1324:Žlugus 1863 metų sukilimui, 1864–1865 m. Vilniaus generalgubernatorius M. Muravjovas sumanė drausti, o jo įpėdinis K. Kaufmanas uždraudė spausdinti lotyniškomis raidėmis lietuviškus raštus. Nuo to laiko lieuviams buvo draudžiama leisti net maldaknyges lotynišku šriftu. Ilgus metus, neturėdami lietuviškų maldaknygių, palikti lenkiškos dvasininkijos globai, nepasiduodami pravoslavijai, noromis nenoromis lietuviai rinkosi nepersekiojamą lenkiškąją maldaknygę. Taip daryti ragino lenkų dvasininkai, kurie rūpinosi daugiau nutautinimu negu religijos mokymu. Kad šitokia veikla buvo įprastas reiškinys, yra daugybė pavyzdžių. Lietuvių šviesuomenės, kuri būtų galėjusi pasipriešinti tokiai politikai neturtingame Vilniaus krašte, buvo maža, o lietuvių kunigai buvo siunčiami į nelietuviškas parapijas. Kaip lenkų dvasininkija apaštalavo lietuviškose parapijose, liudijo seneliai, nemokėję nė žodžio lenkiškai, bet kalbėję lenkiškus poterius. Kai ilgainiui lietuviai pradėjo priešintis lenkinimui per bažnyčią, prasidėjo žiauri kova dėl lietuviškų pamokslų ir maldų. Ta kova primena savo metu siautusius katalikų ir protestantų religinius karus. Tik tų karų tikslas čia buvo kitas – ne religija, bet kalba. Yra žinoma, kad lenkiškoji lietuviškų parapijų dvasininkija kurstė brolį prieš brolį ir palaikė bažnytinius sąmyšius, organizuojamus lenkų naudai. Tose suirutėse kovojo tie patys lietuviai, kurių vieną dalį kunigija jau buvo aplenkinusi, kitos dar nespėjusi.
599:"The son of Gediminas, the Grand Prince Olgerd expanded the Ruthenian lands he inherited from his father: he attached the Polish lands to his state expelling the Tatars out. The Ruthenian lands under his sovereignty were divided between princes. However, Olgerd, the person of a strong character, controlled them. In Kiev, he installed his son, Vladimir, who started the new line of Kiev princes that reigned there for over a century and called commonly the Olelkoviches, from Olelko, Aleksandr Vladimirovich, the grand-son of Olgerd. Olgerd himself, married twice the Ruthenian princesses, allowed his sons to baptize into Ruthenian religion and, as the Ruthenian Chronicles speak, had himself baptized and died as a monk. As such, the princes that replaced the St. Vladimir's line in Ruthenia, became as Ruthenian by religion and by the ethnicity they adopted, as the princes of the line that preceded them. The Lithuanian state was called Lithuania, but of course it was purely Ruthenian and would have remained Ruthenian if only the successor of Olgerd in the Great Princehood, the Jagiello wouldn't have married in 1386 to the Polish queen Jadwiga"
633:"Within the Grand Duchy, the Ruthenian lands initially retained considerable autonomy. The pagan Lithuanians themselves were increasingly converting to Orthodoxy and assimilating into Ruthenian culture. The grand duchy's administrative practices and legal system drew heavily on Slavic customs, and Ruthenian became the official state language. Direct Polish rule in Ukraine since the 1340s and for two centuries thereafter was limited to Galicia. There, changes in such areas as administration, law, and land tenure proceeded more rapidly than in Ukrainian territories under Lithuania. However, Lithuania itself was soon drawn into the orbit of Poland."
151:
217:
424:, stated that the Polish minority inhabiting the Vilnius region is composed of "Polonized Lithuanians" who "are incapable of understanding where they truly belong" and it is "every dedicated Lithuanian's duty" to re-Lithuanize them. Lithuanization promoted the cooperation of Polish and Russian minorities, who support the
312:
was positive in some respects, he described some excesses, which he found often to be funny, although aggressive towards Poles and Polish culture. For example, Lithuanian priests were forced to drive out of confessional boxes people who wanted to confess in Polish or refused to sing Polish songs that
299:
had appeared primarily due to the Polish occupation of
Lithuania's capital Vilnius in 1920. Lithuanian Catholic priests (derogatorily called Litwomans in Polish) promoted Lithuanian in equal terms to Polish, which in many places had been used forced onto the locals by Polish Church authorities. It
248:
came to power. The nationalists decided to ban attendance at Polish schools by
Lithuanians; children from mixed families were forced to attend Lithuanian schools. Many Poles in Lithuania were identified as Lithuanians on their passports, and were forced to attend Lithuanian schools. The number of
440:
was fined about €1,738. Bilingual signs, even those privately purchased and placed on private property, are now seen by
Lithuanian authorities as illegal. The only exception is provided for names of organisations of national minority communities and their information signs. According to the EU's
207:
in public life. Among the government's measures was a forced
Lithuanization of non-Lithuanian names. The largest minority-school network was operated by the Jewish community; there were 49 Jewish grammar schools in 1919, 107 in 1923, and 144 in 1928. In 1931, partially due to consolidation, the
431:
The Law on Ethnic
Minorities, which remained in force until 2010, enabled bilingual signage in areas that have "substantial numbers of a minority with a different language". After the termination of its validity, municipal authorities in Šalčininkai and Vilnius were ordered to remove bilingual
1540:
According to
Professor Zigmas Zinkevicius, the former minister of education and science of Lithuania, Lithuanian Poles living in the Vilnius region are, in fact, Polonised Lithuanians. In his opinion, they can have no awareness of who they are because, once assimilated, these Lithuanian
1404:
Arba štai: bažnyčiose kovojant už neginčijamas lietuvių kalbos teises, kai kurie lietuvių kunigai buvo verčiami vyti nuo klausyklų tuos, kurie norėjo atlikti išpažintį lenkų kalba arba per papildomas pamaldas buvo atsisakoma per amžius jose giedamų lenkiškų giesmių ar
Evangelijos lenkų
172:, the country began moving toward the cultural and linguistic assimilation of large groups of non-Lithuanian citizens (primarily Poles and Germans). The Lithuanian government was initially democratic, and protected the cultural traditions of other ethnic groups; a 1917
356:" (Commission for the Re-Lithuanianization of Surnames) was set up. Because of the talks on the issue, even though the law did not pass, many Lithuanians re-Lithuanianized their names themselves. Common approaches were to cut out the Slavic part of the suffix, e.g., "
1453:""Antypolski tekst K. Garsvy" (Anti-Polish text by K. Garsva)". Commentary on K.Garsva article "Kiedy na Wileńszczyźnie będzie wprowadzone zarządzanie bezpośrednie? (When Vilnius region will have direct self-government?)" in Lietuvos Aidas, 11 -12.10"
249:
Polish schools decreased to nine in 1940. In 1936, a law was passed which allowed a student to attend Polish school only if both parents were Poles. This resulted in unaccredited schools, which numbered over 40 in 1935 and were largely sponsored by
1541:
Poles/Polonised
Lithuanians lost their original identity. The minister concludes that it is every dedicated Lithuanian's duty to educate and re-Lithuanianise those people who are incapable of understanding where they truly belong.
1578:
Moore, Irina (2019). "Linguistic landscape as an arena of conflict. Language removal, exclusion, and ethnic idenitity construction in
Lithuania (Vilnius)". In Evans, Matthew; Jeffries, Lesley; O'Driscoll, Jim (eds.).
240:, which transferred students whose parents had "Lithuania" as their nationality on their passports to Lithuanian schools. After the party lost control, the number of schools increased to 91. Soon after the
188:, however, the largest communities of Belarusians, Jews, and Poles ended up outside Lithuania and the special ministries were abolished. In 1920, Lithuania's Jewish community was granted national and
1371:
Tai jokiu būdu nelietė tautinio lietuvių atgimimo gerųjų pusių, kultūros ir švietimo kėlimo, o daugiau tik tam tikrus šio judėjimo "perlenkimus", dažnai juokingus, o lenkų atžvligiu net agresyvius...
1482:
180:(the government's legislative branch) was expanded to include Jewish and Belarusian representatives. The first Lithuanian governments included ministries for Jewish and Belarusian affairs; when the
54:
remained
Ruthenian; due to religious, linguistic and cultural dissimilarity, there was less assimilation between the ruling nobility of the pagan Lithuanians and the conquered Orthodox
442:
432:
Polish-Lithuanian signs, most of which had been placed during the period when such signs were permitted. In 2013, Vilnius regional court fined the administrative director of
436:(where Poles constituted 77.8% of the population in 2011) €30 for each day of delay, and in January 2014 ordered him to pay a fine of over €12,500. Liucyna Kotlovska from
1317:
264:
over several centuries and needed to return to their "true identity". Another major factor was the tense relationship between Lithuania and Poland about the
1490:
1889:
719:
1904:
1122:
368:
300:
was often the case, that the parish was inhabited by Lithuanian-speaking people, yet they knew their prayers only in Polish, as the priests tried
2040:
1751:
1278:"Lietuvos stačiatikių bažnyčia 1918–1940 m.: kova dėl cerkvių (Orthodoxy in Lithuania between 1918 and 1940: The struggle for Orthodox churches)"
1336:
200:
groups their autonomy was terminated in 1924. The Jews were increasingly marginalized and alienated by the "Lithuania for Lithuanians" policy.
2520:
1884:
2113:
1452:
357:
2525:
98:
and (later) Ruthenian, and acquired main-chancery-language status in local matters and relations with other Orthodox principalities as a
78:
nobility. The cultures merged; many upper-class Ruthenians merged with the Lithuanian nobility and began to call themselves Lithuanians (
1711:
685:
2045:
1791:
1154:
Ziemiaństwo polskie w Republice Litewskiej w okresie międzywojennym (Polish Landowners in the Republic of Lithuania Between the Wars)
1647:
1629:
1277:
1608:
203:
As Lithuania established its independence and its nationalistic attitudes strengthened, the state sought to increase the use of
2515:
2271:
1511:
449:
433:
425:
526:
237:
144:
62:) lands, local leaders retained autonomy which limited the amalgamation of cultures. When some localities received appointed
1686:
1636:, Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. 10 October 2014. pp. 24–25.
281:
1857:
1090:
1744:
452:
administrative director Boleslav Daškevič was fined about €12,500 for failing to execute a court ruling to remove Polish
260:
Lithuanian attitudes towards ethnic Poles were influenced by the concept of treating them as native Lithuanians who were
1665:
1385:""Apie lietuvių ir lenkų santykius" (translation of "Zdziejów Romeriow na Litwie. Pasmo czynnośći ciągem lat idące...")"
1352:""Apie lietuvių ir lenkų santykius" (translation of "Zdziejów Romeriow na Litwie. Pasmo czynnośći ciągem lat idące...")"
456:. Polish and Russian schools went on strike in September 2015, organised by the Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania.
2540:
2535:
1592:
1562:
1533:
1063:
754:
570:
269:
113:
2530:
1249:
1218:
1186:
1161:
1136:
1071:
1038:
1008:
984:
940:
896:
860:
797:
770:
737:
681:
584:
553:
1012:
241:
2392:
2338:
787:
723:
169:
1055:
509:
409:
236:. The number increased to 30 in 1923, but fell to 24 in 1926. The main reason for the decrease was the policy of
2510:
1737:
2001:
1786:
1384:
1351:
1235:
926:
846:
669:
475:
437:
292:
were confiscated as well, including the Kruonis Orthodox church. Thirteen Orthodox churches were demolished.
1514:(Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian Way to Independence: An Attempt to Compare, on homepage of Jerzy Targalski
539:
2249:
1654:, Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. pp. 25–26.
762:
613:
2410:
2452:
1989:
1835:
417:
309:
2397:
576:
1210:
697:
640:
332:
During the interwar, discussions started about returning to native Lithuanian surnames, as opposed to
50:
lands between the 13th and 15th centuries was accompanied by some Lithuanization. A large part of the
1029:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.).
618:
313:
were sung in those churches for centuries during additional services, preferring Lithuanian instead.
289:
131:'s major towns, with ethnic Lithuanians migrating from the countryside. Lithuanization was primarily
448:
A Polish-Lithuanian woman protested when her last name (Wardyn) was Lithuanized to Vardyn. In 2014,
185:
2160:
2011:
1946:
1874:
729:
51:
1060:
Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe
2142:
2093:
285:
150:
71:
2286:
2432:
1796:
465:
413:
320:, caricatures and propaganda were published attacking Poles and depicting them as criminals or
192:
with the right to legislate binding ordinances; however, partly due to internal strife between
1207:
Polacy w niepodległym państwie litewskim 1918-1940 (Poles in the Independent Lithuanian State)
1126:
2229:
2192:
2148:
1760:
1526:
Identity and Freedom: Mapping Nationalism and Social Criticism in Twentieth Century Lithuania
976:
969:
296:
90:. The Lithuanian nobility became largely Ruthenian, and the nobility of ethnic Lithuania and
27:
1292:
658:
655:
421:
2469:
2437:
545:
177:
8:
2474:
2447:
1852:
1845:
1202:
659:
The Problem of a Slavonic Language as a Chancery Language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
204:
161:
95:
67:
35:
1088:
DIDLIETUVIAI: AN EXAMPLE OF COMMITTEE OF LITHUANIAN ORGANIZATIONS ACTIVITIES (1934–1939)
2125:
1813:
1435:
1330:
604:
572:
The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
403:
233:
173:
87:
31:
441:
Advisory Committee, this violates Lithuania's obligations under Article 11 (3) of the
254:
2464:
2427:
2078:
1651:
1633:
1588:
1558:
1529:
1245:
1214:
1182:
1157:
1132:
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189:
1512:
LITEWSKA, ŁOTEWSKA I ESTOŃSKA DROGA DO NIEPODLEGŁOŚCI I DEMOKRACJI: PRÓBA PORÓWNANIA
412:, Lithuanization is not an official state policy. It is advocated by groups such as
373:
104:; Latin was used in relations with Western Europe. It was gradually reversed by the
2442:
2370:
2302:
2098:
470:
119:
A notable example of Lithuanization was the 19th-century replacement of Jews (many
1181:(in Polish). Lublin: Ośrodek Studiów Polonijnych i Społecznych PZKS. p. 100.
1128:
Taming Nationalism?: Political Community Building in the Post-Soviet Baltic States
135:, rather than institutionalized. When Lithuania became an independent state after
2489:
2404:
2382:
2365:
2172:
2137:
1978:
1968:
1924:
1919:
1818:
1781:
1094:
305:
245:
229:
176:
resolution promised national minorities cultural freedom. After World War I, the
120:
1087:
387:
108:
of Lithuania beginning in the 15th century and the 19th- and early-20th-century
2479:
2377:
2360:
2276:
2256:
2224:
2177:
2167:
2120:
2108:
2062:
2028:
2018:
1996:
1958:
1929:
1914:
1864:
1840:
1771:
348:). These talks resulted in a draft law to this end, which was submitted to the
317:
265:
181:
154:
59:
1555:
Multilingualism in the Baltic States Societal Discourses and Contact Phenomena
268:
and cultural (or educational) restrictions on Lithuanians there; in 1927, the
2504:
2459:
2387:
2328:
2261:
2244:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2182:
2155:
2088:
2072:
2057:
2052:
2006:
1984:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1936:
1879:
1869:
1803:
814:
341:
337:
333:
109:
100:
362:
352:
in 1939, but not accepted as insufficiently prepared. A special commission "
2333:
2312:
2281:
2266:
2239:
2234:
2187:
2132:
2083:
2035:
2023:
1941:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1776:
1700:
More than 90 percent of Polish schools in Lithuania took part in the strike
1255:
453:
345:
301:
288:
churches (some of which had been converted from Catholic churches). Former
105:
58:. After the military and diplomatic expansion of the duchy into Ruthenian (
1179:
Polacy w Republice Litewskiej 1918-1940 (Poles in the Lithuanian Republic)
1031:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
946:
866:
2484:
2307:
2103:
1808:
1699:
1427:
136:
124:
1729:
975:. Westview Series on the Post-Soviet Republics. WestviewPress. pp.
1439:
1431:
1028:
391:
383:
157:
132:
75:
63:
55:
1416:
1033:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 133–137.
1828:
1823:
1584:
379:
284:
guaranteed equal rights to all religions, the government confiscated
261:
250:
128:
91:
819:
321:
316:
Anti-Polish propaganda was sponsored by the government; during the
208:
number of schools decreased to 115 and remained stable until 1940.
47:
1450:
1239:
930:
850:
527:
Marshall Cavendish, "The Peoples of Europe", Benchmark Books, 2002
216:
253:. A similar situation developed concerning German schools in the
221:
197:
789:
An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires
382:) or replace a Slavic suffix with the matching Litnuanian one:
349:
193:
79:
443:
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
272:
chairman and 15 teachers were arrested and 47 schools closed.
537:
420:. The former minister of education and science of Lithuania,
1109:, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Jul., 1935), pp. 695–697
1609:"Kolejna grzywna za tabliczki. Nie ma nowego "rekordu"..."
408:
In modern Lithuania, which has been independent since the
164:, urging Lithuanians not to forget the lost Vilnius Region
1687:"ETS: Litwa może odmówić Polakom zmiany pisowni nazwiska"
966:
16:
Adoption or imposition of Lithuanian culture or language
1483:"Polsko-litewskie stosunki (Polish-Lithuanian affairs)"
1244:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
935:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
855:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
295:
Another target group for discrimination was the Poles;
1630:
Third Opinion on Lithuania adopted on 28 November 2013
725:
The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars
1666:"Kara powyżej 40 tys. litów za dwujęzyczne tabliczki"
94:
continued to use their native Lithuanian. It adapted
1648:
Fourth Opinion on Lithuania – adopted on 30 May 2018
1457:
Media Zagraniczne O Polsce (Foreign Media on Poland)
142:
1451:Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (October 2006).
1201:
1131:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 147–148.
139:, its government institutionalized Lithuanization.
968:
967:Vardys, Vytas Stanley; Judith B. Sedaitis (1997).
889:111 Lietuvos valstybės 1918–1940 politikos veikėjų
785:
755:"Holocaust in Other Lands – A Ghetto in Lithuania"
609:Russian History in Biographies of its main figures
1275:
1209:(in Polish). Białystok: History Institute of the
891:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Knyga. pp. 11–20.
2502:
1712:"LLRA rengs lenkiškų ir rusiškų mokyklų streiką"
1553:Lazdiņa, Sanita; Marten, Heiko F., eds. (2019).
1151:
1053:
70:in Ruthenia largely embraced Slavic customs and
1382:
1349:
1176:
718:
1581:The Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict
1121:
792:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 258.
416:, however, whose activities create tension in
220:A 1925 anti-Polish cartoon depicting Poles as
1745:
1552:
1233:
1145:
815:"Lithuania's Struggle for Survival 1795–1917"
568:
1315:
1024:
1022:
1020:
752:
507:
228:At the beginning of 1920, Lithuania had 20
1752:
1738:
1714:(in Lithuanian). 15min.lt. August 28, 2015
1335:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1117:
1115:
1001:Jews, Catholics, and the burden of history
886:
712:
708:. Indiana University Press: 272–274. 1939.
614:Knyaz Kostantin Konstantinovich Ostrozhsky
127:), until then the largest ethnic group in
1759:
1480:
1236:"Švietimo, mokslo draugijos ir komisijos"
1195:
1170:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
1017:
806:
538:Jerzy Lukowski; Hubert Zawadzki (2001).
215:
149:
1523:
1474:
1444:
1112:
847:"Vokietija ir Lietuvos nepriklausomybė"
844:
593:
531:
481:
2503:
1504:
1047:
960:
924:
905:
812:
426:Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania
1733:
1577:
1376:
1241:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
932:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
852:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
779:
629:
627:
562:
238:Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party
1003:, Oxford University Press US, 2006,
746:
690:
508:Bumblauskas, Alfredas (2005-06-08).
184:was detached from the country after
38:is voluntarily or forcibly adopted.
1557:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 156.
397:
13:
2526:History of the Lithuanian language
1319:Vilniaus ir jo apylinkių čiabuviai
1064:University of North Carolina Press
663:
624:
270:Lithuanian Education Society Rytas
74:and became indistinguishable from
14:
2552:
450:Šalčininkai District Municipality
434:Šalčininkai District Municipality
2521:History of Lithuania (1918–1940)
786:James Stuart Olson, ed. (1994).
674:The History of the Baltic States
354:Pavardžių atlietuvinimo komisija
1704:
1693:
1679:
1658:
1640:
1622:
1601:
1571:
1546:
1517:
1421:
1410:
1343:
1309:
1269:
1227:
1099:
1080:
993:
880:
838:
510:"Globalizacija yra unifikacija"
410:dissolution of the Soviet Union
646:
520:
501:
488:
114:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
84:gente Rutenus natione Lituanus
1:
2516:Cultural history of Lithuania
1056:"Lithuania and the Memelland"
887:Banavičius, Algirdas (1991).
498:. Second edition, 1994. p. 70
476:Republic of Central Lithuania
438:Vilnius District Municipality
46:The Lithuanian annexation of
2334:Romanization of the writings
1316:Martinkėnas, Vincas (1990).
1234:Kulikauskienė, Lina (2002).
927:"Tautinės mažumos Lietuvoje"
763:University of Nebraska Press
211:
7:
2453:Forced religious conversion
1489:(in Polish). Archived from
971:Lithuania: The Rebel Nation
925:Šetkus, Benediktas (2002).
541:A Concise History of Poland
459:
418:Polish-Lithuanian relations
327:
310:Lithuanian National Revival
308:(1871–1943) noted that the
275:
10:
2557:
1524:Donskis, Leonidas (2001).
1276:Regina Laukaitytė (2001).
577:Cambridge University Press
401:
41:
2541:Social history of Belarus
2536:Social history of Ukraine
2420:
2411:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
2353:
2321:
2296:Assimilation by religions
2295:
1767:
1528:. Routledge. p. 31.
1152:Jerzy Żenkiewicz (2001).
1054:Valdis O. Lumans (1993).
759:Essays on Hitler's Europe
619:Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski
290:Eastern Catholic Churches
2531:Social history of Poland
2322:Assimilation by writings
1417:Pavardžių žodyno pobūdis
1383:Eugeniusz Römer (2001).
1350:Eugeniusz Römer (2001).
1177:Zenon Krajewski (1998).
1107:Again the Memel Question
845:Skirius, Juozas (2002).
730:Indiana University Press
728:. Bloomington, Indiana:
378:" (equivalent of Polish
52:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1322:. Vilnius. p. 25.
1291:: 15–53. Archived from
1211:University of Białystok
813:Laučka, Juozas (1984).
698:"Jewish Social Studies"
641:Encyclopædia Britannica
548:Press. pp. 33–45.
282:Lithuanian constitution
170:Lithuanian independence
2433:Cultural globalization
569:Serhii Plokhy (2006).
466:Ethnographic Lithuania
244:, nationalists led by
225:
165:
2511:Cultural assimilation
1761:Cultural assimilation
761:. Lincoln, Nebraska:
702:Jewish Social Studies
340:(which included both
297:anti-Polish sentiment
219:
153:
145:Republic of Lithuania
72:Orthodox Christianity
28:cultural assimilation
2470:Internal colonialism
2438:Cultural imperialism
2114:Northern Afghanistan
1156:(in Polish). Toruń.
1105:Edgar Packard Dean,
765:. pp. 119–122.
753:István Deák (2001).
732:. pp. 225–230.
579:. pp. 109–111.
546:Cambridge University
482:Notes and references
178:Council of Lithuania
2475:Jewish assimilation
2448:Forced assimilation
1981:or Castilianization
1432:Lithuanian Surnames
1203:Krzysztof Buchowski
1013:Google Print, p.322
676:, Greenwood Press,
186:Żeligowski's Mutiny
168:Around the time of
155:interwar Lithuanian
96:Old Church Slavonic
68:Lithuanian nobility
2094:Montenegrinization
1510:Leonardas Vilkas,
1093:2007-09-27 at the
1066:. pp. 90–93.
999:Eli Lederhendler,
686:Google Print, p.58
656:Zigmas Zinkevičius
605:Nikolay Kostomarov
496:Ukraine. A History
422:Zigmas Zinkevičius
404:Poles in Lithuania
234:Poles in Lithuania
226:
174:Vilnius Conference
166:
86:, but still spoke
32:Lithuanian culture
26:) is a process of
2498:
2497:
2465:Identity politics
2428:Cultural genocide
2349:
2348:
2079:Macedonianization
1652:Council of Europe
1634:Council of Europe
1487:Lithuanian Portal
1391:(in Lithuanian).
1358:(in Lithuanian).
1287:(in Lithuanian).
190:cultural autonomy
160:poster depicting
24:Lithuanianization
2548:
2443:Dominant culture
2421:Related concepts
2383:De-russification
2371:De-stalinization
2366:De-communization
2303:Christianization
2293:
2292:
2145:or Latinization
2099:Norwegianization
2075:or Hungarization
2049:
1890:Colombianization
1792:Native Americans
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1583:(1st ed.).
1575:
1569:
1568:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1448:
1442:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1389:Lietuvos Bajoras
1380:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1356:Lietuvos Bajoras
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1254:. Archived from
1231:
1225:
1224:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1119:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1026:
1015:
997:
991:
990:
974:
964:
958:
957:
955:
954:
945:. Archived from
922:
903:
902:
884:
878:
877:
875:
874:
865:. Archived from
842:
836:
835:
833:
832:
810:
804:
803:
783:
777:
776:
750:
744:
743:
716:
710:
709:
694:
688:
667:
661:
654:
650:
644:
631:
622:
603:
597:
591:
590:
566:
560:
559:
535:
529:
524:
518:
517:
516:(in Lithuanian).
505:
499:
492:
471:Lithuania proper
398:Modern Lithuania
377:
366:
242:1926 coup d'état
162:Gediminas' Tower
2556:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2490:Monoculturalism
2416:
2405:De-sinicization
2378:De-nazification
2354:Opposite trends
2345:
2317:
2291:
2173:Sanskritization
2138:Romanianization
2104:Pakistanization
2043:
1979:Hispanicization
1969:Hawaiianization
1925:Europeanization
1920:Estonianization
1875:Canadianization
1782:Americanization
1763:
1758:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1587:. p. 387.
1576:
1572:
1565:
1551:
1547:
1536:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1481:Paweł Cieplak.
1479:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1449:
1445:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1398:
1396:
1381:
1377:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1344:
1328:
1327:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1252:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1213:. p. 320.
1200:
1196:
1189:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1095:Wayback Machine
1085:
1081:
1074:
1062:. Chapel Hill:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1027:
1018:
998:
994:
987:
965:
961:
952:
950:
943:
923:
906:
899:
885:
881:
872:
870:
863:
843:
839:
830:
828:
811:
807:
800:
784:
780:
773:
751:
747:
740:
720:Ezra Mendelsohn
717:
713:
696:
695:
691:
668:
664:
653:(in Lithuanian)
652:
651:
647:
634:
632:
625:
601:
600:
598:
594:
587:
567:
563:
556:
536:
532:
525:
521:
506:
502:
494:Orest Subtelny
493:
489:
484:
462:
406:
400:
371:
360:
330:
318:interwar period
306:Eugeniusz Romer
278:
255:Klaipėda Region
246:Antanas Smetona
230:Polish-language
214:
148:
121:Lithuanian Jews
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2480:Language shift
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2361:De-arabization
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2287:Zairianization
2284:
2279:
2277:Westernization
2274:
2272:Vietnamization
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Turkmenization
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Talibanization
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2180:
2178:Serbianization
2175:
2170:
2168:Saffronization
2165:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2121:Persianization
2118:
2117:
2116:
2109:Pashtunization
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:Lithuanization
2065:
2063:Latvianization
2060:
2055:
2050:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2029:Japanification
2021:
2019:Italianization
2016:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1997:Indigenization
1994:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Georgification
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1930:Westernization
1922:
1917:
1915:Dutchification
1912:
1907:
1905:Cypriotization
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Bosniakization
1862:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1841:Belarusization
1838:
1836:Araucanization
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1774:
1772:Africanization
1768:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1703:
1692:
1689:. 12 May 2011.
1678:
1657:
1639:
1621:
1600:
1594:978-0429058011
1593:
1570:
1564:978-1137569134
1563:
1545:
1535:978-0415270861
1534:
1516:
1503:
1473:
1443:
1420:
1409:
1375:
1342:
1308:
1268:
1250:
1226:
1219:
1194:
1187:
1169:
1162:
1144:
1137:
1123:Dovile Budryte
1111:
1098:
1086:SILVA POCYTĖ,
1079:
1072:
1046:
1039:
1016:
992:
985:
959:
941:
904:
897:
879:
861:
837:
805:
798:
778:
771:
745:
738:
711:
689:
670:Kevin O'Connor
662:
645:
623:
592:
585:
561:
554:
530:
519:
500:
486:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
461:
458:
402:Main article:
399:
396:
329:
326:
277:
274:
266:Vilnius Region
213:
210:
182:Vilnius Region
147:
141:
112:of the former
66:(rulers), the
43:
40:
20:Lithuanization
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2553:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Globalization
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Korenizatsiia
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Cyrillization
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Ukrainization
2260:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:Turkification
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Taiwanization
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Swedification
2218:
2216:
2215:Swahilization
2213:
2211:
2210:Sovietization
2208:
2206:
2205:Slovakization
2203:
2201:
2200:Slavicization
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Sinhalization
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:Russification
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Mongolization
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2073:Magyarization
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Kurdification
2056:
2054:
2053:Koreanization
2051:
2047:
2042:
2041:Kazakhization
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:Israelization
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:Indianization
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Hellenization
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Germanization
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Gaelicization
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Finnicization
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Chilenization
1883:
1881:
1880:Celticization
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Bulgarization
1868:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:Bengalization
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Anglicization
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1493:on 2009-05-05
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1462:
1459:(in Polish).
1458:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1298:on 2004-03-20
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1258:on 2008-03-03
1257:
1253:
1251:9986-9216-9-4
1247:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1220:83-87881-06-6
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1188:83-906321-3-6
1184:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1163:9788391136607
1159:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1138:0-7546-3757-3
1134:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1073:0-8078-2066-0
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1040:0-312-22458-3
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1009:0-19-530491-8
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
986:0-8133-1839-4
982:
978:
973:
972:
963:
949:on 2008-03-03
948:
944:
942:9986-9216-9-4
938:
934:
933:
928:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
900:
898:5-89942-585-7
894:
890:
883:
869:on 2008-03-03
868:
864:
862:9986-9216-9-4
858:
854:
853:
848:
841:
826:
822:
821:
816:
809:
801:
799:0-313-27497-5
795:
791:
790:
782:
774:
772:0-8032-1716-1
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
741:
739:0-253-20418-6
735:
731:
727:
726:
721:
715:
707:
703:
699:
693:
687:
683:
682:0-313-32355-0
679:
675:
671:
666:
660:
657:
649:
642:
639:. (2006). In
638:
630:
628:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
596:
588:
586:0-521-86403-8
582:
578:
575:. Cambridge:
574:
573:
565:
557:
555:0-521-55917-0
551:
547:
544:. Cambridge:
543:
542:
534:
528:
523:
515:
511:
504:
497:
491:
487:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
457:
455:
454:traffic signs
451:
446:
444:
439:
435:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
405:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
375:
370:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Russification
339:
338:Slavicisation
335:
334:Germanization
325:
323:
319:
314:
311:
307:
303:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
280:Although the
273:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
223:
218:
209:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
163:
159:
156:
152:
146:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
110:Russification
107:
103:
102:
101:lingua franca
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2409:
2393:Latinization
2339:Soviet Union
2313:Islamization
2282:Wolofization
2267:Uzbekization
2240:Thaification
2235:Tamilization
2188:Sinicization
2143:Romanization
2133:Polonization
2084:Malayization
2067:
2036:Javanization
2024:Japanization
2002:Indonezation
1942:Francization
1910:Czechization
1900:Croatization
1895:Creolization
1777:Albanization
1718:February 18,
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143:Interbellum
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2485:Melting pot
2308:Judaization
2044: [
1809:Arabization
1463:(200/37062)
1428:Alfred Senn
372: [
369:Kuncevičius
361: [
224:and thieves
137:World War I
133:demographic
125:Polish Jews
123:, but also
60:Kievan Rus'
2505:Categories
2250:placenames
1990:placenames
1858:placenames
1787:immigrants
1650:(Report).
1632:(Report).
1612:Retrieved
1497:2007-01-13
1467:2006-01-20
1399:2007-12-17
1366:2007-12-17
1302:2007-12-17
1262:2007-02-11
953:2007-02-11
873:2007-01-28
831:2007-02-11
611:, section
392:Antonowicz
384:Antanaitis
302:Polonizing
205:Lithuanian
158:propaganda
64:Gediminids
56:East Slavs
2126:societies
1814:Armenians
1585:Routledge
1331:cite book
390:(Polish:
380:Kuncewicz
322:vagabonds
262:Polonized
251:Pochodnia
212:Education
129:Lithuania
92:Samogitia
88:Ruthenian
76:Ruthenian
48:Ruthenian
1947:Brussels
1671:25 April
1614:25 April
1205:(1999).
1125:(2005).
1091:Archived
820:Lituanus
722:(1983).
460:See also
367:" from "
328:Surnames
286:Orthodox
276:Religion
222:slackers
36:language
30:, where
2398:Ukraine
2161:Finland
1819:Berbers
1440:2491865
1362:: 18–20
637:Ukraine
514:alfa.lt
414:Vilnija
358:Kunčius
198:Yiddish
80:Litvins
42:History
34:or its
1824:Blacks
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194:Hebrew
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1797:names
1436:JSTOR
1296:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
635:from
386:from
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1846:soft
1829:Jews
1720:2016
1673:2015
1616:2015
1589:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1530:ISBN
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1337:link
1246:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1133:ISBN
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937:ISBN
893:ISBN
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767:ISBN
734:ISBN
706:VIII
678:ISBN
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550:ISBN
344:and
336:and
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