/B25519.1
4296:
4287:
4286:
4275:10.1038/319578a0
4248:
4242:
4241:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4150:
4139:
4138:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4085:10.1130/G47384.1
4055:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3979:. Archived from
3968:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3920:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3891:. Archived from
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3704:. Archived from
3703:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3617:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3513:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3479:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3451:. Archived from
3412:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3359:
3342:(2): e20180981.
3327:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3252:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3163:. Archived from
3136:Thin Solid Films
3132:
3126:(2 April 2009).
3119:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3067:
3058:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2915:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2839:
2788:Extinction event
2765:Well exposed by
2762:
2757:, United States
2751:
2733:
2700:
2686:
2660:
2636:. Linked to the
2625:
2614:
2588:
2577:
2556:
2538:
2516:
2508:
2482:
2452:
2442:
2412:
2385:
2358:
2347:
2320:
2312:
2281:
2280:
2268:mass extinctions
2251:oceanic plateaus
2220:
2217:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2174:, United States
2168:
2151:, United States
2145:
2128:, United States
2122:
2105:, United States
2099:
2075:
2058:, United States
2052:
2028:
2027:
2020:Moonaree Dacite
2008:, United States
2002:
1985:, United States
1979:
1962:, United States
1956:
1938:, United States
1932:
1915:, United States
1909:
1891:, United States
1885:
1862:
1832:
1831:
1766:
1763:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1713:
1712:
1681:
1680:
1648:
1647:
1618:
1617:
1588:
1587:
1564:
1563:
1537:
1536:
1510:
1509:
1478:
1446:
1445:
1437:Okueyama Caldera
1418:
1417:
1388:
1387:
1362:
1361:
1328:
1322:Oruanui eruption
1299:
1298:
1269:
1268:
1245:
1244:
1221:
1220:
1195:
1194:
1167:
1166:
1137:
1112:
1111:
1082:
1081:
1056:
1055:
1029:
1028:
1003:
1002:
973:
972:
944:
943:
910:
882:
881:
864:
854:
826:
825:
800:
799:
769:
768:
740:
739:
710:
709:
680:
679:
651:
650:
624:
623:
606:
598:
597:
571:
570:
544:
543:
518:
489:
488:
480:Fish Canyon Tuff
456:
455:
437:
428:
427:
401:
400:
383:
375:
374:
356:
345:
344:
318:
317:
289:
277:
250:
249:
221:
220:
208:
188:
187:
126:
123:
105:
104:
98:
64:mass extinctions
6140:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6043:
6029:Volcanic winter
5997:
5992:
5962:
5961:
5951:
5949:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5806:
5805:on 15 July 2011
5802:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5730:
5722:Lo, Ching-Hua;
5720:
5716:
5706:
5704:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5643:
5641:
5626:
5622:
5585:
5581:
5571:
5569:
5568:on 26 July 2011
5565:
5550:10.1.1.716.4910
5518:
5512:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5439:
5437:
5426:
5422:
5385:
5381:
5371:
5369:
5358:
5354:
5339:
5321:
5317:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5103:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5046:
5042:
5026:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5006:
5004:"Archived copy"
5002:
5001:
4997:
4985:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4945:
4939:
4922:
4913:
4911:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4872:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4822:
4809:
4808:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4703:
4692:
4688:
4676:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4657:
4655:
4654:on 21 July 2011
4651:
4644:
4638:
4634:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4540:
4533:
4498:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4448:
4441:
4402:
4398:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4336:
4332:
4297:
4290:
4249:
4245:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4152:
4151:
4142:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4056:
4049:
4039:
4037:
4016:
4012:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3969:
3965:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3932:
3921:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3881:
3877:
3840:
3833:
3794:
3790:
3744:
3737:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3699:"Archived copy"
3697:
3696:
3692:
3683:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3618:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3528:
3515:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3389:
3328:
3307:
3298:
3296:
3253:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3130:
3120:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3065:
3059:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2784:
2767:Missoula Floods
2749:
2694:Canadian Shield
2684:
2612:
2575:
2561:Tristan hotspot
2536:
2506:
2491:mass extinction
2440:
2390:Iceland hotspot
2345:
2310:
2260:supercontinents
2231:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2196:
2190:
2025:
1845:
1829:(Þjórsárhraun).
1767:
1761:
1758:
1742:
1736:
1710:
1678:
1671:Mount Princeton
1645:
1615:
1585:
1561:
1534:
1507:
1472:Lava Creek Tuff
1443:
1415:
1385:
1359:
1296:
1266:
1242:
1218:
1192:
1164:
1109:
1079:
1074:Blacktail tuff
1053:
1026:
1000:
970:
941:
922:Largest in the
879:
823:
797:
766:
737:
723:mid-ocean ridge
707:
677:
648:
621:
595:
568:
541:
516:
486:
453:
425:
398:
372:
342:
315:
247:
218:
160:magma, high in
137:
127:
121:
118:
102:
96:
87:plate tectonics
79:Earth's history
12:
11:
5:
6138:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6077:Earth timeline
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6034:Volcano Number
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5995:Volcano topics
5991:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5960:
5959:
5928:
5892:Elsevier B. V.
5865:
5816:
5781:
5714:
5683:
5651:
5628:McHone, Greg.
5620:
5599:Elsevier B. V.
5579:
5533:Elsevier B. V.
5506:
5447:
5420:
5379:
5360:Cannon, Eric.
5352:
5337:
5315:
5274:
5237:
5202:
5166:Elsevier B. V.
5139:
5118:Elsevier B. V.
5097:
5040:
4995:
4986:|journal=
4920:
4895:
4888:
4863:
4832:
4799:
4769:
4739:
4713:
4686:
4677:|journal=
4632:
4591:
4531:
4487:
4462:(7): 283–295.
4439:
4412:(8): 735–748.
4396:
4357:
4330:
4288:
4243:
4224:(1–4): 57–80.
4206:
4175:
4140:
4119:Elsevier B. V.
4098:
4070:(9): 934–938.
4047:
4036:on 7 July 2011
4010:
3994:
3971:Cannon, Eric.
3963:
3954:|journal=
3906:
3895:on 19 May 2011
3875:
3854:(4): 864–950.
3831:
3810:(2): 227–253.
3788:
3735:
3690:
3674:dnr-mrn.gnb.ca
3661:
3607:
3591:www2.bgs.ac.uk
3578:
3537:
3503:
3469:
3425:Elsevier B. V.
3398:
3305:
3230:
3145:Elsevier B. V.
3124:Ward, Peter L.
3109:
3002:
2972:
2941:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2887:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2846:distinguished.
2833:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2665:Siberian Traps
2661:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2648:Emeishan Traps
2644:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2621:
2618:Deccan Plateau
2615:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:Linked to the
2557:
2552:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2489:, the largest
2483:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:Siberian Traps
2463:
2462:
2460:
2455:Linked to the
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2388:Linked to the
2386:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2361:Linked to the
2359:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2341:–Broken Ridge
2335:
2334:
2332:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2239:Siberian Traps
2237:Extent of the
2227:Main article:
2223:
2222:
2216:September 2015
2202:
2200:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2117:Ginkgo Basalt
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1927:Umtanum flows
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1769:
1768:
1762:September 2015
1748:
1746:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:, New Zealand
1363:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1334:, New Zealand
1329:
1324:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1198:Honshū, Japan
1196:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:, New Zealand
1113:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1004:
996:
992:
991:
989:
983:
980:
978:Kilgore, Idaho
974:
966:
962:
961:
959:
955:
950:
945:
937:
933:
932:
930:
920:
917:
916:, New Zealand
911:
906:
900:
899:
897:
894:
889:
883:
875:
871:
870:
868:
865:
860:
855:
850:
840:
839:
837:
835:
830:
827:
819:
815:
814:
812:
810:
807:
806:, New Zealand
801:
793:
786:
785:
783:
776:
773:
770:
762:
759:Pacana Caldera
755:
754:
752:
749:
744:
741:
733:
729:
728:
726:
719:
716:
711:
703:
697:
696:
694:
687:
684:
681:
673:
667:
666:
664:
660:
655:
652:
644:
640:
639:
637:
631:
628:
625:
617:
613:
612:
610:
607:
602:
599:
591:
587:
586:
584:
580:
575:
572:
564:
560:
559:
557:
553:
548:
545:
537:
533:
532:
530:
527:
522:
519:
513:
509:
508:
506:
499:
496:
490:
482:
472:
471:
469:
465:
460:
457:
449:
445:
444:
442:
439:
432:
429:
421:
415:
414:
412:
408:
405:
402:
394:
390:
389:
387:
384:
379:
376:
368:
364:
363:
361:
358:
351:
346:
338:
334:
333:
331:
327:
322:
319:
311:
307:
306:
302:
291:
284:
278:
273:
266:
265:
263:
259:
254:
251:
243:
239:
238:
236:
232:
227:
222:
214:
210:
209:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
170:carbon dioxide
129:
128:
122:September 2015
108:
106:
95:
92:
44:volcanic bombs
28:Mount Pinatubo
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6137:
6126:
6125:Lists by size
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6098:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5984:
5982:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5876:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5820:
5801:
5794:
5793:
5785:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5729:
5725:
5724:Sun-Lin Chung
5718:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5665:Science Daily
5661:
5655:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5583:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5517:
5510:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5383:
5368:on 2008-12-02
5367:
5363:
5356:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5338:1-86239-108-4
5334:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5150:
5143:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5101:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5036:
5030:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4991:
4978:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4891:
4889:0-7167-0289-4
4885:
4881:
4880:San Francisco
4877:
4870:
4868:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4669:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4560:: 8713–8732.
4559:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4536:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4293:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4210:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4102:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4052:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3983:on 2012-10-13
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3946:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3836:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3742:
3740:
3731:
3725:
3711:on 2019-12-12
3707:
3700:
3694:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3402:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3215:
3208:
3190:
3183:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:: 3188–3203.
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:Self, Steve.
2945:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2891:
2882:
2880:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2255:flood basalts
2252:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2203:This list is
2201:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2047:Rosalia flow
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1894:5,000–10,000
1893:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1749:This list is
1747:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1501:Awasa Caldera
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:TaupĹŤ Volcano
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1161:
1158:
1157:Emory Caldera
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:Afro-Arabian
1031:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
997:
994:
993:
990:
988:
984:
981:
979:
975:
967:
965:Kilgore tuff
964:
963:
960:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
938:
935:
934:
931:
929:
925:
921:
918:
915:
912:
907:
905:
902:
901:
898:
895:
893:
890:
887:
884:
876:
873:
872:
869:
866:
861:
859:
856:
851:
849:
845:
842:
841:
838:
836:
834:
831:
829:Afro-Arabian
828:
820:
817:
816:
813:
811:
808:
805:
802:
794:
791:
788:
787:
784:
781:
777:
774:
771:
763:
760:
757:
756:
753:
750:
748:
745:
742:
734:
731:
730:
727:
724:
720:
717:
715:
712:
704:
702:
699:
698:
695:
692:
688:
685:
682:
674:
672:
669:
668:
665:
661:
659:
656:
653:
645:
642:
641:
638:
636:
632:
629:
626:
618:
615:
614:
611:
608:
603:
600:
592:
589:
588:
585:
581:
579:
576:
573:
565:
562:
561:
558:
554:
552:
549:
546:
538:
535:
534:
531:
528:
526:
523:
520:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
483:
481:
477:
474:
473:
470:
466:
464:
461:
458:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
438:
433:
430:
422:
420:
417:
416:
413:
409:
406:
403:
395:
392:
391:
388:
385:
380:
377:
369:
366:
365:
362:
359:
357:
352:
350:
347:
339:
336:
335:
332:
328:
326:
323:
320:
312:
309:
308:
305:
303:
300:
296:
292:
290:
285:
282:
279:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
260:
258:
255:
252:
244:
241:
240:
237:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
215:
212:
211:
205:
202:
196:
190:
189:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
136:
125:
116:
112:
109:This list is
107:
100:
99:
91:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:volcanic vent
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
24:1991 eruption
20:
16:
6097:
6071:
5950:. Retrieved
5931:
5919:. Retrieved
5912:the original
5887:
5881:
5868:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5809:20 September
5807:. Retrieved
5800:the original
5791:
5784:
5772:. Retrieved
5740:
5734:
5717:
5707:22 September
5705:. Retrieved
5696:
5686:
5674:. Retrieved
5663:
5654:
5642:. Retrieved
5623:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5572:20 September
5570:. Retrieved
5563:the original
5528:
5522:
5509:
5497:. Retrieved
5467:
5463:
5450:
5438:. Retrieved
5434:the original
5423:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5370:. Retrieved
5366:the original
5355:
5324:
5318:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5265:. Retrieved
5253:
5240:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5195:20 September
5193:. Retrieved
5186:the original
5161:
5155:
5142:
5113:
5107:
5100:
5088:. Retrieved
5063:
5057:
5050:Olav Eldholm
5043:
5018:. Retrieved
4998:
4977:cite journal
4965:. Retrieved
4912:. Retrieved
4898:
4875:
4854:. Retrieved
4835:
4823:. Retrieved
4790:. Retrieved
4772:
4760:. Retrieved
4756:the original
4742:
4730:. Retrieved
4716:
4704:. Retrieved
4689:
4668:cite journal
4656:. Retrieved
4649:the original
4635:
4611:(1): 35–69.
4608:
4604:
4594:
4582:. Retrieved
4553:
4547:
4505:
4502:GSA Bulletin
4501:
4478:. Retrieved
4459:
4455:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4348:. Retrieved
4333:
4304:
4301:GSA Bulletin
4300:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4197:. Retrieved
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4114:
4108:
4101:
4089:. Retrieved
4067:
4063:
4038:. Retrieved
4034:the original
4029:
4023:
4013:
4004:
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3981:the original
3966:
3945:cite journal
3933:. Retrieved
3897:. Retrieved
3893:the original
3878:
3851:
3847:
3807:
3801:
3791:
3754:
3748:
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3706:the original
3693:
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3673:
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3625:
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3590:
3581:
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3550:
3540:
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3520:
3495:. Retrieved
3487:www.usgs.gov
3486:
3460:. Retrieved
3453:the original
3420:
3414:
3401:
3390:. Retrieved
3357:10183/220249
3339:
3335:
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3264:
3260:
3221:. Retrieved
3214:the original
3196:. Retrieved
3189:the original
3172:. Retrieved
3165:the original
3140:
3134:
3101:. Retrieved
3076:(3–4): 207.
3073:
3069:
2993:. Retrieved
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2890:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2837:
2607:Deccan Traps
2595:. Formed as
2501:Karoo-Ferrar
2244:
2213:
2079:Gran Canaria
2034:, Australia
1997:Museum flow
1866:Deccan Traps
1824:eruption of
1822:Þjórsárhraun
1804:occurred in
1784:
1759:
1704:Aira Caldera
1543:, Argentina
1455:
1340:Most recent
1201:
1104:—Rocky Hill
1062:
1035:
1009:
952:
926:in the Late
891:
832:
746:
714:Gakkel Ridge
657:
633:Part of the
577:
550:
524:
462:
434:
355:2,000–12,000
353:
324:
304:
288:2,000–13,200
286:
283:, Indonesia
256:
229:
200:Volume (km)
138:
119:
76:
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15:
5894:: 311–327.
5838:: 135–156.
5747:: 449–458.
5601:: 343–364.
5535:: 151–168.
5470:: 171–191.
5401:: 697–700.
5372:9 September
5168:: 372–380.
5120:: 685–701.
5066:(1): 1–36.
4967:1 September
4724:. VOGRIPA.
4512:: 581–595.
4377:: 875–878.
4311:: 288–306.
4154:"Mangakino"
4121:: 145–173.
3761:: 135–156.
3521:geology.com
3427:: 623–651.
3223:8 September
3198:8 September
2924:LiveScience
2663:Along with
2583:continents
2089:p. 17
1826:Bárðarbunga
1687:, Colorado
1528:Cerro Galán
1344:8 eruption
1131:Aso Caldera
863:2,450–2,500
691:ignimbrites
605:3,797–3,803
495:, Colorado
436:5,500–5,900
382:6,797–6,803
174:Pyroclastic
166:water vapor
6104:Categories
5020:2018-06-20
4914:2015-12-16
4732:9 December
4480:6 December
4168:9 December
3715:2019-09-11
3684:2019-12-22
3601:2021-04-23
3531:2019-09-12
3497:2019-09-12
3392:2021-06-15
3299:2021-06-15
3267:: 98–114.
3174:2010-03-19
3103:2020-03-11
2902:References
2519:Formed as
2205:incomplete
2074:14.5 to 14
1751:incomplete
1722:940–1,040
1146:930–1,860
928:Quaternary
512:Lund Tuff
111:incomplete
5860:140160158
5545:CiteSeerX
5347:0305-8719
5090:27 August
4856:27 August
4825:25 August
4584:18 August
4434:129680497
3848:Geosphere
3783:140160158
3656:2296-6463
3587:"VOGRIPA"
3382:214583807
3366:1678-2690
3289:0377-0273
2995:28 August
2965:27 August
2934:27 August
2640:hotspot.
2599:broke up
2523:broke up
2477:, Russia
2290:Location
1841:Location
1835:Eruption
1781:, Iceland
1010:>1,700
904:Whakamaru
747:>2,800
281:Sunda Arc
197:Location
182:Lake Toba
162:volatiles
5952:5 August
5946:Archived
5921:5 August
5836:Springer
5774:5 August
5765:Archived
5745:Elsevier
5701:Archived
5676:5 August
5670:Archived
5644:5 August
5638:Archived
5499:5 August
5490:Archived
5440:5 August
5267:5 August
5258:Archived
5084:Archived
5052:(1994).
5029:cite web
5011:Archived
4958:Archived
4908:Archived
4850:Archived
4819:Archived
4792:5 August
4786:Archived
4762:5 August
4726:Archived
4706:5 August
4700:Archived
4658:5 August
4578:Archived
4474:Archived
4350:5 August
4344:Archived
4199:6 August
4193:Archived
4162:Archived
4040:5 August
3987:5 August
3935:6 August
3929:Archived
3899:5 August
3759:Springer
3724:cite web
3678:Archived
3595:Archived
3525:Archived
3491:Archived
3462:5 August
3386:Archived
3374:32187251
3293:Archived
3094:Archived
2989:Archived
2959:Archived
2928:Archived
2841:Certain
2782:See also
2719:Ethiopia
2620:, India
2581:Laurasia
2521:Gondwana
2421:rhyolite
2417:andesite
2325:accreted
2274:and the
2262:such as
2081:, Spain
1868:, India
1719:, Japan
1452:, Japan
1391:Bolivia
1143:, Japan
888:, Japan
778:Forms a
5896:Bibcode
5890:(3–4).
5840:Bibcode
5749:Bibcode
5743:(3–4).
5603:Bibcode
5537:Bibcode
5531:(1–2).
5472:Bibcode
5403:Bibcode
5390:Geology
5296:Bibcode
5220:Bibcode
5170:Bibcode
5164:(3–4).
5122:Bibcode
5116:(3–4).
5068:Bibcode
4613:Bibcode
4562:Bibcode
4556:(B10).
4514:Bibcode
4414:Bibcode
4379:Bibcode
4367:Geology
4313:Bibcode
4307:(3–4).
4283:4332421
4263:Bibcode
4226:Bibcode
4158:VOGRIPA
4123:Bibcode
4117:(1–2).
4091:21 June
4072:Bibcode
4064:Geology
3856:Bibcode
3812:Bibcode
3763:Bibcode
3634:Bibcode
3632:: 170.
3559:Bibcode
3449:9650103
3429:Bibcode
3269:Bibcode
3149:Bibcode
3078:Bibcode
2769:in the
2721:/Yemen/
2638:RĂ©union
2597:Pangaea
2550:Namibia
2475:Siberia
2415:Mostly
1806:Iceland
1801:Hawaiʻi
1797:KÄ«lauea
1407:Bursum—
154:silicic
150:viscous
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6002:Topics
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5547:
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4886:
4432:
4373:(10).
4281:
4254:Nature
3781:
3654:
3557:: 16.
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3380:
3372:
3364:
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2843:felsic
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2685:
2652:256.5
2613:
2576:
2546:Angola
2542:Brazil
2537:
2507:
2493:ever.
2471:249.4
2441:
2346:
2311:
2296:Notes
2264:Pangea
2177:1,200
2154:1,500
2131:1,600
2108:1,850
2084:1,000
2061:1,900
2037:2,050
2026:
2011:2,350
1988:2,350
1965:2,660
1941:2,750
1918:4,300
1871:9,300
1849:Notes
1844:Volume
1818:Eldgjá
1779:Krafla
1717:Kyushu
1711:
1690:1,000
1679:
1656:1,000
1646:
1626:1,000
1616:
1596:1,000
1586:
1570:1,000
1562:
1546:1,000
1535:
1518:1,000
1508:
1486:1,000
1450:Kyūshū
1444:
1426:1,050
1416:
1394:1,100
1386:
1371:1,150
1360:
1337:1,170
1307:1,200
1297:
1277:1,200
1267:
1251:1,200
1243:
1227:1,200
1219:
1193:
1175:1,310
1165:
1141:Kyushu
1121:1,495
1110:
1088:1,500
1080:
1054:
1027:
1001:
982:1,800
971:
942:
919:2,000
886:Honshū
880:
824:
809:2,760
798:
775:2,800
772:Chile
767:
738:
718:3,000
708:
686:3,000
683:Chile
678:
649:
630:3,500
622:
601:Yemen
596:
569:
542:
517:
498:5,000
487:
454:
426:
407:6,340
399:
378:Yemen
373:
343:
316:
248:
219:
203:Notes
158:felsic
6049:Lists
5915:(PDF)
5878:(PDF)
5856:S2CID
5834:(2).
5803:(PDF)
5796:(PDF)
5768:(PDF)
5731:(PDF)
5597:(3).
5566:(PDF)
5519:(PDF)
5493:(PDF)
5460:(PDF)
5397:(8).
5261:(PDF)
5250:(PDF)
5189:(PDF)
5152:(PDF)
5014:(PDF)
5007:(PDF)
4961:(PDF)
4946:(PDF)
4876:Earth
4652:(PDF)
4645:(PDF)
4508:(5).
4430:S2CID
4279:S2CID
3779:S2CID
3757:(2).
3709:(PDF)
3702:(PDF)
3456:(PDF)
3423:(6).
3411:(PDF)
3378:S2CID
3217:(PDF)
3210:(PDF)
3192:(PDF)
3185:(PDF)
3168:(PDF)
3131:(PDF)
3097:(PDF)
3066:(PDF)
2829:Notes
2715:28.5
2630:India
2404:32.5
2377:55.5
2319:59–77
2299:Refs
2024:1591
1931:~15.6
1884:~15.5
1852:Refs
1846:(km)
1816:(the
1814:Katla
1790:mafic
1493:area
1477:0.639
1456:1,030
1399:Andes
1327:0.027
1202:1,260
1136:0.087
1063:1,509
1036:1,600
976:Near
953:1,900
909:0.254
892:2,200
853:2.059
833:2,700
658:3,450
578:3,900
551:4,350
525:4,400
463:5,650
424:30.06
325:7,600
276:0.073
257:7,800
230:8,600
164:like
145:magma
60:Earth
34:In a
5954:2010
5942:USGS
5923:2010
5811:2010
5776:2010
5709:2010
5678:2010
5646:2010
5574:2010
5501:2010
5442:2010
5374:2010
5343:ISSN
5333:ISBN
5269:2010
5197:2010
5092:2010
5035:link
4990:help
4969:2010
4884:ISBN
4858:2010
4827:2010
4815:USGS
4794:2010
4764:2010
4734:2018
4708:2010
4681:help
4660:2010
4586:2010
4482:2018
4352:2010
4201:2010
4189:USGS
4170:2018
4093:2022
4042:2010
3989:2010
3958:help
3937:2010
3901:2010
3730:link
3652:ISSN
3464:2010
3445:PMID
3370:PMID
3362:ISSN
3285:ISSN
3225:2010
3200:2010
2997:2010
2967:2010
2936:2010
2761:0.18
2732:0.35
2723:Afar
2699:0.65
2683:1267
2548:and
2253:and
2167:15.6
2144:15.6
2121:15.3
2098:16.5
2051:14.5
2001:15.6
1978:16.5
1955:15.3
1908:15.6
1861:64.8
1810:Laki
1793:lava
1709:0.03
1677:35.3
1644:28.2
1614:28.1
1560:12.7
1506:1.09
1442:13.7
1414:28.5
1358:1.21
1295:28.5
1241:12.8
1217:11.6
1191:13.7
1025:29.5
999:8.99
940:29.5
822:29.5
796:1.01
736:8.72
647:~132
620:31.4
594:29.6
567:~132
540:~132
515:29.2
485:27.8
452:~132
371:29.5
314:~132
246:~132
207:Ref.
178:tuff
168:and
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54:and
40:lava
22:The
5904:doi
5888:211
5848:doi
5757:doi
5741:198
5611:doi
5595:113
5555:doi
5529:215
5480:doi
5411:doi
5304:doi
5228:doi
5216:241
5178:doi
5162:241
5130:doi
5114:245
5076:doi
4950:doi
4621:doi
4570:doi
4522:doi
4506:115
4464:doi
4460:113
4422:doi
4387:doi
4321:doi
4305:117
4271:doi
4259:319
4234:doi
4222:167
4131:doi
4115:106
4080:doi
3864:doi
3820:doi
3771:doi
3642:doi
3567:doi
3437:doi
3352:hdl
3344:doi
3277:doi
3265:355
3157:doi
3141:517
3086:doi
3074:102
2624:1.5
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