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process on 21 July. UNTAG was concerned by this draft, insisting that political party agents should be present at the polling stations and at the counting of the votes. In this way, the
Namibian people could be reassured that the voting would be free and fair. The South African side opposed the idea, indicating their determination to dominate the constitution-making process and retain control for as long as possible.
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paramilitary unit which ought to be disbanded, but the unit continued to deploy in the north, in heavily armoured convoys. In June 1989, Martti
Ahtisaari told AG Pienaar that this behaviour was totally inconsistent with the Settlement Proposal, which required the police to be lightly armed. Moreover, the vast majority of the Koevoet personnel were quite unsuited for continued employment in the
375:, was appointed. Upon South Africa's relinquishing control of Namibia, Commissioner Carlsson's role would have been to take over the administration of the country on behalf of the UN, formulate its framework constitution, and organise free and fair elections based upon a non-racial universal franchise.
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In 1990, on his return to South Africa, Louis
Pienaar was nominated to be the Minister of Education in President F W de Klerk's government, where he was to be responsible for the dismantling of the structures of apartheid. From May 1992 until April 1993, Pienaar was the Minister for Internal Affairs.
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to abide by an agreed cease-fire and repatriate from Angola only unarmed
Namibians, the South Africans alleged that approximately 2,000 armed members of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), SWAPO's military wing, crossed the border from Angola in an apparent attempt to establish a military
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On 22 May, AG Pienaar proclaimed AG 11 of 1989: "Establishment and Powers of the
Commission for the Prevention and Combatting of Intimidation and Electoral Malpractices". On 8 June, AG 14 of 1989 was proclaimed: "First Law amendment (Abolition of Discriminatory or Restrictive Laws for purposes of
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Following complex negotiations with UNTAG concerning electoral voting procedures, AG Pienaar proclaimed AG 19 of 1989: "Registration of Voters (Constituency
Assembly Proclamation)" on 30 June. Registration of voters began on 4 July, and AG Pienaar published a draft proclamation on the election
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The 11-month transition period ended relatively smoothly. Political prisoners were granted amnesty, the discriminatory legislation was repealed, South Africa withdrew all its forces from
Namibia, and some 42,000 refugees returned safely and voluntarily under the auspices of the Office of the
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paramilitary force. The
Koevoet issue was one of the most difficult UNTAG had faced. This counter-insurgency unit was formed by South Africa after the adoption of UNSCR 435, and was not, therefore, mentioned in the settlement proposal or related documents. The UN regarded the Koevoet as a
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On 11 April, he stated, that contrary to previous undertakings, UNTAG and the South
African security forces had "agreed that PLAN soldiers would be interrogated in order to verify the suspected number of infiltrators". Botha overruled AG Pienaar's statement saying "there is no question of
33:
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of 26 July 1991, Pik Botha told a press conference that the South
African government had paid more than ÂŁ20 million to at least seven political parties in Namibia to oppose SWAPO in the run-up to the 1989 elections. He justified the expenditure on the grounds that
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On 12 June, AG Pienaar declared a general amnesty against prosecution for all Namibians living abroad, and repealed or amended 46 discriminatory laws. (He extended the amnesty eight months later to South African officials and security personnel including the
694:). Pik Botha announced on 28 September 1989 that 1,200 ex-Koevoet members would be demobilized with effect from the following day. A further 400 such personnel were demobilized on 30 October. These demobilizations were supervised by UNTAG military monitors.
439:– established a Joint Monitoring Commission (JMC) with the US and the Soviet Union, as observers, to oversee implementation of the accords. A bilateral agreement between Cuba and Angola was signed at UN headquarters on 22 December 1988. On the same day, a
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At the end of August, the UN Security Council called for the immediate demobilization of all paramilitary groups in Namibia (UNSCR 640 of 1989), and a week later AG Pienaar announced he was suspending the activities of the
707:(UNHCR). Almost 98% of the registered voters turned out to elect members of the Constituent Assembly. The elections were held in November 1989, and were certified as free and fair by UN Special Representative
478:, and an official delegation of 22 had a lucky escape. Their booking on Pan Am 103 was changed last minute, and Botha, together with the smaller delegation, caught the earlier Pan Am 101 flight to New York.)
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received 29% of the vote. The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on 21 November 1989 and resolved unanimously to use the 1982 Constitutional Principles in Namibia's new constitution.
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UN Security Council adopted resolution 632 on 16 February 1989, requiring that implementation of UNSCR 435 should officially start on 1 April 1989. AG Pienaar, under the supervision of
423:(29 May – 1 June 1988), it was decided that Cuban troops would be withdrawn from Angola, and Soviet military aid would cease, as soon as South Africa withdrew from Namibia. The
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of 1978 declared was being administered illegally by South Africa. Two years after AG Pienaar's appointment, when prospects for Namibian independence seemed to be improving,
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in December 1988. Cuba, South Africa, and the People's Republic of Angola agreed to a total Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola. This agreement – known as the
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taking 57% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds necessary to have a free hand in revising the framework constitution that had been formulated not by
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On 7 April, AG Pienaar announced that he was unilaterally suspending the independence process, but his decision was quickly repudiated by
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Sports Stadium on 21 March 1990. Numerous international representatives attended, including 20 heads of state, and the arrival of
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between Angola, Cuba and South Africa was signed, whereby South Africa agreed to hand control of Namibia to the
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On 1 July 1985, Pienaar was appointed by the National Party government to be the Administrator-General (AG) of
776:, jointly conferred independence on Namibia. AG Pienaar formally handed over power to the president of SWAPO,
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On 13 October, AG Pienaar proclaimed AG 49 of 1989: "The Holding of an Election for a Constituent Assembly".
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presence in northern Namibia. Under pressure from AG Pienaar and South Africa's foreign minister
311:(23 June 1926 – 5 November 2012) was a South African lawyer and diplomat. He was the last white
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Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103#South-West Africa (Namibia)
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Pienaar died at his residence in Cape Town on 5 November 2012.
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independence in 1990. Pienaar later served as a minister in
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Difficult start in Namibia's transition to independence
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335:In the early 1980s, Louis Pienaar was assigned to
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722:but with the help of AG Pienaar. The opposition
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972:"Mixed reactions to Louis Pienaar's death"
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1446:Ministers of home affairs of South Africa
663:Learn how and when to remove this message
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201:1 July 1985 – 21 March 1990
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890:Let's not bury the 1 April killings
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959:Namibian independence celebrations
738:South Africa was at war with SWAPO
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411:. Later in May, at the
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250:Louis Alexander Pienaar
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539:Actions by AG Pienaar
137:Minister of Education
834:Gastrow, S. (1993).
782:President of Namibia
698:Democratic elections
597:improve this article
512:UN Secretary-General
462:on 21 December 1988
441:tripartite agreement
437:Brazzaville Protocol
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270:(2012-11-05)
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230:
223:
219:Succeeded by
196:
177:Succeeded by
144:
125:Succeeded by
102:
83:Succeeded by
50:
18:
1431:2012 deaths
1426:1926 births
1289:J. de Klerk
1107:Hartzenberg
1092:J. de Klerk
1019:Piet Marais
840:. H. Zell.
653:August 2024
285:Nationality
207:Preceded by
182:Piet Marais
165:Preceded by
158:FW de Klerk
113:Preceded by
71:Preceded by
64:FW de Klerk
1420:Categories
1319:Schlebusch
1248:Stuttaford
1013:1990–1992
822:References
778:Sam Nujoma
768:, and the
748:Namibia's
623:newspapers
519:, UNTAG's
508:Sam Nujoma
419:summit in
363:and which
256:1926-06-23
228:Sam Nujoma
76:Gert Kotzé
1365:Buthelezi
1002:Gene Louw
545:Pik Botha
517:Pik Botha
476:Pik Botha
456:Lockerbie
417:Gorbachev
275:Cape Town
197:In office
170:Gene Louw
154:President
149:1990–1992
145:In office
118:Gene Louw
107:1992–1993
103:In office
60:President
55:1990–1993
51:In office
1309:Gerdener
1263:Lawrence
1258:Clarkson
1253:Lawrence
944:Archived
893:Archived
864:Archived
805:See also
754:Windhoek
496:Windhoek
472:New York
464:en route
460:Scotland
371:(UNCN),
331:Diplomat
321:Namibian
1349:Schutte
1344:Pienaar
1304:Viljoen
1294:Le Roux
1243:Hofmeyr
1218:Fischer
1122:Pienaar
1112:Viljoen
1076:Hofmeyr
711:, with
683:Koevoet
637:scholar
506:leader
361:Namibia
359:called
347:Namibia
1400:Gigaba
1395:Dlodlo
1390:Mkhize
1385:Gigaba
1380:Pandor
1324:Heunis
1314:Mulder
1299:Muller
1279:Dönges
1233:Duncan
1153:Pandor
1127:Marais
844:
692:SWAPOL
639:
632:
625:
618:
610:
533:SWAPOL
468:London
421:Moscow
413:Reagan
409:London
399:, and
393:Angola
341:France
1405:Cwele
1334:Botha
1284:Naudé
1238:Malan
1223:Smuts
1213:Smuts
1148:Asmal
1143:Bengu
797:Death
713:SWAPO
644:JSTOR
630:books
504:SWAPO
466:from
337:Paris
1339:Louw
1228:Watt
1117:Louw
842:ISBN
717:UNCN
616:news
397:Cuba
265:Died
246:Born
1197:of
1060:in
599:by
563:.)
470:to
431:in
315:of
1422::
974:.
784:.
772:,
764:,
547:.
490:,
458:,
447:.
395:,
343:.
277:,
1187:e
1180:t
1173:v
1050:e
1043:t
1036:v
850:.
690:(
666:)
660:(
655:)
651:(
641:·
634:·
627:·
620:·
593:.
531:(
415:/
258:)
254:(
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