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equable with higher minimum temperatures than further inland. Rainfall is generally over one metre per year. Salt scalding from the sea winds often produces an even and dense canopy. Weeds are a threat to the remaining areas. Biting insects and ticks, dense foliage and a variety of reptiles has not endeared this habitat to modern humans.
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The rainforest grows on beach sand, quartz-rich sediments, meta-sediments or on coastal headlands enriched by volcanic minerals. Sea winds add fertility to the sandy soils, with air borne minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus. Relative humidity is high, and the climate is
113:. the forest has a closed canopy of around 70% shade. Trees may be up to 30 metres tall in sheltered sites. But it is more often seen 5 to 15 metres tall. This forest type has been considered a form of sub-tropical rainforest, as only a few rainforest species are restricted to littoral sites.
82:. Much of this seaside form has been destroyed by mining, tourist development or housing. It is threatened by extinction in the near future. 90% of the 433 sites are less than ten hectares in size. Littoral
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Plants often have thick and leathery leaves, as a protection against sea winds. Vines are common. Tree species are often from the following botanical families:
386:
Environment
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) policy statement – Nationally threatened species and ecological communities guidelines
181:. Ferns are less often seen than in nearby sub-tropical rainforests. Non rainforest species are occasionally seen in these forests, such as the Coast Banksia (
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http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicshowcommunity.pl?id=76&status=Critically+Endangered
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388:. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. March 2009
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274:"Littoral Rainforest in the South East Corner, Sydney Basin and NSW North Coast bioregions"
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and many offshore islands, with a minority found within New South Wales.
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382:"Littoral rainforests and coastal vine thickets of eastern Australia"
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Examples of this rainforest type may be found from as far south as
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308:"Littoral Rainforest An Endangered Ecological Community"
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amounts to 0.6% of the rainforests in New South Wales.
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ecological communities found by the coast in eastern
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Usually seen within 2 kilometres of the coast, from
89:The littoral rainforests of Australia extends from
359:Australian Rainforests of New South Wales volume 2
222:. Further north it is preserved at sites such as
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109:in the south to the border with the state of
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72:Littoral Rainforests of New South Wales
49:NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service
21:Littoral Rainforests of New South Wales
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317:. Northern Rivers Catchment Authority
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234:. The largest littoral rainforest in
249:inscribed in 1986 and added to the
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421:Endangered ecological communities
251:Australian National Heritage List
247:Gondwana Rainforests of Australia
145:. Salt tolerant species such as
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232:Brunswick Heads Nature Reserve
34:Brunswick Heads Nature Reserve
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74:is a group of fragmented and
411:Geography of New South Wales
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201:
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416:Forests of New South Wales
228:Broken Head Nature Reserve
208:Mimosa Rocks National Park
107:Mimosa Rocks National Park
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169:are often encountered.
101:Description and location
224:Sea Acres National Park
32:Littoral Rainforest at
315:Wetland Care Australia
155:Red Fruited Olive Plum
242:which is part of the
193:Environmental factors
187:Eucalyptus botryoides
240:Iluka Nature Reserve
183:Banksia integrifolia
173:species include the
244:World Heritage Site
45:Governing body
361:. pp. 48–49.
281:Threatened Species
179:Scented Acronychia
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283:. NSW Government
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212:Seven Mile Beach
185:) and Bangalay (
91:North Queensland
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61:Official website
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135:Euphorbiaceae
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390:. Retrieved
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321:December 12,
319:. Retrieved
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287:December 12,
285:. Retrieved
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159:Black Apple
131:Sapindaceae
405:Categories
257:References
220:Barrenjoey
171:Endangered
163:Mock Olive
111:Queensland
84:rainforest
76:endangered
355:A.G.Floyd
253:in 2007.
147:Plum Pine
127:Lauraceae
123:Myrtaceae
80:Australia
38:Australia
357:(1990).
202:Examples
177:and the
167:Bolwarra
151:Tuckeroo
143:Rutaceae
141:, &
139:Moraceae
95:Victoria
55:Website
392:22 Mar
365:
238:is at
230:, and
311:(PDF)
277:(PDF)
394:2013
363:ISBN
323:2012
289:2012
218:and
165:and
70:The
236:NSW
189:).
93:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
