2313:. Worldwide the number of people who develop ALS yearly is estimated to be 1.9 people per 100,000 per year, while the number of people who have ALS at any given time is estimated to be about 4.5 people per 100,000. In Europe, the number of new cases a year is about 2.6 people per 100,000, while the number affected is 7–9 people per 100,000. The lifetime risk of developing ALS is 1:350 for European men and 1:400 for European women. Men have a higher risk mainly because spinal-onset ALS is more common in men than women. The number of those with ALS in the United States in 2015 was 5.2 people per 100,000, and was higher in whites, males, and people over 60 years old. The number of new cases is about 0.8 people per 100,000 per year in east Asia and about 0.7 people per 100,000 per year in south Asia. About 80% of ALS epidemiology studies have been conducted in Europe and the United States, mostly in people of northern European descent. There is not enough information to determine the rates of ALS in much of the world, including Africa, parts of Asia, India, Russia, and South America. There are several geographic clusters in the Western Pacific where the prevalence of ALS was reported to be 50–100 times higher than the rest of the world, including
915:(ALSFRS-R), a 12-item instrument survey administered as a clinical interview or self-reported questionnaire that produces a score between 48 (normal function) and 0 (severe disability). The ALSFRS-R is the most frequently used outcome measure in clinical trials and is used by doctors to track disease progression. Though the degree of variability is high and a small percentage of people have a much slower progression, on average people with ALS lose about 1 ALSFRS-R point per month. Brief periods of stabilization ("plateaus") and even small reversals in ALSFRS-R score are not uncommon, due to the fact the tool is subjective, can be affected by medication, and different forms of compensation for changes in function. However, it is rare (<1%) for these improvements to be large (i.e. greater than 4 ALSFRS-R points) or sustained (i.e. greater than 12 months). A survey-based study among clinicians showed that they rated a 20% change in the slope of the ALSFRS-R as being clinically meaningful, which is the most common threshold used to determine whether a new treatment is working in clinical trials.
576:
2149:
1865:(NIV) is the main treatment for respiratory failure in ALS. In people with normal bulbar function, it prolongs survival by about seven months and improves quality of life. One study found that NIV is ineffective for people with poor bulbar function while another suggested that it may provide a modest survival benefit. Many people with ALS have difficulty tolerating NIV. Invasive ventilation is an option for people with advanced ALS when NIV is not enough to manage their symptoms. While invasive ventilation prolongs survival, disease progression and functional decline continue. It may decrease the quality of life of people with ALS or their caregivers. Invasive ventilation is more commonly used in Japan than in North America or Europe.
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suggest devices such as ramps, braces, walkers, bathroom equipment (shower chairs, toilet risers, etc.), and wheelchairs that help people remain mobile. Occupational therapists can provide or recommend equipment and adaptations to enable ALS people to retain as much safety and independence in activities of daily living as possible. Since respiratory insufficiency is the primary cause of mortality, physical therapists can help improve respiratory outcomes in people with ALS by implementing pulmonary physical therapy. This includes inspiratory muscle training, lung volume recruitment training, and manual assisted cough therapy aimed at increasing respiratory muscle strength as well as increasing survival rates.
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spread next to either the opposite arm or to the leg on the same side. Bulbar-onset patients most typically get their next symptoms in their arms rather than legs, arm-onset patients typically spreads to the legs before the bulbar region, and leg-onset patients typically spread to the arms rather than the bulbar region. Over time, regardless of where symptoms began, most people eventually lose the ability to walk or use their hands and arms independently. Less consistently, they may lose the ability to speak and to swallow food. It is the eventual development of weakness of the respiratory muscles, with the loss of ability to cough and to breathe without support, that is ultimately life-shortening in ALS.
2119:
normal or only moderately impaired bulbar function, NIV prolongs survival by about seven months and significantly improves the quality of life. For those with poor bulbar function, NIV neither prolongs survival nor improves the quality of life, though it does improve some sleep-related symptoms. Despite the clear benefits of NIV, about 25–30% of all people with ALS are unable to tolerate it, especially those with cognitive impairment or bulbar dysfunction. Results from a large 2015 cohort study suggest that NIV may prolong survival in those with bulbar weakness, so NIV should be offered to all people with ALS, even if it is likely that they will have difficulty tolerating it.
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2377:(other diseases they have), difficulty seeing a neurologist, or dying quickly from an aggressive form of ALS. In the United States in 2015, the lowest prevalence was in the 18–39 age group, while the highest prevalence was in the 70–79 age group. Sporadic ALS usually starts around the ages of 58 to 63 years, while genetic ALS starts earlier, usually around 47 to 52 years. The number of ALS cases worldwide is projected to increase from 222,801 in 2015 to 376,674 in 2040, an increase of 69%. This will largely be due to the aging of the world's population, especially in developing countries.
734:(PLS) is a subtype of the overall ALS category which accounts for about 5% of all cases and only affects the upper motor neurons in the arms, legs, and bulbar region. However, more than 75% of people with apparent PLS go on to later develop lower motor neuron signs within four years of symptom onset, meaning that a definitive diagnosis of PLS cannot be made until several years have passed. PLS has a better prognosis than classical ALS, as it progresses slower, results in less functional decline, does not affect the ability to breathe, and causes less severe weight loss than classical ALS.
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had the highest prevalence of the four US Census regions with 5.5 people per 100,000, followed by the
Northeast (5.1), the South (4.7), and the West (4.4). The Midwest and Northeast likely had a higher prevalence of ALS because they have a higher proportion of whites than the South and West. Ethnically mixed populations may be at a lower risk of developing ALS; a study in Cuba found that people of mixed ancestry were less likely to die from ALS than whites or blacks. There are also differences in the genetics of ALS between different ethnic groups; the most common ALS gene in Europe is
2281:, or palliative care at the end of life, is especially important in ALS because it helps to optimize the management of symptoms and increases the likelihood of a peaceful death. It is unclear exactly when the end-of-life phase begins in ALS, but it is associated with significant difficulty moving, communicating, and, in some cases, thinking. Although many people with ALS fear choking to death (suffocating), they can be reassured that this occurs rarely, less than 1% of the time. Most patients die at home, and in the final days of life, opioids can be used to treat pain and
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2099:(FVC), but it is a poor detector of early respiratory failure and is not a good choice for those with bulbar symptoms, as they have difficulty maintaining a tight seal around the mouthpiece. Measuring FVC while the person is lying on their back (supine FVC) is a more accurate measure of diaphragm weakness than upright FVC. Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) is a rapid, convenient test of diaphragm strength that is not affected by bulbar muscle weakness. If someone with ALS has signs and symptoms of respiratory failure, they should undergo daytime
740:(PMA) is another subtype that accounts for about 5% of the overall ALS category and affects lower motor neurons in the arms, legs, and bulbar region. While PMA is associated with longer survival on average than classical ALS, it is still progressive over time, eventually leading to respiratory failure and death. As with PLS developing into classical ALS, PMA can also develop into classical ALS over time if the lower motor neuron involvement progresses to include upper motor neurons, in which case the diagnosis might be changed to classic ALS.
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2140:, in which they are completely paralyzed except for their eye muscles. About half of the people with ALS who choose to undergo invasive ventilation report a decrease in their quality of life but most still consider it to be satisfactory. However, invasive ventilation imposes a heavy burden on caregivers and may decrease their quality of life. Attitudes toward invasive ventilation vary from country to country; about 30% of people with ALS in Japan choose invasive ventilation, versus less than 5% in North America and Europe.
2087:(NIV) is the primary treatment for respiratory failure in ALS and was the first treatment shown to improve both survival and quality of life. NIV uses a face or nasal mask connected to a ventilator that provides intermittent positive pressure to support breathing. Continuous positive pressure is not recommended for people with ALS because it makes breathing more difficult. Initially, NIV is used only at night because the first sign of respiratory failure is decreased gas exchange (
2275:) and cognitive dysfunction may impair their ability to communicate their wishes regarding care. Continued failure to solicit the preferences of the person with ALS may lead to unplanned and potentially unwanted emergency interventions, such as invasive ventilation. If people with ALS or their family members are reluctant to discuss end-of-life issues, it may be useful to use the introduction of gastrostomy or noninvasive ventilation as an opportunity to bring up the subject.
2091:) during sleep; symptoms associated with this nocturnal hypoventilation include interrupted sleep, anxiety, morning headaches, and daytime fatigue. As the disease progresses, people with ALS develop shortness of breath when lying down, during physical activity or talking, and eventually at rest. Other symptoms include poor concentration, poor memory, confusion, respiratory tract infections, and a weak cough. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death in ALS.
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People with ALS are often instructed to avoid dry or chewy foods in their diet and instead have meals that are soft, moist, and easy to swallow. Switching to thick liquids (like fruit nectar or smoothies) or adding thickeners (to thin fluids like water and coffee) may also help people facing difficulty swallowing liquids. There is tentative evidence that high-calorie diets may prevent further weight loss and improve survival, but more research is still needed.
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1387:(in men more than women). Overall these effects are small, with each exposure in isolation only increasing the likelihood of a very rare condition by a small amount. For instance an individual's lifetime risk of developing ALS might go from "1 in 400" without an exposure to between "1 in 300" and "1 in 200" if they were exposed to heavy metals. A range of other exposures have weaker evidence supporting them and include participation in
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1906:
1163:. Those with a bulbar onset have a worse prognosis than limb-onset ALS; a population-based study found that bulbar-onset ALS patients had a median survival of 2.0 years and a 10-year survival rate of 3%, while limb-onset ALS patients had a median survival of 2.6 years and a 10-year survival rate of 13%. Those with respiratory-onset ALS had a shorter median survival of 1.4 years and 0% survival at 10 years. While
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1342:(4% of familial cases, 1% sporadic), with the remaining genes mostly accounting for fewer than 1% of either familial or sporadic cases. ALS genes identified to date explain the cause of about 70% of familial ALS and about 15% of sporadic ALS. Overall, first-degree relatives of an individual with ALS have a ~1% risk of developing ALS themselves.
895:), including an overactive gag reflex. While the disease does not cause pain directly, pain is a symptom experienced by most people with ALS caused by reduced mobility. Symptoms of lower motor neuron degeneration include muscle weakness and atrophy, muscle cramps, and fleeting twitches of muscles that can be seen under the skin (
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increase the binding affinity of the low-complexity domain, causing their respective proteins to aggregate in the cytoplasm. Once these mutant RNA-binding proteins are misfolded and aggregated, they may be able to misfold normal proteins both within and between cells in a prion-like manner. This also
1258:
While they appear identical clinically and pathologically, ALS can be classified as being either familial or sporadic, depending on whether there is a known family history of the disease and/or whether an ALS-associated genetic mutation has been identified via genetic testing. Familial ALS is thought
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for ALS proposes that cellular damage accumulates over time due to genetic factors present at birth and exposure to environmental risks throughout life. ALS can strike at any age, but its likelihood increases with age. Most people who develop ALS are between the ages of 40 and 70, with an average age
1223:
are the most frequently reported behavioral features of ALS. ALS and FTD are now considered to be part of a common disease spectrum (ALS–FTD) because of genetic, clinical, and pathological similarities. Genetically, repeat expansions in the C9orf72 gene account for about 40% of genetic ALS and 25% of
2372:
ALS can affect people at any age, but the peak incidence is between 50 and 75 years and decreases dramatically after 80 years. The reason for the decreased incidence in the elderly is unclear. One thought is that people who survive into their 80s may not be genetically susceptible to developing ALS;
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connected to a ventilator. It is an option for people with advanced ALS whose respiratory symptoms are poorly managed despite continuous NIV use. While invasive ventilation prolongs survival, especially for those younger than 60, it does not treat the underlying neurodegenerative process. The person
1828:
ALS must be differentiated from the "ALS mimic syndromes", which are unrelated disorders that may have a similar presentation and clinical features to ALS or its variants. Because the prognosis of ALS and closely related subtypes of motor neuron disease are generally poor, neurologists may carry out
2336:
People of all races and ethnic backgrounds may be affected by ALS, but it is more common in whites than in
Africans, Asians, or Hispanics. In the United States in 2015, the prevalence of ALS in whites was 5.4 people per 100,000, while the prevalence in blacks was 2.3 people per 100,000. The Midwest
1876:
Physical therapy can promote functional independence through aerobic, range of motion, and stretching exercises. Occupational therapy can assist with activities of daily living through adaptive equipment. Speech therapy can assist people with ALS who have difficulty speaking. Preventing weight loss
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repeats are deposition of RNA transcripts in the nucleus, translation of the RNA into toxic dipeptide repeat proteins in the cytoplasm, and decreased levels of the normal C9orf72 protein. Mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction leading to dysfunctional motor neuron axonal homeostasis (reduced axonal
1612:
is the most commonly mutated gene in ALS and causes motor neuron death through a number of mechanisms. The pathogenic mutation is a hexanucleotide repeat expansion (a series of six nucleotides repeated over and over); people with up to 30 repeats are considered normal, while people with hundreds or
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that was approved for medical use in the United States in April 2023, for the treatment of SOD1-associated ALS. In a study of 108 patients with SOD1-associated ALS there was a non-significant trend towards a slowing of progression, as well as a significant reduction in neurofilament light chain, a
1274:
There is considerable variation among clinicians on how to approach genetic testing in ALS, and only about half discuss the possibility of genetic inheritance with their patients, particularly if there is no discernible family history of the disease. In the past, genetic counseling and testing was
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can ease problems with breathing and prolong survival, it does not affect the progression rate of ALS. Most people with ALS die between two and four years after the diagnosis. Around 50% of people with ALS die within 30 months of their symptoms beginning, about 20% live between five and ten years,
2252:(RCTs) have yet been conducted to indicate whether enteral tube feeding has benefits compared to continuation of feeding by mouth. Nevertheless, PEG tubes are still offered with the intent of improving the person's quality of life by sustaining nutrition, hydration status, and medication intake.
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may also, occasionally, mimic some of the early symptoms of ALS. Nonetheless, the absence of other neurological features that develop inexorably with ALS means that, over time, the distinction will not present any difficulty to the experienced neurologist; where doubt remains, EMG may be helpful.
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appear remarkably common among patients with ALS, it remains open whether personality can increase susceptibility to ALS directly. Instead, genetic factors giving rise to personality might simultaneously predispose people to developing ALS, or the above personality traits might underlie lifestyle
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The start of ALS may be so subtle that the symptoms are overlooked. The earliest symptoms of ALS are muscle weakness or muscle atrophy, typically on one side of the body. Other presenting symptoms include trouble swallowing or breathing, cramping, or stiffness of affected muscles; muscle weakness
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and shortening (contracture) of muscles. Physical and occupational therapists can recommend exercises that provide these benefits without overworking muscles because muscle exhaustion can lead to a worsening of symptoms associated with ALS, rather than providing help to people with ALS. They can
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Non-invasive ventilation prolongs survival longer than riluzole. A 2006 randomized controlled trial found that NIV prolongs survival by about 48 days and improves the quality of life; however, it also found that some people with ALS benefit more from this intervention than others. For those with
1207:
is a symptom in which patients cry, smile, yawn, or laugh, either in the absence of emotional stimuli, or when they are feeling the opposite emotion to that being expressed; it is experienced by about half of ALS patients and is more common in those with bulbar-onset ALS. While relatively benign
753:
is characterized by lower motor neuron damage affecting the arm muscles, typically starting with the upper arms symmetrically and progressing downwards to the hands. Flail leg syndrome is characterized by lower motor neuron damage leading to asymmetrical weakness and wasting in the legs starting
748:
Isolated variants of ALS have symptoms that are limited to a single region for at least a year; they progress more slowly than classical ALS and are associated with longer survival. These regional variants of ALS can only be considered as a diagnosis should the initial symptoms fail to spread to
2228:
develops in about 85% of people with ALS at some point over the course of their disease. Therefore, regular periodic assessment of the weight and swallowing ability in people with ALS is very important. Dysphagia is often initially managed via dietary changes and modified swallowing techniques.
907:
Although the initial site of symptoms and subsequent rate of disability progression vary from person to person, the initially affected body region is usually the most affected over time, and symptoms usually spread to a neighbouring body region. For example, symptoms starting in one arm usually
719:
ALS. Limb-onset ALS begins with weakness in the hands, arms, feet, and/or legs and accounts for about two-thirds of all classical ALS cases. Bulbar-onset ALS begins with weakness in the muscles of speech, chewing, and swallowing and accounts for about 25% of classical ALS cases. A rarer type of
503:
may help maintain weight and nutrition. Death is usually caused by respiratory failure. The disease can affect people of any age, but usually starts around the age of 60. The average survival from onset to death is two to four years, though this can vary, and about 10% of those affected survive
2159:
plays a large role in rehabilitation for individuals with ALS. Specifically, physical, occupational, and speech therapists can set goals and promote benefits for individuals with ALS by delaying loss of strength, maintaining endurance, limiting pain, improving speech and swallowing, preventing
2094:
It is important to monitor the respiratory function of people with ALS every three months because beginning NIV soon after the start of respiratory symptoms is associated with increased survival. This involves asking the person with ALS if they have any respiratory symptoms and measuring their
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should begin shortly after someone is diagnosed with ALS. Discussion of end-of-life issues gives people with ALS time to reflect on their preferences for end-of-life care and can help avoid unwanted interventions or procedures. Hospice care can improve symptom management at the end of life and
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ALS can also be classified based on the age of onset. While the peak age of onset is 58 to 63 for sporadic ALS and 47 to 52 for genetic ALS, about 10% of all cases of ALS begin before age 45 ("young-onset" ALS), and about 1% of all cases begin before age 25 ("juvenile" ALS). People who develop
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published the first EMG/NCS diagnostic criteria for ALS, consisting of four findings he considered to strongly support the diagnosis. Since then a number of diagnostic criteria have been developed, which are mostly in use for research purposes for inclusion/exclusion criteria, and to stratify
8953:
Brooks BR (July 1994). "El
Escorial World Federation of Neurology criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Subcommittee on Motor Neuron Diseases/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis of the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Neuromuscular Diseases and the El Escorial
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As a disease, ALS itself can be classified in a few different ways: by which part of the motor neurons are affected; by the parts of the body first affected; whether it is genetic; and the age at which it started. Each individual diagnosed with the condition will sit at a unique place at the
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There is no cure for ALS. Management focuses on treating symptoms and providing supportive care, with the goal of improving quality of life and prolonging survival. This care is best provided by multidisciplinary teams of healthcare professionals; attending a multidisciplinary ALS clinic is
871:
In bulbar-onset ALS, the first symptoms are difficulty speaking or swallowing. Speech may become slurred, nasal in character, or quieter. There may be difficulty with swallowing and loss of tongue mobility. A smaller proportion of people experience "respiratory-onset" ALS, where the
1239:. Though its exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors are thought to be of roughly equal importance. The genetic factors are better understood than the environmental factors; no specific environmental factor has been definitively shown to cause ALS. A multi-step
779:
young-onset ALS are more likely to be male, less likely to have bulbar onset of symptoms, and more likely to have a slower progression of the disease. Juvenile ALS is more likely to be genetic in origin than adult-onset ALS; the most common genes associated with juvenile ALS are
1295:, meaning that a patient's ancestors carried the gene but did not express the disease in their lifetimes. The lack of positive family history may be caused by lack of historical records, having a smaller family, older generations dying earlier of causes other than ALS, genetic
2621:(who notably lived longer than any other known person with the condition), a number of other notable individuals have or have had ALS. Several books have been written and films have been made about patients of the disease as well. American sociology professor and ALS patient
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patients for analysis in trials. Research diagnostic criteria for ALS include the "El
Escorial" in 1994, revised in 1998. In 2006, the "Awaji" criteria proposed using EMG and NCV tests to help diagnose ALS earlier, and most recently the "Gold Coast" criteria in 2019.
2244:, in which a tube is placed through the nose and down the esophagus into the stomach. A gastrostomy tube is more appropriate for long-term use than a nasogastric tube, which is uncomfortable and can cause esophageal ulcers. The feeding tube is usually inserted by a
2598:
1525:(normal) SOD1 protein are common in sporadic ALS. It is thought that misfolded mutant SOD1 can cause misfolding and aggregation of wild-type SOD1 in neighboring neurons in a prion-like manner. Other protein degradation genes that can cause ALS when mutated include
1970:
putative ALS biomarker thought to indicate neuronal damage. A follow-up study and open-label extension suggested that earlier treatment initiation had a beneficial effect on slowing disease progression. Tofersen is available as an intrathecal injection into the
2263:, which relieves symptoms and improves the quality of life without treating the underlying disease, should begin shortly after someone is diagnosed with ALS. Early discussion of end-of-life issues gives people with ALS time to reflect on their preferences for
1959:, which was initially shown to prolong the survival of patients by an average of six months. Relyvrio was withdrawn by the manufacturer in April 2024 following the completion of the Phase 3 PHOENIX trial which did not show substantial benefit to ALS patients.
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was the first to describe a disorder he named "progressive muscular atrophy", a form of ALS in which only the lower motor neurons are affected. In 1869, the connection between the symptoms and the underlying neurological problems were first described by
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1158:
Providing individual patients with a precise prognosis is not currently possible, though research is underway to provide statistical models on the basis of prognostic factors including age at onset, progression rate, site of onset, and presence of
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and inspiratory pressure diminish. In respiratory-onset ALS, this may occur before significant limb weakness is apparent. Individuals affected by the disorder may ultimately lose the ability to initiate and control all voluntary movement, known as
1467:
of the brain) and lower motor neurons (located in the brainstem and spinal cord). In ALS with frontotemporal dementia, neurons throughout the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain die as well. The pathological hallmark of ALS is the presence of
1311:) should be considered significant when determining a family history. There have been calls in the research community to routinely counsel and test all diagnosed ALS patients for familial ALS, particularly as there is now a licensed gene therapy (
1315:) specifically targeted to carriers of SOD-1 ALS. A shortage of genetic counselors and limited clinical capacity to see such at-risk individuals makes this challenging in practice, as does the unequal access to genetic testing around the world.
1015:, ALS has staging systems numbered between 1 and 4 that are used for research purposes in clinical trials. Two very similar staging systems emerged around a similar time, the King's staging system and Milano-Torino (MiToS) functional staging.
2596:
4665:
Cedarbaum JM, Stambler N, Malta E, Fuller C, Hilt D, Thurmond B, Nakanishi A (October 1999). "The ALSFRS-R: a revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function. BDNF ALS Study Group (Phase III)".
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There are a number of ALS genes that encode for RNA-binding proteins. The first to be discovered was TDP-43 protein, a nuclear protein that aggregates in the cytoplasm of motor neurons in almost all cases of ALS; however, mutations in
1643:, is a mechanism thought to be common to all forms of ALS. Motor neurons are more sensitive to excitotoxicity than other types of neurons because they have a lower calcium-buffering capacity and a type of glutamate receptor (the
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samples to eliminate the possibility of other diseases, as well as routine laboratory tests. In some cases, for example, if a physician suspects the person may have a myopathy rather than ALS, a muscle biopsy may be performed.
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around the feet. Isolated bulbar palsy is characterized by upper or lower motor neuron damage in the bulbar region (in the absence of limb symptoms for at least 20 months), leading to gradual onset of difficulty with speech (
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1692:
No single test can provide a definite diagnosis of ALS. Instead, the diagnosis of ALS is primarily made based on a physician's clinical assessment after ruling out other diseases. Physicians often obtain the person's full
1000:. Most ALS patients die at home after a period of worsening difficulty breathing, a decline in their nutritional status, or a rapid worsening of symptoms. Sudden death or acute respiratory distress are uncommon. Access to
2223:
in people with ALS improves both survival and quality of life. Weight loss in ALS is often caused by muscle wasting and increased resting energy expenditure. Weight loss may also be secondary to reduced food intake since
863:
In limb-onset ALS, the first symptoms are in the arms or the legs. If the legs are affected first, people may experience awkwardness, tripping, or stumbling when walking or running; this is often marked by walking with a
1741:
Because symptoms of ALS can be similar to those of a wide variety of other, more treatable diseases or disorders, appropriate tests must be conducted to exclude the possibility of other conditions. One of these tests is
607:
which connects to the muscle itself. Damage to either the upper or lower motor neuron, as it makes its way from the brain to muscle, causes different types of symptoms. Damage to the upper motor neuron typically causes
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A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial to
Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of AMX0035 Versus Placebo for 48-week Treatment of Adult Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
710:
Classical ALS accounts for about 70% of all cases of ALS and can be subdivided into where symptoms first appear as these are usually focussed to one region of the body at initial presentation before later spread.
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is thought to involve many different cellular and molecular processes. The genes known to be involved in ALS can be grouped into three general categories based on their normal function: protein degradation, the
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online. Participants filmed themselves filling a bucket full of ice water and pouring it onto themselves; they then nominated other individuals to do the same. Many participants donated to ALS research at the
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in 1933 to reflect his belief that ALS, progressive bulbar palsy, and progressive muscular atrophy were all different forms of the same disease. In some countries, especially the United States, ALS is called
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The multi-step hypothesis suggests the disease is caused by some interaction between an individual's genetic risk factors and their cumulative lifetime of exposures to environmental factors, termed their
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leads to decreased levels of RNA-binding protein in the nucleus, which may mean that their target RNA transcripts do not undergo normal processing. Other RNA metabolism genes associated with ALS include
1208:
relative to other symptoms, it can cause increased stigma and social isolation as people around the patient struggle to react appropriately to what can be frequent and inappropriate outbursts in public.
2187:. These health professionals can teach people adaptive strategies such as techniques to help them speak louder and more clearly. As ALS progresses, speech-language pathologists can recommend the use of
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868:" that drags gently on the ground. If the arms are affected first, they may experience difficulty with tasks requiring manual dexterity, such as buttoning a shirt, writing, or turning a key in a lock.
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Cognitive and behavioral issues are associated with poorer prognosis as they may reduce adherence to medical advice, and deficits in empathy and social cognition which may increase caregiver burden.
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Gautier G, Verschueren A, Monnier A, Attarian S, Salort-Campana E, Pouget J (August 2010). "ALS with respiratory onset: clinical features and effects of non-invasive ventilation on the prognosis".
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Carlesi C, Pasquali L, Piazza S, Lo Gerfo A, Caldarazzo Ienco E, Alessi R, et al. (March 2011). "Strategies for clinical approach to neurodegeneration in
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
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can be used for anxiety. There are no medications to treat cognitive impairment/frontotemporal dementia (FTD); however, SSRIs and antipsychotics can help treat some of the symptoms of FTD.
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and malnutrition in people with ALS improves both survival and quality of life. Initially, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) can be managed by dietary changes and swallowing techniques. A
1655:, a drug that modestly prolongs survival in ALS, inhibits glutamate release from pre-synaptic neurons; however, it is unclear if this mechanism is responsible for its therapeutic effect.
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A person with late-stage ALS with a range of assistive technologies to support movement (power wheelchair), breathing (invasive ventilation), and communication (eye tracker and computer)
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are the most commonly reported cognitive symptoms in ALS. Cognitive impairment is found more frequently in patients with C9orf72 gene repeat expansions, bulbar onset, bulbar symptoms,
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is often feasible, albeit slow, and needs may change over time. Despite these challenges, many people in an advanced state of disease report satisfactory wellbeing and quality of life.
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Illustration showing the range of upper and lower motor neuron involvement in the two most common types of ALS (top row) and three of the most common rare subtypes of ALS (bottom row)
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Yang T, Hou Y, Li C, Cao B, Cheng Y, Wei Q, et al. (July 2021). "Risk factors for cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Luna J, Logroscino G, Couratier P, Marin B (May 2017). "Current issues in ALS epidemiology: Variation of ALS occurrence between populations and physical activity as a risk factor".
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can strengthen unaffected muscles, improve cardiovascular health, and help people fight fatigue and depression. Range of motion and stretching exercises can help prevent painful
220:
Clinical diagnosis of exclusion based on progressive symptoms of upper and lower motor neuron degeneration in which no other explanation can be found. Supportive evidence from
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Creemers H, Grupstra H, Nollet F, van den Berg LH, Beelen A (June 2015). "Prognostic factors for the course of functional status of patients with ALS: a systematic review".
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affecting an arm or a leg; or slurred and nasal speech. The parts of the body affected by early symptoms of ALS depend on which motor neurons in the body are damaged first.
1935:). People with ALS should begin treatment with riluzole as soon as possible following their diagnosis. Riluzole is available as a tablet, liquid, or dissolvable oral film.
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increases the likelihood of a peaceful death. In the final days of life, opioids can be used to treat pain and dyspnea, while benzodiazepines can be used to treat anxiety.
1472:(abnormal aggregations of protein) known as Bunina bodies in the cytoplasm of motor neurons. In about 97% of people with ALS, the main component of the inclusion bodies is
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of 55 at the time of diagnosis. ALS is 20% more common in men than women, but this difference in sex distribution is no longer present in patients with onset after age 70.
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indicating their attitude toward noninvasive ventilation, invasive ventilation, and feeding tubes. Late in the disease course, difficulty speaking due to muscle weakness (
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Beeldman E, Raaphorst J, Klein
Twennaar M, de Visser M, Schmand BA, de Haan RJ (June 2016). "The cognitive profile of ALS: a systematic review and meta-analysis update".
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10549:
4192:
Al-Chalabi A, Hardiman O, Kiernan MC, Chiò A, Rix-Brooks B, van den Berg LH (October 2016). "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: moving towards a new classification system".
413:. Motor neuron loss typically continues until the abilities to eat, speak, move, and, lastly, breathe are all lost. While only 15% of people with ALS also fully develop
1881:
should be considered if someone with ALS loses 5% or more of their body weight or if they cannot safely swallow food and water. The feeding tube is usually inserted by
8072:
7385:
Ahmed RM, Newcombe RE, Piper AJ, Lewis SJ, Yee BJ, Kiernan MC, Grunstein RR (April 2016). "Sleep disorders and respiratory function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
6484:""Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are usually nice persons"-How physicians experienced in ALS see the personality characteristics of their patients"
2191:
such as voice amplifiers, speech-generating devices (or voice output communication devices) or low-tech communication techniques such as head-mounted laser pointers,
1746:(EMG), a special recording technique that detects electrical activity in muscles. Certain EMG findings can support the diagnosis of ALS. Another common test measures
2267:
and can help avoid unwanted interventions or procedures. Once they have been fully informed about all aspects of various life-prolonging measures, they can fill out
9722:
575:
10652:
5269:
Corcia P, Pradat PF, Salachas F, Bruneteau G, Forestier N, Seilhean D, et al. (1 January 2008). "Causes of death in a post-mortem series of ALS patients".
591:
ALS can be classified by the types of motor neurons that are affected. To successfully control any voluntary muscle in the body, a signal must be sent from the
8731:
Zou ZY, Zhou ZR, Che CH, Liu CY, He RL, Huang HP (July 2017). "Genetic epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
8432:
Checkoway H, Lundin JI, Kelada SN (2011). "Chapter 22: Neurodegenerative diseases". In
Rothman N, Hainaut P, Schulte P, Smith M, Boffetta P, Perera F (eds.).
7971:
4247:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Regional Variants (Brachial Amyotrophic Diplegia, Leg Amyotrophic Diplegia, and Isolated Bulbar Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)"
1762:(MRI) is often normal in people with early-stage ALS, it can reveal evidence of other problems that may be causing the symptoms, such as a spinal cord tumor,
9383:
6590:
2236:
should be considered if someone with ALS loses 5% or more of their body weight or if they cannot safely swallow food and water. This can take the form of a
8005:
2863:
8340:
Macpherson CE, Bassile CC (July 2016). "Pulmonary
Physical Therapy Techniques to Enhance Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review".
7233:
8997:
Brooks BR, Miller RG, Swash M, Munsat TL (December 2000). "El
Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
4538:
807:
that are associated with a poor prognosis. Late onset (after age 65) is generally associated with a more rapid functional decline and shorter survival.
6435:"Are people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) particularly nice? An international online case-control study of the Big Five personality factors"
6100:"A survey of current practice in genetic testing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the UK and Republic of Ireland: implications for future planning"
1941:
has been shown to modestly slow the decline in function in a small group of people with early-stage ALS. It may work by protecting motor neurons from
1613:
thousands of repeats can have familial ALS, frontotemporal dementia, or sometimes sporadic ALS. The three mechanisms of disease associated with these
935:
can develop, and maintaining a healthy weight can become a significant problem that may require the insertion of a feeding tube. As the diaphragm and
10885:
3576:
1814:
8910:
Wilbourn AJ (October 1998). "Clinical neurophysiology in the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the Lambert and the El Escorial criteria".
7830:"Safety and efficacy of edaravone in well defined patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial"
4450:
Tard C, Defebvre L, Moreau C, Devos D, Danel-Brunaud V (May 2017). "Clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their prognostic value".
9918:
7193:
Silani V, Messina S, Poletti B, Morelli C, Doretti A, Ticozzi N, Maderna L (March 2011). "The diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 2010".
3553:
1275:
only offered to those with obviously familial ALS. But it is increasingly recognized that cases of sporadic ALS may also be due to disease-causing
5683:
Raaphorst J, Beeldman E, De Visser M, De Haan RJ, Schmand B (October 2012). "A systematic review of behavioural changes in motor neuron disease".
6317:"Identification of risk factors associated with onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using systematic review and meta-analysis"
3928:"Discussing Personalized Prognosis Empowers Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis to Regain Control over Their Future: A Qualitative Study"
483:
There is no known cure for ALS. The goal of treatment is to slow the disease progression, and improve symptoms. Treatments that slow ALS include
1885:(PEG). There is weak evidence that PEG tubes improve survival. PEG insertion is usually performed with the intent of improving quality of life.
1651:), which is the main transporter that removes glutamate from the synapse; this leads to increased synaptic glutamate levels and excitotoxicity.
1579:
codes for FUS, another RNA-binding protein with a similar function to TDP-43, which can cause ALS when mutated. It is thought that mutations in
9913:
9462:
3149:
9040:
de Carvalho M, Dengler R, Eisen A, England JD, Kaji R, Kimura J, et al. (March 2008). "Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS".
3809:
Pupillo E, Messina P, Logroscino G, Beghi E (February 2014). "Long-term survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based study".
1945:. The most common side effects are bruising and gait disturbance. Edaravone is available as an intravenous infusion or as an oral suspension.
3297:
8256:
Pinto S, Carvalho M (2014). "Breathing new life into treatment advances for respiratory failure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients".
6360:
5919:
1318:
More than 40 genes have been associated with ALS, of which four account for nearly half of familial cases, and around 5% of sporadic cases:
1211:
In addition to mild changes in cognition that may only emerge during neuropsychological testing, around 10–15% of individuals have signs of
9715:
3210:
van Es MA, Hardiman O, Chio A, Al-Chalabi A, Pasterkamp RJ, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH (November 2017). "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
1709:, and spasticity are worsening. A number of biomarkers are being studied for the condition, but as of 2023 are not in general medical use.
10645:
6200:
McNeill A, Amador MD, Bekker H, Clarke A, Crook A, Cummings C, et al. (International Alliance of ALS/MND Associations) (June 2022).
5434:
4902:
Castrillo-Viguera C, Grasso DL, Simpson E, Shefner J, Cudkowicz ME (2010). "Clinical significance in the change of decline in ALSFRS-R".
1521:, and RNA processing. Mutant SOD1 protein forms intracellular aggregations that inhibit protein degradation. Cytoplasmic aggregations of
5726:
Couratier P, Corcia P, Lautrette G, Nicol M, Marin B (May 2017). "ALS and frontotemporal dementia belong to a common disease spectrum".
2692:
10933:
9183:
7469:
Lewis M, Rushanan S (2007). "The role of physical therapy and occupational therapy in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
6288:
5001:"A systematic review of the effect of moderate intensity exercise on function and disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
2188:
1181:
or behavioral dysfunction is present in 30–50% of individuals with ALS, and can appear more frequently in later stages of the disease.
973:
651:(PMA) involves only the lower motor neurons. There is debate over whether PLS and PMA are separate diseases or simply variants of ALS.
295:
10675:
10541:
9218:
1253:
7592:"Systematic review of the effectiveness of occupational therapy-related interventions for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
7044:"Mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits in C9orf72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor neurons cause dysfunctional axonal homeostasis"
2608:
1948:
488:
316:
5365:
3861:
Rowland LP (March 2001). "How amyotrophic lateral sclerosis got its name: the clinical-pathologic genius of Jean-Martin Charcot".
1781:
Based on the person's symptoms and findings from the examination and from these tests, the physician may order tests on blood and
1355:. The most consistent lifetime exposures associated with developing ALS (other than genetic mutations) include heavy metals (e.g.
1004:
is recommended from an early stage to explore options, ensure psychosocial support for the patient and caregivers, and to discuss
511:. In 1869, the connection between the symptoms and the underlying neurological problems was first described by French neurologist
17:
10531:
9708:
6024:
5962:
10958:
10918:
10680:
10638:
10511:
10184:
2018:
567:
intersection of these complex and overlapping subtypes, which presents a challenge to diagnosis, understanding, and prognosis.
7513:
797:. Although most people with juvenile ALS live longer than those with adult-onset ALS, some of them have specific mutations in
10536:
10168:
1838:
912:
9153:
3011:
1488:-like propagation of misfolded proteins from cell to cell may explain why ALS starts in one area and spreads to others. The
720:
classical ALS affecting around 3% of patients is respiratory-onset, in which the initial symptoms are difficulty breathing (
10374:
10362:
9824:
8027:
2637:
1982:
Other medications may be used to help reduce fatigue, ease muscle cramps, control spasticity, and reduce excess saliva and
7690:"EFNS guidelines on the clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MALS)--revised report of an EFNS task force"
4487:"Deciphering amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: what phenotype, neuropathology and genetics are telling us about pathogenesis"
9567:
9275:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An update for 2013 Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Management and Therapeutic Trials"
3926:
van Eenennaam RM, Koppenol LS, Kruithof WJ, Kruitwagen-van Reenen ET, Pieters S, van Es MA, et al. (November 2021).
2520:
2245:
1882:
1672:
1627:
8818:
Visser J, de Jong JM, de Visser M (February 2008). "The history of progressive muscular atrophy: syndrome or disease?".
3705:
Connolly S, Galvin M, Hardiman O (April 2015). "End-of-life management in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
10593:
10526:
10081:
9257:
8441:
2111:(too much carbon dioxide in the blood). If their daytime blood gas analysis is normal, they should then have nocturnal
1920:
has been found to modestly prolong survival by about 2–3 months. It may have a greater survival benefit for those with
1822:
1697:
and conduct neurologic examinations at regular intervals to assess whether signs and symptoms such as muscle weakness,
10742:
10701:
10296:
10099:
2666:
2658:
1549:. Three genes implicated in ALS that are important for maintaining the cytoskeleton and for axonal transport include
5247:
2136:
with ALS will continue to lose motor function, making communication increasingly difficult and sometimes leading to
1636:, or nerve cell death caused by high levels of intracellular calcium due to excessive stimulation by the excitatory
10948:
3365:
5873:
Al-Chalabi A, Hardiman O (November 2013). "The epidemiology of ALS: a conspiracy of genes, environment and time".
4296:"Disease duration of progression is helpful in identifying isolated bulbar palsy of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
10415:
7423:
Eisen A, Krieger C (November 2013). "Ethical considerations in the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
2328:
7997:
5202:"Palliative care in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review of current international guidelines and initiatives"
1647:) that is more permeable to calcium. In ALS, there are decreased levels of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (
10923:
10711:
9930:
9906:
9736:
3392:"The heritability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a clinically ascertained United States research registry"
2148:
1789:
A number of infectious diseases can sometimes cause ALS-like symptoms, including human immunodeficiency virus (
1623:
37:"Motor neuron disease" and "Motor neurone disease" redirect here. For a group of muscle-wasting disorders, see
7255:
7229:
6385:
Grossman AB, Levin BE, Bradley WG (March 2006). "Premorbid personality characteristics of patients with ALS".
5099:
Kuzma-Kozakiewicz M, Andersen PM, Ciecwierska K, Vázquez C, Helczyk O, Loose M, et al. (September 2019).
3896:
10943:
10661:
10609:
10494:
10410:
10352:
10122:
9901:
1842:
249:
3449:
468:(hereditary). About half of these genetic cases are due to disease-causing variants in one of four specific
10953:
10578:
9952:
8076:
2568:
2531:
was the first to connect the clinical symptoms with the pathology seen at autopsy. The British neurologist
1928:
1846:
1005:
737:
648:
548:
7287:"Characteristics of fasciculations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the benign fasciculation syndrome"
6693:"Axonal Transport and Neurodegeneration: How Marine Drugs Can Be Used for the Development of Therapeutics"
5986:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Genetic Studies: From Genome-wide Association Mapping to Genome Sequencing"
10859:
10088:
2632:
2249:
1810:
1750:(NCV). Specific abnormalities in the NCV results may suggest, for example, that the person has a form of
241:
9679:
4616:
Gromicho M, Figueiral M, Uysal H, Grosskreutz J, Kuzma-Kozakiewicz M, Pinto S, et al. (July 2020).
3545:
1504:
10566:
10116:
9788:
8861:
Wijesekera LC, Mathers S, Talman P, Galtrey C, Parkinson MH, Ganesalingam J, et al. (March 2009).
8459:"Global epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of the published literature"
2240:
tube, in which a tube is placed through the wall of the abdomen into the stomach, or (less commonly) a
1794:
1759:
1527:
1400:
750:
324:
253:
10890:
10768:
10706:
10516:
10484:
10458:
10436:
10285:
9864:
8073:"FDA approves treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with a mutation in the SOD1 gene"
2583:
only refers to "classical" ALS, meaning the form with both upper and lower motor neuron involvement.
2572:
2451:
2447:
2302:
2248:
procedure (PEG). While there is weak evidence that PEG tubes improve survival in people with ALS, no
2184:
2127:
Invasive ventilation bypasses the nose and mouth (the upper airways) by making a cut in the trachea (
1995:
1966:
1956:
1747:
1484:
mutations, the main component of the inclusion bodies is SOD1 protein or FUS protein, respectively.
1240:
1198:
731:
644:
544:
461:
382:
9205:
Goetz CG (March 2000). "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: early contributions of Jean-Martin Charcot".
10583:
10357:
9771:
9668:
9578:
7688:
Andersen PM, Abrahams S, Borasio GD, de Carvalho M, Chio A, Van Damme P, et al. (March 2012).
5150:"The optimisation of noninvasive ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review"
5148:
O'Brien D, Stavroulakis T, Baxter S, Norman P, Bianchi S, Elliott M, et al. (September 2019).
3296:
Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Chio A, Corr EM, Logroscino G, Robberecht W, et al. (October 2017).
2564:
2167:
can also enhance people's independence and safety throughout the course of ALS. Gentle, low-impact
2084:
2077:
2060:
is safe and effective for treating cramps in ALS based on a randomized controlled trial from 2016.
1862:
985:
828:
625:
552:
492:
287:
5200:
Bede P, Oliver D, Stodart J, van den Berg L, Simmons Z, O Brannagáin D, et al. (April 2011).
3495:"Emerging insights into the complex genetics and pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
2418:
1685:
460:
are believed to be involved. The remaining 5–10% of cases have a genetic cause, often linked to a
10588:
10521:
10277:
10095:
9947:
9937:
9781:
6316:
6251:"The importance of offering early genetic testing in everyone with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
2512:
means "scarring" or "hardening" and refers to the death of the motor neurons in the spinal cord.
1818:
1300:
1212:
1160:
414:
161:
154:
9700:
9248:
Gordon PH (2006). "Chapter 1: History of ALS". In Mitsumoto H, Przedborski S, Gordon PH (eds.).
2152:
A man with ALS communicates by pointing to letters and words using a head-mounted laser pointer.
10928:
10453:
10445:
10400:
10076:
10048:
9896:
9083:
Shefner JM, Al-Chalabi A, Baker MR, Cui LY, de Carvalho M, Eisen A, et al. (August 2020).
8506:
Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Brayne C, Beghi E, van den Berg LH, Chio A, et al. (July 2017).
5505:
Crockford C, Newton J, Lonergan K, Chiwera T, Booth T, Chandran S, et al. (October 2018).
3493:
Goutman SA, Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Chió A, Savelieff MG, Kiernan MC, Feldman EL (May 2022).
3051:
Goutman SA, Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Chió A, Savelieff MG, Kiernan MC, Feldman EL (May 2022).
2310:
2306:
2192:
1830:
1407:
1396:
1264:
496:
236:
9618:
9516:
8102:
Miller TM, Cudkowicz ME, Genge A, Shaw PJ, Sobue G, Bucelli RC, et al. (September 2022).
6648:
Okamoto K, Mizuno Y, Fujita Y (April 2008). "Bunina bodies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
5430:
5101:"An observational study on quality of life and preferences to sustain life in locked-in state"
10737:
10468:
10342:
10160:
10138:
10053:
9976:
9886:
9873:
9798:
7972:"FDA Approves Oral Form for the treatment of adults with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)"
6531:
Robberecht W, Philips T (April 2013). "The changing scene of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
5312:
Fang T, Al Khleifat A, Stahl DR, Lazo La Torre C, Murphy C, Young C, et al. (May 2017).
2662:
2524:
2468:
2298:
2096:
1952:
1751:
1508:
This figure shows ten proposed disease mechanisms for ALS and the genes associated with them.
1268:
1186:
532:
528:
457:
394:
38:
9175:
8155:
Lu CH, Macdonald-Wallis C, Gray E, Pearce N, Petzold A, Norgren N, et al. (June 2015).
6250:
6249:
Salmon K, Kiernan MC, Kim SH, Andersen PM, Chio A, van den Berg LH, et al. (May 2022).
5507:"ALS-specific cognitive and behavior changes associated with advancing disease stage in ALS"
10763:
10405:
10222:
10111:
8649:
6328:
3403:
2645:
2627:
2508:
2455:
2203:
2183:
People with ALS who have difficulty speaking or swallowing may benefit from working with a
2164:
1676:
1441:
1260:
957:
932:
928:
840:
560:
245:
31:
9646:
9546:
210:; heavy metals; organic chemicals; smoking; electric shock; physical exercise; head injury
8:
10758:
10334:
9981:
9836:
9776:
9556:
7093:
Verber NS, Shepheard SR, Sassani M, McDonough HE, Moore SA, Alix JJ, et al. (2019).
4853:
Bedlack RS, Vaughan T, Wicks P, Heywood J, Sinani E, Selsov R, et al. (March 2016).
3765:
Kiernan MC, Vucic S, Cheah BC, Turner MR, Eisen A, Hardiman O, et al. (March 2011).
2528:
2430:
in his 1874 paper. Flail arm syndrome, a regional variant of ALS, was first described by
2423:
2390:
2325:. The incidence in these areas has decreased since the 1960s; the cause remains unknown.
1931:
from pre-synaptic neurons. The most common side effects are nausea and a lack of energy (
1806:
1449:
1445:
1388:
1296:
1204:
993:
965:
823:
throughout the body due to the degeneration of the upper motor and lower motor neurons.
512:
425:. Depending on which of the aforementioned symptoms develops first, ALS is classified as
261:
257:
170:
150:
146:
72:
8653:
8508:"The changing picture of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: lessons from European registers"
8457:
Chiò A, Logroscino G, Traynor BJ, Collins J, Simeone JC, Goldstein LA, White LA (2013).
8209:"Comprehensive rehabilitative care across the spectrum of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
7660:
7635:
7042:
Mehta AR, Gregory JM, Dando O, Carter RN, Burr K, Nanda J, et al. (February 2021).
6332:
6049:
McNeill A, Amador MD, Bekker H, Clarke A, Crook A, Cummings C, et al. (June 2022).
3649:
Soriani MH, Desnuelle C (May 2017). "Care management in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
3407:
2409:. In some countries, especially the United States, ALS is called "Lou Gehrig's disease".
1829:
investigations to evaluate and exclude other diagnostic possibilities. Disorders of the
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Mehta P, Kaye W, Raymond J, Punjani R, Larson T, Cohen J, et al. (November 2018).
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4735:
4711:"Clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and perspective"
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3003:
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associated with longer survival, fewer hospitalizations, and improved quality of life.
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5583:
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5484:
5388:
5366:"Phenotypic heterogeneity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population based study"
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Atassi N, Berry J, Shui A, Zach N, Sherman A, Sinani E, et al. (November 2014).
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4378:
4327:
4276:
4219:
4161:
4149:
4129:
4097:
4055:
4025:
3959:
3878:
3838:
3826:
3788:
3722:
3666:
3608:
3596:
3524:
3431:
3320:
3227:
3131:
3082:
2995:
2918:
2906:
2810:
2744:
2434:
in 1886. Flail leg syndrome, another regional variant of ALS, was first described by
2268:
2049:
may be prescribed when people with ALS begin having trouble swallowing their saliva (
1841:, may also mimic ALS, although this rarely presents diagnostic difficulty over time.
1834:
1513:
1489:
1463:
The defining feature of ALS is the death of both upper motor neurons (located in the
1453:
1415:
1372:
1360:
1182:
836:
279:
265:
215:
104:
9069:
9026:
8983:
8939:
8847:
8779:"What's in a name? Problems, facts and controversies regarding neurological eponyms"
8760:
8549:
8418:
8157:"Neurofilament light chain: A prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
7452:
7436:
6677:
6414:
6356:
6147:
Müller K, Oh KW, Nordin A, Panthi S, Kim SH, Nordin F, et al. (February 2022).
5902:
5852:
5712:
5669:
5626:
5597:
Wicks P (July 2007). "Excessive yawning is common in the bulbar-onset form of ALS".
5400:
5298:
4787:
4602:
4231:
4109:
3734:
3239:
1618:
length and fast axonal transport of mitochondrial cargo) has been shown to occur in
765:
10864:
10390:
10261:
10256:
10041:
10036:
9629:
9418:
9360:
9338:
9294:
9286:
9234:
9214:
9106:
9096:
9049:
9006:
8963:
8919:
8882:
8874:
8863:"Natural history and clinical features of the flail arm and flail leg ALS variants"
8827:
8790:
8740:
8705:
8665:
8657:
8605:
8597:
8527:
8519:
8478:
8470:
8396:
8369:
8349:
8312:
8304:
8265:
8228:
8220:
8176:
8168:
8119:
8028:"ALS drug will be pulled from US market after study showed patients didn't benefit"
7942:
7901:
7891:
7841:
7802:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7723:
7701:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7603:
7557:
7517:
7478:
7432:
7394:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7298:
7202:
7165:
7157:
7116:
7106:
7065:
7055:
7014:
7010:
7006:
6965:
6955:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6865:
6855:
6814:
6806:
6765:
6755:
6714:
6704:
6657:
6602:
6540:
6503:
6495:
6454:
6446:
6394:
6336:
6270:
6262:
6221:
6213:
6172:
6164:
6111:
6070:
6062:
6020:
6000:
5882:
5832:
5795:
5787:
5779:
5735:
5692:
5649:
5606:
5563:
5526:
5518:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5380:
5333:
5325:
5278:
5243:
5221:
5213:
5161:
5120:
5112:
5071:
5061:
5034:
5012:
4971:
4961:
4911:
4874:
4866:
4822:
4814:
4767:
4730:
4722:
4695:
4675:
4637:
4629:
4618:"Spreading in ALS: The relative impact of upper and lower motor neuron involvement"
4582:
4563:
Chiò A, Mora G, Lauria G (February 2017). "Pain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
4506:
4498:
4485:
Ravits J, Appel S, Baloh RH, Barohn R, Brooks BR, Elman L, et al. (May 2013).
4459:
4419:
4409:
4368:
4358:
4317:
4307:
4266:
4258:
4209:
4201:
4141:
4089:
4015:
4005:
3949:
3939:
3870:
3818:
3778:
3714:
3658:
3588:
3514:
3506:
3421:
3411:
3332:
3312:
3219:
3121:
3113:
3072:
3064:
3007:
2987:
2898:
2800:
2792:
2734:
2724:
2649:
2264:
2241:
2168:
2156:
1942:
1925:
1921:
1743:
1725:
1717:
1668:
1637:
1469:
1276:
1190:
221:
96:
83:
8385:"Causes and place of death in Italian patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
7947:
7930:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7865:
6995:"There has been an awakening: Emerging mechanisms of C9orf72 mutations in FTD/ALS"
6560:
6116:
6099:
6098:
De Oliveira HM, Soma A, Baker MR, Turner MR, Talbot K, Williams TL (August 2023).
5329:
3925:
10829:
10824:
10814:
10696:
10312:
10003:
9583:
9423:
9406:
9343:
9326:
9145:
9101:
9084:
9053:
8709:
8353:
8172:
5739:
5696:
5522:
5116:
5017:
5000:
4870:
4818:
4726:
4709:
Wong C, Stavrou M, Elliott E, Gregory JM, Leigh N, Pinto AA, et al. (2021).
4502:
4463:
3662:
3416:
3117:
3053:"Recent advances in the diagnosis and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
2972:
2654:
2622:
2618:
2260:
2088:
2022:
1888:
1694:
1433:
1392:
1167:
1001:
964:
are uncommon, although trouble getting to a toilet can lead to difficulties. The
621:
540:
406:
390:
225:
10630:
6340:
5166:
5149:
4010:
2002:) can be used for neuropathic pain, while nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (
10799:
10369:
10318:
10146:
9855:
9732:
9632:
9594:
9010:
8054:
7862:
7398:
7331:"Mechanical ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease"
7161:
7060:
6760:
6217:
6066:
4312:
4047:
3592:
2889:
Kwan J, Vullaganti M (September 2022). "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mimics".
2477:
2431:
2286:
2112:
2046:
1971:
1767:
1706:
1698:
1633:
1457:
1437:
1012:
948:
887:). Symptoms of upper motor neuron involvement include tight and stiff muscles (
824:
749:
other spinal cord regions for an extended period of time (at least 12 months).
410:
92:
9657:
9531:
9325:
Huynh W, Simon NG, Grosskreutz J, Turner MR, Vucic S, Kiernan MC (July 2016).
8795:
8778:
7880:"Disease-modifying and symptomatic treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
6960:
6943:
6398:
5886:
5653:
5282:
4915:
4771:
4262:
4145:
4093:
3874:
2991:
10912:
10869:
10819:
10789:
10784:
10395:
10347:
10217:
9986:
9942:
9793:
9635:
9290:
8744:
8523:
7896:
7746:"Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND)"
7636:"Enteral tube feeding for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease"
7608:
7591:
7516:. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Rockville, MD. Archived from
7111:
6168:
6004:
5836:
5567:
5384:
5217:
4966:
4398:"Inherited Paediatric Motor Neuron Disorders: Beyond Spinal Muscular Atrophy"
3944:
2683:
2532:
2454:(NCV) testing began to be used to evaluate clinically suspected ALS. In 1969
2374:
2318:
2132:
2007:
1999:
1771:
1702:
1644:
1411:
1308:
1220:
1216:
1194:
896:
892:
629:
613:
402:
129:
9407:"The ALS ice bucket challenge – can a splash of water reinvigorate a field?"
7929:
Takei K, Watanabe K, Yuki S, Akimoto M, Sakata T, Palumbo J (October 2017).
7806:
7206:
6266:
6202:"Predictive genetic testing for Motor neuron disease: time for a guideline?"
6051:"Predictive genetic testing for Motor neuron disease: time for a guideline?"
10844:
10839:
10794:
9891:
9761:
9744:
9432:
9352:
9308:
9226:
9120:
9061:
9018:
8954:"Clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" workshop contributors".
8896:
8839:
8804:
8752:
8717:
8679:
8636:
Arthur KC, Calvo A, Price TR, Geiger JT, Chiò A, Traynor BJ (August 2016).
8619:
8601:
8541:
8492:
8410:
8361:
8326:
8277:
8242:
8190:
8133:
7956:
7915:
7855:
7814:
7779:
7715:
7669:
7617:
7571:
7490:
7482:
7444:
7406:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7364:
7312:
7303:
7286:
7214:
7179:
7130:
7079:
7028:
6979:
6928:
6879:
6828:
6779:
6728:
6669:
6614:
6552:
6517:
6468:
6406:
6348:
6284:
6235:
6186:
6125:
6084:
6012:
5894:
5844:
5809:
5747:
5704:
5661:
5618:
5575:
5540:
5488:
5392:
5347:
5290:
5235:
5175:
5134:
5098:
5085:
5026:
4985:
4923:
4888:
4836:
4779:
4744:
4687:
4651:
4594:
4520:
4471:
4433:
4414:
4382:
4331:
4280:
4223:
4153:
4101:
4059:
4029:
3963:
3882:
3830:
3792:
3726:
3670:
3600:
3528:
3435:
3324:
3231:
3135:
3086:
2999:
2910:
2814:
2748:
2506:
identifies the locations in the spinal cord of the affected motor neurons.
2435:
2414:
2278:
2233:
2220:
2128:
1878:
1798:
1729:
1518:
1493:
1464:
1164:
969:
831:
are generally unaffected, meaning the majority of people with ALS maintain
592:
536:
508:
500:
386:
291:
229:
178:
8975:
8931:
8124:
8103:
7931:"Edaravone and its clinical development for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
6606:
5640:
Sauvé WM (December 2016). "Recognizing and treating pseudobulbar affect".
5066:
4363:
2729:
2563:
in the US) refers to all forms of the disease, including "classical" ALS,
1170:
lived for 55 more years following his diagnosis, his was an unusual case.
10849:
10804:
10716:
9850:
9811:
9753:
9663:
9652:
9613:
7562:
7545:
7329:
Radunovic A, Annane D, Rafiq MK, Brassington R, Mustfa N (October 2017).
6744:"Defining novel functions for cerebrospinal fluid in ALS pathophysiology"
5201:
4803:"The PRO-ACT database: design, initial analyses, and predictive features"
4245:
Jawdat O, Statland JM, Barohn RJ, Katz JS, Dimachkie MM (November 2015).
3316:
2635:, and Stephen Hawking was the subject of the critically acclaimed biopic
2237:
2216:
2208:
2108:
2042:
2034:
1775:
1721:
1539:
1380:
1299:, and uncertainty over whether certain neuropsychiatric conditions (e.g.
201:
30:
This article is about the neurodegenerative disease. For other uses, see
9484:
9219:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(200003)23:3<336::AID-MUS4>3.0.CO;2-L
8661:
8532:
7371:
6860:
5822:
4214:
3361:
2973:"Supportive and symptomatic management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
2332:
Estimated prevalence of ALS in the United States by age group, 2012–2015
1825:
can also mimic certain aspects of the disease and should be considered.
10809:
10721:
9961:
9831:
9641:
9327:"Assessment of the upper motor neuron in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
9111:
8638:"Projected increase in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from 2015 to 2040"
8383:
Spataro R, Lo Re M, Piccoli T, Piccoli F, La Bella V (September 2010).
8224:
7969:
7546:"Motor neuron disease: systematic reviews of treatment for ALS and SMA"
6895:"Mechanisms of FUS mutations in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
6810:
6709:
5791:
4633:
2614:
2549:
2498:
2406:
2272:
2176:
2080:
supports breathing with a face or nasal mask connected to a ventilator.
2057:
2050:
2030:
1991:
1987:
1590:
1533:
1332:
1292:
944:
888:
884:
879:
Over time, people experience increasing difficulty moving, swallowing (
820:
798:
781:
755:
609:
445:
434:
398:
336:
Life expectancy highly variable but typically 2–4 years after diagnosis
303:
283:
138:
125:
66:
9499:
8691:
8689:
8474:
8308:
8269:
6450:
5226:
3822:
2902:
2796:
2385:
2171:
such as performing activities of daily living, walking, swimming, and
1235:
It is not known what causes sporadic ALS, hence it is described as an
10854:
10071:
10022:
10010:
9993:
9925:
9624:
9541:
9376:"George Bush delivers possibly the best ALS ice bucket challenge yet"
7634:
Sulistyo A, Abrahao A, Freitas ME, Ritsma B, Zinman L (August 2023).
6795:"Modelling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: progress and possibilities"
6499:
4901:
2225:
2104:
1938:
1640:
1522:
1364:
997:
924:
923:
Difficulties with chewing and swallowing make eating very difficult (
880:
865:
844:
759:
725:
473:
438:
331:
312:
174:
142:
109:
6544:
5783:
2095:
respiratory function. The most commonly used measurement is upright
1688:
around the center of the image, consistent with the diagnosis of ALS
1630:
gene-editing, and human post-mortem spinal cord tissue examination.
968:
responsible for eye movement are usually spared, meaning the use of
10546:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
10251:
10243:
10209:
10063:
9966:
9688:
9674:
8686:
8586:"Prevalence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis – United States, 2015"
7263:
6742:
Ng Kee Kwong KC, Mehta AR, Nedergaard M, Chandran S (August 2020).
6741:
5147:
4577:
4396:
Teoh HL, Carey K, Sampaio H, Mowat D, Roscioli T, Farrar M (2017).
2545:
2038:
2026:
1962:
1932:
1917:
1910:
1802:
1755:
1652:
1352:
1312:
1304:
940:
484:
453:
422:
320:
308:
7687:
5984:
He J, Mangelsdorf M, Fan D, Bartlett P, Brown MA (December 2015).
4757:
2401:
2373:
alternatively, ALS in the elderly might go undiagnosed because of
2033:
are the most commonly used oral drugs for treating spasticity; an
1512:
It is still not fully understood why neurons die in ALS, but this
587:, which go from the spinal cord to the muscles, highlighted teal.
10939:
Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system
9730:
8436:. International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 408–409.
8293:"Rehabilitation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: why it matters"
6844:"The genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current insights"
5682:
5311:
4615:
4079:
3102:"Lifetime Risk and Heritability of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"
2682:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2282:
1432:
Upon examination at autopsy, features of the disease that can be
1384:
1368:
1320:
1287:
832:
816:
721:
647:(PLS) involves degeneration of only the upper motor neurons, and
600:
9572:
7146:"Electrodiagnosis in persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
6941:
6792:
2211:
tube is placed through the wall of the abdomen into the stomach.
1905:
1173:
10290:
10031:
9998:
9526:
9511:
9457:
9411:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration
7935:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration
7328:
7095:"Biomarkers in Motor Neuron Disease: A State of the Art Review"
7092:
6315:
Wang MD, Little J, Gomes J, Cashman NR, Krewski D (July 2017).
6104:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration
5318:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration
4491:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration
2502:
means "muscle malnourishment" or the wasting of muscle tissue.
2011:
2003:
1983:
1563:
1545:
1473:
1376:
1338:
617:
9039:
8999:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders
8860:
5504:
3577:"Sodium Phenylbutyrate and Ursodoxicoltaurine: First Approval"
3100:
Ryan M, Heverin M, McLaughlin RL, Hardiman O (November 2019).
1868:
1712:
499:
can prolong survival but does not stop disease progression. A
417:, an estimated 50% face at least some minor difficulties with
8505:
7792:
6944:"ALS Genes in the Genomic Era and their Implications for FTD"
6432:
5725:
5268:
5199:
4191:
4130:"The phenotypic variability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
3808:
3492:
3099:
3050:
1782:
1648:
1602:
1551:
1485:
1201:
of ALS, and/or a predominantly upper motor neuron phenotype.
848:
635:
Classical, or classic ALS, involves degeneration to both the
599:
as it travels down the spinal cord. There, it connects via a
480:, with testing conducted to rule out other potential causes.
397:. ALS often presents in its early stages with gradual muscle
385:
that results in the progressive loss of both upper and lower
8695:
8456:
8202:
8200:
8154:
7633:
5314:"Comparison of the King's and MiToS staging systems for ALS"
4948:
Yunusova Y, Plowman EK, Green JR, Barnett C, Bede P (2019).
4664:
3209:
1675:) looking at a person as if from above that shows increased
1663:
10897:
Ice Bucket Challenge: Pete Frates and the Fight Against ALS
9479:
9324:
8207:
Paganoni S, Karam C, Joyce N, Bedlack R, Carter GT (2015).
8052:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7192:
5920:"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - Symptoms and causes"
5450:
4947:
4445:
4443:
3156:. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
2866:. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
2314:
1596:
1575:, the gene that codes for TDP-43, are a rare cause of ALS.
1557:
1356:
1326:
1281:
803:
793:
787:
579:
Classic ALS involves neurons in the brain and spinal cord (
469:
207:
8382:
6097:
5364:
Chiò A, Calvo A, Moglia C, Mazzini L, Mora G (July 2011).
4852:
3994:"Clinical Spectrum of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)"
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3295:
2413:
Descriptions of the disease date back to at least 1824 by
620:, while damage to the lower motor neuron typically causes
507:
Descriptions of the disease date back to at least 1824 by
9082:
8776:
8772:
8770:
8206:
8197:
6942:
Nguyen HP, Van Broeckhoven C, van der Zee J (June 2018).
6433:
Parkin Kullmann JA, Hayes S, Pamphlett R (October 2018).
6199:
6048:
5768:"State of play in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genetics"
4708:
3992:
Grad LI, Rouleau GA, Ravits J, Cashman NR (August 2017).
3390:
Wingo TS, Cutler DJ, Yarab N, Kelly CM, Glass JD (2011).
1790:
956:. Bladder and bowel function are usually spared, meaning
495:
may result in both improved quality, and length of life.
8777:
Teive HA, Lima PM, Germiniani FM, Munhoz RP (May 2016).
8101:
7970:
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (16 June 2022).
7928:
7532:
6841:
6690:
6248:
5983:
4440:
4244:
3991:
2073:
992:
The most common cause of death among people with ALS is
9474:
9469:
8996:
8583:
7464:
7462:
7384:
7041:
6793:
Van Damme P, Robberecht W, Van Den Bosch L (May 2017).
5431:"Stephen Hawking serves as role model for ALS patients"
4449:
3970:
3764:
1259:
to account for 10–15% of cases overall and can include
8817:
8767:
8635:
6314:
5363:
5047:
4484:
3704:
2555:
In the United States and continental Europe, the term
2160:
complications, and promoting functional independence.
1924:. It may work by decreasing release of the excitatory
931:
food into the lungs. In later stages of the disorder,
8431:
4395:
4187:
4185:
4183:
3389:
1805:. Neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis,
1085:
MiToS ALS staging system and prognosis at each stage
1019:
Kings ALS staging system and prognosis at each stage
9489:
7459:
6384:
6146:
1399:, manual occupations, military service, exposure to
7877:
7827:
7743:
6848:
Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease
6647:
5761:
5759:
5757:
4800:
2163:Occupational therapy and special equipment such as
1913:, a medication that prolongs survival by 2–3 months
979:
570:
9320:
9318:
8733:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
8512:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
8290:
6157:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
5872:
5825:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
5556:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
5373:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
5206:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
4347:"Juvenile Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Review"
4180:
2781:"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical review"
1345:
911:The rate of progression can be measured using the
10660:
8631:
8629:
8339:
8104:"Trial of Antisense Oligonucleotide Tofersen for
6842:Alsultan AA, Waller R, Heath PR, Kirby J (2016).
6530:
5765:
5500:
5498:
5359:
5357:
4127:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
2037:baclofen pump can be used for severe spasticity.
543:of the body. Other motor neuron diseases include
95:affected by ALS, causing progressive symptoms in
10910:
9140:
9138:
9085:"A proposal for new diagnostic criteria for ALS"
8434:Molecular Epidemiology: Principles and Practices
6691:White JA, Banerjee R, Gunawardena S (May 2016).
5754:
4950:"Clinical Measures of Bulbar Dysfunction in ALS"
4943:
4941:
4537:. UK: National Health Service. 15 January 2018.
4293:
3648:
2864:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Fact Sheet"
2778:
2603:A student demonstrating the ice bucket challenge
2575:. In the United Kingdom and Australia, the term
1456:(which control the tongue), and thinning of the
1419:choices which are in turn risk factors for ALS.
918:
743:
393:contraction. ALS is the most common form of the
9315:
8067:
8065:
7744:Miller RG, Mitchell JD, Moore DH (March 2012).
7324:
7322:
6588:
6481:
6380:
6378:
4848:
4846:
4294:Zhang H, Chen L, Tian J, Fan D (October 2021).
4054:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3804:
3802:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
2970:
2710:
1724:as a white region in the posterior part of the
1247:
1043:Symptom onset, involvement of the first region
724:) upon exertion, at rest, or while lying flat (
9480:International Alliance of ALS/MND Associations
8626:
8053:Amylyx Pharmaceuticals Inc. (4 January 2023).
7884:Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders
7589:
5914:
5912:
5766:Renton AE, Chiò A, Traynor BJ (January 2014).
5605:(1): 76, author reply 76–76, author reply 77.
5495:
5451:Martin S, Al Khleifat A, Al-Chalabi A (2017).
5354:
4622:Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
4562:
4344:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3029:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2888:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2706:
2704:
1291:, an incomplete family history, or incomplete
989:and about 10% survive for 10 years or longer.
429:(begins with weakness in the arms or legs) or
10646:
9716:
9135:
8730:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8255:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7468:
7418:
7416:
7262:. BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. Archived from
5868:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5446:
5444:
4938:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4041:
4039:
3901:ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
1900:
1174:Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms
8062:
7739:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7596:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
7422:
7319:
6992:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6375:
6310:
6308:
6306:
5553:
5453:"What causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?"
5195:
5193:
4855:"How common are ALS plateaus and reversals?"
4843:
3799:
3700:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3467:
3385:
3383:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2353:, while the most common ALS gene in Asia is
2021:(SSRIs) or tricyclic antidepressants, while
1720:looking at a person from side-on that shows
10435:
8590:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
7750:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7640:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7335:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7143:
5909:
5050:"Communication Support for People with ALS"
4558:
4556:
3998:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
3845:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2755:
2701:
2068:
943:that support breathing weaken, measures of
876:that support breathing are affected first.
347:Incidence: 1.6/100,000 individuals per year
10653:
10639:
9723:
9709:
8568:
8291:Majmudar S, Wu J, Paganoni S (July 2014).
7676:
7413:
7256:"Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: About"
7230:"Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)"
6892:
6482:Mehl T, Jordan B, Zierz S (January 2017).
5859:
5441:
4116:
4036:
3741:
3246:
2971:Hobson EV, McDermott CJ (September 2016).
2925:
2689:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet"
2189:augmentative and alternative communication
1758:(muscle disease) rather than ALS. While a
1684:signal as a small white region within the
1406:Although some personality traits, such as
487:(extends life by two to three months) and
381:in the United States, is a rare, terminal
350:Prevalence: 4.4/100,000 living individuals
296:Augmentative and alternative communication
82:
9422:
9373:
9342:
9298:
9110:
9100:
8886:
8794:
8669:
8609:
8531:
8482:
8400:
8316:
8232:
8180:
8123:
7946:
7905:
7895:
7845:
7769:
7730:
7705:
7659:
7607:
7561:
7354:
7302:
7169:
7120:
7110:
7069:
7059:
7018:
6969:
6959:
6918:
6869:
6859:
6818:
6769:
6759:
6718:
6708:
6567:
6507:
6458:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6303:
6274:
6225:
6176:
6115:
6074:
5799:
5530:
5478:
5468:
5337:
5225:
5190:
5165:
5124:
5075:
5065:
5048:Beukelman D, Fager S, Nordness A (2011).
5016:
4975:
4965:
4878:
4826:
4734:
4641:
4576:
4510:
4423:
4413:
4372:
4362:
4321:
4311:
4270:
4213:
4128:Swinnen B, Robberecht W (November 2014).
4045:
4019:
4009:
3953:
3943:
3782:
3518:
3425:
3415:
3380:
3172:
3125:
3076:
2804:
2738:
2728:
2711:Wijesekera LC, Leigh PN (February 2009).
2579:refers to all forms of the disease while
1977:
1736:
1336:(4% of familial cases, 1% sporadic), and
1254:Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
927:) and increase the risk of choking or of
8909:
4553:
3677:
3615:
3540:
3538:
2821:
2609:List of people with motor neuron disease
2590:
2400:
2384:
2327:
2202:
2147:
2072:
1904:
1867:
1711:
1662:
1503:
1330:(12% of familial cases, 1–2% sporadic),
764:
574:
489:sodium phenylbutyrate/ursodoxicoltaurine
317:Sodium phenylbutyrate/ursodoxicoltaurine
196:Unknown (about 85%), genetic (about 15%)
7878:Dorst J, Ludolph AC, Huebers A (2018).
7585:
7583:
7581:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7500:
5949:
5947:
5945:
3860:
2779:Masrori P, Van Damme P (October 2020).
2648:" to raise money for ALS research went
2122:
2019:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
1732:, consistent with the diagnosis of ALS
491:(extends life by around seven months).
14:
10911:
10512:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
10185:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
9272:
9247:
8952:
8342:Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy
7629:
7627:
7543:
6993:Gitler AD, Tsuiji H (September 2016).
6421:
5428:
5005:Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy
4998:
4345:Lehky T, Grunseich C (November 2021).
2586:
2552:, who was diagnosed with ALS in 1939.
2441:
1686:posterior part of the internal capsule
1324:(40% of familial cases, 7% sporadic),
1057:4B: Need for non-invasive ventilation
444:Most cases of ALS (about 90–95%) have
10634:
9704:
9404:
9204:
9156:from the original on 21 December 2018
8556:from the original on 21 December 2019
7974:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
7514:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)"
7284:
6629:from the original on 25 February 2021
6363:from the original on 17 November 2022
5639:
5596:
5410:from the original on 24 November 2022
4541:from the original on 29 December 2014
4168:from the original on 31 December 2018
3546:"FDA-Approved Drugs for Treating ALS"
3535:
1048:2B: Involvement of the second region
913:ALS Functional Rating Scale - Revised
815:The disorder causes muscle weakness,
810:
715:ALS (also known as spinal-onset) and
10363:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
9752:
9176:"ALS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"
8956:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
8912:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
8258:Neurodegenerative Disease Management
7828:Abe, Koji; et al. (July 2017).
7578:
7497:
7227:
6893:Shang Y, Huang EJ (September 2016).
6748:Acta Neuropathologica Communications
6589:Brown RH, Al-Chalabi A (July 2017).
5942:
5437:from the original on 15 August 2016.
4668:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
3368:from the original on 26 October 2020
3342:from the original on 1 December 2020
3160:from the original on 10 October 2020
3017:from the original on 1 December 2020
2426:, who initially introduced the term
2301:in adults and the third most common
2115:to look for hypoxemia during sleep.
2063:
8112:The New England Journal of Medicine
7624:
6595:The New England Journal of Medicine
3574:
2870:from the original on 5 January 2017
2613:In addition to the baseball player
2438:and his student Patrikios in 1918.
2255:
2246:percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
1883:percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
1135:Probability of death at each stage
984:Although respiratory support using
854:
698:Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA)
583:, highlighted red), as well as the
515:, who in 1874 began using the term
353:Lifetime risk: 1 in 400 individuals
24:
10690:Organizations in the United States
10594:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
9485:International Symposium on ALS/MND
9186:from the original on 6 August 2018
8879:10.1212/01.wnl.0000345041.83406.a2
8832:10.1212/01.wnl.0000302187.20239.93
8083:from the original on 25 April 2023
8008:from the original on 25 April 2023
6206:European Journal of Human Genetics
6055:European Journal of Human Genetics
3907:from the original on 1 August 2018
3556:from the original on 25 April 2023
3150:"Motor Neuron Diseases Fact Sheet"
2014:can be used for nociceptive pain.
1823:spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
1422:
883:), and speaking or forming words (
612:including stiffness and increased
25:
10970:
10934:Unsolved problems in neuroscience
10743:Motor Neurone Disease Association
10702:ALS Therapy Development Institute
10297:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
10100:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
9475:ALS Therapy Development Institute
9451:
5965:from the original on 6 April 2022
5930:from the original on 6 April 2022
2717:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
2667:Motor Neurone Disease Association
2659:ALS Therapy Development Institute
1839:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
1754:(damage to peripheral nerves) or
1626:(iPSC) technologies coupled with
1427:
522:
10317:For more detailed coverage, see
10295:For more detailed coverage, see
10266:For more detailed coverage, see
10232:For more detailed coverage, see
10183:For more detailed coverage, see
9470:ALS Association Official Website
9456:
9398:
9367:
9266:
9241:
9198:
9168:
9076:
9033:
8990:
8946:
8903:
8854:
8811:
8724:
8499:
8450:
8425:
8402:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01290.x
8376:
8333:
8284:
8249:
8148:
8095:
8046:
8020:
7990:
7978:from the original on 12 May 2022
7963:
7922:
7821:
7786:
7707:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03501.x
7236:from the original on 14 May 2013
7144:Joyce NC, Carter GT (May 2013).
6662:10.1111/j.1440-1789.2007.00873.x
6291:from the original on 27 May 2023
5611:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01025.x
5250:from the original on 28 May 2023
5154:The European Respiratory Journal
5054:Neurology Research International
2677:
2515:ALS is sometimes referred to as
2496:means "nourishment". Therefore,
1476:protein; however, in those with
1052:Involvement of the third region
980:Prognosis, staging, and survival
687:Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
571:Subtypes of motor neuron disease
9669:amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-3
7795:Archives Italiennes de Biologie
7437:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.05.001
7278:
7248:
7221:
7195:Archives Italiennes de Biologie
7186:
7137:
7086:
7035:
6986:
6935:
6886:
6835:
6799:Disease Models & Mechanisms
6786:
6735:
6684:
6641:
6591:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"
6524:
6475:
6242:
6193:
6140:
6091:
6042:
6030:from the original on 7 May 2020
5977:
5816:
5719:
5676:
5633:
5590:
5547:
5422:
5305:
5262:
5141:
5092:
5041:
4992:
4895:
4794:
4751:
4702:
4658:
4609:
4527:
4478:
4389:
4338:
4287:
4238:
4073:
3919:
3889:
3767:"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
3568:
3450:"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
3442:
3354:
3305:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
3298:"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
2713:"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
2292:
2017:Depression can be treated with
1951:(Relyvrio) is a combination of
1499:
1346:Environmental and other factors
1115:No loss of a functional domain
773:
10712:Muscular Dystrophy Association
9374:Alexander E (20 August 2014).
9180:Muscular Dystrophy Association
7762:10.1002/14651858.CD001447.pub3
7652:10.1002/14651858.CD004030.pub4
7347:10.1002/14651858.CD004427.pub4
7228:Stickler DE. Lorenzo N (ed.).
7011:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.004
6911:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.036
5599:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
5470:10.12688/f1000research.10476.1
5429:Landau E (20 September 2009).
3142:
3093:
2882:
2625:was the subject of the memoir
2617:and the theoretical physicist
2289:can be used to treat anxiety.
2107:(low oxygen in the blood) and
1895:
1403:(BMAA), and viral infections.
902:
27:Rare neurodegenerative disease
13:
1:
10959:Diseases named after patients
10919:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
10662:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
10610:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
10495:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
10353:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
9658:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
9463:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
9250:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
8924:10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00194-4
8783:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
8389:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
8058:(Report). clinicaltrials.gov.
7948:10.1080/21678421.2017.1353101
7847:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30115-1
7694:European Journal of Neurology
7590:Arbesman M, Sheard K (2014).
6387:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
6117:10.1080/21678421.2022.2150556
5685:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
5330:10.1080/21678421.2016.1265565
5271:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
4904:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
4680:10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00210-5
4587:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30358-1
4206:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30199-5
4082:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
3903:. World Health Organization.
3784:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61156-7
3719:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70221-2
3511:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00414-2
3224:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31287-4
3069:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00465-8
2785:European Journal of Neurology
2672:
2428:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2395:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2056:A 2017 review concluded that
1853:
1843:Benign fasciculation syndrome
1624:induced pluripotent stem cell
1217:Repeating phrases or gestures
1006:advance healthcare directives
919:Late stage disease management
744:Rare isolated variants of ALS
517:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
462:family history of the disease
363:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
250:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
132:, gradual increasing weakness
52:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
10579:Progressive muscular atrophy
9424:10.3109/21678421.2014.984725
9344:10.1016/j.clinph.2016.04.025
9102:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.04.005
9054:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.143
8968:10.1016/0022-510x(94)90191-0
8710:10.1016/j.neurol.2017.03.035
8354:10.1097/NPT.0000000000000136
8173:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001642
8077:Food and Drug Administration
6533:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
5740:10.1016/j.neurol.2017.04.001
5697:10.3109/17482968.2012.656652
5523:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006317
5117:10.1212/WNL.0000000000008064
5018:10.1097/NPT.0b013e31819912d0
4999:Lui AJ, Byl NN (June 2009).
4871:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002251
4819:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000951
4503:10.3109/21678421.2013.778548
4464:10.1016/j.neurol.2017.03.029
3663:10.1016/j.neurol.2017.03.031
3417:10.1371/journal.pone.0027985
3118:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2044
2569:progressive muscular atrophy
2250:randomized controlled trials
2198:
1847:cramp fasciculation syndrome
1658:
1492:may also be involved in the
1248:Genetics and genetic testing
1055:4A: Need for a feeding tube
891:) and exaggerated reflexes (
738:Progressive muscular atrophy
649:progressive muscular atrophy
549:progressive muscular atrophy
7:
10731:International organizations
10089:Primary progressive aphasia
6341:10.1016/j.neuro.2016.06.015
5167:10.1183/13993003.00261-2019
4011:10.1101/cshperspect.a024117
3897:"8B60 Motor neuron disease"
2521:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
2185:speech-language pathologist
1811:multifocal motor neuropathy
1728:that can be tracked to the
1401:Beta-N-methylamino-L-alanin
433:(begins with difficulty in
242:Multifocal motor neuropathy
206:Genetic risk factors; age;
63:Motor neurone disease (MND)
10:
10975:
10411:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
10117:Posterior cortical atrophy
9938:Striatonigral degeneration
9789:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
9273:Gordon PH (October 2013).
9011:10.1080/146608200300079536
7399:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.05.007
7285:Mills KR (November 2010).
7162:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.03.020
7061:10.1007/s00401-020-02252-5
6761:10.1186/s40478-020-01018-0
6218:10.1038/s41431-022-01093-y
6067:10.1038/s41431-022-01093-y
4727:10.1093/braincomms/fcab242
4313:10.1186/s12883-021-02438-8
4046:Arora RD, Khan YS (2023).
3593:10.1007/s40263-022-00945-x
2606:
2492:) refers to "muscle", and
2466:
2380:
2143:
1974:at the base of the spine.
1901:Disease-slowing treatments
1795:human T-lymphotropic virus
1760:magnetic resonance imaging
1251:
974:augmentative communication
383:neurodegenerative disorder
325:Dextromethorphan/quinidine
254:Nerve compression syndrome
36:
29:
10891:Lou Gehrig Memorial Award
10878:
10777:
10769:Annual ALS Awareness Game
10751:
10730:
10707:Les Turner ALS Foundation
10689:
10668:
10517:Spinal muscular atrophies
10485:Primary lateral sclerosis
10467:
10444:
10428:
10383:
10343:Intracranial hypertension
10333:
10305:
10276:
10242:
10204:
10193:
10159:
10137:
10123:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
10062:
9872:
9863:
9849:
9809:
9743:
9604:
9493:
9405:Wicks P (December 2014).
8918:(Supplement 1): S25–S29.
8796:10.1590/0004-282X20160040
6971:10067/1514730151162165141
6961:10.1016/j.tig.2018.03.001
6399:10.1080/14660820510012004
5887:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.203
5875:Nature Reviews. Neurology
5654:10.1017/S1092852916000791
5283:10.1080/17482960701656940
4916:10.3109/17482960903093710
4772:10.1007/s00415-014-7564-8
4263:10.1016/j.ncl.2015.07.003
4146:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.184
4134:Nature Reviews. Neurology
4094:10.3109/17482960903426543
3875:10.1001/archneur.58.3.512
3575:Heo YA (September 2022).
2992:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.111
2980:Nature Reviews. Neurology
2573:primary lateral sclerosis
2519:(not to be confused with
2452:nerve conduction velocity
2448:electrodiagnostic testing
2405:American baseball player
2303:neurodegenerative disease
1996:tricyclic antidepressants
1967:antisense oligonucleotide
1748:nerve conduction velocity
1241:liability threshold model
732:Primary lateral sclerosis
645:Primary lateral sclerosis
545:primary lateral sclerosis
539:, the cells that control
464:, and these are known as
340:
330:
302:
275:
235:
214:
200:
192:
184:
160:
115:
103:
90:
81:
56:
51:
18:Lou Gehrig's Disease
10584:Progressive bulbar palsy
10375:Intracranial hypotension
10358:Choroid plexus papilloma
9772:Herpesviral encephalitis
9331:Clinical Neurophysiology
9291:10.14336/AD.2013.0400295
9252:. CRC Press. p. 9.
9089:Clinical Neurophysiology
9042:Clinical Neurophysiology
8745:10.1136/jnnp-2016-315018
8524:10.1136/jnnp-2016-314495
7897:10.1177/1756285617734734
7609:10.5014/ajot.2014.008649
7550:British Medical Bulletin
7425:Progress in Neurobiology
7112:10.3389/fneur.2019.00291
6169:10.1136/jnnp-2021-327520
6005:10.1177/1073858414555404
5837:10.1136/jnnp-2015-310734
5568:10.1136/jnnp-2020-325701
5385:10.1136/jnnp.2010.235952
5218:10.1136/jnnp.2010.232637
4967:10.3389/fneur.2019.00106
3945:10.3390/brainsci11121597
2638:The Theory of Everything
2565:progressive bulbar palsy
2085:Non-invasive ventilation
2078:Non-invasive ventilation
2069:Non-invasive ventilation
1863:Non-invasive ventilation
1440:, motor cortex atrophy,
1230:
986:non-invasive ventilation
829:autonomic nervous system
553:progressive bulbar palsy
535:that selectively affect
493:Non-invasive ventilation
298:; symptomatic management
288:Non-invasive ventilation
10949:Neuromuscular disorders
10886:List of people with ALS
10096:Frontotemporal dementia
9782:Encephalitis lethargica
7807:10.4449/aib.v149i1.1267
7207:10.4449/aib.v149i1.1260
4535:"Motor neurone disease"
3364:. The ALS Association.
2462:
2389:The French neurologist
2297:ALS is the most common
1819:spinal muscular atrophy
1434:seen with the naked eye
1301:frontotemporal dementia
1213:frontotemporal dementia
1161:frontotemporal dementia
996:, often accelerated by
504:longer than ten years.
476:is based on a person's
415:frontotemporal dementia
155:frontotemporal dementia
10401:Hepatic encephalopathy
8962:(Supplement): 96–107.
8602:10.15585/mmwr.mm6746a1
8079:(FDA). 25 April 2023.
8075:(Press release). U.S.
7483:10.3233/NRE-2007-22608
7387:Sleep Medicine Reviews
7099:Frontiers in Neurology
6149:"De novo mutations in
4954:Frontiers in Neurology
4048:"Motor Neuron Disease"
2604:
2410:
2398:
2333:
2212:
2153:
2081:
1978:Symptomatic treatments
1914:
1909:Chemical structure of
1873:
1831:neuromuscular junction
1737:Differential diagnosis
1733:
1689:
1509:
1397:educational attainment
1307:, suicide, psychosis,
1271:modes of inheritance.
972:technology to support
770:
595:in the brain down the
588:
533:neurological disorders
531:, which is a group of
497:Mechanical ventilation
389:that normally control
237:Differential diagnosis
10924:Motor neuron diseases
10738:ALS Society of Canada
10459:Ataxia–telangiectasia
10416:Static encephalopathy
10139:Mitochondrial disease
9977:Spasmodic torticollis
9887:Basal ganglia disease
9465:at Wikimedia Commons
8642:Nature Communications
8125:10.1056/NEJMoa2204705
7834:The Lancet. Neurology
7232:. Misc.medscape.com.
7048:Acta Neuropathologica
6607:10.1056/NEJMra1603471
6267:10.1093/brain/awab472
4565:The Lancet. Neurology
4364:10.3390/genes12121935
4194:The Lancet. Neurology
3863:Archives of Neurology
3707:The Lancet. Neurology
3499:The Lancet. Neurology
3057:The Lancet. Neurology
2730:10.1186/1750-1172-4-3
2663:ALS Society of Canada
2644:In August 2014, the "
2633:film of the same name
2602:
2577:motor neurone disease
2537:motor neurone disease
2525:Charcot joint disease
2469:Motor neuron diseases
2419:François-Amilcar Aran
2404:
2388:
2331:
2206:
2151:
2097:forced vital capacity
2076:
1953:sodium phenylbutyrate
1908:
1871:
1752:peripheral neuropathy
1715:
1666:
1507:
1187:executive dysfunction
1063:Median time to stage
768:
639:in the brain and the
578:
458:environmental factors
395:motor neuron diseases
371:motor neurone disease
39:Motor neuron diseases
10944:Cytoskeletal defects
10764:Ice Bucket Challenge
10406:Toxic encephalopathy
10112:Lewy bodies dementia
9182:. 18 December 2015.
7998:"AMX0035 (RELYVRIO)"
7890:: 1756285617734734.
7304:10.1093/brain/awq290
7156:(5 Suppl): S89–S95.
4760:Journal of Neurology
4715:Brain Communications
4415:10.1155/2017/6509493
3454:MedlinePlus Genetics
3317:10.1038/nrdp.2017.71
3218:(10107): 2084–2098.
2695:on 18 November 2004.
2646:Ice Bucket Challenge
2628:Tuesdays with Morrie
2561:Lou Gehrig's disease
2542:Lou Gehrig's disease
2299:motor neuron disease
2173:stationary bicycling
2165:assistive technology
2123:Invasive ventilation
1460:of the spinal cord.
1450:corticobulbar tracts
1189:, and troubles with
1183:Language dysfunction
1179:Cognitive impairment
933:aspiration pneumonia
643:in the spinal cord.
561:monomelic amyotrophy
529:motor neuron disease
379:Lou Gehrig's disease
153:; 10–15% experience
32:ALS (disambiguation)
10954:Idiopathic diseases
10759:ALS Awareness Month
10454:Friedreich's ataxia
9837:Meningoencephalitis
9777:Limbic encephalitis
9150:The ALS Association
8662:10.1038/ncomms12408
8654:2016NatCo...712408A
8213:NeuroRehabilitation
8002:The ALS Association
7471:NeuroRehabilitation
6861:10.2147/DNND.S84956
6333:2017NeuTx..61..101W
6153:are a cause of ALS"
5959:The ALS Association
5772:Nature Neuroscience
5517:(15): e1370–e1380.
5067:10.1155/2011/714693
4906:(Journal Article).
3811:Annals of Neurology
3550:The ALS Association
3408:2011PLoSO...627985W
3362:"Understanding ALS"
2587:Society and culture
2544:after the American
2529:Jean-Martin Charcot
2442:Diagnostic criteria
2424:Jean-Martin Charcot
2391:Jean-Martin Charcot
2311:Parkinson's disease
2307:Alzheimer's disease
2195:or yes/no signals.
2045:, amitriptyline or
1807:post-polio syndrome
1722:increased T2 signal
1389:professional sports
1363:), chemicals (e.g.
1086:
1020:
994:respiratory failure
966:extraocular muscles
937:intercostal muscles
874:intercostal muscles
655:
641:lower motor neurons
637:upper motor neurons
585:lower motor neurons
581:upper motor neurons
513:Jean-Martin Charcot
448:, and are known as
262:Post-polio syndrome
258:Diabetic neuropathy
171:Respiratory failure
151:respiratory failure
99:throughout the body
10835:Stephen Hillenburg
10490:Pseudobulbar palsy
10228:Status epilepticus
10179:Multiple sclerosis
10016:Myoclonic epilepsy
9879:movement disorders
9825:Acute disseminated
9767:Viral encephalitis
9605:External resources
9207:Muscle & Nerve
8698:Revue Neurologique
8297:Muscle & Nerve
8225:10.3233/NRE-151240
7563:10.1093/bmb/ldp049
7544:Orrell RW (2010).
7266:on 20 January 2013
6948:Trends in Genetics
6811:10.1242/dmm.029058
6710:10.3390/md14050102
6488:Brain and Behavior
6439:Brain and Behavior
5993:The Neuroscientist
5728:Revue Neurologique
4634:10.1002/acn3.51098
4452:Revue Neurologique
4251:Neurologic Clinics
3651:Revue Neurologique
2891:Muscle & Nerve
2605:
2411:
2399:
2334:
2323:Western New Guinea
2269:advance directives
2213:
2154:
2138:locked-in syndrome
2131:) and inserting a
2101:blood gas analysis
2082:
1915:
1874:
1764:multiple sclerosis
1734:
1690:
1510:
1454:hypoglossal nerves
1452:, thinning of the
1237:idiopathic disease
1221:loss of inhibition
1205:Emotional lability
1127:Loss of 4 domains
1124:Loss of 3 domains
1121:Loss of 2 domains
1112:Stage description
1084:
1040:Stage description
1018:
962:fecal incontinence
954:locked-in syndrome
811:Signs and symptoms
771:
758:) and swallowing (
751:Flail arm syndrome
669:Lower motor neuron
663:Upper motor neuron
659:Main ALS subtypes
654:
605:lower motor neuron
597:upper motor neuron
589:
557:pseudobulbar palsy
478:signs and symptoms
270:Multiple sclerosis
167:Falling (accident)
10906:
10905:
10628:
10627:
10624:
10623:
10620:
10619:
10424:
10423:
10329:
10328:
10268:Template:Headache
10234:Template:Epilepsy
10155:
10154:
10129:Vascular dementia
9972:Status dystonicus
9845:
9844:
9820:Encephalomyelitis
9698:
9697:
9461:Media related to
9386:on 21 August 2014
9279:Aging and Disease
8873:(12): 1087–1094.
8596:(46): 1285–1289.
8475:10.1159/000351153
8463:Neuroepidemiology
8309:10.1002/mus.24202
8270:10.2217/nmt.13.74
8167:(22): 2247–2257.
8118:(12): 1099–1110.
7297:(11): 3458–3469.
6451:10.1002/brb3.1119
5111:(10): e938–e945.
4813:(19): 1719–1725.
4497:(Suppl 1): 5–18.
4402:Neural Plasticity
4200:(11): 1182–1194.
3823:10.1002/ana.24096
3777:(9769): 942–955.
3154:www.ninds.nih.gov
3112:(11): 1367–1374.
2903:10.1002/mus.27567
2797:10.1111/ene.14393
2791:(10): 1918–1929.
2600:
2517:Charcot's disease
2456:Edward H. Lambert
2064:Breathing support
1835:myasthenia gravis
1622:-ALS using human
1514:neurodegeneration
1490:glymphatic system
1436:include skeletal
1416:conscientiousness
1391:, having a lower
1303:, other forms of
1277:de novo mutations
1156:
1155:
1118:Loss of 1 domain
1082:
1081:
708:
707:
541:voluntary muscles
369:), also known as
360:
359:
280:Walker (mobility)
266:Myasthenia gravis
246:Kennedy's disease
216:Diagnostic method
73:Charcot's disease
46:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
10966:
10655:
10648:
10641:
10632:
10631:
10442:
10441:
10433:
10432:
10391:Brain herniation
10202:
10201:
10042:Intention tremor
10037:Essential tremor
9902:Postencephalitic
9870:
9869:
9861:
9860:
9750:
9749:
9731:Diseases of the
9725:
9718:
9711:
9702:
9701:
9491:
9490:
9460:
9445:
9444:
9426:
9417:(7–8): 479–480.
9402:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9391:
9382:. Archived from
9371:
9365:
9364:
9346:
9337:(7): 2643–2660.
9322:
9313:
9312:
9302:
9270:
9264:
9263:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9202:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9172:
9166:
9165:
9163:
9161:
9142:
9133:
9132:
9114:
9104:
9095:(8): 1975–1978.
9080:
9074:
9073:
9037:
9031:
9030:
8994:
8988:
8987:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8890:
8858:
8852:
8851:
8815:
8809:
8808:
8798:
8774:
8765:
8764:
8728:
8722:
8721:
8693:
8684:
8683:
8673:
8648:(12408): 12408.
8633:
8624:
8623:
8613:
8581:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8535:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8486:
8454:
8448:
8447:
8429:
8423:
8422:
8404:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8337:
8331:
8330:
8320:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8236:
8204:
8195:
8194:
8184:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8127:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8069:
8060:
8059:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8013:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7950:
7926:
7920:
7919:
7909:
7899:
7875:
7860:
7859:
7849:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7773:
7741:
7728:
7727:
7709:
7685:
7674:
7673:
7663:
7631:
7622:
7621:
7611:
7587:
7576:
7575:
7565:
7541:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7520:on 2 August 2012
7510:
7495:
7494:
7466:
7457:
7456:
7420:
7411:
7410:
7382:
7369:
7368:
7358:
7341:(10): CD004427.
7326:
7317:
7316:
7306:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7173:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7124:
7114:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7073:
7063:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7022:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6973:
6963:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6922:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6873:
6863:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6822:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6773:
6763:
6739:
6733:
6732:
6722:
6712:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6586:
6565:
6564:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6511:
6500:10.1002/brb3.599
6479:
6473:
6472:
6462:
6430:
6419:
6418:
6382:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6312:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6278:
6261:(4): 1207–1210.
6246:
6240:
6239:
6229:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6180:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6119:
6110:(5–6): 405–413.
6095:
6089:
6088:
6078:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6029:
5990:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5951:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5916:
5907:
5906:
5870:
5857:
5856:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5803:
5763:
5752:
5751:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5534:
5502:
5493:
5492:
5482:
5472:
5448:
5439:
5438:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5409:
5370:
5361:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5324:(3–4): 227–232.
5309:
5303:
5302:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5229:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5169:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5128:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5069:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5020:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4969:
4945:
4936:
4935:
4910:(1–2): 178–180.
4899:
4893:
4892:
4882:
4850:
4841:
4840:
4830:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4766:(6): 1407–1423.
4755:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4628:(7): 1181–1192.
4613:
4607:
4606:
4580:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4417:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4376:
4366:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4315:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4274:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4217:
4189:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4125:
4114:
4113:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4043:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4013:
3989:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3947:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3858:
3843:
3842:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3762:
3739:
3738:
3702:
3675:
3674:
3646:
3613:
3612:
3587:(9): 1007–1013.
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3490:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3311:(17071): 17071.
3302:
3293:
3244:
3243:
3207:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3048:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3016:
2977:
2968:
2923:
2922:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2860:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2776:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2708:
2696:
2691:. Archived from
2681:
2680:
2601:
2535:coined the term
2393:coined the term
2265:end-of-life care
2256:End-of-life care
2242:nasogastric tube
2169:aerobic exercise
2157:Physical therapy
1965:(Qalsody) is an
1943:oxidative stress
1926:neurotransmitter
1922:bulbar-onset ALS
1744:electromyography
1726:internal capsule
1718:MRI of the brain
1669:MRI of the brain
1638:neurotransmitter
1470:inclusion bodies
1191:social cognition
1087:
1083:
1077:4B: 30.3 months
1075:4A: 17.7 months
1021:
1017:
855:Initial symptoms
656:
653:
452:. However, both
391:voluntary muscle
222:electromyography
137:: Difficulty in
97:skeletal muscles
86:
49:
48:
21:
10974:
10973:
10969:
10968:
10967:
10965:
10964:
10963:
10909:
10908:
10907:
10902:
10874:
10830:Stephen Heywood
10825:Stephen Hawking
10815:Richard Glatzer
10773:
10747:
10726:
10697:ALS Association
10685:
10676:Genetics of ALS
10664:
10659:
10629:
10616:
10542:Congenital DSMA
10463:
10420:
10379:
10325:
10313:Sleep disorders
10301:
10278:Cerebrovascular
10272:
10238:
10195:
10189:
10151:
10133:
10058:
10004:Choreoathetosis
9877:
9854:
9841:
9805:
9739:
9729:
9699:
9694:
9693:
9600:
9599:
9502:
9454:
9449:
9448:
9403:
9399:
9389:
9387:
9380:The Independent
9372:
9368:
9323:
9316:
9271:
9267:
9260:
9246:
9242:
9203:
9199:
9189:
9187:
9174:
9173:
9169:
9159:
9157:
9144:
9143:
9136:
9081:
9077:
9038:
9034:
8995:
8991:
8951:
8947:
8908:
8904:
8859:
8855:
8816:
8812:
8775:
8768:
8729:
8725:
8694:
8687:
8634:
8627:
8582:
8569:
8559:
8557:
8504:
8500:
8455:
8451:
8444:
8430:
8426:
8381:
8377:
8338:
8334:
8289:
8285:
8254:
8250:
8205:
8198:
8153:
8149:
8100:
8096:
8086:
8084:
8071:
8070:
8063:
8051:
8047:
8037:
8035:
8026:
8025:
8021:
8011:
8009:
7996:
7995:
7991:
7981:
7979:
7968:
7964:
7927:
7923:
7876:
7863:
7826:
7822:
7791:
7787:
7756:(3): CD001447.
7742:
7731:
7686:
7677:
7646:(8): CD004030.
7632:
7625:
7588:
7579:
7542:
7533:
7523:
7521:
7512:
7511:
7498:
7467:
7460:
7421:
7414:
7383:
7372:
7327:
7320:
7283:
7279:
7269:
7267:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7239:
7237:
7226:
7222:
7191:
7187:
7142:
7138:
7091:
7087:
7040:
7036:
6991:
6987:
6940:
6936:
6891:
6887:
6840:
6836:
6791:
6787:
6740:
6736:
6689:
6685:
6646:
6642:
6632:
6630:
6587:
6568:
6545:10.1038/nrn3430
6529:
6525:
6480:
6476:
6431:
6422:
6383:
6376:
6366:
6364:
6321:Neurotoxicology
6313:
6304:
6294:
6292:
6247:
6243:
6198:
6194:
6145:
6141:
6096:
6092:
6047:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6027:
5988:
5982:
5978:
5968:
5966:
5955:"Who Gets ALS?"
5953:
5952:
5943:
5933:
5931:
5918:
5917:
5910:
5881:(11): 617–628.
5871:
5860:
5821:
5817:
5784:10.1038/nn.3584
5764:
5755:
5724:
5720:
5681:
5677:
5638:
5634:
5595:
5591:
5552:
5548:
5503:
5496:
5449:
5442:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5368:
5362:
5355:
5310:
5306:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5198:
5191:
5146:
5142:
5097:
5093:
5046:
5042:
4997:
4993:
4946:
4939:
4900:
4896:
4851:
4844:
4799:
4795:
4756:
4752:
4707:
4703:
4663:
4659:
4614:
4610:
4561:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4483:
4479:
4448:
4441:
4394:
4390:
4343:
4339:
4292:
4288:
4243:
4239:
4190:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4140:(11): 661–670.
4126:
4117:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4044:
4037:
3990:
3971:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3859:
3846:
3807:
3800:
3763:
3742:
3703:
3678:
3647:
3616:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3491:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3388:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3300:
3294:
3247:
3208:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3098:
3094:
3049:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3014:
2975:
2969:
2926:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2822:
2777:
2756:
2709:
2702:
2687:
2678:
2675:
2655:ALS Association
2623:Morrie Schwartz
2619:Stephen Hawking
2611:
2591:
2589:
2471:
2465:
2444:
2383:
2295:
2287:benzodiazepines
2261:Palliative care
2258:
2201:
2193:alphabet boards
2146:
2125:
2089:hypoventilation
2071:
2066:
2023:benzodiazepines
1980:
1903:
1898:
1889:Palliative care
1856:
1739:
1707:Babinski's sign
1695:medical history
1681:
1661:
1502:
1430:
1425:
1423:Pathophysiology
1393:body mass index
1377:physical injury
1348:
1256:
1250:
1233:
1176:
1168:Stephen Hawking
1002:palliative care
982:
921:
905:
857:
813:
776:
746:
614:tendon reflexes
573:
525:
356:
226:genetic testing
133:
130:muscle twitches
77:
47:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10972:
10962:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10904:
10903:
10901:
10900:
10893:
10888:
10882:
10880:
10876:
10875:
10873:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10781:
10779:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10755:
10753:
10749:
10748:
10746:
10745:
10740:
10734:
10732:
10728:
10727:
10725:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10693:
10691:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10683:
10678:
10672:
10670:
10666:
10665:
10658:
10657:
10650:
10643:
10635:
10626:
10625:
10622:
10621:
10618:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10613:
10612:
10601:
10600:
10599:
10598:
10597:
10596:
10591:
10581:
10576:
10575:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10563:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10514:
10500:
10499:
10498:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10473:
10471:
10465:
10464:
10462:
10461:
10456:
10450:
10448:
10439:
10430:
10426:
10425:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10387:
10385:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10377:
10372:
10370:Cerebral edema
10367:
10366:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10339:
10337:
10331:
10330:
10327:
10326:
10324:
10323:
10322:
10321:
10319:Template:Sleep
10309:
10307:
10303:
10302:
10300:
10299:
10293:
10288:
10282:
10280:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10270:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10248:
10246:
10240:
10239:
10237:
10236:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10214:
10212:
10199:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10187:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10165:
10163:
10157:
10156:
10153:
10152:
10150:
10149:
10147:Leigh syndrome
10143:
10141:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10131:
10120:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10108:
10107:
10093:
10092:
10091:
10086:
10085:
10084:
10068:
10066:
10060:
10059:
10057:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10045:
10044:
10039:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10025:
10020:
10019:
10018:
10008:
10007:
10006:
9996:
9991:
9990:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9934:
9933:
9923:
9922:
9921:
9911:
9910:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9883:
9881:
9874:Extrapyramidal
9867:
9858:
9856:encephalopathy
9847:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9840:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9828:
9827:
9816:
9814:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9791:
9786:
9785:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9758:
9756:
9747:
9741:
9740:
9733:nervous system
9728:
9727:
9720:
9713:
9705:
9696:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9682:
9671:
9660:
9649:
9638:
9621:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9602:
9601:
9598:
9597:
9586:
9575:
9564:
9549:
9534:
9519:
9503:
9498:
9497:
9495:
9494:Classification
9488:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9453:
9452:External links
9450:
9447:
9446:
9397:
9366:
9314:
9285:(5): 295–310.
9265:
9259:978-0824729240
9258:
9240:
9213:(3): 336–343.
9197:
9167:
9146:"What is ALS?"
9134:
9075:
9048:(3): 497–503.
9032:
9005:(5): 293–299.
8989:
8945:
8902:
8853:
8826:(9): 723–727.
8810:
8789:(5): 423–425.
8766:
8739:(7): 540–549.
8723:
8704:(5): 244–253.
8685:
8625:
8567:
8518:(7): 557–563.
8498:
8469:(2): 118–130.
8449:
8443:978-9283221630
8442:
8424:
8395:(3): 217–223.
8375:
8348:(3): 165–175.
8332:
8283:
8248:
8196:
8147:
8094:
8061:
8045:
8034:. 4 April 2024
8019:
7989:
7962:
7941:(sup1): 5–10.
7921:
7861:
7840:(7): 505–512.
7820:
7801:(1): 151–167.
7785:
7729:
7700:(3): 360–375.
7675:
7623:
7577:
7531:
7496:
7477:(6): 451–461.
7458:
7412:
7370:
7318:
7277:
7247:
7220:
7185:
7136:
7085:
7054:(2): 257–279.
7034:
6999:Brain Research
6985:
6954:(6): 404–423.
6934:
6899:Brain Research
6885:
6834:
6805:(5): 537–549.
6785:
6734:
6683:
6656:(2): 109–115.
6650:Neuropathology
6640:
6601:(2): 162–172.
6566:
6539:(4): 248–264.
6523:
6474:
6445:(10): e01119.
6420:
6374:
6302:
6241:
6212:(6): 635–636.
6192:
6163:(2): 201–206.
6139:
6090:
6061:(6): 635–636.
6041:
5999:(6): 599–615.
5976:
5941:
5908:
5858:
5831:(6): 611–619.
5815:
5753:
5734:(5): 273–279.
5718:
5691:(6): 493–501.
5675:
5632:
5589:
5562:(7): 688–693.
5546:
5494:
5440:
5421:
5379:(7): 740–746.
5353:
5304:
5261:
5212:(4): 413–418.
5189:
5160:(3): 1900261.
5140:
5091:
5040:
4991:
4937:
4894:
4865:(9): 808–812.
4842:
4793:
4750:
4721:(4): fcab242.
4701:
4674:(1–2): 13–21.
4657:
4608:
4571:(2): 144–157.
4552:
4526:
4477:
4458:(5): 263–272.
4439:
4388:
4337:
4286:
4257:(4): 775–785.
4237:
4179:
4115:
4088:(4): 379–382.
4072:
4035:
4004:(8): a024117.
3969:
3932:Brain Sciences
3918:
3888:
3869:(3): 512–515.
3844:
3817:(2): 287–297.
3798:
3740:
3713:(4): 435–442.
3676:
3657:(5): 288–299.
3614:
3567:
3534:
3505:(5): 465–479.
3466:
3441:
3402:(11): e27985.
3379:
3353:
3245:
3171:
3141:
3106:JAMA Neurology
3092:
3063:(5): 480–493.
3028:
2986:(9): 526–538.
2924:
2897:(3): 240–252.
2881:
2820:
2754:
2699:
2698:
2674:
2671:
2588:
2585:
2464:
2461:
2446:In the 1950s,
2443:
2440:
2432:Alfred Vulpian
2382:
2379:
2357:, followed by
2341:, followed by
2321:of Japan, and
2294:
2291:
2257:
2254:
2200:
2197:
2145:
2142:
2124:
2121:
2113:pulse oximetry
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2047:glycopyrrolate
1979:
1976:
1972:lumbar cistern
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1855:
1852:
1774:, or cervical
1768:herniated disc
1738:
1735:
1699:muscle atrophy
1679:
1660:
1657:
1634:Excitotoxicity
1501:
1498:
1458:anterior roots
1438:muscle atrophy
1429:
1428:Neuropathology
1426:
1424:
1421:
1373:electric shock
1347:
1344:
1252:Main article:
1249:
1246:
1232:
1229:
1219:, apathy, and
1199:family history
1175:
1172:
1165:astrophysicist
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1046:2A: Diagnosis
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1013:cancer staging
981:
978:
949:vital capacity
920:
917:
904:
901:
897:fasciculations
856:
853:
825:Sensory nerves
812:
809:
775:
772:
745:
742:
706:
705:
702:
699:
695:
694:
691:
688:
684:
683:
680:
677:
676:Classical ALS
673:
672:
666:
660:
630:fasciculations
626:muscle atrophy
572:
569:
524:
523:Classification
521:
446:no known cause
358:
357:
355:
354:
351:
348:
344:
342:
338:
337:
334:
328:
327:
306:
300:
299:
277:
273:
272:
239:
233:
232:
218:
212:
211:
204:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
164:
158:
157:
119:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
93:nervous system
88:
87:
79:
78:
76:
75:
70:
64:
60:
58:
54:
53:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10971:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10929:Rare diseases
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10916:
10914:
10899:
10898:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10877:
10871:
10870:Mickey Marvin
10868:
10866:
10865:Henry Wallace
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10820:Steve Gleason
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10790:Paul Cellucci
10788:
10786:
10785:O.J. Brigance
10783:
10782:
10780:
10776:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10756:
10754:
10750:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10729:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10688:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10673:
10671:
10667:
10663:
10656:
10651:
10649:
10644:
10642:
10637:
10636:
10633:
10611:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10603:
10602:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10586:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10519:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10502:
10501:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10482:
10481:
10479:
10475:
10474:
10472:
10470:
10466:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10447:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10434:
10431:
10427:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10396:Reye syndrome
10394:
10392:
10389:
10388:
10386:
10382:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10348:Hydrocephalus
10346:
10345:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10332:
10320:
10316:
10315:
10314:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10304:
10298:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10283:
10281:
10279:
10275:
10269:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10245:
10241:
10235:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10192:
10186:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10166:
10164:
10162:
10161:Demyelinating
10158:
10148:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10140:
10136:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10125:
10124:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10101:
10097:
10094:
10090:
10087:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10065:
10061:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10049:Restless legs
10047:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10030:
10029:
10024:
10021:
10017:
10014:
10013:
10012:
10009:
10005:
10002:
10001:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9988:
9987:Blepharospasm
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9969:
9968:
9965:
9964:
9963:
9960:
9959:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9943:Hemiballismus
9941:
9939:
9936:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9927:
9924:
9920:
9917:
9916:
9915:
9912:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9890:
9889:
9888:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9880:
9875:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9852:
9848:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9826:
9823:
9822:
9821:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9813:
9808:
9800:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9794:Brain abscess
9792:
9790:
9787:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9764:
9763:
9760:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9726:
9721:
9719:
9714:
9712:
9707:
9706:
9703:
9690:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9677:
9676:
9672:
9670:
9666:
9665:
9661:
9659:
9655:
9654:
9650:
9648:
9644:
9643:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9631:
9627:
9626:
9622:
9620:
9616:
9615:
9611:
9610:
9607:
9603:
9596:
9592:
9591:
9587:
9585:
9581:
9580:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9569:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9524:
9520:
9518:
9514:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9504:
9501:
9496:
9492:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9459:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9401:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9370:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9321:
9319:
9310:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9269:
9261:
9255:
9251:
9244:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9201:
9185:
9181:
9177:
9171:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9141:
9139:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9079:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9036:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8993:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8949:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8906:
8898:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8857:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8814:
8806:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8773:
8771:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8727:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8692:
8690:
8681:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8632:
8630:
8621:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8572:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8502:
8494:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8453:
8445:
8439:
8435:
8428:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8379:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8336:
8328:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8287:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8264:(1): 83–102.
8263:
8259:
8252:
8244:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8203:
8201:
8192:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8151:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8107:
8098:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8068:
8066:
8057:
8049:
8033:
8029:
8023:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7993:
7977:
7973:
7966:
7958:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7917:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7857:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7824:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7789:
7781:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7740:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7671:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7630:
7628:
7619:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7573:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7519:
7515:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7465:
7463:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7419:
7417:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7366:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7325:
7323:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7281:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7251:
7235:
7231:
7224:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7140:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7038:
7030:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6981:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6938:
6930:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6889:
6881:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6838:
6830:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6789:
6781:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6738:
6730:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6687:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6527:
6519:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6494:(1): e00599.
6493:
6489:
6485:
6478:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6379:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6196:
6188:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6045:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5811:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5648:(S1): 34–44.
5647:
5643:
5642:CNS Spectrums
5636:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5501:
5499:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5457:F1000Research
5454:
5447:
5445:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5358:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5194:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4942:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4847:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4557:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4300:BMC Neurology
4297:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4040:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3803:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
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2951:
2949:
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2945:
2943:
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2939:
2937:
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2929:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2684:public domain
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2533:Russell Brain
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2457:
2453:
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2403:
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2375:comorbidities
2370:
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2364:
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2348:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:Kii Peninsula
2316:
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2290:
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2276:
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2205:
2196:
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2158:
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2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:acetaminophen
2005:
2001:
2000:amitriptyline
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1954:
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1940:
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1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:syringomyelia
1770:in the neck,
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:hyperreflexia
1700:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:AMPA receptor
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
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1611:
1607:
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1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:corticospinal
1443:
1439:
1435:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:agreeableness
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:schizophrenia
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:non-paternity
1294:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1225:
1224:genetic FTD.
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:verbal memory
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1149:
1146:
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1123:
1120:
1117:
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1103:
1100:
1097:
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1089:
1088:
1078:
1074:
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1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
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1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
987:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
946:
945:lung function
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
916:
914:
909:
900:
898:
894:
893:hyperreflexia
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
869:
867:
861:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:muscle spasms
818:
808:
806:
805:
800:
796:
795:
790:
789:
784:
783:
767:
763:
761:
757:
752:
741:
739:
735:
733:
729:
727:
723:
718:
714:
703:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
686:
685:
681:
678:
675:
674:
671:degeneration
670:
667:
665:degeneration
664:
661:
658:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
586:
582:
577:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:motor neurons
534:
530:
520:
518:
514:
510:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
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455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:motor neurons
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
352:
349:
346:
345:
343:
339:
335:
333:
329:
326:
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213:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
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187:
183:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
163:
162:Complications
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
126:Stiff muscles
123:
120:
118:
114:
111:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:Parts of the
89:
85:
80:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
59:
55:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
10895:
10860:Kevin Turner
10845:Jason Becker
10840:Jacob Javits
10795:Dwight Clark
10681:ALS research
10604:
10503:
10476:
10437:Degenerative
10174:Inflammatory
10121:
10054:Stiff-person
9892:Parkinsonism
9865:Degenerative
9762:Encephalitis
9745:Inflammation
9735:, primarily
9684:
9673:
9662:
9651:
9640:
9623:
9612:
9588:
9577:
9566:
9551:
9536:
9521:
9506:
9455:
9414:
9410:
9400:
9388:. Retrieved
9384:the original
9379:
9369:
9334:
9330:
9282:
9278:
9268:
9249:
9243:
9210:
9206:
9200:
9188:. Retrieved
9179:
9170:
9158:. Retrieved
9149:
9092:
9088:
9078:
9045:
9041:
9035:
9002:
8998:
8992:
8959:
8955:
8948:
8915:
8911:
8905:
8870:
8866:
8856:
8823:
8819:
8813:
8786:
8782:
8736:
8732:
8726:
8701:
8697:
8645:
8641:
8593:
8589:
8558:. Retrieved
8533:2318/1633611
8515:
8511:
8501:
8466:
8462:
8452:
8433:
8427:
8392:
8388:
8378:
8345:
8341:
8335:
8300:
8296:
8286:
8261:
8257:
8251:
8219:(1): 53–68.
8216:
8212:
8164:
8160:
8150:
8115:
8111:
8105:
8097:
8085:. Retrieved
8048:
8036:. Retrieved
8031:
8022:
8010:. Retrieved
8001:
7992:
7980:. Retrieved
7965:
7938:
7934:
7924:
7887:
7883:
7837:
7833:
7823:
7798:
7794:
7788:
7753:
7749:
7697:
7693:
7643:
7639:
7602:(1): 20–26.
7599:
7595:
7553:
7549:
7522:. Retrieved
7518:the original
7474:
7470:
7428:
7424:
7390:
7386:
7338:
7334:
7294:
7290:
7280:
7268:. Retrieved
7264:the original
7259:
7250:
7238:. Retrieved
7223:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7153:
7149:
7139:
7102:
7098:
7088:
7051:
7047:
7037:
7002:
6998:
6988:
6951:
6947:
6937:
6902:
6898:
6888:
6851:
6847:
6837:
6802:
6798:
6788:
6751:
6747:
6737:
6700:
6697:Marine Drugs
6696:
6686:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6631:. Retrieved
6598:
6594:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6491:
6487:
6477:
6442:
6438:
6393:(1): 27–31.
6390:
6386:
6365:. Retrieved
6324:
6320:
6293:. Retrieved
6258:
6254:
6244:
6209:
6205:
6195:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6142:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6032:. Retrieved
5996:
5992:
5979:
5967:. Retrieved
5958:
5932:. Retrieved
5923:
5878:
5874:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5778:(1): 17–23.
5775:
5771:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5514:
5510:
5460:
5456:
5424:
5412:. Retrieved
5376:
5372:
5321:
5317:
5307:
5277:(1): 59–62.
5274:
5270:
5264:
5252:. Retrieved
5209:
5205:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5011:(2): 68–87.
5008:
5004:
4994:
4957:
4953:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4862:
4858:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4718:
4714:
4704:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4568:
4564:
4543:. Retrieved
4529:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4455:
4451:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4357:(12): 1935.
4354:
4350:
4340:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4215:2318/1636249
4197:
4193:
4170:. Retrieved
4137:
4133:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4051:
4001:
3997:
3938:(12): 1597.
3935:
3931:
3921:
3909:. Retrieved
3900:
3891:
3866:
3862:
3814:
3810:
3774:
3770:
3710:
3706:
3654:
3650:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3558:. Retrieved
3549:
3502:
3498:
3457:. Retrieved
3453:
3444:
3399:
3395:
3370:. Retrieved
3356:
3344:. Retrieved
3308:
3304:
3215:
3211:
3162:. Retrieved
3153:
3144:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3060:
3056:
3019:. Retrieved
2983:
2979:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2872:. Retrieved
2788:
2784:
2720:
2716:
2693:the original
2676:
2643:
2636:
2626:
2612:
2580:
2576:
2560:
2559:(as well as
2556:
2554:
2541:
2536:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:means "no",
2481:
2473:
2472:
2445:
2436:Pierre Marie
2427:
2415:Charles Bell
2412:
2394:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2296:
2293:Epidemiology
2279:Hospice care
2277:
2259:
2234:feeding tube
2231:
2221:malnutrition
2214:
2182:
2162:
2155:
2129:tracheostomy
2126:
2117:
2103:to look for
2093:
2083:
2055:
2016:
1981:
1961:
1957:taurursodiol
1947:
1937:
1916:
1887:
1879:feeding tube
1875:
1861:
1857:
1827:
1799:Lyme disease
1788:
1780:
1740:
1730:motor cortex
1691:
1677:
1632:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1519:cytoskeleton
1511:
1500:Biochemistry
1494:pathogenesis
1481:
1477:
1465:motor cortex
1462:
1431:
1405:
1349:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1257:
1234:
1226:
1210:
1203:
1177:
1157:
1076:
1072:23.3 months
1069:17.7 months
1066:13.5 months
1056:
1047:
1010:
991:
983:
970:eye tracking
922:
910:
906:
878:
870:
866:dropped foot
862:
858:
814:
802:
792:
786:
780:
777:
774:Age of onset
747:
736:
730:
717:bulbar-onset
716:
712:
709:
634:
593:motor cortex
590:
565:
526:
516:
509:Charles Bell
506:
501:feeding tube
482:
466:familial ALS
465:
450:sporadic ALS
449:
443:
431:bulbar-onset
430:
426:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
292:Feeding tube
230:neuroimaging
202:Risk factors
179:Malnutrition
134:
121:
43:
10850:Augie Nieto
10805:Pete Frates
10800:Jay Fishman
10717:Project ALS
10589:Fazio–Londe
10429:Both/either
10223:Generalised
10082:Early-onset
10077:Alzheimer's
9812:spinal cord
9664:Radiopaedia
9653:GeneReviews
9614:MedlinePlus
9190:23 December
9160:23 December
9112:10451/48432
8303:(1): 4–13.
7556:: 145–159.
7524:30 November
7201:(1): 5–27.
6633:20 December
6327:: 101–130.
6034:20 December
5924:Mayo Clinic
5792:2318/156177
4408:: 6509493.
3346:20 December
3021:20 December
2669:in the UK.
2527:), because
2476:comes from
2474:Amyotrophic
2417:. In 1850,
2238:gastrostomy
2217:weight loss
2215:Preventing
2209:gastrostomy
2109:hypercapnia
2043:scopolamine
2035:intrathecal
1896:Medications
1776:spondylosis
1628:CRISPR/Cas9
1381:head injury
1379:(including
903:Progression
188:45–75 years
185:Usual onset
57:Other names
10913:Categories
10810:Lou Gehrig
10722:Prize4Life
10197:paroxysmal
10169:Autoimmune
9962:Dyskinesia
9832:Meningitis
9810:Brain and
9642:Patient UK
9590:DiseasesDB
6754:(1): 140.
6703:(5): 102.
5227:2262/59035
5060:: 714693.
4578:1607.02870
4545:24 October
4306:(1): 405.
4052:StatPearls
3911:24 January
3372:28 October
3164:27 October
2874:22 October
2673:References
2615:Lou Gehrig
2607:See also:
2550:Lou Gehrig
2499:amyotrophy
2467:See also:
2450:(EMG) and
2407:Lou Gehrig
2273:dysarthria
2177:spasticity
2058:mexiletine
2051:sialorrhea
2031:tizanidine
1992:pregabalin
1988:Gabapentin
1854:Management
1833:, such as
1365:pesticides
1293:penetrance
1265:oligogenic
929:aspirating
889:spasticity
885:dysarthria
756:dysarthria
713:Limb-onset
610:spasticity
439:swallowing
427:limb-onset
304:Medication
284:Wheelchair
143:swallowing
69:'s disease
67:Lou Gehrig
10855:Jon Stone
10194:Episodic/
10072:Tauopathy
10023:Akathisia
10011:Myoclonus
9994:Athetosis
9926:Tauopathy
9625:eMedicine
9441:207581186
9390:20 August
9129:215823371
8867:Neurology
8820:Neurology
8560:22 August
8161:Neurology
8142:252438252
7431:: 45–53.
7393:: 33–42.
7005:: 19–29.
6905:: 65–78.
6854:: 49–64.
6623:205117619
6134:254150195
5584:231858696
5511:Neurology
5184:195805546
5105:Neurology
4932:207619689
4859:Neurology
4807:Neurology
4172:22 August
4162:205516010
4065:27 August
3839:205345019
3609:251162676
3581:CNS Drugs
2919:249014375
2509:Sclerosis
2226:dysphagia
2199:Nutrition
2105:hypoxemia
1939:Edaravone
1929:glutamate
1837:(MG) and
1659:Diagnosis
1641:glutamate
1523:wild-type
1442:sclerosis
1269:polygenic
1261:monogenic
998:pneumonia
925:dysphagia
881:dysphagia
760:dysphagia
726:orthopnea
616:, and/or
527:ALS is a
474:diagnosis
399:stiffness
341:Frequency
332:Prognosis
313:Edaravone
276:Treatment
175:Pneumonia
147:breathing
110:Neurology
105:Specialty
10560:SMALED2B
10555:SMALED2A
10252:Migraine
10244:Headache
10210:epilepsy
10206:Seizures
10064:Dementia
9967:Dystonia
9675:Orphanet
9633:emerg/24
9630:neuro/14
9433:25431828
9353:27291884
9309:24124634
9227:10679709
9184:Archived
9154:Archived
9121:32387049
9070:14851649
9062:18164242
9027:22725949
9019:11464847
8984:32678612
8940:32884687
8897:19307543
8848:22629725
8840:18299524
8805:27191240
8761:41974606
8753:28057713
8718:28477849
8680:27510634
8620:30462626
8554:Archived
8550:52871105
8542:28285264
8493:23860588
8419:26479278
8411:20078446
8362:27164308
8327:24510737
8278:24640982
8243:26409693
8191:25934855
8134:36129998
8087:25 April
8081:Archived
8012:25 April
8006:Archived
7982:25 April
7976:Archived
7957:28872907
7916:29399045
7856:28522181
7815:21412722
7780:22419278
7716:21914052
7670:37579081
7661:10413437
7618:24367951
7572:20015852
7491:18198431
7453:26282198
7445:23735671
7407:26166297
7365:28982219
7313:20959307
7270:18 April
7260:LEMS.com
7240:18 April
7234:Archived
7215:21412713
7180:23523708
7150:PM&R
7131:31001186
7080:33398403
7029:27059391
6980:29605155
6929:27033831
6880:30050368
6829:28468939
6780:32819425
6729:27213408
6678:34398467
6670:18069968
6627:Archived
6615:28700839
6553:23463272
6518:28127517
6469:30239176
6415:20998807
6407:16546756
6361:Archived
6357:33604904
6349:27377857
6289:Archived
6285:35020823
6236:35379930
6187:34518333
6126:36458618
6085:35379930
6025:Archived
6013:25378359
5963:Archived
5928:Archived
5903:25040863
5895:24126629
5853:22082109
5845:26283685
5810:24369373
5748:28449882
5713:22224140
5705:22424127
5670:21066800
5662:28044945
5627:12807996
5619:17559605
5576:33563800
5541:30209236
5489:28408982
5435:Archived
5414:4 August
5405:Archived
5401:13416164
5393:21402743
5348:28054828
5299:40367873
5291:17924236
5254:30 April
5248:Archived
5236:21297150
5176:31273038
5135:31391247
5086:21603029
5027:19556916
4986:30837936
4924:19634063
4889:26658909
4837:25298304
4788:31734765
4780:25385051
4745:34901853
4688:10540002
4652:32558369
4603:38905437
4595:27964824
4539:Archived
4521:23678876
4472:28477850
4434:28634552
4383:34946884
4332:34686150
4281:26515621
4232:45285510
4224:27647646
4166:Archived
4154:25311585
4110:27672209
4102:20001486
4060:32809609
4030:28003278
3964:34942899
3905:Archived
3883:11255459
3831:24382602
3793:21296405
3735:34109901
3727:25728958
3671:28461024
3601:35907175
3560:25 April
3554:Archived
3529:35334234
3459:7 August
3436:22132186
3396:PLOS ONE
3366:Archived
3337:Archived
3325:28980624
3240:24483077
3232:28552366
3158:Archived
3136:31329211
3087:35334233
3012:Archived
3000:27514291
2911:35607838
2868:Archived
2815:32526057
2749:19192301
2723:(4): 3.
2631:and the
2546:baseball
2397:in 1874.
2285:, while
2039:Atropine
2027:Baclofen
1963:Tofersen
1933:asthenia
1918:Riluzole
1911:riluzole
1803:syphilis
1797:(HTLV),
1756:myopathy
1653:Riluzole
1496:of ALS.
1408:openness
1395:, lower
1369:solvents
1353:exposome
1313:tofersen
1305:dementia
1107:Stage 5
1104:Stage 4
1101:Stage 3
1098:Stage 2
1095:Stage 1
1092:Stage 0
1035:Stage 4
1032:Stage 3
1029:Stage 2
1026:Stage 1
1011:As with
947:such as
941:rib cage
827:and the
622:weakness
485:riluzole
435:speaking
423:behavior
419:thinking
407:weakness
403:twitches
321:Tofersen
309:Riluzole
208:male sex
139:speaking
117:Symptoms
10879:Related
10669:General
10572:SMA-PME
10567:SMA-PCH
10550:SMALED1
10262:Tension
10257:Cluster
9982:Meige's
9799:Amoebic
9689:Q206901
9685:Scholia
9584:D000690
9361:3757685
9300:3794725
9235:5917354
8976:7807156
8932:9851644
8888:2821838
8671:4987527
8650:Bibcode
8611:5858037
8484:4049265
8370:7279853
8318:4433000
8234:5223769
8182:4456658
8038:4 April
8032:AP News
7907:5784546
7771:7055506
7724:5746940
7356:6485636
7171:4590769
7122:6456669
7105:: 291.
7071:7847443
7020:5003651
6920:5003642
6871:6053097
6820:5451175
6771:7439665
6720:4882576
6509:5256182
6460:6192405
6329:Bibcode
6276:9129091
6227:9177585
6178:8784989
6076:9177585
6021:3437565
5969:6 April
5934:6 April
5801:4544832
5532:6177274
5480:5373425
5463:: 371.
5433:. CNN.
5339:5425622
5244:7043837
5126:6745736
5077:3096454
5035:7650356
4977:6389633
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4880:4793781
4828:4239834
4736:8659356
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4643:7359118
4512:3779649
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4374:8701111
4323:8532334
4272:4629514
4021:5538408
3955:8699408
3520:9513754
3427:3222666
3404:Bibcode
3333:1002680
3127:6646974
3078:9513753
3008:8547381
2806:7540334
2740:2656493
2548:player
2504:Lateral
2381:History
2363:C9orf72
2339:C9orf72
2283:dyspnea
2144:Therapy
2012:opioids
1998:(e.g.,
1949:AMX0035
1671:(axial
1620:C9orf72
1615:C9orf72
1610:C9orf72
1444:of the
1385:smoking
1383:), and
1361:mercury
1321:C9orf72
1288:C9orf72
1215:(FTD).
958:urinary
939:of the
833:hearing
817:atrophy
722:dyspnea
603:to the
601:synapse
563:(MMA).
551:(PMA),
547:(PLS),
454:genetic
411:wasting
145:, and
10778:People
10752:Events
10291:Stroke
10105:Pick's
10032:Tremor
9999:Chorea
9636:pmr/10
9619:000688
9573:105400
9562:335.20
9547:G12.21
9517:8B60.0
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2488:(from
2367:TARDBP
2365:, and
2349:, and
2347:TARDBP
2317:, the
2305:after
2010:, and
2004:NSAIDs
1994:, and
1984:phlegm
1821:, and
1801:, and
1600:, and
1581:TARDBP
1573:TARDBP
1564:TUBA4A
1561:, and
1546:SQSTM1
1543:, and
1474:TDP-43
1339:TARDBP
1267:, and
1130:Death
847:, and
819:, and
791:, and
628:, and
618:clonus
559:, and
472:. The
409:, and
228:, and
193:Causes
10605:both:
10537:DSMA1
10532:SMAX2
10527:SMAX1
10507:only:
10480:only:
10384:Other
10306:Other
10218:Focal
9851:Brain
9754:Brain
9595:29148
9542:10-CM
9532:G12.2
9437:S2CID
9357:S2CID
9231:S2CID
9125:S2CID
9066:S2CID
9023:S2CID
8980:S2CID
8936:S2CID
8844:S2CID
8757:S2CID
8546:S2CID
8415:S2CID
8366:S2CID
8138:S2CID
8056:(ALS)
7720:S2CID
7449:S2CID
7291:Brain
6674:S2CID
6619:S2CID
6557:S2CID
6411:S2CID
6353:S2CID
6255:Brain
6130:S2CID
6028:(PDF)
6017:S2CID
5989:(PDF)
5899:S2CID
5849:S2CID
5709:S2CID
5666:S2CID
5623:S2CID
5580:S2CID
5408:(PDF)
5397:S2CID
5369:(PDF)
5295:S2CID
5240:S2CID
5180:S2CID
5031:S2CID
4928:S2CID
4784:S2CID
4692:S2CID
4599:S2CID
4573:arXiv
4351:Genes
4228:S2CID
4158:S2CID
4106:S2CID
3835:S2CID
3731:S2CID
3605:S2CID
3340:(PDF)
3329:S2CID
3301:(PDF)
3236:S2CID
3015:(PDF)
3004:S2CID
2976:(PDF)
2915:S2CID
2665:, or
2650:viral
2478:Greek
1783:urine
1673:FLAIR
1649:EAAT2
1603:MATR3
1552:DCTN1
1486:Prion
1285:, or
1231:Cause
849:taste
845:smell
841:touch
837:sight
470:genes
377:) or
135:Later
122:Early
10208:and
9919:PKAN
9914:NBIA
9579:MeSH
9568:OMIM
9557:9-CM
9429:PMID
9392:2014
9349:PMID
9305:PMID
9254:ISBN
9223:PMID
9192:2018
9162:2018
9117:PMID
9058:PMID
9015:PMID
8972:PMID
8928:PMID
8893:PMID
8836:PMID
8801:PMID
8749:PMID
8714:PMID
8676:PMID
8616:PMID
8562:2018
8538:PMID
8489:PMID
8438:ISBN
8407:PMID
8358:PMID
8323:PMID
8274:PMID
8239:PMID
8187:PMID
8130:PMID
8108:ALS"
8106:SOD1
8089:2023
8040:2024
8014:2023
7984:2023
7953:PMID
7912:PMID
7852:PMID
7811:PMID
7776:PMID
7754:2012
7712:PMID
7666:PMID
7644:2023
7614:PMID
7568:PMID
7526:2016
7487:PMID
7441:PMID
7403:PMID
7361:PMID
7309:PMID
7272:2013
7242:2013
7211:PMID
7176:PMID
7127:PMID
7076:PMID
7025:PMID
7003:1647
6976:PMID
6925:PMID
6903:1647
6876:PMID
6825:PMID
6776:PMID
6725:PMID
6666:PMID
6635:2019
6611:PMID
6549:PMID
6514:PMID
6465:PMID
6403:PMID
6369:2023
6345:PMID
6297:2023
6281:PMID
6232:PMID
6183:PMID
6151:SOD1
6122:PMID
6081:PMID
6036:2019
6009:PMID
5971:2022
5936:2022
5891:PMID
5841:PMID
5806:PMID
5744:PMID
5701:PMID
5658:PMID
5615:PMID
5572:PMID
5537:PMID
5485:PMID
5416:2022
5389:PMID
5344:PMID
5287:PMID
5256:2023
5232:PMID
5172:PMID
5131:PMID
5082:PMID
5058:2011
5023:PMID
4982:PMID
4920:PMID
4885:PMID
4833:PMID
4776:PMID
4741:PMID
4684:PMID
4648:PMID
4591:PMID
4547:2020
4517:PMID
4468:PMID
4430:PMID
4406:2017
4379:PMID
4328:PMID
4277:PMID
4220:PMID
4174:2018
4150:PMID
4098:PMID
4067:2023
4056:PMID
4026:PMID
3960:PMID
3913:2019
3879:PMID
3827:PMID
3789:PMID
3723:PMID
3667:PMID
3597:PMID
3562:2023
3525:PMID
3461:2023
3432:PMID
3374:2020
3348:2019
3321:PMID
3228:PMID
3166:2020
3132:PMID
3083:PMID
3023:2019
2996:PMID
2907:PMID
2876:2020
2811:PMID
2745:PMID
2486:myo-
2463:Name
2355:SOD1
2343:SOD1
2315:Guam
2309:and
2219:and
2133:tube
2029:and
1955:and
1845:and
1815:CIDP
1766:, a
1597:SETX
1583:and
1558:PFN1
1540:TBK1
1534:OPTN
1478:SOD1
1448:and
1414:and
1367:and
1359:and
1357:lead
1327:SOD1
1282:SOD1
1193:and
1150:86%
1147:33%
1144:33%
1141:26%
960:and
804:SOD1
801:and
794:SETX
788:ALS2
704:Yes
690:Yes
682:Yes
679:Yes
456:and
441:).
421:and
10522:SMA
10505:LMN
10478:UMN
10469:MND
10335:CSF
10286:TIA
9931:PSP
9907:NMS
9876:and
9737:CNS
9680:803
9647:ALS
9553:ICD
9538:ICD
9523:ICD
9508:ICD
9419:doi
9339:doi
9335:127
9295:PMC
9287:doi
9215:doi
9107:hdl
9097:doi
9093:131
9050:doi
9046:119
9007:doi
8964:doi
8960:124
8920:doi
8916:160
8883:PMC
8875:doi
8828:doi
8791:doi
8741:doi
8706:doi
8702:173
8666:PMC
8658:doi
8606:PMC
8598:doi
8528:hdl
8520:doi
8479:PMC
8471:doi
8397:doi
8393:122
8350:doi
8313:PMC
8305:doi
8266:doi
8229:PMC
8221:doi
8177:PMC
8169:doi
8120:doi
8116:387
7943:doi
7902:PMC
7892:doi
7842:doi
7803:doi
7799:149
7766:PMC
7758:doi
7702:doi
7656:PMC
7648:doi
7604:doi
7558:doi
7479:doi
7433:doi
7429:110
7395:doi
7351:PMC
7343:doi
7299:doi
7295:133
7203:doi
7199:149
7166:PMC
7158:doi
7117:PMC
7107:doi
7066:PMC
7056:doi
7052:141
7015:PMC
7007:doi
6966:hdl
6956:doi
6915:PMC
6907:doi
6866:PMC
6856:doi
6815:PMC
6807:doi
6766:PMC
6756:doi
6715:PMC
6705:doi
6658:doi
6603:doi
6599:377
6541:doi
6504:PMC
6496:doi
6455:PMC
6447:doi
6395:doi
6337:doi
6271:PMC
6263:doi
6259:145
6222:PMC
6214:doi
6173:PMC
6165:doi
6112:doi
6071:PMC
6063:doi
6001:doi
5883:doi
5833:doi
5796:PMC
5788:hdl
5780:doi
5736:doi
5732:173
5693:doi
5650:doi
5607:doi
5603:116
5564:doi
5527:PMC
5519:doi
5475:PMC
5465:doi
5381:doi
5334:PMC
5326:doi
5279:doi
5222:hdl
5214:doi
5162:doi
5121:PMC
5113:doi
5072:PMC
5062:doi
5013:doi
4972:PMC
4962:doi
4912:doi
4875:PMC
4867:doi
4823:PMC
4815:doi
4768:doi
4764:262
4731:PMC
4723:doi
4676:doi
4672:169
4638:PMC
4630:doi
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4507:PMC
4499:doi
4460:doi
4456:173
4420:PMC
4410:doi
4369:PMC
4359:doi
4318:PMC
4308:doi
4267:PMC
4259:doi
4210:hdl
4202:doi
4142:doi
4090:doi
4016:PMC
4006:doi
3950:PMC
3940:doi
3871:doi
3819:doi
3779:doi
3775:377
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3422:PMC
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3220:doi
3216:390
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3114:doi
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3065:doi
2988:doi
2899:doi
2801:PMC
2793:doi
2735:PMC
2725:doi
2581:ALS
2557:ALS
2523:or
2490:mûs
2359:FUS
2351:FUS
2053:).
2006:),
1793:),
1791:HIV
1716:An
1667:An
1591:ANG
1585:FUS
1577:FUS
1528:VCP
1482:FUS
1480:or
1371:),
1333:FUS
1279:in
1138:7%
899:).
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782:FUS
762:).
728:).
701:No
693:No
437:or
375:MND
367:ALS
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10446:SA
9953:OA
9948:HD
9897:PD
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