Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh

2610:. He used diplomacy to conclude search-and-seize agreements with all the countries whose ships were trading. There was serious friction with the United States, where the southern slave interest was politically powerful. Washington recoiled at British policing of the high seas. Spain, France and Portugal also relied on the international slave trade to supply their colonial plantations. As more and more diplomatic arrangements were made by Castlereagh, the owners of slave ships started flying false flags of nations that had not agreed, especially the United States. It was illegal under American law for American ships to engage in the slave trade, but the idea of Britain enforcing American laws was unacceptable to Washington. Lord Palmerston continued the Castlereagh policies. Eventually, from 1842 to 1845, an arrangement was reached between London and Washington. With the arrival of 7143: 623: 2603:—although slavery itself persisted in the colonies until 1833. Abolitionists after 1807 focused on international agreements to abolish the Atlantic slave trade. In 1806, Castlereagh had opposed Wilberforce's abolition bills arguing that the slave trade could not be suppressed by Britain alone, but only by broad international agreement. This, as Foreign Minister, he pursued. He concluded treaties with Portugal, Sweden and Denmark, 1810–1814, whereby they agreed to restrict their trading. These were preliminary to the Congress of Vienna whose Final Act included a declaration condemning the slave trade. Wilberforce, himself, allowed that Castlereagh had secured all that "could be done". 2481: 3318:, but he was continually absent from his duties due to illness. Camden pressed London to replace Pelham, recommending in his stead Castlereagh, whose performance in office was admired by those in London concerned with Irish policy. But as an example of the perverse prejudices of the era, Castlereagh, who might have been especially competent in this delicate and demanding office because he was an Irishman, was also ineligible to represent the Crown in Ireland because he was an Irishman, even though this Irishman was grandson of an English Marquess, great-grandson of an English Duke and son-in-law of an English Earl. After pressure by Pitt on 2656:(1818). The family of an Irishman working as a propagandist for Castlereagh in Paris, the Fudges are accompanied by an accomplished tutor and classicist, Phelim Connor. An upright but disillusioned Irish Catholic, his letters to a friend reflect Moore's own views. Connor's regular epistolary denunciations of Castlereagh had two recurrent themes. First is Castlereagh as "the embodiment of the sickness with which Ireland had infected British politics as a consequence of the union": "We sent thee Castlereagh—as heaps of dead Have slain their slayers by the pest they spread". The second is that at the time of the 2788:

Preparations had already been made, and he was able to vacate Down and swiftly win a by-election for his uncle Lord Hertford's borough of Orford of which he had been an MP between 1796 and 1797. He also stood in good favour with the new King, George IV, who openly proposed to dismiss Lord Liverpool and appoint Castlereagh in his stead. Castlereagh's relations with his colleagues, however, were beginning to break down, possibly under the influence of paranoia. In March 1821, he told his brother he lacked able support on the government benches, and that his parliamentary labours were 'difficult to endure'.

2896:, claimed a "cover-up" within the government and viewed the verdict and Castlereagh's public funeral as a damning indictment of the elitism and privilege of the unreformed electoral system. At his funeral on 20 August, the crowds which lined the funeral route were generally respectful and decorous, but some jeering and insults were heard (although not to the level of unanimity projected in the radical press); and there was cheering when the coffin was taken out of the hearse at the Abbey door. A funeral monument was not erected until 1850 when his half-brother and successor, 2703: 68: 2623:

intervention in continental affairs. He argued that the purpose of the Quadruple Alliance was to contain France and put down revolutions. But the Spanish revolt did not threaten European peace nor any of the great powers. Castlereagh said that in actual practice the powers would seldom be able to agree on concerted action, and he pointed out that British public opinion would not support interventions. He admitted that individual states could indeed intervene in affairs in their recognized sphere of interest, such as Austria's intervention in Italy.

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disillusioned by "the nothingness of human grandeurs... the sad effects which disappointment and chagrin may have on a mind in which religion is not uppermost, for I have no doubt that the sad and apparently irretrievable state of affairs in England was the real cause of ... unfortunate state of mind." Later verdicts attribute the problem to overwork and mental stress, or to "a psychotic depressive illness". Other theories link various instances of (at the time) little explained illness to

528: 2003: 4889:. "The policy embodied in the treaties of 1815 was, in some of its chief aspects, generous and wise. It prevented a war of revenge by France, and it gave security to the British Empire for a hundred years; on both counts the policy of Castlereagh had been the decisive factor. The defect of the settlement, destined to imperil Britain once more when the wheel had come full circle, was its entire neglect of the craving of the European people for nationality and for freedom." 4561:"...he deplored the frequent attacks made in the House on the conduct of foreign governments ... he defended his part in the recent negotiations, designed to secure European equilibrium, and justified the high peacetime establishment. His chief opponent in foreign affairs was now Brougham, whose motion in favour of the Spanish Liberals he deprecated as typical of the kind of meddling in the affairs of other countries that was increasingly resented on the Continent." cf. 2683: 7308: 7320: 5851: 3359:. Prior to the Right to Burial Act of 1823, a suicide was denied a Christian burial and, until the Abolition of Forfeiture Act of 1870, his property was forfeited to the Crown. These cruel penalties were less and less frequently applied over the course of the 18th century, especially in the case of wealthier perpetrators. Inquests were likely to view suicide as itself evidence of the disturbed state of the perpetrator's mind. (See e.g., 610: 2472:. Canning missed but Castlereagh wounded his opponent in the thigh. There was much outrage that two cabinet ministers had sought to settle their differences in such a manner, and they both felt compelled to resign. Six months later, Canning published a full account of his actions in the affair, but many who had initially rallied to him became convinced Castlereagh had been betrayed by his cabinet colleague. 2799:. He was severely overworked with both his responsibilities in leading the government in the House and the never-ending diplomacy required to manage conflicts among the other major powers. His oratory in the House had never been of the highest calibre, but now he was considered to be practically incoherent. He spoke of resigning his office if matters did not improve. 4690:"There is no concrete evidence that Londonderry had committed a homosexual act, but it seems that a few years earlier he had been enticed into a brothel by a man disguised as a woman, and that he was being blackmailed on that score. The case of the bishop of Clogher, which was currently the talk of the town, probably impinged on his disturbed mind." 4647:. "Meanwhile, the burden of the poorly organised Foreign Office remained as heavy as ever. Castlereagh's private secretary, Planta, complained bitterly of the burden of work, and though one can hardly argue from the evidence that Castlereagh's mental instability was caused by overwork alone, it cannot be discounted." 2191:, an opponent of Catholic emancipation, about becoming Prime Minister to replace him, both Castlereagh and Pitt resigned. Castlereagh would long be held personally responsible by many Catholics in Ireland for the breach of promise and the British Government's failure to remove their remaining political disabilities. 1048:. The marriages of the elder Robert Stewart linked his family with the upper ranks of English nobility and political elites. The Camden connection was to be especially important for the political careers of the older and the younger Robert Stewart. By Frances Pratt, his father's second wife, young Robert had eleven 1734:(1786–87), where he applied himself with greater diligence than expected from an aristocrat and excelled in his first-year examinations. But he then withdrew, pleading an illness that he admitted to Camden was something "which cannot be directly acknowledged before women", i.e. something sexually transmitted. 4656:

On one occasion: "Such hash was never delivered by man. The folly of him—his speech as a composition in its attempt at style and ornament and figures, and in its real vulgarity, bombast and folly, was such as, coming from a man of his order, with 30 years parliamentary experience and with an audience

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Put all their other men together in one scale, and poor Castlereagh in the other – single he plainly weighed them down ... One can't help feeling a little for him, after being pitted against him for several years, pretty regularly. It is like losing a connection suddenly. Also he was a gentleman, and

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This imputation that he had betrayed his country, bloodied his hands in 1798, and deliberately deceived Catholics at the time of the Union all reportedly wounded Castlereagh. Moore learnt from a mutual connection that Castlereagh had said that "the humorous and laughing things he did not at all mind,

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In the years 1812 to 1822, Castlereagh continued to manage Britain's foreign policy, generally pursuing a policy of continental engagement uncharacteristic of British foreign policy in the nineteenth century. Castlereagh was not an effective public speaker and his diplomatic presentation style was at

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at Laibach. The following ten years saw five European Congresses where disputes were resolved with a diminishing degree of effectiveness. Finally, by 1822, the whole system had collapsed because of the irreconcilable differences of opinion between Britain, Austria, and Russia, and because of the lack

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in fostering sectarian violence and to commend putting "the law rigidly in force against all parties" so that in future wars, "our foreign enemies" would not again find an aggrieved domestic ally. More than this, he won cabinet approval for schemes to ensure that the Established Church was not alone

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After the rebellion, during which Mount Stewart was briefly occupied, Castlrereagh was content that leading United Irishmen in the Presbyterian north be allowed American exile. An exception was made in the case of James Porter, executed, again despite the entreaties of Lady Frances, following a court

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Less flatteringly, Brougham remarked "his capacity was greatly underrated from the poverty of his discourse" and that his natural gifts were "of the most commonplace" kind. He thought less of Canning though, judging that he succeeded to "all of Castlereagh, except his good judgment, good manners and

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in 1795, over Fitzwilliam's aggressive support of Whig patronage and Catholic emancipation, produced outrage and rioting in Dublin. Castlereagh had watched the unravelling of Irish policy with deep concern and knew what sort of reaction to expect to Fitzwilliam's dismissal. But he was in no position

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Modern historians stress the success of Castlereagh's career in spite of the hatred and ignominy he suffered. Trevelyan contrasts his positive achievements and his pitiful failures. His diplomacy was applauded by historians. For example, in 1919 diplomatic historians recommended his wise policies of

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The King then sent a message to Lord Liverpool warning him of Castlereagh's illness; Liverpool initially failed to take the matter seriously and dismissed the message. Later that day, however, Castlereagh met with the Duke of Wellington, his cabinet colleague. Castlereagh behaved much as he had with

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to command the expedition. The Portland government became increasingly paralysed by disputes between the two men. Portland was in deteriorating health and gave no lead, until Canning threatened resignation unless Castlereagh was removed. When Castlereagh discovered Canning's terms had been accepted,

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who shared the prejudice against appointments of Irish as representatives of the Crown in Ireland, Castlereagh was appointed Acting Chief Secretary in March 1798. But it was only in November 1798, after the Rebellion had been put down that, in response to imperious demands from the next influential

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Some of his opponents were damning in their verdicts. Thomas Creevy defied "any human being to discover a single feature of his character that can stand a moment's criticism. By experience, good manners and great courage, he managed a corrupt House of Commons pretty well, with some address. This is

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of 1814–1815. The terms were largely written by Lord Castlereagh, who offered cash subsidies to keep the other armies in the field against Napoleon. Key terms included the establishment of a confederated Germany, the division of Italy into independent states, the restoration of the Bourbon kings of

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Despite the prestige of a new cabinet position in London, Castlereagh was defeated in a campaign marked by repeated aspersions on his failure to father a child, and by the taunts of those who, otherwise no friends of the Downshires, reminded him of the principles on which he had stood in 1790. News

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Despite his contributions to the defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of peace, Castlereagh became extremely unpopular at home. He was attacked in the House of Commons by the Opposition for his support of repressive European governments, while the public resented his role in handling the Commons

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terms as Protestants that was provided in the bill. He noted that to now deprive the Ascendancy of their pocket boroughs would result in Catholics forming an overwhelming majority of those represented in the Irish Parliament. "Can a Protestant superstructure," he asked, "long continue supported on

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After the death of his father in April 1821, which "greatly afflicted him", Castlereagh became the 2nd Marquess of Londonderry. Although ineligible to continue sitting for an Irish constituency, as a non-representative Irish peer he was eligible to sit in the House of Commons for an English seat.

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In 1813 and 1814 Castlereagh played the part that William III and Marlborough had played more than a hundred years before, in holding together an alliance of jealous, selfish, weak-kneed states and princes, by a vigour of character and singleness of purpose that held Metternich, the Czar, and the

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Castlereagh began confessing to what was at the time criminal activity. He had already told his friend Mrs. Arbuthnot that he was being blackmailed for an alleged homosexual offence; at a 9 August meeting with the King, Castlereagh appeared distracted, said he was being mysteriously watched by a

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In May 1820 Castlereagh circulated to high officials a major state paper that set the main British policy for the rest of the century. Temperley and Penson call it, "the most famous State Paper in British history and the one of the widest ultimate consequences." Castlereagh called for no British

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Parliament as a resolution of what ultimately was the key issue for the governance of the country, the Catholic question. "Linked with England", he reasoned that "the Protestants, feeling less exposed, would be more confident and liberal", while Catholics, reduced to a minority within the larger

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No British statesman of the 19th century reached the same level of international influence....But very few have been so maligned by their own countrymen and so abused in history. This shy and handsome Ulsterman is perhaps the most hated domestic political figure in both modern British and Irish

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Retrospective speculative diagnoses vary. At the time, his brother blamed "the intrigues that were carried on by the women surrounding the king" (the king's mistress, Lady Conyngham, was not on good terms with Castlereagh's wife). George Agar Ellis, on the other hand, concluded Castlereagh was

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which the Presbyterian body had apportioned equally among its clergy, into a discretionary grant for which each minister had to apply individually with proofs and professions of loyalty. His efforts to extend a similar scheme to the Catholic clergy met with stiffer resistance: priests would not

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that, with a generous distribution of titles and favours, he helped put through the Irish Parliament omitted the provision for Catholic emancipation. A separate Irish executive in Dublin was retained, but representation, still wholly Protestant, was transferred to Westminster constituted as the

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While his British interests and responsibilities took up more and more of his time, and his visits home became increasingly brief and rare, Castlereagh still hoped to do something for Ireland from the government benches. On entering the cabinet he wrote to Addington deploring the role of the

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who were to engage in what Castlereagh denounced as "a deep laid scheme again to bring the Presbyterian Synod within the ranks of democracy". (In 1810, with Castlereagh out of office, Drennan and his friends secured a government grant for the education of Presbyterian ministers in their new,

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Castlereagh's general policy was to offer immediate clemency to the rebel rank-and-file, many of whom were then inducted into the yeomanry, while still focusing on the politically committed leadership. But already before the rebellion, he had begun to earn the sobriquet "Bloody Castlereagh".

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Lady Castlereagh wrote to the King informing him that her husband would be unable to continue with official business. The King responded with a note to Castlereagh that his minister did not live to read: "Remember of what importance Your Health is to the Country but above all things to Me".

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quite at his devotion, amounted to a perfect miracle ... Brougham ... played the devil with him." On another occasion, when trying to explain the Government's financial plans, he was "so confused and involved in his language that the House did not in the least understand." cf.

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the King; Wellington bluntly told Castlereagh he was not in his right mind, advised him to see a doctor, and alerted Castlereagh's personal physician Charles Bankhead, as well as Castlereagh's friends the Arbuthnots. On the advice of Bankhead, Castlereagh went to his country seat at

2823:, Kent, for a weekend stay. He continued to be distressed, and to the concern of his friends and family, ranted wildly about conspiracies and threats to his life. No special watch was kept on him, though his wife saw to it that his pistols and razors were locked away. 1754:, his campaign pitted him in a popular contest against the nominees of the county's established Ascendancy families, and on that basis alone he won the sympathy and support of Belfast's Northern Whig Club. It had been his conscious strategy to capitalise on strong 4340:. "This treaty restated certain decisions already arrived at—the establishment of a confederated Germany, the division of Italy into independent states, the restoration of Spain to the Bourbons, the independence of Switzerland, and the enlargement of Holland—..." 1771:

that allowed Ascendancy families, in addition to their presence in the House of Lords, to control seats in the Commons). In doing so, he won the support of many who, later despairing of parliamentary "patriots", were to enter the ranks of the United Irishmen.

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Castlereagh had been re-elected without opposition from Down in 1797 and continued to hold this seat while in office in Ireland. He could not continue to hold both Irish office and the seat in Westminster for Orford, which he therefore resigned. (See Leigh,

870:. France restored the Bourbons kings and her frontiers were restored to 1791 lines. Her British-occupied colonies were returned. In 1820 Castlereagh enunciated a policy of non-intervention, proposing that Britain hold herself aloof from continental affairs. 8056: 8046: 2660:

Castlereagh's support for Catholic emancipation had been disingenuous. Castlereagh had been master of "that faithless craft" which can "cart the slave, can swear he shall be freed", but then "basely spurns him" when his "point is gain'd."

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broke her family's electoral truce with the Stewarts in County Down and in July 1805 forced Castlereagh to defend his (now Westminster) parliamentary seat. In the contest he also faced the hostility of unrepentant United Irishmen—men like

2091:, who was responsible for day-to-day administration and for asserting the influence of Dublin Castle in the House of Commons. In this capacity, and after March 1798 as Acting Chief Secretary, Castlereagh played a key role in crushing the 3234:

In a profile of Castlereagh published within months of his death, he was reported to have had, prior to his marriage, a son by a maidservant who lived near the Mount Stewart estate, and whom it was rumoured he supported. (Felton Reede,

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King of Prussia on the common track until the goal was reached. It is quite possible that, but for the lead taken by Castlereagh in the allied counsels, France would never have been reduced to her ancient limits, nor Napoleon dethroned.

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he had difficulty in empathising with the wholly reactionary outlook of the French emigres. But after passing into France in November, he conceded that while he did not "like" the government of Ireland, "I prefer it to a revolution.".

2072:, but due only to contrary winds. As an officer in the militia, Castlereagh was well apprised of the lack of preparedness to meet a combination of professional French soldiery and the countrywide insurgency it would likely trigger. 2135:

martial before Castlereagh's father, Lord Londonderry. Porter, who had been his family's Presbyterian minister and, in 1790, his election agent, had become a household name in Ulster as the author of a satire of the county gentry,

3217:, who controlled both Down seats. The elder Stewart, who had been raised to the Irish peerage the previous year and was thereby ineligible, persuaded his son to stand for the seat. His son was backed, as he had been, by Whigs and 865:

to frame the territorial, and broadly conservative, continental order that was to hold until mid-century. He blocked harsh terms against France believing that a treaty based on vengeance and retaliation would upset a necessary

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It remains unclear whether there was some sort of extortion attempt, and if so, whether such attempt represented a real threat of exposure, or whether the purported blackmail was a symptom of paranoia. See H. Montgomery Hyde,

4054:. "Castlereagh found much of his time devoted to the thankless task of acting as a mediator between the influential Court in London and its formidable Governor-General in India, the irascible and autocratic Richard Wellesley." 8051: 8041: 2126:

to two soldiers, Orr had been named on the same warrant that Castlereagh had used in the roundup of the previous September. The judge reportedly broke down in tears as he read the death sentence which the popular journalist

3581: 1730:, rather than to England for his secondary education. At the encouragement of Charles Pratt, first Earl of Camden, who took a great interest in him and treated him as if he had been a grandson by blood, he later attended 3173:, whose heir was the elder Stewart's mother, Cowan's sister Mary. Much of the Stewart family wealth was based on the estates which came into the family through the Cowan inheritance, which put the family squarely in the 5362:

Return. Members of Parliament – Part II. Parliaments of Great Britain, 1705–1796. Parliaments of the United Kingdom, 1801–1874. Parliaments and Conventions of the Estates of Scotland, 1357–1707. Parliaments of Ireland,

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Spain, and the enlargement of the Netherlands to include what in 1830 would become modern Belgium. The treaty of Chaumont became the cornerstone of the European Alliance which formed the balance of power for decades.

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and instead support the emancipation of the territories. Furthermore, Dumouriez suggested that once emancipation was achieved, a constitutional monarchy should be established with the exiled Duke of Orleans as King.

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were quite another sort of thing, and were in very bad taste indeed." For openly casting the same aspersions against the former Chief Secretary, in 1811 the London-based Irish publisher and former United Irishman,

4804:. "What our juryman and eleven others had to decide was whether his lordship was insane at the time of his death or was felo-de-se, a self-murderer. These were the choices for the legal verdicts in 1822 ..." 2040:

In September, acting upon evidence of communication with the French, Castlereagh personally led troops in a series of raids in Belfast and its environs (the "Siege of Belfast") that netted leading members of the

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The war with France absorbed much of the attention of Government and Parliament, and what attention was paid to an increasingly radicalised Ireland was confused and inconsistent. Pitt's dismissal of the popular

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Three years later, in 1812, Castlereagh returned to the government, this time as Foreign Secretary, a role in which he served for the next ten years. He also became leader of the House of Commons in the wake of

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There probably never was a statesman whose ideas were so right and whose attitude to public opinion was so wrong. Such disparity between the grasp of ends and the understanding of means amounts to a failure in

2045:. Among them were men who had supported him in the election of 1790. Originating in Belfast among Presbyterian celebrants of the American and French revolutions, the republican conspiracy had spread rapidly in 5866: 2376:

in the House of Commons, Castlereagh became Pitt's political deputy, taking on ever more burdens as Pitt's health continued to decline. After Pitt's death in 1806, Castlereagh resigned amid the chaos of the

3421:. "On 18 June 1769 ... Robert Stewart, the future Lord Castlereagh was born into a politically active and ambitious family in an elegant townhouse at 28 Henry Street, in the north side of Dublin." 3221:. The election expenses to the Stewarts reached the extraordinary sum of £60,000, financed by a mortgage of Mount Stewart, which Castlereagh's father spent much of the next decades paying off. (See Leigh, 3327:, Castlereagh was given the permanent office, and for the first time the Chief Secretary for Ireland was an Irishman. The next month, Castlereagh was admitted to the King's Privy Council. (See Leigh, 8061: 1839:

Stewart returned to the Austrian Netherlands in the autumn of 1792, but was unable to cross the now military frontlines into France. However, news of the Jacobin triumph in Paris, and, following her

6425: 2018:, had urged that the emancipation of Catholics be completed with their admission to parliament. Camden's arrival in Dublin was greeted with riots, and that year Stewart crossed the floor of the 2538:

in 1814. Napoleon rejected it and it never took effect. However, the key terms reaffirmed decisions that had been made already. These decisions were again ratified and put into effect by the

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to steer Irish policy nor could he object to the inevitable departure of Fitzwilliam, especially as the person appointed to replace Fitzwilliam was the brother of Stewart's step-mother,

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the whole of his intellectual merit. He had a limited understanding and no knowledge, and his whole life was spent in an avowed, cold-blooded contempt of every honest public principle."

2572:. In the Congress system, the main signatory powers met periodically (every two years or so) and collectively managed European affairs. This system was used in an attempt to address the 2940:, who had battled frequently with Castlereagh, once almost to the point of calling him out, and had denigrated his skills as Leader, wrote in the week following Castlereagh's death: 6190: 6061: 1965:

Emily Stewart was well known as a hostess for her husband in both Ireland and London and during some of his most important diplomatic missions. In later years she was a leader of

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In 1799, in furtherance of both his own political vision and Pitt's policies, Castlereagh began lobbying in the Irish and British Parliaments for a union that would incorporate

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so briefly, and having earned most of his reputation under the former name. Furthermore, it avoids confusion with his father, who also was Robert Stewart, Lord Londonderry. cf

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To counter "the democratic party in the synod, most of whom, if not engaged in the Rebellion, were deeply infected with its principles", he proposed transforming the existing

1843:, the prospect of France carrying defence of the revolution beyond her frontiers convinced him that "it would not be long before he had to face his own 'Jacobins' in Ireland." 8026: 6145: 6750: 1775:

In the House of Commons, Stewart spurned an offer of a place in government and sat as an independent. But otherwise, he made little impression and was judged a poor speaker.

4735:. "1822 Aug. 20 The most Hon. Robert, marquis of Londonderry, etc., in Ireland; St. James's Square, St. James's, Westminster; died on the 12th, aged 53: in the North Cross." 6303: 6272: 6110: 6102: 6079: 2728: 6508: 2167:

During the campaign for the Act of Union, both Castlereagh and Cornwallis had, in good faith, forwarded informal assurances they had received from Pitt's Cabinet to the

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To Robert Lord Viscount Castlereagh, and the Heirs Male of his Body lawfully begotten, by the Name Stile and Title of Earl of Londonderry, of the County of Londonderry

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Castlereagh cooperated with senior officials to use the Royal Navy to detect and capture slave ships; the freed slaves were sent to freedom in a new British colony of

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credited to Castlereagh's insistence on making an example in the face of the growing French fever. In 1811, Castlereagh successfully had Finnerty convicted for libel.

7956: 6407: 6403: 6096: 5745: 2080: 1631: 7357: 6075: 1867:. While calling for the removal of their remaining civil disabilities, Stewart stopped short of endorsing extension to Catholics of the right to vote on the same 7986: 6352: 4719:. "... as Castlereagh sank to the floor with blood running from his neck and a small pen-knife in his hand with which he had cut the carotid artery in his neck." 8066: 6173: 5988: 3281: 2244:'s policies. In 1805, with the renewed struggle against Napoleon in Europe the overriding priority, he presided over Wellesley's recall and replacement by 8081: 5792: 2357:

While pushing forward reforms of the military, he joined Pitt in endorsing an aggressive expeditionary policy. In October 1805, an army under General Sir

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1814–1815 to the British delegation to the Paris peace conferences that ended the First World War. Historian R. J. White underscores the paradox:

2739:, to remain in cabinet and continue his diplomatic work. For these reasons, Castlereagh appears with other members of Lord Liverpool's Cabinet in 2614:

in Washington in 1861, the Atlantic slave trade was doomed. In the long run, Castlereagh's strategy on how to stifle the trade proved successful.

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In 1794, partly as a result of the promotion of his interests by his Camden connections, Stewart was offered the Government-controlled seat of

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In "an early example of scepticism about foreign intervention", Stewart argued it was beyond her neighbours to give government to France. The

1525: 642: 49: 4584:"Stewart, Robert, Visct. Castlereagh (1769–1822), of Mount Stewart, co. Down; North Cray Farm, nr. Bexley, Kent and 9 St. James's Square, Mdx" 2350:, at the urging of Castlereagh and other long-time supporters in 1804 Pitt returned as Prime Minister. Castlereagh entered the new cabinet as 1436: 1981:. By all accounts, the two remained devoted to each other to the end, but they had no children. The couple did, however, care for the young 909:

The Stewarts had been a Scottish family settled in Donegal whose fortunes had been transformed by the marriage of Castlereagh's grandfather

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At about 7:30am on the morning of 12 August 1822, he sent for Bankhead, who found him in a dressing room seconds after he had cut his own

2647:(1818) and "Fables for the Holy Alliance" (1823), Moore savages Castlereagh's pirouetting with Britain's reactionary continental allies. 8161: 6977: 6962: 6917: 6772: 6725: 6679: 6652: 6625: 5074: 4836: 3324: 3293:

In Council, though he was active in pursuing plots against the Government, he countered the influence of the more extreme members of the

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that the best policy England could adopt with respect to colonies in Spanish America was to relinquish all ideas of military conquest by

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in a United Kingdom. In addition to security against the French, Castlereagh saw the principal merit of bringing Ireland directly under

757:, Castlereagh was seen to support harsh measures against agitation for reform, and he ended his life an isolated and unpopular figure. 7570: 7550: 7540: 7022: 6992: 6912: 6902: 6892: 6234: 6185: 2803:

servant, and that he had committed all manner of crimes, remarking finally, "I am accused of the same crime as the Bishop of Clogher."

2314: 956:), Castlereagh's father, Robert Stewart, had an easy reputation as a friend of reform. In 1771, and again in 1776, he was elected from 877:

of 1819. Widely reviled in both Ireland and Great Britain, overworked, and personally distressed, Castlereagh died of suicide in 1822.

867: 2026:. Stewart became an essential adviser to the inexperienced and unpopular Lord Lieutenant, who was Stewart's senior by only ten years. 6867: 6742: 6672: 5829: 3868:

Case of Peter Finnerty, Including a Full Report of All Proceedings which Took Place in the Court of King's Bench Upon the Subject ...

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that they would be allowed to sit in the new United Kingdom Parliament. However, opposition in England, and not least from the King,

2011: 1421: 1053: 609: 141: 5786: 4427:

James C. Duram, "A Study of Frustration: Britain, the USA, and the African Slave Trade, 1815–1870." Social Science (1965): 220–225.

4194: 7926: 7921: 7159: 7132: 7122: 7002: 6987: 6897: 6554: 6525: 6516: 6463: 5549: 2457: 2423: 2322: 1923: 1743: 5045:

Journal of a Tour of Governor Macquarie's first Inspection of the Interior of the Colony Commencing on Tuesday the 6th. Novr. 1810

4930:. "CASTLEREAGH, a hamlet in the district of Castlereagh ... This place gives the title of Viscount to the Marquis of Londonderry." 968:, raising an armed and drilled company from his estates. In parliament and among the Volunteers, he was a friend and supporter of 8076: 7735: 7580: 7343: 6832: 4872: 4562: 3791: 3768: 3640: 3404: 3187: 2869: 2381:. When that Government collapsed, Castlereagh again became Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in 1807, this time in the 1919: 1817:, although he recognised that outside Paris the principles of liberty were not as entrenched. As the revolutionary factions, the 1785: 1399: 969: 574: 3750: 3478: 3437:. "The marquess m. 1st, 3 June 1766, Sarah-Frances Seymour, 2nd da. of Francis, 1st marquess of Hertford, K. G. ..." 8146: 7966: 7790: 6957: 6947: 6932: 6827: 6294: 5955: 5931: 5684: 5367: 4311: 3424: 2881: 2720: 2123: 2057:, Castlereagh's father had difficulty in raising a loyalist yeomanry among his tenants and eventually, with all rent withheld, 1942:

in the early 18th century and one of the wealthiest landowners in Ireland. Caroline's brother, Thomas Conolly, was married to

8096: 8091: 7991: 7981: 7961: 7795: 7449: 7311: 7184: 7062: 7052: 7007: 6564: 6480: 6448: 6005: 5980: 5779: 5712: 5698: 5569: 5539: 5394: 5349: 5174: 4869: 4702: 4691: 4658: 4583: 4377: 3315: 3214: 1947: 415: 4853: 1013:

Young Robert's mother died in childbirth when he was a year old. Lady Sarah Frances Seymour-Conway had been the daughter of

8151: 7835: 6937: 6922: 6348: 6299: 6243: 6239: 6194: 6141: 6038: 5949: 4701:"He died almost instantly, but not before he had exclaimed, 'My dear Bankhead, let me fall upon you; it is all over'." cf. 3911: 2594: 2303: 1895: 1888: 1026: 805: 5742: 4876: 4343: 7595: 7392: 7142: 6807: 6591: 6581: 6504: 6398: 6254: 6249: 6087: 4327: 3738:

A List of the Officers of the Militia, the Gentlemen & Yeomanry Cavalry, and Volunteer Infantry of the United Kingdom

2293: 1903: 1876: 427: 349: 5322:. Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks, No. 2 (3rd ed.). London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society. 4722: 2712: 8031: 7941: 7936: 6967: 6952: 6842: 6837: 6822: 6534: 6496: 6472: 6440: 5670: 5640: 5301: 4782: 4531: 4001: 3849: 3608: 3553: 4235: 3781:. "... m. 9 Jan. 1794 Amelia Hobart, youngest da. and co-h. of John, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire ..." 2989:, a title to which his father had been raised in 1816. His younger half-brother, the soldier, politician and diplomat 7875: 7810: 7414: 7402: 6862: 6598: 6358: 6343: 6331: 6163: 6136: 5908: 5835: 5327: 4999: 4678: 4602: 4127: 3592: 3095: 2735:

in the House. He had to support the widely reviled measures taken by Sidmouth and the others, including the infamous

2732: 2503: 2408: 2358: 2221: 2065: 1186: 1041: 910: 709: 635: 305: 45: 4965: 2811:

until the previous month, was prosecuted for homosexuality. The King concluded he was unwell and urged him to rest.

1825:, struggled for supremacy in the capital, it was "the nation at large" that would "ultimately decide between them." 8006: 8001: 7127: 7072: 6546: 6512: 6122: 3977: 3971: 3141: 2209: 2205: 1731: 598: 554: 17: 1056:, Baron Stewart of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn in County Donegal (1814) and 3rd Marquess of Londonderry (1822). 7720: 7382: 6765: 6618: 5224:

Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant

4453:

Love, Timothy (Spring 2017). "Gender and the Nationalistic Ballad: Thomas Davis, Thomas Moore, and Their Songs".

3740:, 11th Edn, London: War Office, 14 October 1805/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84574-207-2. 3144:

in which lie the towns of Newtownards and Comber. The estates included the demesne land of Mount Pleasant, later

2015: 1755: 965: 288: 4634: 4145:"Controversies in Ulster Presbyterianism 1790–1836 (Doctoral thesis). Ch. 4. The Belfast Academical Institution" 2834:, using a small knife which had been overlooked. He collapsed when Bankhead entered, and died almost instantly. 2643:, mercilessly lampooned Castlereagh. In what were the "verbal equivalents of the political cartoons of the day", 2452:, to have dismissed the landing on the Dutch coast as an ill-advised, ill-prepared diversion of troops from the 8021: 7535: 7525: 7515: 7366: 7057: 6942: 6927: 6706: 6259: 6026: 4756: 4178: 3950: 3721: 2724: 2461: 1829: 1037: 945: 839: 769: 649: 160: 53: 4041: 2568:, Castlereagh designed and proposed a form of collective and collaborative security for Europe, then called a 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 7750: 7610: 6882: 6444: 6372: 6363: 6317: 6309: 6282: 6092: 6047: 4144: 4028: 2460:, and evidence later surfaced that the Foreign Secretary himself had interfered with the plan, selecting the 2430:

In 1809, with the Dowager Marchioness of Downshire now manoeuvring against him in London, the debacle of the

2212:

over Catholic emancipation abated, and after obtaining his desired cessation of hostilities with France (the

2119: 2102:

In November 1798, Castlereagh was formally appointed to the office of Chief Secretary by Camden's successor,

622: 780:

in support of the government, he took a leading role in detaining members of the republican conspiracy, the

8106: 8016: 7424: 7397: 3966: 3081: 2443: 2233: 2187:

Pitt had tried to follow through on his commitment, but when it came to light that the King had approached

2076: 2023: 1927: 1018: 858: 2577: 7485: 7459: 7439: 6852: 6571: 6550: 6421: 6413: 6390: 6335: 6017: 5755: 3571:, p. 22. "Camden, interested as ever in his future, advised his father to send him up to Cambridge." 3091:

in north-western New South Wales was dedicated to him in 1818 by George Evans and explored by John Oxley.

2495: 2378: 2088: 2087:(1797–1800). At the urging of Camden, Castlereagh assumed many of the onerous duties of the often-absent 789: 368: 72: 5891: 4791: 4706: 2480: 873:

After 1815, at home, Castlereagh supported repressive measures that linked him in public opinion to the

717:) by which he was styled from 1796 to 1821, was a British statesman and politician. As secretary to the 7976: 6758: 5557: 3170: 2404: 1931: 1859:

who determined that Catholic opinion be conciliated in preparation for the impending war with the new,

1751: 1022: 823: 738: 718: 397: 5904: 3913:'Insurgents in occupation at Mount Stewart', John Petty to Frances Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry 2862:

An inquest concluded that the act had been committed while insane, avoiding the harsh strictures of a

2079:

as Keeper of the King's Signet for Ireland. Following a declaration of martial law he was made both a

4016:

Castlereagh to Sir Laurence Parsons, 28 November 1798, Castlereagh Correspondence, vol. 11, pp. 32–35

3408: 2652: 2515: 2225: 1004: 3488: 2248:, and over the subsequent abandonment of most of Wellesley's recent acquisitions in central India. 7620: 7475: 7465: 6386: 5935: 5511: 4927: 4732: 3053: 2152: 2084: 1856: 1727: 1726:

The younger Robert Stewart had recurring health problems throughout his childhood, and was sent to

1045: 827: 808: 656: 560: 276: 57: 4886: 4612: 4353: 4337: 3778: 3434: 2514:

In his role of Foreign Secretary, he was instrumental in negotiating what has become known as the

1071:

Robert Stewart (Castlereagh) with wife, parents, and other selected relatives. He had no children.

7911: 7730: 7605: 7590: 7585: 7575: 7565: 7555: 7408: 6732: 6268: 6200: 6177: 5611:

Goodlad, Graham. "From Castlereagh to Canning: Continuity and Change in British Foreign Policy,"

5268: 5166: 4628: 3162: 3108: 2986: 2831: 2607: 2096: 2092: 1978: 1959: 1868: 1703: 1208: 1008: 918: 403: 4283: 3284:

as well as for Down. He was successful for both constituencies and chose to sit for the latter.

3213:

The Down election of 1790 was fought against the elder Stewart's rival for influence in Ulster,

5691:

Vienna 1814; How the Conquerors of Napoleon Made Love, War, and Peace at the Congress of Vienna

4744: 4411:

Jerome Reich, "The Slave Trade at the Congress of Vienna – A Study in English Public Opinion"

3970: 2527: 2019: 1951: 1939: 961: 777: 5516:

Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished Irishmen, from the earliest times to the present period

5291: 5066: 4321: 3641:"STEWART, Hon. Robert (1769–1822), of Mount Stewart, co. Down. | History of Parliament Online" 7760: 7323: 7117: 6662: 6212: 5922: 5218: 5048: 4815: 4068: 3885: 3387:

A practice established shortly after his death, for example in Sir C. K. Webster's 1925 work

3294: 2745: 2289: 1875:

However, his loyalty to Pitt now seemed unconditional. In April 1793, Stewart was gazetted a

1864: 996: 973: 801: 797: 126: 5562:

Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown

4858:, London: John Murray, 2nd edition, Vol II, p 44. Internet Archive retrieved on 9 July 2009. 4801: 4716: 3602: 3418: 2599:

Abolitionist opinion in Britain was strong enough in 1807 to abolish the slave trade in all

7916: 7906: 7434: 5448: 5228: 5156: 5052: 4964: 4940: 4852:

Sir Herbert Maxwell, ed. (1904), "Henry Brougham M.P. to Thomas Creevey, August 19, 1822,"

3817: 3621:. "The cost ... was staggering; the Stewart alone spent £60,000, a staggering sum ..." 3298: 3182: 3045: 3030: 3019: 2960: 2740: 2702: 2449: 2431: 2373: 2366: 1907: 1852: 1813:

Stewart was not convinced of Burke's contention that the revolution would produce a French

1806: 1798: 886: 765: 231: 67: 8057:

Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Down constituencies (1801–1922)

5474: 5222: 5190:

A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire

3333: 8: 7670: 6222: 5452: 5249: 5199: 5106: 5087: 4644: 4198: 3259: 3037: 2600: 2573: 2050: 2030: 1884: 984: 36: 5912: 5839: 5759: 5494: 5409: 5316: 5188: 5118: 4986: 4051: 3618: 2929:

believed that there had never been "a greater enemy to civil liberty or a baser slave."

7635: 7042: 6716: 6065: 5725: 5651: 5583: 5507: 4945: 4478: 3921: 3822: 3218: 3166: 3070: 3066: 2885: 2657: 2565: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2412: 2362: 2237: 2148: 1763: 922: 914: 862: 854: 793: 761: 750: 726: 521: 463: 5616: 4496: 3795: 3301:, called for indiscriminate violence to suppress all threat of rebellion. (See Leigh, 3191: 8047:

Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Londonderry constituencies

7675: 7560: 7545: 7530: 7505: 7480: 7455: 7444: 7319: 7164: 7107: 6847: 6812: 6802: 6788: 6286: 5775: 5708: 5694: 5666: 5636: 5565: 5535: 5480: 5458: 5435: 5416: 5390: 5371: 5345: 5323: 5297: 5278: 5255: 5232: 5205: 5170: 5128: 4778: 4674: 4527: 4482: 4470: 4373: 4174: 4123: 3997: 3946: 3845: 3717: 3549: 3360: 3088: 3041: 2873: 2850: 2808: 2796: 2750: 2325:(future Duke of Wellington), the reputed Dubliner he had appointed to command in the 2176: 1851:

When in 1793 he returned to the parliament in Dublin, Stewart spoke in favour of the

992: 980: 953: 894: 874: 722: 503: 4631:. "The marquess d. 8 Apr. 1821, and was s. by the son of his first marriage." 3178: 2981:

Viscount Castlereagh in 1796 when his father was created Earl of Londonderry in the

2118:

In October 1797 his stepmother, Lady Frances, had petitioned Camden for the life of

1832:

might march his troops to Paris, but unless he was prepared to keep them there, the

972:

and his policy. This favoured Volunteer agitation for the independence of Ireland's

901:(the elder) and his wife Sarah Frances Seymour-Conway. His parents married in 1766. 7800: 7725: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7660: 7650: 7490: 7429: 7419: 7224: 7174: 7097: 7087: 7047: 7037: 6699: 6484: 6452: 5797: 5663:

The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon

4462: 4392: 3356: 2491: 2487: 1970: 1860: 938: 680: 121: 7335: 5809: 4843:, London: Charles Knight & Co. (1845), Second Series, Vol I, pp. 149–161. 4093: 2932:

Others of Castlereagh's political opponents were more gracious in their epigrams.

1833: 7870: 7855: 7680: 7665: 7655: 7645: 7470: 7209: 7169: 6645: 6635: 6226: 6053: 6030: 5896: 5823: 5749: 5717: 5630: 5470: 5429: 5404: 5384: 5360: 5339: 5160: 5145: 4395:, "Whose abolition? Popular pressure and the ending of the British slave trade." 4367: 4035: 3866: 2937: 2893: 2632: 2611: 2569: 2547: 2407:

fearing that it would fall into French hands. The incident precipitated both the

2343: 2298: 2245: 2217: 2213: 2188: 2168: 2103: 2042: 1955: 1935: 1840: 1768: 846: 781: 746: 674: 331: 243: 76: 3297:

who, against especially the policies of the new Commander-in-Chief for Ireland,

7880: 7860: 7850: 7840: 7830: 7615: 7600: 7500: 7377: 7282: 7239: 7229: 7027: 6877: 6857: 6783: 6689: 6159: 6151: 5960: 5825:

Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry

5801: 5681:

The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh, 1812–1815, Britain and the European Alliance

5140: 5017: 3008: 2978: 2877: 2716: 2671: 2453: 2396: 2326: 2318: 2241: 2175:, obliged Castlereagh to defy what he saw as "the very logic of the Union."The 2128: 1977:. She is noted in contemporary accounts for her attractiveness, volubility and 1000: 835: 831: 785: 754: 665: 153: 8052:

Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall

8042:

Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Down constituencies

5484: 5420: 5272: 5236: 2329:, in 1812 Castlereagh avenged his humiliation, and recovered the family seat. 2292:

was slow to forgive Castlereagh for the loss of their parliament. The Dowager

1040:(1714–94), a leading English jurist and prominent political supporter of both 7900: 7845: 7780: 7625: 7287: 7244: 7234: 7194: 5875:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 969–972. 5862: 5857: 5768: 5602: 5184: 5132: 5124: 4960: 4474: 4120:

Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition

3794:. Public Records Office of Northern Ireland. 7 September 2006. Archived from 3190:. Public Records Office of Northern Ireland. 7 September 2006. Archived from 3174: 3145: 2982: 2889: 2804: 2650:

Widely read, so that Moore eventually produced a sequel, was his verse novel

2640: 2313:

On his return to London, the Treasury found him an alternative English seat,

2058: 1943: 1880: 934: 5462: 5375: 5259: 4256: 4070:

The History of Ulster: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day, Volume IV

2715:. He was also condemned for his association with repressive measures of the 2469: 2310:

of his discomfiture was met with public celebration in Dublin and Belfast.

2014:

as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Fitzwilliam, along with Stewart's uncle, the

7775: 7755: 7715: 7710: 7685: 7387: 7272: 7254: 7204: 7102: 7092: 7082: 7077: 7067: 6542: 6488: 6456: 6376: 5905:

Portraits of Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry (Lord Castlereagh)

5901:, John C. Hobhouse, London: Robert Stodart (1819), on the Peterloo massacre 5597:

A Gentleman Among Them: The Public and Private Life of Viscount Castlereagh

5439: 5311: 5282: 5245: 5209: 4038:, James Kelley, University College Cork, Multitext Project in Irish History 2876:

near his mentor, William Pitt. The pallbearers included the Prime Minister

2636: 2267: 2258: 1986: 1802: 1790: 1767:

he declared for parliamentary reform (reform that would have abolished the

5787:"Stewart, Robert, Viscount Castlereagh and second marquess of Londonderry" 4466: 8037:

Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Cornwall

7885: 7770: 7765: 7740: 7520: 7510: 7292: 7249: 7189: 6538: 6500: 6476: 2816: 2687: 2286: 2160: 2139:, in which Londonderry was serially lampooned as an inarticulate tyrant. 2054: 2002: 1974: 1966: 1906:, which was in the interest of his mother's family, the Seymour-Conways ( 957: 949: 926: 479: 4975:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 968. 4428: 4219:

A. N. Ryan, "The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807."

3755:

the History of Parliament: British Political, Social & Local History

2682: 1985:, while his father, Stewart's half-brother, Charles, was serving in the 861:

in 1815, Castlereagh worked with the European courts represented at the

7865: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7805: 7705: 7219: 7214: 7199: 7179: 7112: 4416: 3319: 2904: 2864: 2820: 2691: 2400: 2365:. Following Napoleon's triumph over the Russian and Austrian armies at 2172: 2069: 1910:). He held these seats simultaneously with his county seat in Ireland. 988: 593: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4400: 4224: 2321:. Having conciliated the Downshires and able to ride the victories of 1883:, its replacement for the now proscribed Volunteers. He commanded the 976:

parliament, but not for its reform and not for Catholic emancipation.

7745: 7640: 7630: 7277: 2419: 2274: 2156: 1855:. In doing so he was supporting the policy of British Prime Minister 1822: 2845: 2530:

that brought peace with France, and at the Congress of Vienna. The

2399:

in authorising a British bombardment of the neutral Danish capital,

2164:

kingdom, would lower their expectations and moderate their demands.

5004: 4566: 4461:(1). Center for Irish Studies at the University of St. Thomas: 76. 3880: 3878: 2839: 2792: 2736: 2347: 2277:

while it continued to deny their communicants political equality.

2142: 2034: 1814: 850: 742: 5856:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

1934:(1776–80). Her mother, Caroline Conolly, was the granddaughter of 8062:

Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Plympton Erle

5886: 3994:

Billy Bluff and the Squire and Other Writing by Re. James Porter

3001: 2868:

verdict. The verdict allowed Lady Londonderry to see her husband

2519: 1899: 1818: 1794: 1750:. In a county with an exceptionally large number of enfranchised 930: 493: 5254:. Vol. II (17th ed.). London: F. C. and J. Rivington. 3875: 3491:. "... and finally on 13 Jan. 1816 cr. MARQUESS OF LONDONDERRY " 2224:. His chief task was to mediate the bitter disputes between the 5772:

Rites of Peace; the Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna

5732:

Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812–1823

5518:. Vol. VI. Dublin: A Fullarton & Co. pp. 125–131. 4752: 3148:, which became the family seat of the Londonderrys (see Leigh, 3077: 2695: 2484: 2046: 890: 773: 459: 5724:, Constable & Co Ltd, UK/Harcourt Brace and Company (1946) 5623:

Modern British Foreign Policy: The nineteenth century, 1814–80

3751:"Stewart, Hon. Robert (1769–1822), of Mount Stewart, co. Down" 2581:

of support for the Congress system in British public opinion.

695: 3262:, who had recently succeeded as 2nd Earl Camden. (See Leigh, 2109: 689: 925:, allowed for the purchase of extensive properties in north 5830:

Charles William (Stewart) Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry

4760: 2595:

Atlantic slave trade § End of the Atlantic slave trade

2075:

In February 1797, Castlereagh was at last appointed to the

1801:, Stewart decided to judge events in France for himself.In 768:, Castlereagh recoiled from the democratic politics of his 701: 5251:

Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

4841:

Historical Sketches of Statesmen in the Time of George III

4369:

The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812–1822

3943:

The Summer Soldiers: The 1798 Rebellion in Antrim and Down

3909: 3842:

The Summer Soldiers: The 1798 Rebellion in Antrim and Down

2029:

In August 1796 Stewart's father was elevated to the title

1778: 626:

Quartered arms of Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, KG

5796:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 21 May 2009. 5386:

The Duel: Castlereagh, Canning and deadly cabinet rivalry

5214:– Marriages, baptisms and burials from about 1660 to 1875 4588:

The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1820–1832

3341: 2434:

subjected Castlereagh to particularly hostile scrutiny.

948:(a "Dissenter"), rather than a member of the established 3910:

The National Archives, Reference U840/C562 (1797–1809).

784:, his former political associates among them. After the 5444:– (especially for early years, access to family papers) 1898:

in Cornwall. In 1796, he transferred to a seat for the

5310: 4122:. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 170. 3314:

The Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1795 to 1798 was

2993:

succeeded him as 3rd Marquess of Londonderry in 1822.

2749:, which was inspired by, and heavily critical of, the 2617: 2403:. They sought to pre-emptively capture or destroy the 834:. In 1812 Castlereagh returned to government serving 8027:

Leaders of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom

5476:

British History in the Nineteenth Century (1782–1901)

5344:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 5314:; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (1986). 3280:, Ch 4.) In the Irish election of 1798, he stood for 1997: 818:

From 1805 Castlereagh served under Pitt and then the

710: 692: 686: 5289: 4892: 4317: 3181:

whose ancestors first arrived in Ireland during the

2337: 2194: 1958:

and one of their martyrs in the early stages of the

698: 7365: 5892:

contributions in Parliament by Viscount Castlereagh

5293:

The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire

2985:. Upon his father's death in 1821, he succeeded as 2369:in December, it had to be recalled at great cost. 1846: 880: 811:believed should have accompanied the creation of a 737:from 1812, he was central to the management of the 683: 5785: 5739:The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 5493: 5408: 5315: 5144: 4910:John Bew, "Castlereagh: enlightened conservative" 3562: 3389:Foreign Policy of Castlereagh 1812–1815, 1815–1822 660:(18 June 1769 – 12 August 1822), usually known as 5841:Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart 5734:, Berkeley: University of California Press (1964) 4489: 4073:. London: Gresham Publishing Co. pp. 167–168 4029:Politics and Administration in Ireland, 1750–1815 3844:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. pp. 22–25, 38. 3667:"The Catholic Question in the Eighteenth Century" 2898:Charles Stewart Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry 2791:By 1822, he was showing clear signs of a form of 1017:and Isabella Fitzroy. Lord Hertford was a former 7957:British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs 7898: 5358: 4987:List of the Knights of the Garter (1348–present) 4441:Foundations of British Foreign Policy: 1792–1902 3991: 3598: 3015:Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh (1796–1797) 2361:was landed at the mouth of the Elbe with a view 2240:, smoothing quarrels while generally supporting 2143:The Act of Union and the promise of Emancipation 1742:In the summer of 1790, Stewart was elected as a 1015:Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford 897:. He was the second and only surviving child of 5341:Victorian Suicide: Mad Crimes and Sad Histories 4257:"Profile: Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh" 4094:"Black, Robert | Dictionary of Irish Biography" 2588: 2465:he challenged the Foreign Secretary to a duel. 7987:History of mental health in the United Kingdom 5290:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Fisher, Todd (2004). 4443:(1938) Quote p. 47, the paper itself pp 48–63. 4439:H.W.V. Temperley, and Lillian M. Penson, eds. 4236:Great Britain and Argentina by K. Gallo, p. 87 3945:. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press. p. 252. 3826:. 10 August 1796. pp. 781, right column. 3084:was also named after him by Macquarie in 1810. 2674:, was sentenced to eighteen months for libel. 2022:to join the supporters of the government, the 1992: 1025:(1765–66). Isabella Fitzroy was a daughter of 979:In 1798, the elder Robert Stewart was created 8067:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain 7351: 6766: 5832:, London: John Murray (1848–53) in 12 volumes 5705:Britain and the defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815 5032: 4526:. Dublin: Penguin Ireland. pp. 322–327. 2626: 1797:Irish Volunteers were preparing to celebrate 5867:Londonderry, Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of 5502:. Vol. 6, no. 5. pp. 326–333. 5097: 4966:"Londonderry, Earls and Marquesses of" 4582:Fisher, David R. (2009). D.R. Fisher (ed.). 4024: 4022: 2468:The duel was fought on 21 September 1809 on 2280: 2033:. As his son, Stewart was henceforth styled 1950:, whose son and Emily's cousin-by-marriage, 8082:People educated at The Royal School, Armagh 6653:Secretary of State for War and the Colonies 6626:Secretary of State for War and the Colonies 5665:. London: I. B. Tauris & Company, Ltd. 5588:Charmley, John, "Castlereagh and France." 5544:review essay by Jack Gumpert Wasserman, in 5532:Castlereagh: Enlightenment, War and Tyranny 5075:Geographical Names Board of New South Wales 4775:Castlereagh: Enlightenment, War and Tyranny 3926:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3237:Private Life of the Marquess of Londonderry 3098:also carried his name from 1904 until 1991. 2996:He was styled through his life as follows: 2352:Secretary of State for War and the Colonies 2182:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 983:in 1789, Viscount Castlereagh in 1795, and 885:Robert was born on 18 June 1769 in 28 725:and to secure passage in 1800 of the Irish 631:Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry 585:Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry 484:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 209:Secretary of State for War and the Colonies 7358: 7344: 6773: 6759: 5911: 5707:, New Haven: Yale University Press (1966) 5086: 3546:Castlreagh: Enlightenment, War and Tyranny 3395:. It reflects his having used the name of 3287: 3130: 2723:(the former Prime Minister Addington). As 2232:(the brother of Arthur Wellesley) and the 2110:Executions of William Orr and James Porter 66: 7972:Commissioners of the Treasury for Ireland 6789:Foreign Secretaries of the United Kingdom 5469: 5403: 5104: 4923: 4882: 4749:Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey 4349: 4277: 4187: 4173:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. p. 80. 4019: 3069:in Sydney was named after him in 1810 by 3060: 2526:in March 1814, in the negotiation of the 2012:William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam 826:. In 1809 he was obliged to resign after 6526:Commissioner of the Treasury for Ireland 6464:Commissioner of the Treasury for Ireland 5556: 5139: 5071:Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW 4959: 4939: 4640: 4365: 4117: 4047: 3864: 3816: 3664: 3614: 3580: 3367:, Sage Publications (2003) pp. 316–317.) 3269: 3207: 2857: 2844: 2701: 2681: 2479: 2220:brought Castlereagh into the Cabinet as 2001: 1924:John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire 621: 221:25 March 1807 – 1 November 1809 8102:Suicides by sharp instrument in England 8072:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland 7952:British politicians who died by suicide 5793:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5447: 5296:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 302–305. 5244: 5217: 5197: 4728: 4608: 4524:Bard of Eri:n: The Life of Thomas Moore 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4197:. Spartacus Educational. Archived from 3940: 3839: 3774: 3707: 3484: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3430: 3349: 3308: 3118: 2713:divorce of George IV and Queen Caroline 2418:In 1808 Castlereagh had been warned by 1786:Reflections on the Revolution in France 1779:Reflections on the Revolution in France 845:Castlereagh organised and financed the 318:2 July 1802 – 11 February 1806 266:10 July 1805 – 5 February 1806 14: 8157:Participants to the Congress of Vienna 7932:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge 7899: 6796:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 5679:Lawrence, Thomas, and C. J. Bartlett. 5267: 5227:. Vol. V (1st ed.). London: 5108:The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland 4813: 4777:(1st ed.). Quercus. p. 549. 4581: 4168: 4142: 4066: 3965: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3114:, two ships named for Lord Castlereagh 3094:The New South Wales electoral seat of 2534:was part of the final deal offered to 2518:between Britain, Austria, Russia, and 2251: 2199: 853:, bringing the powers together at the 108:4 March 1812 – 12 August 1822 96:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 8087:People of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 8012:Irish politicians who died by suicide 7997:British politicians with disabilities 7947:British people of the Napoleonic Wars 7339: 7312:Category:British Secretaries of State 6754: 5898:A Letter to Lord Viscount Castlereagh 5580:British Foreign Secretaries 1807–1916 5506: 5491: 5427: 5337: 5183: 5038: 4898: 4797: 4624: 4546: 4521: 4091: 4062: 4060: 3784: 3711: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3568: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3465: 3393:Mems. and Corresp. Visct. Castlereagh 3346:18 December 1798, p. 1 (1 page pdf).) 3228: 3215:Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire 2907:wrote a savage quip about his grave: 2903:Some time after Castlereagh's death, 2706:Blue plaque along the North Cray Road 2559: 2509: 1948:Emily FitzGerald, Duchess of Leinster 1793:(a family friend) and learnt that in 1709: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1666: 1645: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1592: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1539: 1537: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1435: 1420: 1409: 1407: 1398: 1383: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1311: 1288: 1273: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1207: 1205: 1196: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1157: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1070: 1036:, the independent-minded daughter of 381:14 June 1798 – 27 April 1801 173:8 June 1812 – 12 August 1822 7266:Commonwealth and Development Affairs 5741:(1996), European diplomatic history 5479:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 5382: 5116: 5113:– A to C (for hamlet of Castlereagh) 5111:. Vol. 1. Dublin: A. Fullarton. 4551:. London: Longmans. pp. 69, 76. 4452: 4333: 4240: 3996:. Belfast: Athol Books. p. 80. 3665:Bartlett, Thomas (22 January 2013). 3605:. "Hon. Robert Stewart DOWN County." 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3440: 3155: 3123: 2884:and two future Prime Ministers, the 2677: 2475: 2448:Canning claimed to have opposed the 2437: 2332: 1054:Charles William Stewart (later Vane) 1032:Five years later his father married 1027:Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton 5844:, 3 vols., London: Blackwood (1861) 5368:His/Her Majesty's Stationery Office 5155: 5059: 4772: 4712: 4136: 3959: 3684: 3543: 3466:Leigh, Ione (1952). "Castlereagh". 3414: 3391:and his own half-brother's 1848–53 3246: 2849:The Suicide of Lord Castlereagh by 2780:He tossed them human hearts to chew 2665:but the verses of the Tutor in the 2618:Nonintervention in European affairs 2612:a staunchly anti-slavery government 2262:in preaching loyalty to the Crown. 2122:. On a charge of administering the 24: 8162:Presidents of the Board of Control 5817: 5774:, HarperCollins Publishers (2007) 5524: 5415:. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. 5193:(31st ed.). London: Harrison. 4057: 3886:"Peter Finnerty – Irish Biography" 3624: 2936:, a Whig politician and later the 2917:Here lie the bones of Castlereagh: 2783:Which from his wide cloak he drew. 2392:In August 1807, he concurred with 1998:Suppression of the United Irishmen 1973:as one of the Lady Patronesses of 25: 8173: 6599:President of the Board of Control 5968:Parliament of the United Kingdom 5909:National Portrait Gallery, London 5879: 5761:The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh 5120:Reaction and Revolution 1814–1832 3981:. Vol. 46. pp. 180–182. 3972:"Porter, James (1753-1798)" 3645:www.historyofparliamentonline.org 3494: 2771:All were fat; and well they might 2639:, better remembered as Ireland's 2456:. Castlereagh had the support of 2338:Hanover, Copenhagen and Walcheren 2222:President of the Board of Control 2195:President of the Board of Control 2049:and, in league with the Catholic 1042:William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham 588:Lady Sarah Frances Seymour-Conway 306:President of the Board of Control 7318: 7307: 7306: 7141: 6782: 6123:Parliament of the United Kingdom 5849: 5117:Artz, Frederick Binkerd (1934). 4318:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher 2004 3978:Dictionary of National Biography 3474:(January–March). Collins: 72–74. 3023:Viscount Castlereagh (1797–1814) 2763:Very smooth he looked, yet grim; 2760:He had a mask like Castlereagh – 2504:Spencer Perceval's assassination 2206:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2053:, across the Irish midlands. In 1847:Catholic relief, loyalty to Pitt 881:Early life and career in Ireland 753:. In the post-war government of 679: 608: 526: 514: 7927:19th-century Anglo-Irish people 7922:18th-century Anglo-Irish people 7367:Leaders of the House of Commons 7264:Secretary of State for Foreign, 5512:"Robert Marquis of Londonderry" 5198:Chester, Joseph Lemuel (1876). 4992: 4979: 4953: 4933: 4904: 4861: 4846: 4830: 4807: 4766: 4738: 4695: 4684: 4662: 4650: 4555: 4540: 4515: 4446: 4433: 4421: 4405: 4386: 4359: 4298: 4271: 4229: 4213: 4171:Belfast: An Illustrated History 4162: 4111: 4085: 4010: 3985: 3934: 3903: 3858: 3833: 3810: 3743: 3730: 3658: 3574: 3355:Suicide was illegal in England 2777:For one by one, and two by two, 2766:Seven bloodhounds followed him. 2645:Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress 2411:and Denmark's adherence to the 2304:Belfast Academical Institution) 2208:the tensions within the ruling 1836:restored would again collapse. 1783:In July 1791, having both read 904: 8077:Politicians from County Dublin 7151:Secretary of State for Foreign 6707:Leader of the House of Commons 5318:Handbook of British Chronology 5201:Registers of Westminster Abbey 4949:. 16 August 1796. p. 781. 3992:Brendan Clifford, ed. (1991). 3381: 2731:, he was often called upon to 2725:Leader of the House of Commons 2578:question of Greek independence 2068:failed to effect a landing at 2061:was placed under armed guard. 1744:Member of the Irish Parliament 1038:Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden 840:Leader of the House of Commons 161:Leader of the House of Commons 13: 1: 8147:UK MPs who inherited peerages 7967:Chief Secretaries for Ireland 5051:on 10 March 2012 – via 3044:Marquess of Londonderry, KG, 2690:(now called Loring Hall), in 2095:when it came in May and June 1732:St. John's College, Cambridge 1052:, including his half-brother 1007:. In 1816 he was elevated to 599:St. John's College, Cambridge 80: 27:British statesman (1769–1822) 8097:Political history of Ireland 8092:Londonderry Militia officers 7992:People with mental disorders 7982:Fellows of the Royal Society 7962:Burials at Westminster Abbey 5810:UK public library membership 5650:Hyde, H. Montgomery (1933). 5274:Club Makers and Club Members 4590:. Cambridge University Press 3582:"Stewart, Robert (STWT786R)" 3374: 2991:Charles Stewart (later Vane) 2977:Robert Stewart acquired the 2880:, the former Prime Minister 2589:Abolition of the slave trade 2372:As the only other member of 2077:Dublin Castle administration 2066:French expedition to Ireland 1928:British Ambassador to Russia 1721: 1019:British Ambassador to France 929:including the future family 859:Napoleon's second abdication 838:as Foreign Secretary and as 830:with the Foreign Secretary, 776:. Crossing the floor of the 721:, he worked to suppress the 7: 8152:Vane-Tempest-Stewart family 7409:Vacant (caretaker ministry) 6572:Chief Secretary for Ireland 6422:Edmond Alexander MacNaghten 6414:Edmond Alexander MacNaghten 6391:Edmond Alexander MacNaghten 6018:Parliament of Great Britain 5338:Gates, Barbara T. (2014) . 5204:. London: Private Edition. 5000:"History of Sydney Streets" 3586:A Cambridge Alumni Database 3365:Handbook of Death and Dying 3165:, a wealthy and successful 3161:His father was a nephew of 3140:derives from the barony of 3102: 2987:2nd Marquess of Londonderry 2911:Posterity will ne'er survey 2496:Yale Center for British Art 2379:Ministry of All the Talents 2089:Chief Secretary for Ireland 1993:Chief Secretary for Ireland 1913: 1737: 790:Chief Secretary for Ireland 764:, and following a visit to 369:Chief Secretary for Ireland 41:The Marquess of Londonderry 10: 8178: 6250:Sir Stephen Lushington, Bt 5764:. London: G Bell and Sons. 5471:Trevelyan, George Macaulay 5277:. London: T Fisher Unwin. 5241:– L to M (for Londonderry) 5141:Bartlett, Christopher John 3941:Stewart, A. T. Q. (1995). 3840:Stewart, A. T. Q. (1995). 3588:. University of Cambridge. 3239:, (1822), cited in Leigh, 3171:British East India Company 3012:Robert Stewart (1789–1796) 2945:the only one amongst them. 2920:Stop, traveller, and piss. 2627:Lampooning by Thomas Moore 2592: 2441: 2415:and alliance with France. 2317:, a government-controlled 2064:In December 1796, a large 1932:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1023:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 824:Secretary of State for War 8032:Marquesses of Londonderry 7373: 7301: 7263: 7150: 7139: 6795: 6739: 6730: 6722: 6715: 6704: 6696: 6686: 6677: 6669: 6659: 6650: 6642: 6632: 6623: 6615: 6605: 6596: 6588: 6578: 6569: 6561: 6523: 6493: 6461: 6437: 6432: 6418: 6397:Member of Parliament for 6395: 6383: 6369: 6342:Member of Parliament for 6340: 6328: 6314: 6293:Member of Parliament for 6291: 6279: 6265: 6233:Member of Parliament for 6231: 6219: 6205: 6184:Member of Parliament for 6182: 6170: 6156: 6135:Member of Parliament for 6133: 6128: 6121: 6107: 6086:Member of Parliament for 6084: 6072: 6058: 6037:Member of Parliament for 6035: 6023: 6016: 6002: 5987:Member of Parliament for 5985: 5973: 5942:Member of Parliament for 5940: 5928: 5921: 5828:, edited by his brother, 5756:Webster, Charles Kingsley 5608:, London: A. Lane (1976) 5564:. London: Vintage Books. 5534:, London: Quercus (2011) 5359:House of Commons (1878). 5098:General and cited sources 4629:704, left column, line 71 4549:The Fudge Family in Paris 4366:Nicolson, Harold (2000). 4221:English Historical Review 4169:Bardon, Jonathan (1982). 4143:Brooke, P. E. C. (1981). 3399:so long, and the name of 2972: 2914:A nobler grave than this: 2892:. Some radicals, notably 2757:I met Murder on the way – 2653:The Fudge Family in Paris 2409:Anglo-Russian War of 1807 2342:After the renewal of the 2281:Loss of home constituency 2226:Governor-General of India 1918:In 1794, Stewart married 1891:of the regiment in 1800. 1643: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1494: 1492: 1484: 1482: 1448: 1433: 1418: 1396: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1286: 1271: 1248: 1246: 1194: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1133: 1131: 1005:Irish representative peer 917:heiress. The legacy from 804:that both he and British 800:. But it was without the 616: 604: 592: 580: 570: 547: 539: 509: 499: 489: 469: 442: 437: 433: 421: 409: 395: 385: 374: 367: 355: 343: 322: 311: 304: 294: 282: 270: 259: 249: 237: 225: 214: 207: 197: 187: 177: 166: 159: 147: 135: 112: 101: 94: 90: 65: 34: 7153:and Commonwealth Affairs 5956:The Earl of Hillsborough 5932:The Earl of Hillsborough 5615:(2008) Issue: 62. pp10+ 5590:Diplomacy and Statecraft 5457:. London: Edward Moxon. 5389:. London: I. B. Tauris. 5269:Escott, Thomas Hay Sweet 4413:Journal of Negro History 4118:Courtney, Roger (2013). 4034:12 November 2009 at the 3865:Finnerty, Peter (1811). 2733:defend government policy 2635:, writer for the Whigs, 2444:Castlereagh–Canning duel 2294:Marchioness of Downshire 2085:Privy Council of Ireland 2006:Bloody Castlereagh, 1798 1879:in the government's new 1748:County Down constituency 1728:The Royal School, Armagh 1046:William Pitt the Younger 991:, enabling him from the 966:Irish Volunteer movement 964:. In 1778 he joined the 490:Cause of death 391:William Pitt the Younger 336:William Pitt the Younger 277:William Pitt the Younger 6733:Marquess of Londonderry 6322:Edward Bootle-Wilbraham 6269:Ranald George Macdonald 6201:Edward Berkeley Portman 6178:Edward Berkeley Portman 5872:Encyclopædia Britannica 5693:, (Random House, 2008) 5653:The Rise of Castlereagh 5548:(2013) Vol. 41, No. 1 5167:Oxford University Press 4972:Encyclopædia Britannica 4195:"Spartacus Educational" 4067:Colles, Ramsey (1919). 3792:"The Cowan Inheritance" 3188:"The Cowan Inheritance" 2774:Be in admirable plight, 2024:Dublin Castle executive 2010:In 1795, Pitt replaced 1960:Irish Rebellion of 1798 1869:forty-shilling freehold 1758:and reform sentiments. 1009:Marquess of Londonderry 760:Early in his career in 404:The Marquess Cornwallis 6743:Charles (Stewart) Vane 6673:The Marquess Wellesley 6076:William Seymour-Conway 5802:10.1093/ref:odnb/26507 5722:The Congress of Vienna 5661:Jarrett, Mark (2013). 5312:Fryde, Edmund Boleslaw 5264:– Scotland and Ireland 5219:Cokayne, George Edward 4839:, "Lord Castlereagh", 4673:, Dover Publications, 4547:Moore, Thomas (1818). 4415:53.2 (1968): 129–143. 4149:www.peterbrooke.org.uk 3890:www.libraryireland.com 3061:Memorials and tributes 3029:Viscount Castlereagh, 2970: 2957: 2854: 2707: 2699: 2498: 2020:Irish House of Commons 2007: 1952:Lord Edward FitzGerald 1940:Irish House of Commons 962:Irish House of Commons 627: 142:The Marquess Wellesley 8022:Knights of the Garter 7942:British MPs 1796–1800 7937:British MPs 1790–1796 7324:Portal:United Kingdom 6700:Hon. Spencer Perceval 6663:The Earl of Liverpool 6592:The Earl of Dartmouth 6213:William Henry Clinton 6111:Robert Seymour-Conway 6103:Robert Seymour-Conway 6080:Robert Seymour-Conway 5923:Parliament of Ireland 5629:Hinde, Wendy (1981). 5592:17.4 (2006): 665–673. 5492:White, R. J. (1956). 5449:Shelley, Percy Bysshe 5041:"Thursday 6th. Decr." 4671:Trials of Oscar Wilde 4522:Kelly, Ronan (2008). 4467:10.1353/nhr.2017.0005 4399:143 (1994): 136–166. 4092:Quinn, James (2009). 3712:Hinde, Wendy (1981). 3599:House of Commons 1878 3295:Protestant Ascendancy 2965: 2952: 2858:Reaction to his death 2848: 2746:The Masque of Anarchy 2705: 2686:Castlereagh's house, 2685: 2593:Further information: 2483: 2363:to liberating Hanover 2005: 1920:Amelia (Emily) Hobart 802:Catholic Emancipation 625: 350:The Earl of Dartmouth 255:The Earl of Liverpool 183:The Earl of Liverpool 127:The Earl of Liverpool 6445:Sir John Parnell, Bt 6255:Hon. William Harbord 6115:The Earl of Yarmouth 5748:7 April 2019 at the 5656:. London: MacMillan. 5428:Leigh, Ione (1951). 5383:Hunt, Giles (2008). 5229:George Bell and Sons 5151:. London: Macmillan. 5053:Macquarie University 5039:Macquarie, Lachlan. 4814:Sanftleben, Kurt A. 4501:poetryfoundation.org 3871:London: J. M'Creery. 3334:"The London Gazette" 3299:Sir Ralph Abercromby 3183:Plantation of Ulster 3179:Ulster Presbyterians 3119:Notes and references 3027:The Right Honourable 3020:The Right Honourable 2729:Liverpool Government 2450:Walcheren Expedition 2432:Walcheren Expedition 2405:Dano-Norwegian fleet 2302:distinctly liberal, 2273:accept support from 2083:and a Member of the 2081:Lord of the Treasury 1954:was a leader of the 1908:Marquess of Hertford 1887:, being promoted to 1853:Catholic Relief Bill 1807:Austrian Netherlands 993:Act of Union of 1800 766:revolutionary France 669:Viscount Castlereagh 232:The Duke of Portland 8107:Ulster Scots people 8017:Irish Presbyterians 8007:Irish MPs 1798–1800 8002:Irish MPs 1790–1797 6535:The Earl of Shannon 6497:The Earl of Shannon 6473:The Earl of Shannon 6441:The Earl of Shannon 5981:Hon. Richard Trench 5737:Schroeder, Paul W. 5730:Perkins, Bradford. 5635:. London: Collins. 5454:The Mask of Anarchy 5434:. London: Collins. 5162:Castlereagh: A Life 5067:"Castlereagh River" 4837:Henry Lord Brougham 4503:. Poetry Foundation 4455:New Hibernia Review 3798:on 14 November 2007 3716:. London: Collins. 3548:. London: Quercus. 3325:Marquess Cornwallis 3260:John Jeffreys Pratt 3194:on 14 November 2007 3080:suburb locality of 3038:The Most Honourable 2807:, who had been the 2601:British possessions 2574:Polish-Saxon crisis 2252:Irish interventions 2200:Wellesley and India 2093:United Irish rising 2031:Earl of Londonderry 1885:Londonderry Militia 1761:In a letter to the 985:Earl of Londonderry 937:, on the shores of 664:, derived from the 37:The Most Honourable 7621:Campbell-Bannerman 6717:Peerage of Ireland 6565:Hon. Thomas Pelham 6555:Mourice FitzGerald 6517:Maurice FitzGerald 6509:The Lord Frankfort 6481:Hon. Thomas Pelham 6449:Hon. Thomas Pelham 6433:Political offices 5105:Anonymous (1846). 4946:The London Gazette 4855:The Creevey Papers 4773:Bew, John (2011). 4397:Past & Present 4286:on 5 February 2010 4201:on 24 October 2008 3823:The London Gazette 3544:Bew, John (2011). 3167:Governor of Bombay 3071:Governor Macquarie 3067:Castlereagh Street 2968:political history. 2890:Frederick Robinson 2886:Duke of Wellington 2855: 2708: 2700: 2576:at Vienna and the 2566:Congress of Vienna 2560:Congress of Vienna 2540:Congress of Vienna 2536:Napoleon Bonaparte 2532:Treaty of Chaumont 2516:quadruple alliance 2510:Treaty of Chaumont 2499: 2490:of Castlereagh by 2413:Continental System 2238:East India Company 2180:Parliament of the 2008: 1877:Lieutenant-Colonel 1764:Belfast Newsletter 1034:Lady Frances Pratt 995:onwards to sit at 950:Anglican Communion 923:Governor of Bombay 915:East India Company 863:Congress of Vienna 855:Treaty of Chaumont 751:Congress of Vienna 745:, and was British 719:Viceroy in Ireland 628: 575:Lady Amelia Hobart 522:Kingdom of Ireland 7977:British duellists 7894: 7893: 7333: 7332: 6749: 6748: 6740:Succeeded by 6687:Succeeded by 6680:Foreign Secretary 6660:Succeeded by 6633:Succeeded by 6606:Succeeded by 6579:Succeeded by 6494:Succeeded by 6468:1797–1799 6419:Succeeded by 6370:Succeeded by 6315:Succeeded by 6266:Succeeded by 6206:Succeeded by 6157:Succeeded by 6108:Succeeded by 6059:Succeeded by 6010:Eyre Power Trench 6003:Succeeded by 5808:(Subscription or 5780:978-0-06-077518-6 5713:978-0-300-06443-8 5699:978-0-307-33716-0 5578:Cecil, Algernon. 5571:978-1-84595-091-0 5546:The Byron Journal 5540:978-0-85738-186-6 5508:Wills, Rev. James 5396:978-1-84511-593-7 5351:978-0-691-09437-3 5176:978-0-19-993159-0 5020:. 4 December 2012 4928:372, right column 4868:bad English." cf 4379:978-0-8021-3744-9 4280:"Pistols at dawn" 3967:Gordon, Alexander 3361:Clifton D. Bryant 3323:Lord Lieutenant, 3243:, pp 34 and 144.) 3124:Explanatory notes 3089:Castlereagh River 2927:Sir Robert Wilson 2874:Westminster Abbey 2851:George Cruikshank 2809:Bishop of Clogher 2797:nervous breakdown 2751:Peterloo Massacre 2678:Decline and death 2476:Foreign Secretary 2458:General Wellesley 2438:Duel with Canning 2394:Foreign Secretary 2333:Secretary for War 2230:Richard Wellesley 2124:United Irish test 1983:Frederick Stewart 1938:, Speaker of the 1746:for his family's 1719: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1675: 1674: 1662: 1661: 1077: 1076: 981:Baron Londonderry 954:Church of Ireland 911:Alexander Stewart 875:Peterloo Massacre 868:balance of powers 731:Foreign Secretary 723:Rebellion of 1798 620: 619: 504:Westminster Abbey 482:, Kent, England, 16:(Redirected from 8169: 8142:UK MPs 1820–1826 8137:UK MPs 1818–1820 8132:UK MPs 1812–1818 8127:UK MPs 1807–1812 8122:UK MPs 1806–1807 8117:UK MPs 1802–1806 8112:UK MPs 1801–1802 7476:Pitt the Younger 7466:Pitt the Younger 7360: 7353: 7346: 7337: 7336: 7322: 7310: 7309: 7145: 6787: 6786: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6752: 6751: 6723:Preceded by 6697:Preceded by 6670:Preceded by 6643:Preceded by 6616:Preceded by 6589:Preceded by 6562:Preceded by 6485:John Monck Mason 6453:John Monck Mason 6438:Preceded by 6384:Preceded by 6373:Lord Arthur Hill 6364:Lord Arthur Hill 6336:Hon. Robert Ward 6329:Preceded by 6280:Preceded by 6220:Preceded by 6171:Preceded by 6130:New constituency 6073:Preceded by 6024:Preceded by 5989:Newtown Limavady 5974:Preceded by 5936:Hon. Edward Ward 5929:Preceded by 5919: 5918: 5915: 5876: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5813: 5805: 5789: 5765: 5676: 5657: 5646: 5575: 5519: 5503: 5497: 5488: 5466: 5443: 5424: 5414: 5411:A World Restored 5405:Kissinger, Henry 5400: 5379: 5355: 5334:– (for timeline) 5333: 5321: 5307: 5286: 5263: 5240: 5213: 5194: 5180: 5152: 5150: 5136: 5125:Harper & Row 5112: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5047:. 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(1911). " 5861: 5850: 5848: 5820: 5818:Primary sources 5807: 5784: 5769:Zamoyski, Adam. 5754: 5750:Wayback Machine 5718:Harold Nicolson 5673: 5660: 5649: 5643: 5628: 5599:(Cestus 2016). 5595:Coburn, Helen. 5582:(1927) pp 1–52. 5572: 5527: 5525:Further reading 5522: 5397: 5352: 5330: 5304: 5177: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5079: 5077: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4984: 4980: 4958: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4922: 4918: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4881: 4877: 4866: 4862: 4851: 4847: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4812: 4808: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4771: 4767: 4743: 4739: 4727: 4723: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4685: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4639: 4635: 4623: 4619: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4580: 4567: 4560: 4556: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4451: 4447: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4410: 4406: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4372:. Grove Press. 4364: 4360: 4348: 4344: 4332: 4328: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4278:The Spectator. 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4254: 4241: 4234: 4230: 4223:(1953): 37–55. 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4065: 4058: 4046: 4042: 4036:Wayback Machine 4027: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3990: 3986: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3939: 3935: 3919: 3918: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3884: 3883: 3876: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3838: 3834: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3710: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3671:History Ireland 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3639: 3638: 3625: 3613: 3609: 3597: 3593: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3542: 3495: 3483: 3479: 3468:Dublin Magazine 3464: 3441: 3429: 3425: 3413: 3409: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3354: 3350: 3339: 3332: 3313: 3309: 3292: 3288: 3274: 3270: 3251: 3247: 3233: 3229: 3212: 3208: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3160: 3156: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3105: 3063: 2975: 2959:His biographer 2938:Lord Chancellor 2894:William Cobbett 2872:with honour in 2860: 2819:in Water Lane, 2680: 2631:As a press, or 2629: 2620: 2597: 2591: 2570:Congress system 2562: 2548:G. M. Trevelyan 2528:Treaty of Paris 2512: 2478: 2462:Earl of Chatham 2446: 2440: 2340: 2335: 2299:William Drennan 2283: 2254: 2246:Lord Cornwallis 2218:Henry Addington 2214:Peace of Amiens 2202: 2197: 2189:Henry Addington 2169:Irish Catholics 2145: 2112: 2104:Lord Cornwallis 2043:United Irishmen 2016:2nd Earl Camden 2000: 1995: 1956:United Irishmen 1936:William Conolly 1916: 1865:French Republic 1849: 1781: 1769:pocket boroughs 1740: 1724: 1705: 1694: 1684: 1651: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1415: 1412: 1404: 1401: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1202: 1199: 1191: 1112: 1109: 1097: 1094: 1044:, and his son, 970:Lord Charlemont 907: 883: 857:in 1814. After 828:fighting a duel 782:United Irishmen 747:plenipotentiary 711: 682: 673: 672: 652: 645: 638: 634: 587: 566: 548:Political party 527: 525: 524: 515: 513: 478: 474: 458: 452: 450: 449: 448: 422: 410: 398:Lord Lieutenant 396: 386: 380: 375: 356: 344: 339: 332:Henry Addington 323: 317: 312: 300:William Windham 295: 289:The Earl Camden 283: 271: 265: 260: 250: 244:William Windham 238: 226: 220: 215: 198: 188: 178: 172: 167: 148: 136: 131: 113: 107: 102: 86: 83: 77:Thomas Lawrence 61: 44: 42: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8175: 8165: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7912:1820s suicides 7909: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7761:St John-Stevas 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7671:N. Chamberlain 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7636:A. Chamberlain 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7415:Pitt the Elder 7412: 7405: 7403:Pitt the Elder 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7363: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7315: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7156: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6738: 6729: 6726:Robert Stewart 6724: 6720: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6690:George Canning 6688: 6685: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6658: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6631: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6609:The Lord Minto 6607: 6604: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6577: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6521: 6520: 6495: 6492: 6460: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6420: 6417: 6394: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6371: 6368: 6339: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6316: 6313: 6290: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6273:George Duckett 6267: 6264: 6260:Henry Drummond 6230: 6223:Edward Golding 6221: 6217: 6216: 6207: 6204: 6181: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6160:Francis Savage 6158: 6155: 6152:Francis Savage 6132: 6126: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6109: 6106: 6083: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6060: 6057: 6034: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6004: 6001: 5998:Hugh Carncross 5984: 5977:Hugh Carncross 5975: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5961:Francis Savage 5939: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5917: 5916: 5902: 5894: 5881: 5880:External links 5878: 5863:Chisholm, Hugh 5846: 5845: 5836:Sir A. Alison. 5833: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5782: 5766: 5752: 5735: 5728: 5715: 5701: 5687: 5677: 5672:978-1780761169 5671: 5658: 5647: 5642:978-0002163088 5641: 5626: 5619: 5613:History Review 5609: 5603:Derry, John W. 5600: 5593: 5586: 5576: 5570: 5558:Campbell, John 5554: 5553: 5552: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5504: 5489: 5467: 5445: 5425: 5401: 5395: 5380: 5356: 5350: 5335: 5328: 5308: 5303:978-1841768311 5302: 5287: 5265: 5242: 5215: 5195: 5185:Burke, Bernard 5181: 5175: 5153: 5137: 5114: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5058: 5031: 5018:City of Sydney 5014:Sydney Streets 5008:(for download) 4991: 4978: 4963:, ed. (1911). 4961:Chisholm, Hugh 4952: 4932: 4924:Anonymous 1846 4916: 4914:, (2011) 61#11 4903: 4901:, p. 332. 4891: 4883:Trevelyan 1922 4875: 4860: 4845: 4829: 4816:"Epitaphs A–C" 4806: 4790: 4784:978-0857381866 4783: 4765: 4737: 4721: 4705: 4694: 4683: 4661: 4649: 4633: 4617: 4601: 4565: 4554: 4539: 4533:978-1844881437 4532: 4514: 4497:"Thomas Moore" 4488: 4445: 4432: 4420: 4404: 4385: 4378: 4358: 4350:Trevelyan 1922 4342: 4326: 4310: 4297: 4270: 4239: 4228: 4212: 4186: 4179: 4161: 4135: 4128: 4110: 4084: 4056: 4040: 4018: 4009: 4003:978-0850340457 4002: 3984: 3958: 3951: 3933: 3902: 3874: 3857: 3851:978-0856405587 3850: 3832: 3809: 3783: 3767: 3742: 3729: 3722: 3683: 3657: 3623: 3607: 3591: 3573: 3561: 3555:978-0857381866 3554: 3493: 3477: 3439: 3423: 3407: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3348: 3307: 3286: 3268: 3245: 3227: 3206: 3154: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3074: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3034: 3024: 3016: 3013: 3009:The Honourable 3005: 2979:courtesy title 2974: 2971: 2955:statesmanship. 2947: 2946: 2934:Henry Brougham 2922: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2878:Lord Liverpool 2859: 2856: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2717:Home Secretary 2698:, south London 2679: 2676: 2672:Peter Finnerty 2628: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2590: 2587: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2511: 2508: 2477: 2474: 2454:Peninsular War 2442:Main article: 2439: 2436: 2397:George Canning 2374:Pitt's cabinet 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2327:Peninsular War 2319:rotten borough 2282: 2279: 2253: 2250: 2242:Lord Wellesley 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2144: 2141: 2129:Peter Finnerty 2111: 2108: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1979:eccentricities 1930:(1762–65) and 1915: 1912: 1848: 1845: 1780: 1777: 1739: 1736: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1644: 1642: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1603: 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292: 291: 286: 280: 279: 274: 272:Prime Minister 268: 267: 257: 256: 253: 247: 246: 241: 235: 234: 229: 227:Prime Minister 223: 222: 212: 211: 205: 204: 203:George Canning 201: 195: 194: 191: 185: 184: 181: 179:Prime Minister 175: 174: 164: 163: 157: 156: 154:George Canning 151: 145: 144: 139: 133: 132: 130: 129: 124: 118: 116: 114:Prime Minister 110: 109: 99: 98: 92: 91: 88: 87: 71: 63: 62: 43: 40: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8174: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 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7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7361: 7356: 7354: 7349: 7347: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7149: 7144: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7118:Gordon Walker 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6776: 6771: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6701: 6695: 6691: 6682: 6681: 6674: 6668: 6664: 6655: 6654: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6628: 6627: 6620: 6614: 6610: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6583: 6582:Charles Abbot 6574: 6573: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6505:Charles Abbot 6502: 6498: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6318:Robert Curzon 6312: 6311: 6310:Robert Curzon 6305: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6283:Robert Curzon 6278: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6235:Plympton Erle 6228: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6209:Henry Dawkins 6203: 6202: 6196: 6195:November 1806 6192: 6188: 6187: 6186:Boroughbridge 6179: 6175: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6153: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6067: 6066:John Nicholls 6063: 6062:Lionel Copley 6056: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5999: 5991: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5957: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5858:public domain 5843: 5842: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5689:King, David. 5688: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5621:Hayes, Paul. 5620: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5500:History Today 5496: 5495:"Castlereagh" 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5336: 5331: 5329:0-86193-106-8 5325: 5320: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5246:Debrett, John 5243: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5089: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5019: 5015: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4989:", Heraldica. 4988: 4982: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4913: 4912:History Today 4907: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4745:Stanley, A.P. 4741: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4679:0-486-20216-X 4676: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4641:Bartlett 1966 4637: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4563: 4558: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4362: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4304:Hunt (2008), 4301: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4129:9781909556065 4125: 4121: 4114: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4072: 4071: 4063: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4048:Bartlett 1966 4044: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4013: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3929: 3923: 3915: 3914: 3906: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3861: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3739: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3615:Bartlett 1966 3611: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3343: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3316:Thomas Pelham 3311: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3175:landed gentry 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3147: 3146:Mount Stewart 3143: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:Irish peerage 2980: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2956: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882:Lord Sidmouth 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2835: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2805:Percy Jocelyn 2800: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721:Lord Sidmouth 2718: 2714: 2704: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2658:Acts of Union 2655: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2641:national bard 2638: 2634: 2624: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2596: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315:Boroughbridge 2311: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153:Great Britain 2150: 2140: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2059:Mount Stewart 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2037:Castlereagh. 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2004: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:Louisa Lennox 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881:Irish Militia 1878: 1873: 1872:such base?" 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1834:Ancien Régime 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1712: 1707: 1704:Marquesses of 1678: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1639: 1638: 1609: 1606: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1580: 1578: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1533: 1532: 1503: 1501: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1429: 1428: 1414: 1403: 1390: 1382: 1379: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1343: 1337: 1335: 1325: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1282: 1281: 1267: 1253: 1251: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1214: 1213: 1201: 1190: 1189: 1174: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1096: 1080: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1050:half-siblings 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 935:Mount Stewart 932: 928: 924: 921:, the former 920: 916: 912: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 878: 876: 871: 869: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 778:Irish Commons 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:Act of Union. 724: 720: 716: 715: 706: 676: 670: 667: 663: 658: 651: 644: 637: 632: 624: 615: 611: 607: 603: 600: 597: 595: 591: 586: 583: 579: 576: 573: 569: 562: 559: 556: 553: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 535: 523: 512: 508: 505: 502: 500:Resting place 498: 495: 492: 488: 485: 481: 472: 468: 465: 461: 445: 441: 436: 432: 429: 428:Charles Abbot 426: 420: 417: 416:Thomas Pelham 414: 408: 405: 402: 399: 394: 390: 384: 378: 373: 370: 366: 363: 360: 354: 351: 348: 342: 335: 333: 330: 329: 327: 321: 315: 310: 307: 303: 299: 293: 290: 287: 281: 278: 275: 269: 263: 258: 254: 248: 245: 242: 236: 233: 230: 224: 218: 213: 210: 206: 202: 196: 192: 186: 182: 176: 170: 165: 162: 158: 155: 152: 146: 143: 140: 134: 128: 125: 123: 120: 119: 117: 111: 105: 100: 97: 93: 89: 78: 74: 69: 64: 59: 55: 51: 47: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7676:W. Churchill 7591:R. Churchill 7495: 7407: 7317: 7305: 7165:Douglas-Home 7108:Douglas-Home 6872: 6731: 6705: 6678: 6651: 6624: 6597: 6570: 6543:Lodge Morres 6533: 6530:1800 6524: 6489:Lodge Morres 6471: 6462: 6457:Lodge Morres 6426:Charles Ross 6412: 6396: 6387:John Douglas 6377:Mathew Forde 6357: 6341: 6308: 6292: 6287:James Gordon 6248: 6232: 6199: 6183: 6150: 6134: 6129: 6101: 6085: 6052: 6036: 6006:John Maxwell 5996: 5993:1798 5986: 5967: 5954: 5941: 5897: 5885: 5870: 5847: 5840: 5824: 5791: 5771: 5760: 5738: 5731: 5721: 5704: 5703:Muir, Rory. 5690: 5680: 5662: 5652: 5631: 5622: 5612: 5605: 5596: 5589: 5579: 5561: 5545: 5531: 5515: 5499: 5475: 5453: 5430: 5410: 5385: 5361: 5340: 5317: 5292: 5273: 5250: 5223: 5200: 5189: 5161: 5146: 5123:. New York: 5119: 5107: 5078:. Retrieved 5070: 5061: 5049:the original 5044: 5034: 5022:. Retrieved 5013: 4994: 4981: 4970: 4955: 4944: 4935: 4919: 4911: 4906: 4894: 4878: 4863: 4854: 4848: 4840: 4832: 4820:. Retrieved 4818:. Last Words 4809: 4793: 4774: 4768: 4748: 4740: 4729:Chester 1876 4724: 4708: 4697: 4686: 4670: 4664: 4652: 4636: 4620: 4609:Shelley 1832 4604: 4592:. Retrieved 4587: 4557: 4548: 4542: 4523: 4517: 4505:. Retrieved 4500: 4491: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4440: 4435: 4423: 4412: 4407: 4396: 4388: 4368: 4361: 4345: 4338:110, line 12 4329: 4313: 4305: 4300: 4288:. Retrieved 4284:the original 4273: 4261:. Retrieved 4231: 4220: 4215: 4203:. Retrieved 4199:the original 4189: 4170: 4164: 4152:. Retrieved 4148: 4138: 4119: 4113: 4103:28 September 4101:. Retrieved 4097: 4087: 4077:28 September 4075:. Retrieved 4069: 4043: 4012: 3993: 3987: 3976: 3961: 3942: 3936: 3912: 3905: 3893:. Retrieved 3889: 3867: 3860: 3841: 3835: 3827: 3821: 3812: 3800:. Retrieved 3796:the original 3786: 3779:635, line 38 3775:Debrett 1828 3770: 3758:. Retrieved 3754: 3745: 3737: 3736:War Office, 3732: 3713: 3674:. Retrieved 3670: 3660: 3648:. 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Retrieved 3192:the original 3163:Robert Cowan 3157: 3149: 3137: 3132: 3112: (ship) 3109: 3036: 3026: 3018: 3007: 2995: 2976: 2966: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2931: 2923: 2902: 2863: 2861: 2836: 2829: 2825: 2817:Woollet Hall 2813: 2801: 2790: 2786: 2744: 2711:side of the 2709: 2688:Woollet Hall 2667:Fudge Family 2666: 2663: 2651: 2649: 2644: 2637:Thomas Moore 2630: 2621: 2608:Sierra Leone 2605: 2598: 2583: 2563: 2545: 2513: 2500: 2470:Putney Heath 2467: 2447: 2429: 2417: 2391: 2371: 2356: 2341: 2312: 2308: 2284: 2268:Regium Donum 2266: 2264: 2259:Orange Order 2255: 2203: 2186: 2166: 2146: 2136: 2133: 2117: 2113: 2101: 2074: 2063: 2039: 2028: 2009: 1971:high society 1964: 1946:, sister of 1917: 1893: 1874: 1857:William Pitt 1850: 1838: 1827: 1812: 1799:Bastille Day 1791:Edmund Burke 1784: 1782: 1774: 1762: 1760: 1741: 1725: 1667: 1646: 1634: 1543: 1528: 1437: 1424: 1410: 1386: 1289: 1277: 1261: 1209: 1197: 1187: 1107: 1092: 1062:Family tree 1031: 1012: 978: 946:Presbyterian 943: 919:Robert Cowan 908: 905:The Stewarts 887:Henry Street 884: 872: 844: 817: 809:William Pitt 796:through the 794:Act of Union 770:Presbyterian 759: 668: 661: 630: 629: 480:Woollet Hall 475:(1822-08-12) 457:18 June 1769 423:Succeeded by 376: 357:Succeeded by 313: 296:Succeeded by 261: 251:Succeeded by 216: 199:Succeeded by 168: 149:Succeeded by 103: 29: 7917:1822 deaths 7907:1769 births 7581:Hicks-Beach 7496:Castlereagh 7043:Chamberlain 6873:Castlereagh 6539:Isaac Corry 6501:Isaac Corry 6477:Isaac Corry 5944:County Down 5890:1803–2005: 5632:Castlereagh 5606:Castlereagh 5530:Bew, John. 5431:Castlereagh 5147:Castlereagh 4941:"No. 13922" 4757:John Murray 4356::as quoted. 4320:, pp. 4154:18 November 3818:"No. 13922" 3714:Castlereagh 3489:131, line 9 3435:635, line 3 3401:Londonderry 3397:Castlereagh 3329:Castlereagh 3303:Castlereagh 3278:Castlereagh 3264:Castlereagh 3241:Castlereagh 3223:Castlereagh 3150:Castlereagh 3142:Castlereagh 3138:Castlereagh 3096:Castlereagh 3082:Castlereagh 3056:(1821–1822) 3033:(1814–1821) 3004:(1769–1789) 2287:Anglo-Irish 2204:In the new 2161:Westminster 2137:Billy Bluff 2120:William Orr 2055:County Down 1926:, a former 1752:freeholders 1706:Londonderry 1685:the article 1394:Castlereagh 997:Westminster 958:County Down 563:(1795–1822) 557:(1790–1795) 540:Nationality 510:Citizenship 411:Preceded by 345:Preceded by 284:Preceded by 239:Preceded by 189:Preceded by 137:Preceded by 7901:Categories 7701:Crookshank 7696:Chuter Ede 7551:Palmerston 7541:Palmerston 7185:Carrington 6993:Iddesleigh 6938:Malmesbury 6923:Malmesbury 6913:Palmerston 6903:Palmerston 6898:Wellington 6893:Palmerston 6833:Hawkesbury 6737:1821–1822 6711:1812–1822 6684:1812–1822 6657:1807–1809 6630:1805–1806 6603:1802–1806 6576:1798–1801 6366:1817–1821 6359:John Meade 6332:John Meade 6262:1810–1812 6174:John Scott 6164:John Meade 5963:1794–1801 5812:required.) 5485:1041642436 5421:1203400715 5366:. 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Oxford: 5080:18 January 5024:13 January 4926:, p. 4899:White 1956 4885:, p. 4800:, p. 4798:Gates 2014 4763:), p. 246. 4731:, p. 4715:, p. 4643:, p. 4627:, p. 4625:Burke 1869 4615::As quoted 4611:, p. 4352:, p. 4336:, p. 4180:0856402729 4098:www.dib.ie 4050:, p. 3952:0856405582 3777:, p. 3723:000216308X 3676:12 October 3650:12 October 3617:, p. 3601:, p. 3569:Leigh 1951 3487:, p. 3433:, p. 3417:, p. 3357:until 1961 3340:(112 3331:Ch 4, and 3320:George III 3219:Dissenters 2905:Lord Byron 2865:felo de se 2821:North Cray 2692:North Cray 2546:Historian 2401:Copenhagen 2367:Austerlitz 2359:George Don 2290:Ascendancy 2177:Union bill 2173:George III 2070:Bantry Bay 1683:Subject of 989:George III 974:Ascendancy 594:Alma mater 453:1769-06-18 7871:Rees-Mogg 7856:Lidington 7786:MacGregor 7661:MacDonald 7651:MacDonald 7606:Gladstone 7586:Gladstone 7576:Gladstone 7571:Northcote 7566:Gladstone 7556:Gladstone 7506:Huskisson 7471:Addington 7450:Townshend 7430:Grenville 7420:Grenville 7170:Callaghan 7098:Macmillan 7048:Henderson 7038:MacDonald 7018:Lansdowne 7013:Salisbury 7008:Kimberley 6998:Salisbury 6983:Salisbury 6978:Granville 6973:Salisbury 6963:Granville 6958:Clarendon 6948:Clarendon 6933:Clarendon 6918:Granville 6868:Wellesley 6828:Grenville 6361:1812–1817 6295:Clitheroe 6257:1807–1810 6252:1806–1807 5958:1790–1793 5363:1599–1800 5159:(2012) . 5157:Bew, John 5133:883674335 4507:10 August 4485:. 660979. 4483:149071105 4475:1534-5815 4334:Artz 1934 4308:. pp. 149 3922:cite book 3375:Citations 3266:, Ch. 3.) 3177:class of 3152:, p. 15). 3136:The name 2506:in 1812. 2420:Dumouriez 2275:the Crown 2234:Directors 2157:the Crown 2051:Defenders 1823:Girondins 1756:Volunteer 1722:Education 1641:1852–1915 1550:1821–1884 1535:1805–1872 1526:Frederick 1444:1800–1865 1431:1778–1854 1411:Catherine 1405:1772–1829 1392:1769–1822 1295:c. 1751 - 1284:1739–1821 1269:1747–1770 1192:1699–1781 1188:Alexander 895:Northside 739:coalition 605:Signature 581:Parent(s) 377:In office 314:In office 262:In office 217:In office 169:In office 104:In office 7881:Mordaunt 7851:Grayling 7736:Whitelaw 7726:Crossman 7691:Morrison 7611:Harcourt 7561:Disraeli 7546:Disraeli 7531:Disraeli 7491:Perceval 7393:Robinson 7283:Cleverly 7230:Miliband 7175:Crosland 7088:Morrison 7003:Rosebery 6988:Rosebery 6908:Aberdeen 6888:Aberdeen 6863:Bathurst 6843:Mulgrave 6838:Harrowby 6808:Grantham 5758:(1925). 5746:Archived 5625:(1975). 5560:(2009). 5510:(1817). 5473:(1922). 5463:21441655 5451:(1832). 5407:(1964). 5376:13112546 5271:(1914). 5260:54499602 5248:(1828). 5221:(1893). 5187:(1869). 5143:(1966). 5005:MS Excel 4713:Bew 2012 4306:The Duel 4225:in JSTOR 4032:Archived 3969:(1896). 3895:27 March 3415:Bew 2012 3305:, Ch 4). 3169:for the 3103:See also 3054:PC (Ire) 2963:writes: 2961:John Bew 2900:did so. 2840:syphilis 2793:paranoia 2743:'s poem 2737:Six Acts 2727:for the 2550:argues: 2524:Chaumont 2494:, 1821. 2383:ministry 2348:Napoleon 2346:against 2035:Viscount 1975:Almack's 1914:Marriage 1819:Jacobins 1815:Cromwell 1738:Irish MP 1637:Marquess 1546:Marquess 1531:Marquess 1427:Marquess 1389:Marquess 1280:Marquess 1220:Governor 851:Napoleon 847:alliance 743:Napoleon 714:-səl-ray 657:PC (Ire) 73:Portrait 58:PC (Ire) 7876:Spencer 7861:Leadsom 7841:Lansley 7801:Beckett 7776:Wakeham 7711:Macleod 7666:Baldwin 7656:Baldwin 7646:Baldwin 7626:Asquith 7616:Balfour 7601:Balfour 7536:Russell 7526:Russell 7516:Althorp 7501:Canning 7378:Walpole 7288:Cameron 7245:Johnson 7240:Hammond 7225:Beckett 7210:Rifkind 7160:Stewart 7133:Stewart 7123:Stewart 7073:Halifax 7053:Reading 7028:Balfour 6953:Stanley 6943:Russell 6928:Russell 6878:Canning 6858:Canning 6191:January 6039:Tregony 5907:at the 5887:Hansard 5860:: 5683:(1925) 5440:1888055 5283:2674230 5210:1140248 4322:302–305 4290:3 April 3185:. (See 3002:Esquire 2741:Shelley 2564:At the 2520:Prussia 2385:of the 2236:of the 2159:in the 2149:Ireland 1969:London 1967:Regency 1900:Suffolk 1896:Tregony 1889:Colonel 1805:in the 1795:Belfast 1652:d. 1919 1647:Theresa 1632:Charles 1438:Frances 1422:Charles 1416:d. 1812 1290:Frances 1266:Seymour 1264:Frances 1216:d. 1737 1203:d. 1788 1113:d. 1733 1098:Colonel 1095:Stewart 1093:William 999:in the 960:to the 931:demesne 762:Ireland 749:at the 733:of the 729:As the 543:British 494:Suicide 464:Ireland 7886:Powell 7866:Stride 7831:Harman 7796:Taylor 7791:Newton 7771:Biffen 7721:Bowden 7706:Butler 7681:Cripps 7486:Howick 7481:C. Fox 7456:C. Fox 7445:C. Fox 7435:Conway 7425:H. Fox 7398:H. 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Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh

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