Louis XVI - Knowledge

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as he was. Because it had been so long since the Estates General had been convened, there was some debate as to which procedures should be followed. Ultimately, the Parlement of Paris agreed that "all traditional observances should be carefully maintained to avoid the impression that the Estates General could make things up as it went along." Under this decision, the King agreed to retain many of the traditions which had been the norm in 1614 and prior convocations of the Estates General, but which were intolerable to a Third Estate (the bourgeoisie) buoyed by recent proclamations of equality. For example, the First and Second Estates (the clergy and nobility respectively) proceeded into the assembly wearing their finest garments, while the Third Estate was required to wear plain, oppressively somber black, an act of alienation that Louis XVI would likely have not condoned. He seemed to regard the deputies of the Estates General with respect: in a wave of self-important patriotism, members of the Estates refused to remove their hats in the King's presence, so Louis removed his to them.

1967: 1382: 735:, who was regarded as bright and handsome but died at the age of nine in 1761. Louis-Auguste, a strong and healthy boy but very shy, excelled in his studies and had a strong taste for Latin, history, geography, and astronomy and became fluent in Italian and English. His tutors in mathematics and physics had high praises for his work. Le Blonde, his mathematics instructor, wrote that the prince's studies were "proofs of intelligence and the excellence of judgement," though flattery was to be expected when addressing a prince. Louis-Auguste's apparent mathematical skills are corroborated by his enjoyment of cartography, which would have required an understanding of scale and projections. He also enjoyed physical activities such as hunting with his grandfather and rough play with his younger brothers, 2072: 771: 2400: 848:. By the time that Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were married, the French people generally disliked the Austrian alliance, and Marie Antoinette was seen as an unwelcome foreigner. For the young couple, the marriage was initially amiable but distant. Louis XVI's shyness and, among other factors, the young age and inexperience of the newlyweds (who were near total strangers to each other: they had met only two days before their wedding) meant that the fifteen-year-old bridegroom failed to consummate the union with his fourteen-year-old bride. His fear of being manipulated by her for Austrian purposes caused him to behave coldly towards her in public. Correspondence between Marie Antoinette's mother and Austria's French ambassador 1902:

severe. Furthermore, he totally misunderstood the political situation. He thought only a small number of radicals in Paris were promoting a revolution that the people as a whole rejected. He thought, mistakenly, that he was beloved by his subjects. The King's flight in the short term was traumatic for France, inciting a wave of emotions that ranged from anxiety to violence to panic. The realization that the King had repudiated the Revolution was a shock for people who until then had seen him as a good king who governed as a manifestation of God's will. Many suspected the King of collaborating with the Austrians, due to Marie Antoinette's family ties and the fact that the monarchs had clearly been heading for the

654: 10398: 857: 10333: 10265: 1292: 1172: 1817: 3696: 1224: 1713: 762:" (governor of the Children of France), from 1760 until his marriage in 1770, did not prepare him for the throne that he was to inherit in 1774 after the death of his grandfather, Louis XV. Throughout his education, Louis-Auguste received a mixture of studies particular to religion, morality, and humanities. His instructors may have also had a good hand in shaping Louis-Auguste into the indecisive king that he became. Abbé Berthier, his instructor, taught him that timidity was a value in strong monarchs, and Abbé Soldini, his confessor, instructed him not to let people read his mind. 6000: 3810: 6174: 2349: 11586: 11577: 10139: 898:'s biography of Marie Antoinette discusses Joseph II's letter on the matter to one of his brothers after he visited Versailles in 1777. In the letter, Joseph describes in astonishingly frank detail Louis XVI's inadequate performance in the marriage bed and Marie Antoinette's lack of interest in conjugal activity. Joseph described the couple as "complete fumblers"; however, with his advice, Louis XVI began to apply himself more effectively to his marital duties, and in the third week of March 1778 Marie Antoinette became pregnant. 996:

as he was evicted from the boarding school when the fee was no longer paid, and reportedly starved to death on the street. Armand and Zoe had a position which was more similar to that of Ernestine: Armand lived at court with the king and queen until he left them at the outbreak of the revolution because of his republican sympathies, and Zoe was chosen to be the playmate of the Dauphin, just as Ernestine had once been selected as the playmate of Marie Thérèse, and sent away to her sisters in a convent boarding school before the

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was carried out to decide upon the fate of the former king, and the result was uncomfortably close for such a dramatic decision. 288 of the deputies voted against death and for some other alternative, mainly some means of imprisonment or exile. 72 of the deputies voted for the death penalty, but subject to several delaying conditions and reservations. The voting took a total of 36 hours. 361 of the deputies voted for Louis's immediate execution. Louis was condemned to death by a majority of one vote.

1725: 909: 670: 905:, Marie Antoinette's lady-in-waiting, the queen also suffered two miscarriages. The first one, in 1779, a few months after the birth of her first child, is mentioned in a letter to her daughter, written in July by Empress Maria Theresa. Madame Campan states that Louis XVI spent an entire morning consoling his wife at her bedside, and swore to secrecy everyone who knew of the occurrence. Marie Antoinette suffered a second miscarriage on the night of 2–3 November 1783. 2195: 1940:, which declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe in the well-being of Louis and his family, and threatened vague but severe consequences if anything should befall them. Although Leopold saw the Pillnitz Declaration as an easy way to appear concerned about the developments in France without committing any soldiers or finances to change them, the revolutionary leaders in Paris viewed it fearfully as a dangerous foreign attempt to undermine France's sovereignty. 1067: 12425: 2388:, in particular, showed the marks of the feelings aroused by the revolution's regicide. The two writers did not share the same sociopolitical vision, but they agreed that, even though the monarchy was rightly ended in 1792, the lives of the royal family should have been spared. Lack of compassion at that moment contributed to a radicalization of revolutionary violence and to greater divisiveness among Frenchmen. For the 20th century novelist 2088: 1014: 10363: 10308: 12401: 1492: 1079:, had been widely hated by the time of his death. The public remembered him as an irresponsible man who spent his time womanizing rather than administrating. Furthermore, the monarchy had poured money into a series of unsuccessful foreign military campaigns, leaving France in a state of financial difficulty. The young Louis XVI felt woefully unqualified to resolve the situation. 1790:. On the other hand, Louis was alienated from the new democratic government both by its negative reaction to the traditional role of the monarch and in its treatment of him and his family. He was particularly irked by being kept essentially as a prisoner in the Tuileries, and by the refusal of the new regime to allow him to have confessors and priests of his choice rather than ' 12413: 2291:, halted the speech by ordering a drum roll. The former king was then quickly beheaded. Some accounts of Louis's beheading indicate that the blade did not sever his neck entirely the first time. There are also accounts of a blood-curdling scream issuing from Louis after the blade fell but this is unlikely, since the blade severed Louis' spine. The executioner, 894:, and during the time he was supposed to have had the operation, he went out hunting almost every day, according to his journal. This would not have been possible if he had undergone a circumcision; at the very least, he would have been unable to ride to the hunt for a few weeks afterwards. The couple's sexual problems are now attributed to other factors. 2283:. As Louis XVI mounted the scaffold, he appeared dignified and resigned. He delivered a short speech in which he pardoned "...those who are the cause of my death.... ". He then declared himself innocent of the crimes of which he was accused, praying that his blood would not fall back on France. Many accounts suggest Louis XVI's desire to say more, but 1091:. When questioned about his decision, he said, "It may be considered politically unwise, but it seems to me to be the general wish and I want to be loved." In spite of his indecisiveness, Louis XVI was determined to be a good king, stating that he "must always consult public opinion; it is never wrong." He, therefore, appointed an experienced advisor, 2179:. Before the trial started and Louis mounted his defense to the convention, he told his lawyers that he knew he would be found guilty and be killed, but to prepare and act as though they could win. He was resigned to and accepted his fate before the verdict was determined, but he was willing to fight to be remembered as a good king for his people. 882:(a common treatment for phimosis) to relieve the condition seven years after their marriage. Louis XVI's doctors were not in favour of the surgery – the operation was delicate and traumatic, and capable of doing "as much harm as good" to an adult male. The argument for phimosis and a resulting operation is mostly seen to originate from 1682:

this period, as Louis XVI's declaration that was left behind in the Tuileries stated that he regarded his actions during his constitutional reign as provisional; he reflected that his "palace was a prison". This time period was exemplary in its demonstration of an institution's deliberation while in their last standing moments.

2125:, and it was voted that the deposed monarch be tried before the National Convention, the organ that housed the representatives of the sovereign people. In many ways, the former king's trial represented the trial of the monarchy by the Revolution. It was seen as if with the death of one came the life of the other. The historian 1215:, who opposed his reforms, on 6 May 1788, and even dissolving and depriving of all power the "Parlement", replacing it with a plenary court, on 8 May 1788. The failure of these measures and displays of royal power is attributable to three decisive factors. First, the majority of the population stood in favor of the 2250: 1859:, as well as assistance from other nations with which they could return and, in essence, recapture France. This degree of planning reveals Louis's political determination, but it was for this determined plot that he was eventually convicted of high treason. He left behind (on his bed) a 16-page written manifesto, 1872:

The National Assembly was quick to decide to publish the theory that the King had been kidnapped, thus avoiding any challenge to the Constitution, which was then nearing completion, while at the same time ordering that the carriage be placed under arrest. It was a deliberately deceptive choice, since

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was discovered. Regarding the financial difficulties facing France, the Assembly created the Comité des Finances, and while Louis XVI attempted to declare his concern and interest in remedying the economic situations, inclusively offering to melt crown silver as a dramatic measure, it appeared to the

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on 8 August 1788, setting the date of their opening on 1 May 1789. With the convocation of the Estates General, as in many other instances during his reign, Louis XVI placed his reputation and public image in the hands of those who were perhaps not as sensitive to the desires of the French population

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As king, Louis XVI focused primarily on religious freedom and foreign policy. Although raised as the Dauphin since 1765, he lacked firmness and decisiveness. His desire to be loved by his people is evident in the prefaces of many of his edicts that would often explain the nature and good intention of

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Of these, only Armand, Ernestine and Zoe actually lived with the royal family: Jean Amilcar, along with the elder siblings of Zoe and Armand who were also formally foster children of the royal couple, simply lived on the queen's expense until her imprisonment, which proved fatal for at least Amilcar,

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that was at the heart of the French monarchy. As a result, the Revolution was opposed by many of the rural people of France and by all the governments of France's neighbors. Still, within the city of Paris and amongst the philosophers of the time, many of which were members of the National Assembly,

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On 15 January 1793, the convention, composed of 721 deputies, voted on the verdict. Given the overwhelming evidence of Louis's collusion with the invaders, the verdict was a foregone conclusion – with 693 deputies voting guilty, none for acquittal, with 23 abstaining. The next day, a roll-call vote

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Contrary to its intended purpose of strengthening Louis XVI's position against the revolutionaries, the Brunswick Manifesto greatly undermined his already highly tenuous position. It was taken by many to be the final proof of collusion between the King and foreign powers in a conspiracy against his

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While Louis's blood dripped to the ground, several onlookers ran forward to dip their handkerchiefs in it. This account was proven true in 2012 after a DNA comparison linked blood thought to be from Louis XVI's beheading to DNA taken from tissue samples originating from what was long thought to be

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At the individual level, the failure of the escape plans was due to a series of misadventures, delays, misinterpretations, and poor judgments. In a wider perspective, the failure was attributable to the king's indecision—he repeatedly postponed the schedule, allowing for smaller problems to become

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later argued that the death of the former king led to the acceptance of violence as a tool for happiness. He said, "If we accept the proposition that one person can be sacrificed for the happiness of the many, it will soon be demonstrated that two or three or more could also be sacrificed for the

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There is a lack of scholarship on the subject of Louis XVI's time as a constitutional monarch, though it was a significant length of time. The reason as to why many biographers have not elaborated extensively on this time in the king's life is due to the uncertainty surrounding his actions during

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against the King, and thus continuously rebelled against him. Second, the royal treasury was financially destitute to a crippling degree, leaving it incapable of sustaining its own imposed reforms. Third, although the King enjoyed as much absolute power as his predecessors, he lacked the personal

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Mirabeau's death on 7 April, and Louis XVI's indecision, fatally weakened negotiations between the Crown and moderate politicians. The Third Estate leaders also had no desire in turning back or remaining moderate after their hard efforts to change the politics of the time, and so the plans for a

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suggest that the Austrian court did hope for the princess to exert influence over her husband. Letters sent between the Empress and the Ambassador express a desire for Marie Antoinette to exercise authority in the French court and to encourage Louis XVI to dedicate more attention to his role as

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The next day, a motion to grant Louis XVI reprieve from the death sentence was voted down: 310 of the deputies requested mercy, but 380 voted for the immediate execution of the death penalty. This decision would be final. Malesherbes wanted to break the news to Louis and bitterly lamented the

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Most modern historians agree that Louis XVI had no surgery – for instance, as late as 1777, the Prussian envoy, Baron Goltz, reported that Louis XVI had definitely declined the operation. Louis XVI was frequently declared to be perfectly capable of sexual intercourse, as confirmed by

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Larmuseau et al. (2013) tested the Y-DNA of three living members of the House of Bourbon, one descending from Louis XIII of France via King Louis Philippe I, and two from Louis XIV via Philip V of Spain, and concluded that all three men share the same STR haplotype and belonged to

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The convention would be voting on three questions: first, is Louis guilty; second, whatever the decision, should there be an appeal to the people; and third, if found guilty, what punishment should Louis suffer? The order of the voting on each question was a compromise within the

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to act as plenipotentiary, dealing with other foreign heads of state in an attempt to bring about a counter-revolution. Louis himself held reservations against depending on foreign assistance. Like his mother and father, he thought that the Austrians were treacherous and the

1536:, financed by new loans at high interest (with no new taxes). Necker concealed the crisis from the public by explaining only that ordinary revenues exceeded ordinary expenses, and not mentioning the loans. After he was forced from office in 1781, new taxes were levied. 2681:(R-M343). The three individuals were further assigned to sub-haplogroup R1b1b2a1a1b* (R-Z381*). These results contradicted an earlier DNA analysis of a handkerchief dipped in the presumptive blood of Louis XVI after his execution performed by Laluez-Fo et al. (2010). 1220:

authority crucial for absolutism to function properly. Now unpopular with both the commoners and the aristocracy, Louis XVI was therefore only very briefly able to impose his decisions and reforms, for periods ranging from 2 to 4 months, before having to revoke them.

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were overly ambitious. As tensions in Paris rose and he was pressured to accept measures from the Assembly against his will, Louis XVI and the Queen plotted to secretly escape from France. Beyond escape, they hoped to raise an "armed congress" with the help of the

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This had led to a strategy amongst the French leadership of seeking to rebuild the French military in order to fight a war of revenge against Britain, in which it was hoped the lost colonies could be recovered. France still maintained a strong influence in the

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prince. To their disappointment, however, the princess did not seem overly interested in "serious affairs". Over time, the couple became closer, though while their marriage was reportedly consummated in July 1773, it did not actually happen until 1777.

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The other monarchies of Europe looked with concern upon the developments in France, and considered whether they should intervene, either in support of Louis or to take advantage of the chaos in France. The key figure was Marie Antoinette's brother,

2148:, when the existence of the hidden safe in the king's bedroom containing compromising documents and correspondence, was revealed by François Gamain, the Versailles locksmith who had installed it. Gamain went to Paris on 20 November and told 2248: 2225:

verdict, but Louis told him he would see him again in a happier life and he would regret leaving a friend like Malesherbes behind. The last thing Louis said to him was that he needed to control his tears because all eyes would be upon him.

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The reasons for the couple's initial failure to have children were debated at that time, and they have continued to be debated since. One suggestion is that Louis XVI suffered from a physiological dysfunction, most often thought to be

1160:. This misleading publication led the people of France to believe the kingdom ran a modest surplus. When this policy of hiding and ignoring the kingdom's financial woes failed miserably, Louis dismissed and replaced him in 1783 with 1074:

When Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, he was nineteen years old. He had an enormous responsibility, as the government was deeply in debt, and resentment of despotic monarchy was on the rise. His predecessor, his grandfather

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over a disputed inheritance. Vergennes and Maurepas refused to support the Austrian position, but the intervention of Marie Antoinette in favor of Austria obliged France to adopt a position more favorable to Austria, which in the

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that ended the war, except the colonies of Tobago and Senegal. Louis XVI was wholly disappointed in his aims of recovering Canada, India, and other islands in the West Indies from Britain, as they were too well defended and the

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on 22 September 1792, General Dumouriez negotiated with the Prussians who evacuated France. Louis could no longer be considered a hostage or as leverage in negotiations with the invading forces. Second, in November 1792, the

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This intervention in America was not possible without France adopting a neutral position in European affairs to avoid being drawn into a continental war which would be simply a repetition of the French policy mistakes in the

2249: 1906:. War now seemed imminent, and the King seemed to have been politically involved with France's traditional enemies, who were still widely hated despite recent cooperation. Many citizens felt betrayed, and as a result, 2241: 1991:. Dumouriez prepared an immediate invasion of the Austrian Netherlands, where he expected the local population to rise against Austrian rule. However, the Revolution had thoroughly disorganised the army, and the 1808: 2340:. The blood sample was taken from a squash gourd carved to commemorate the heroes of the French Revolution that had, according to legend, been used to house one of the handkerchiefs dipped in Louis's blood. 1769:, a noted financier, took his place. In effect, he headed a secret council of advisers to Louis XVI, which tried to preserve the monarchy; these schemes proved unsuccessful, and were exposed later when the 11485: 5935: 5292:"MARTINI Requiem pour Louis XVI et Marie Antoinette, Messe de Requiem & GLUCK De profundis clamavi - CHRISTOPHORUS CHR77413 [JV] Classical Music Reviews: August 2017 - MusicWeb-International" 1987:, supported by Louis XVI, declared war on Austria ("the King of Bohemia and Hungary") first, voting for war on 20 April 1792, after a long list of grievances was presented to it by the foreign minister, 12505: 1488:

fell and Great Britain immediately sued for peace terms; however, France delayed the end of the war until September 1783 in the hope of overrunning more British colonies in India and the West Indies.

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were partial to keeping the deposed king under arrest, both as a hostage and a guarantee for the future. Members of the Commune and the most radical deputies, who would soon form the group known as

2563:, Louis was portrayed by one of the film's producers, Gilbert Bokanowski, using the alias Gilbert Boka. Several portrayals have upheld the image of a bumbling, almost foolish king, such as that by 1693:, where the royal family lived. At dawn, they infiltrated the palace and attempted to kill the queen, who was associated with a frivolous lifestyle that symbolized much that was despised about the 41: 8799: 1740:

the monarchy had next to no support. As the Revolution became more radical and the masses more uncontrollable, several of the Revolution's leading figures began to doubt its benefits. Some, like

2215:, formerly the Duke of Orléans and Louis' cousin, voted for Louis's execution, a cause of much future bitterness among French monarchists; he would himself be guillotined on the same scaffold, 2034:, declaring the intent of the Austrians and Prussians to restore the King to his full powers and to treat any person or town who opposed them as rebels to be condemned to death by martial law. 5712: 10462: 5737: 1283:

on 14 July, which started the French Revolution. Within three short months, the majority of the King's executive authority had been transferred to the elected representatives of the Nation.

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in 1779 when he was visited by his brother-in-law, Joseph II, involved more than 500 people. Royal household spending in 1788 was 13% of total state expenses (excluding interest on debts).

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Lalueza-Fox, C.; Gigli, E.; Bini, C.; Calafell, F.; Luiselli, D.; Pelotti, S.; Pettener, D. (1 November 2011). "Genetic analysis of the presumptive blood from Louis XVI, King of France".

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and he gave details in his journal about the costs of the performances over the years 1756–1780 in three different palaces. The wedding in 1771 was especially costly. The performance of

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Minister of the Interior, who ordered it opened. The resulting scandal served to discredit the King. Following these two events the Girondins could no longer keep the King from trial.

1923:. Initially, he had looked on the Revolution with equanimity. However, he became more and more disturbed as it became more and more radical. Despite this, he still hoped to avoid war. 1774:

public that the King did not understand that such statements no longer held the same meaning as they did before and that doing such a thing could not restore the economy of a country.

10161: 1441:, as defending the sugar islands was considered more important than trying to recover the Thirteen Colonies. France and Spain planned to invade the British Isles themselves with the 5309:

Larmuseau, Maarten H D.; Delorme, Philippe; Germain, Patrick; Vanderheyden, Nancy; Gilissen, Anja; Van Geystelen, Anneleen; Cassiman, Jean-Jacques; Decorte, Ronny (9 October 2013).

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Je meurs innocent de tous les crimes qu'on m'impute ; je pardonne aux auteurs de ma mort ; je prie Dieu que le sang que vous allez répandre ne retombe pas sur la France.

1894:(paper money), had given the alert. Louis XVI and his family were taken back to Paris where they arrived on 25 June. Viewed suspiciously as traitors, they were placed under tight 1168:

in 1787 to discuss a revolutionary new fiscal reform proposed by Calonne. When the nobles were informed of the true extent of the debt, they were shocked and rejected the plan.

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were buried in mass graves. Before his burial, a short religious service was held in the Madeleine church (destroyed in 1799) by two priests who had sworn allegiance to the

1786:, and he repeatedly sent messages to them requesting a halt to their attempts to launch counter-coups. This was often done through his secretly nominated regent, Cardinal 988:(1778–1813), daughter of two servants at the palace, who was raised as the playmate of his daughter and whom he adopted after the death of her mother in 1788; and finally 2121:, argued for Louis's immediate execution. The legal background of many of the deputies made it difficult for a great number of them to accept an execution without the 1735:

The Revolution's principles of popular sovereignty, though central to democratic principles of later eras, marked a decisive break from the centuries-old principle of

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In addition to the ideological differences between France and the monarchical powers of Europe, there were continuing disputes over the status of Austrian estates in

11522: 11147: 2477:'s Symphony Op. 31 (1797), which is themed on the events of the French Revolution, includes a section titled "The Funeral March for the Death of the King Louis XVI". 587: 7273: 754:. His mother never recovered from the loss of her husband and died on 13 March 1767, also from tuberculosis. The strict and conservative education he received from 4236: 1880:

Louis's indecision, many delays, and misunderstanding of France were responsible for the failure of the escape. Within 24 hours, the royal family was arrested at

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Louis XVI's time in his previous palace came to an end on 5 October 1789, when an angry mob of Parisian working men and women was incited by revolutionaries and

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on 21 January 1793. Louis XVI's death brought an end to more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. Both of his sons died in childhood, before the

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arrived in North America in July 1780. The appearance of French fleets in the Caribbean was followed by the capture of a number of the sugar islands, including

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in Rome, declaring the impossibility of proving that Louis had been executed for religious rather than political reasons, put an end to hopes of canonization.

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as a punishment on 15 August 1787, prohibiting six members from attending parliamentary sessions on 19 November, arresting two very important members of the

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happiness of the many. Little by little, we will find reasons for sacrificing the many for the happiness of the many, and we will think it was a bargain."

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Baecque, Antoine De. "From Royal Dignity to Republican Austerity: the Ritual for the Reception of Louis XVI in the French National Assembly (1789–1792)."

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the regicide was the starting point of all French thought, the memory of which acts as a reminder that French modernity began under the sign of a crime.

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were insufficient for the invasion. The soldiers fled at the first sign of battle and, in one case, on 28 April 1792, murdered their general, Irish-born

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who insisted that the King did not have the legal right to levy new taxes. So, in 1776, Turgot was dismissed and Malesherbes resigned, to be replaced by

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The couple's failure to produce any children for several years placed a strain upon their marriage, exacerbated by the publication of obscene pamphlets (

4457: 1092: 515:, but it resulted in an increase in bread prices. In periods of bad harvests, it led to food scarcity which, during a particularly bad harvest in 1775, 146: 10814: 9715: 9670: 9577: 9524: 9455: 9325: 9299: 9216: 9113: 9040: 7515: 2015: 7662: 12565: 12530: 7872: 3326: 1569:, a territory whose population numbered around 100,000 persons. However, this intervention was a disaster for the image of the Queen, who was named " 1122:

that had been law for 102 years. The Edict of Versailles did not legally proclaim freedom of religion in France – this took two more years, with the

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and concludes, "The same Louis XVI who bravely waits until his fellow citizens return to their hearths to plan a secret war and exact his revenge."

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Archives parlementaires: de 1787 à 1860 ; recueil complet des débats législatifs et politiques des chambres françaises. 1787 à 1799. 1. Série

12475: 10410: 5311:"Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings" 1381: 12495: 10203: 5616: 1197:, Louis XVI tried to use his absolute power to subjugate them by every means: enforcing in many occasions the registration of his reforms via 1126:

of 1789 – however, it was an important step in eliminating religious tensions and it officially ended religious persecution within his realm.

545:, of which Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were representatives. Increasing tensions and violence were marked by events such as the 11515: 2104: 743:. From an early age, Louis-Auguste was encouraged in another of his interests, locksmithing, which was seen as a useful pursuit for a child. 541:. Discontent among the members of France's middle and lower classes resulted in strengthened opposition to the French aristocracy and to the 473: 104: 10549: 4718: 3754:

with the same arms. The sinister angel also carries a standard and wears a tabard, but that of Navarre. Both are standing on puffs of cloud.

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Great Britain recognized the independence of the Thirteen Colonies as the United States of America, and the French war ministry rebuilt its

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As authority dissipated from him and reforms were clearly becoming unavoidable, there were increasingly loud calls for him to convoke the

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Louis's indecisiveness and conservatism led some elements of the people of France to view him as a symbol of the perceived tyranny of the

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TRAITÉ conclu à Versailles entre la France et la Cochinchine, représentée par Mgr Pigneau de Béhaine, évêque d'Adran, le 28 novembre 1787

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and be protected by Austria. The voyage was planned by the Swedish nobleman, and often assumed secret lover of Queen Marie Antoinette,

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attributed the restoration of the French monarchy to the sympathy that had been engendered by the execution of Louis XVI. Michelet's

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Paul Wranitzky: "Funeral March for the Death of King Louis XVI" from the Symphony Op. 31 "The Revolution" or "La Paix", Mov. 2 Pt. 2.

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From Royal Dignity to Republican Austerity: The Ritual for the Reception of Louis XVI in the French National Assembly (1789–1792)

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Azure, three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) impaling Gules on a chain in cross saltire and orle Or an emerald Proper (for Navarre)

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Louis XVI hoped to use the American Revolutionary War as an opportunity to expel the British from India. In 1782, he sealed an

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While the revolutionary government frantically raised fresh troops and reorganised its armies, a Prussian-Austrian army under

1335: 12535: 12460: 11654: 11648: 11585: 10285: 10224: 10182: 10013: 8466: 7436: 7288: 5499: 5009:

Liste chronologique des généraux français ou étrangers au service de France, morts sur le champ de bataille... de 1792 à 1837

4115: 3835: 3628: 1264: 550: 11187: 10731: 10239: 8791: 2212: 12520: 10648: 10065: 9958: 8882: 2071: 944: 9938: 7536: 7391: 1765:, who was in charge of the civil list, collaborated with both Montmorin and Mirabeau. After the sudden death of Mirabeau, 12550: 11947: 11162: 11117: 10290: 9442: 9203: 8458: 7816: 7754: 7167: 4558: 2559: 2539: 1761:, voted annually by the National Assembly, were partially assigned to secret expenses in order to preserve the monarchy. 1755:, Minister of Foreign Affairs, started to organize covert resistance to the revolutionary forces. Thus, the funds of the 1394: 989: 153: 11811: 11717: 11636: 11617: 11576: 10663: 10617: 8169: 7004: 6377: 6072: 4244: 3802:

with the Royal crown. From it, is a royal blue mantle with a semis of fleurs-de-lis Or, lined on the inside with ermine.

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the execution signaled the end of the role of God in history, for which he mourned. For the 20th century philosopher

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in Paris, the reasoning being that the King would be more accountable to the people if he lived among them in Paris.

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now burst out of the coffee houses and became a dominating philosophy of the rapidly radicalized French Revolution.

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On 11 December, among crowded and silent streets, the deposed king was brought from the Temple to stand before the

1791: 1778:

constitutional monarchy did not last long. On one hand, Louis was nowhere near as reactionary as his brothers, the

568:

was declared, seemed to justify the rumors that the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the prospects of

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On 21 June 1791, Louis XVI attempted to flee secretly with his family from Paris to the royalist fortress town of

1820:

The return of the royal family to Paris on 25 June 1791, coloured copperplate after a drawing of Jean-Louis Prieur

878:, a suggestion first made in late 1772 by the royal doctors. Historians adhering to this view suggest that he was 12570: 11795: 11629: 11225: 10934: 9873: 8335: 8307: 8279: 8005: 7647: 7551: 7406: 7037: 6367: 6219: 6098: 6062: 5865: 5642: 5624: 5597: 5443: 4813:" which in English becomes "Still is it historically documented that Marie-Antoinetter + Axel von Fersen = true." 4451: 2599: 2581: 2415:, the future Duchess of Angoulême, survived the French Revolution, and she lobbied in Rome energetically for the 2322:

had the remains of his brother Louis XVI and of his sister-in-law Marie Antoinette transferred and buried in the

1927: 1766: 1752: 1164:, who increased public spending to "buy" the country's way out of debt. Again this failed, so Louis convoked the 926: 790: 732: 653: 499:

reacted to the proposed reforms with hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation. Louis implemented

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in March 1788. Louis is recorded as having asked, on the morning of his execution, "Any news of La Pérouse?".).

11972: 11962: 11899: 11711: 11687: 11460: 11062: 10839: 9532: 8670: 8522: 7233: 6465: 5699: 5207: 3596: 2774: 2439: 2326:, the Royal necropolis of the Kings and Queens of France. Between 1816 and 1826, a commemorative monument, the 2039: 1920: 1686: 1549: 1418: 1186: 1035: 902: 598: 10467: 7589: 7370: 7308: 6193: 3384: 1869:("Political Testament of Louis XVI"), explaining his rejection of the constitutional system as illegitimate. 483:

The first part of Louis XVI's reign was marked by attempts to reform the French government in accordance with

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after the death of his elder brother, future titular King Louis XVII of France (27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795)

11177: 10864: 10761: 10252: 10229: 10174: 10060: 10003: 8890: 8822: 7599: 7584: 3476: 2862: 2635: 2545: 2525: 2428: 2412: 1465: 1161: 920: 782: 638: 416: 360: 11922: 10169: 8972: 7877: 7416: 4584: 3894: 12540: 12515: 12480: 11848: 11279: 10904: 10799: 10678: 10658: 10569: 10498: 10320: 9818: 9585: 9278: 9131: 8619: 8207: 7298: 7228: 6432: 6198: 5881: 3839: 2515: 2042:

when an armed mob – with the backing of a new municipal government of Paris that came to be known as the

1842: 1835: 1655: 1437:

soon joined the French in an anti-British coalition. After 1778, Great Britain switched its focus to the

565: 542: 11807: 11102: 10954: 9968: 9863: 9101: 8112: 2314:. Afterward, Louis XVI, his severed head placed between his feet, was buried in an unmarked grave, with 870:) mocking their infertility. One such pamphlet questioned, "Can the King do it? Can't the King do it?". 12490: 12391: 12371: 11871: 11642: 11414: 10969: 9948: 9172: 9121: 9053: 8953: 8737: 8646: 8433: 8272: 7652: 7579: 6091: 2986: 2836: 2501: 2489: 2206:. When the monarchy was abolished on 21 September 1792, the statue was torn down and sent to be melted. 1612: 1608: 1347:

had seen them capture most of France's colonial territories. While some were returned to France at the

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was ceded to the British, or to France's Spanish allies to compensate them for losses to the British.

1291: 662: 549:, during which riots in Paris forced Louis to definitively recognize the legislative authority of the 11723: 11429: 11014: 10746: 10589: 10444: 10247: 9810: 9686: 9609: 9487: 9471: 7887: 7719: 6336: 2485: 1992: 1651: 1473: 1414: 1171: 569: 405: 12470: 11801: 11324: 10869: 10701: 10477: 9858: 4520: 2488:

bestowed this name in honor of the French king, whose soldiers were aiding the American side in the

2199: 2080: 1816: 1573:" (a pun in French meaning "Austrian", but the "chienne" suffix can mean "bitch") on account of it. 856: 265: 12560: 12379: 12115: 11623: 11137: 10984: 10939: 10269: 10264: 10008: 9838: 9828: 9641: 9625: 9503: 9418: 9265: 9249: 9152: 8926: 8490: 8212: 7935: 7011: 6398: 5741: 5723: 3785: 3534: 2497: 1520: 1398: 1327: 1280: 1240: 865: 833: 821: 725: 546: 114: 10564: 6158: 2393: 1669:

to lead a sailing expedition around the world (La Pérouse and his fleet disappeared after leaving

1590: 1448:

France's initial military assistance to the American rebels was a disappointment, with defeats at

1397:, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, saw an opportunity to humiliate France's long-standing enemy, 1223: 952: 12485: 12375: 11531: 10989: 10944: 10653: 10534: 10211: 10033: 9657: 9564: 9232: 9048: 8991: 8906: 8611: 8450: 7831: 7630: 7614: 7454: 7241: 6480: 6315: 6245: 6034: 5839: 4715: 4479: 4197: 3695: 2742: 2361: 2288: 2284: 1937: 1877:

decided to censor the text. Letters were sent throughout the country to stop the royal carriage.

1745: 1702: 1628: 1331: 1248: 1179: 1024: 538: 75: 10994: 10889: 9943: 5461: 2534: 1413:

to send supplies, ammunition, and guns to the rebels secretly. Early in 1778 he signed a formal

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on 9 November 1789, after a proposal approved on 10 October. The title was officialized in the

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for the two realms. The dexter angel carries a standard with the arms of France, and wearing a

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Hardman, John. Louis XVI, The Silent King. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. pp. 37–39.

3913: 3879: 3106: 3080: 1476:. In October 1781, the French naval blockade was instrumental in forcing a British army under 12122: 12081: 12076: 12000: 11982: 11952: 11932: 11535: 11500: 11319: 10633: 10584: 10519: 10050: 9933: 9923: 9801: 9796: 9694: 9649: 9402: 9349: 9167: 9157: 9096: 9086: 9081: 8838: 8694: 8342: 7930: 7724: 7706: 7574: 6837: 5950: 4105: 3947: 3863: 3762: 3232: 2564: 2460: 2404: 2381: 1762: 1736: 1712: 1654:'s intervention to obtain military aid. A France-Cochinchina alliance was signed through the 1557: 1512: 1307: 1228: 602: 573: 273: 9378: 4824: 2298:

Immediately after his execution, Louis XVI's corpse was transported in a cart to the nearby

2202:. The empty pedestal in front of him had supported an equestrian statue of his grandfather, 1532:

made any attempted invasion of mainland Britain impossible. The war cost 1,066 million

1429:

and then, allied with them, to strike at French and Spanish possessions in the West Indies.

12455: 12450: 12344: 12151: 12091: 12053: 11977: 11917: 11773: 11660: 11258: 11132: 10894: 10716: 10638: 10487: 10095: 10085: 9878: 9593: 9410: 9357: 9162: 8945: 7836: 7711: 7531: 7386: 7212: 6872: 6867: 6832: 6798: 6773: 6763: 6214: 6026: 5989: 5925: 3767: 2716: 2481: 2323: 2292: 2278: 2217: 1956: 1903: 1690: 1255:

This convocation was one of the events that transformed the general economic and political

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The Road from Versailles: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the Fall of the French Monarchy

5527:(2nd ed. 2016) 500 pages; much expanded new edition; now the standard scholarly biography 5277: 3044: 2172: 701: 8: 12349: 12310: 12300: 12247: 12188: 12169: 12033: 11967: 11671: 11611: 11334: 11264: 11112: 11042: 10899: 10879: 10844: 10819: 10751: 10452: 9978: 9362: 9241: 8999: 8911: 8686: 8678: 8654: 8413: 8135: 7902: 7172: 7146: 6998: 6901: 6877: 6857: 6827: 6817: 6778: 6758: 6753: 6733: 6664: 6659: 6615: 6491: 6351: 5920: 5815: 5131: 4868:"Déclaration du roi [Louis XVI] adressée à tous les Français, à sa sortie de ..." 3723: 2665: 2630: 2328: 2160: 2027: 1881: 1783: 1541: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1156: 1151: 1099: 1095:

who, until his death in 1781, would take charge of many important ministerial functions.

829: 740: 622: 576:

and the establishment of a republic became an ever-increasing possibility. The growth of

508: 488: 20: 11019: 10974: 7022: 5999: 5541:

French Politics, 1774–1789: From the Accession of Louis XVI to the Fall of the Bastille.

5092: 1102:, also known as the Edict of Tolerance, on 7 November 1787, which was registered in the 1070:

Louis XVI distributing money to the poor of Versailles, during the brutal winter of 1788

12445: 12305: 12295: 12217: 12212: 12193: 12128: 12058: 12048: 12010: 11992: 11875: 10794: 10559: 10524: 10375: 10337: 10332: 10080: 9998: 9993: 9739: 9731: 9426: 9386: 9198: 9091: 8855: 8830: 8774: 8757: 8595: 7907: 7141: 7123: 7048: 6958: 6921: 6888: 6862: 6793: 6768: 6748: 6743: 6699: 6689: 6684: 6125: 5984: 5703: 5606:

The Fall of the French Monarchy: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and the Baron de Breteuil.

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relatives in exchange for French prisoners of war, eventually dying childless in 1851.

618: 561: 477: 12068: 11909: 11142: 10959: 10721: 10594: 10151: 10105: 8442: 4734: 4268: 2348: 2107:. Louis was stripped of all of his titles and honors, and from this date was known as 1996: 1845:, Louis and Marie-Antoinette were involved in plans of their own. Louis had appointed 1741: 951:

In addition to his biological children, Louis XVI also adopted six children: "Armand"

12329: 12281: 12271: 12109: 12038: 12015: 11543: 11371: 11304: 11294: 11274: 10380: 9678: 9617: 9601: 9394: 8474: 8328: 8295: 7636: 7459: 6822: 6783: 6738: 6709: 6704: 6694: 6250: 6173: 5904: 5855: 5570: 5495: 5488: 5475: 5457: 5406: 5387: 5342: 5211: 5096: 4772: 4762: 4696: 4667: 4640: 4410: 4385: 4333: 4304: 4275: 4111: 4058: 4033: 4008: 3980: 3953: 3865:

Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens, avis du Conseil-d'Etat

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in 1787, but whom she instead had freed, baptized, adopted and placed in a pension;

606: 12417: 12334: 12320: 12203: 12043: 11756: 11439: 11299: 11092: 11087: 11077: 10809: 10736: 10673: 10643: 10415: 10385: 10280: 9983: 9833: 9758: 9495: 9479: 9434: 9370: 9341: 9136: 9015: 8898: 8863: 8405: 8356: 8349: 7984: 7695: 7252: 7110: 7031: 6984: 6912: 6788: 6654: 6413: 6287: 6114: 6008: 5763: 5755: 5705:

Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Wife of Louis XVI: Queen of France

5377: 5369: 5332: 5322: 5244: 4610:

The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774–1787

2618: 2145: 2050: 2023: 1706: 1315: 774: 577: 446: 375: 313: 11218: 8321: 4811:Ändå är det historiskt dokumenterat att Marie-Antoinette + Axel von Fersen = sant. 2648: 1873:

Louis XVI had left a manifesto in plain view, assuming and justifying the escape.

533: 12146: 11762: 11364: 11152: 10829: 10824: 10789: 10539: 10143: 10138: 10040: 9963: 9853: 9823: 9182: 9058: 8783: 8729: 8530: 7349: 7187: 6808: 6674: 6649: 6633: 5912: 5719: 5685: 5646: 5628: 5601: 5558: 5480:

Doyle, William. "The Execution of Louis XVI and the End of the French Monarchy."

5447: 5373: 5138: 4867: 4806: 4741: 4722: 4537: 4524: 4461: 2613: 2443: 2134: 801:

On 19 April 1770, at the age of fifteen, Louis XVI married the fourteen-year-old

778: 496: 433: 79: 24: 11009: 12025: 11434: 11376: 11182: 11004: 10784: 10504: 10367: 10362: 10312: 10307: 10127: 9315: 8549: 8254:

Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain, the country's present ruling house.

6719: 6580: 6137: 6131: 5799: 5085: 4942:(1943) identifies a series of major and minor mistakes and mishaps, pp. 224–227 2678: 2644: 2608: 2474: 2373: 2357: 2140: 2126: 2100: 2076: 1770: 1581: 1533: 1485: 1442: 1199: 1147: 901:

Eventually, the royal couple became the parents of four children. According to

895: 721: 713: 531:. The ensuing debt and financial crisis contributed to the unpopularity of the 438: 167: 52: 4854:

Louis XVI and Gustavus III: Secret Diplomacy and Counter-Revolution, 1791–1792

1665:

Louis XVI also encouraged major voyages of exploration. In 1785, he appointed

12439: 12405: 12354: 12138: 11448: 11419: 11289: 11107: 10884: 10726: 10622: 10514: 10075: 10018: 7257: 6679: 6605: 6570: 6535: 5611: 4776: 4562: 2586: 2530: 2520: 2315: 1907: 1717: 1500: 1495:

Surrender of Cornwallis to French (left) and American (right) troops, at the

1425:, which suggested that Britain was preparing to make huge concessions to the 845: 814: 688:

on 23 August 1754. One of seven children, he was the second surviving son of

681: 10914: 2419:

of her father as a saint of the Catholic Church. Despite his signing of the

1724: 1178:, 18th century motif by Benjamin Duvivier, coins honouring the 11 June 1775 916:

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were the parents of four live-born children:

12339: 11768: 11705: 11455: 11400: 11314: 11269: 11097: 10979: 10771: 9928: 9913: 9883: 7057: 6600: 6590: 6585: 6565: 6560: 6505: 5391: 5346: 3707: 2554: 2464: 2453:

was written for, and performed at the burial ceremony in St. Denis in 1815.

2424: 2416: 2389: 2188: 2164: 2118: 1932: 1895: 1604: 1364: 1299: 1247:). As a last-ditch attempt to get new monetary reforms approved, Louis XVI 963: 908: 883: 879: 747: 731:

Louis-Auguste was overlooked by his parents who favored his older brother,

709: 669: 626: 500: 11829: 5327: 12359: 12242: 11750: 11734: 11597: 11565: 11309: 11167: 11057: 10834: 10804: 9953: 9273: 9066: 8094: 8058: 7897: 6993: 6973: 6669: 6643: 6595: 6550: 6540: 6525: 6515: 6346: 4906: 4795: 3949:

Motivation in War: The Experience of Common Soldiers in Old-Regime Europe

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spread over his body. The Madeleine cemetery was closed in 1794. In 1815

2194: 2091:

Tinted etching of Louis XVI, 1792. The caption refers to the date of the

1779: 1728: 1647: 1438: 1386: 1066: 736: 673:

The Duke of Berry as a young boy (portrait artributed to Pierre Jouffroy)

658: 504: 19:

This article is about the king of France. For the type of furniture, see

11407: 4982: 4966: 4496:, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 4 (December 1994), p. 675. 4352:"Dictionary of World Biography". Author: Barry Jones. Published in 1994. 1825: 1367:, leaving opportunities for disputes and power-play with Great Britain. 12429: 12222: 11559: 11213: 11052: 10668: 10023: 8498: 8038: 8010: 7331: 7162: 6947: 6926: 6728: 6638: 6620: 6545: 6530: 6510: 6372: 6153: 6067: 6016: 5823: 5639: 5621: 5594: 5551: 5518:

The Deaths of Louis XVI: Regicide and the French Political Imagination.

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The Deaths of Louis XVI: Regicide and the French Political Imagination.

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Louis XVI has been the subject of novels as well, including two of the

2594: 2456: 2274: 2265: 1756: 1670: 1636: 1566: 1529: 1352: 1244: 1038: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 932: 786: 614: 355: 220: 11840: 10920: 8057:

Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. His uncle, the future

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The Deaths of Louis XVI: Regicide and the French Political Imagination

1862:

Déclaration du roi, adressée à tous les François, à sa sortie de Paris

1544:. Vergennes, supported by King Louis, refused to go to war to support 750:

on 20 December 1765, the eleven-year-old Louis-Auguste became the new

12227: 10693: 10604: 10187: 9556: 7492: 7365: 7303: 6931: 6852: 6575: 6555: 6424: 6188: 6021: 5873: 3771: 2604: 2153: 2114: 1624: 1616: 1511:. However, the British defeated the main French fleet in 1782 at the 1086: 516: 492: 12424: 8264: 6083: 4907:"Assignat de 50 livres - - Catalogue général des assignats français" 3842:

on 3 September 1791, which was ratified by the king on 14 September.

2171:, delivered Louis's response to the charges, with the assistance of 2087: 1235:, on the occasion of the work to put in place a dike (1817 painting) 1013: 582: 12232: 11744: 11395: 11390: 11329: 11208: 11082: 9848: 8245: 7777: 7690: 7079: 6967: 6936: 6842: 6624: 6500: 6282: 6047: 5955: 5792: 5308: 5249: 5055:, Librairie académique Perrin, Paris, 1903, pp. 321–338 (in French) 4539:

Compte rendu au roi, au mois de mars 1788, et publié par ses ordres

2607:

who has such distaste for the peasantry he uses them as targets in

2493: 2407:, last confessor to Louis XVI, by Alexandre-Toussaint Menjaud, 1817 2203: 2184: 1890: 1464:

to help the Americans, along with large land and naval forces. The

1111: 1107: 1098:

Among the major events of Louis XVI's reign was his signing of the

1076: 875: 697: 457: 89: 8392: 3935:(2nd ed.). United States: Oxford University Press. p. 2. 1263:. In June 1789, the Third Estate unilaterally declared itself the 625:(self-instituted as a tribunal for the occasion), found guilty of 586:(religious land tax) and several government policies aimed at the 560:, and his popularity deteriorated progressively. His unsuccessful 12506:

French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution

8239: 6520: 5180:

Louis XVI's last words heard before the drums covered his voice:

5011:, A. Leneveu, rue des Grands-Augustins, n° 18, Paris, 1838, p. 7. 4030:

The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France

2590: 2332:, was erected at the location of the former cemetery and church. 2256:

Porticodoro / SmartCGArt Media Productions – Classical Orchestra.

2056: 2007: 1851: 1676: 1243:, which had not met since 1614 (at the beginning of the reign of 974: 472:

on his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, and reigned until the

370: 2099:

Louis was officially arrested on 13 August 1792 and sent to the

1744:, secretly plotted with the Crown to restore its power in a new 1370: 437:; 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the last 12179: 12161: 3751: 3747: 2468: 2133:

Two events led up to the trial for Louis XVI. First, after the

2053:. The royal family took shelter with the Legislative Assembly. 2019: 1944: 1640: 1619:) and later contributed to the French effort in India in 1783. 1601: 1208: 1203:(6 August 1787, 19 November 1787, and 8 May 1788), exiling all 841: 11530: 10463:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

1828:

on the northeastern border of France, where he would join the

1083:

his actions as benefiting the people, such as reinstating the

657:

The young Duke of Berry (right) with his younger brother, the

605:

was proclaimed on 21 September 1792. The former king became a

476:

on 21 September 1792. From 1791 onwards, he used the style of

10397: 5668:

Research Guide to European Historical Biography: 1450–Present

5465: 4856:, The Historical Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2 (June 1999), p. 441. 2011: 1491: 977: 820:

This marriage was met with hostility from the French public.

269: 5359: 2026:. The duke then issued on 25 July a proclamation called the 4637:

Louis XVI et Marie-Antoinette : un couple en politique

2295:, testified that the former king had bravely met his fate. 2167:

and crimes against the State. On 26 December, his counsel,

1841:

While the National Assembly worked painstakingly towards a

1705:, the king and his family were brought by the crowd to the 1232: 10437: 8061:, proclaimed himself regent but both titles were disputed. 2352:

Memorial to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, sculptures by

2273:

On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI, at age 38, was beheaded by

1888:, who recognised the king from his profile on a 50 livres 1794:' pledged to the state and not the Roman Catholic Church. 597:, Louis XVI was suspended and arrested at the time of the 10277: 5024:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994, pp. 72–76. 4517: 3780:

The escutcheons are surrounded first by the chain of the

1115: 1003: 781:

and wife of Louis XVI, with their three eldest children,

5564: 4195: 2513:

King Louis XVI has been portrayed in numerous films. In

2459:

commissioned a Requiem for the memory of Louis XVI from

2018:, with Brunswick's army easily taking the fortresses of 7188:

Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland

5032: 5030: 4032:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 12–13. 2221:, before the end of the same year, on 6 November 1793. 580:

among revolutionaries resulted in the abolition of the

7284:Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême 7246:

Gabrielle Angelique, Duchess of La Valette and Epernon

2038:

own country. The anger of the populace boiled over on

1484:. When news of this reached London in March 1782, the 601:. One month later, the monarchy was abolished and the 12389: 5579:, for more details on the king's trial and execution. 5204:

The King's Trial: The French Revolution vs. Louis XVI

5091:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 5087:

The King's Trial: The French Revolution vs. Louis XVI

4967:"The Flight to Varennes and the Coming of the Terror" 4409:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–21. 3952:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. 1458:

Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau

1267:. Louis XVI's attempts to control it resulted in the 11193:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

5567:"History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814" 5027: 11425:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

8515:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

3731:

An opened gold helmet, with blue and gold mantling.

3706:Upon his accession to the throne Louis assumed the 2075:Posthumous portrait of Louis XVI imprisoned at the 1124:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

1106:on 29 January 1788. Granting non-Roman Catholics – 613:(Citizen Louis Capet) in reference to his ancestor 5548:The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon 5487: 5084: 5078: 5076: 4826:The Reminiscences of Sir Barrington Beaumont, Bart 4663:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 4597:The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army 4325: 4296: 4267: 4237:"The Truth About Louis XVI's Marital Difficulties" 3834:The style "King of the French" was decreed by the 2647:and "If Louis XVI Had Had an Atom of Firmness" by 2543:. More recently, he was depicted in the 2006 film 2449:The Requiem for Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette by 4843:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 127 4516:Finances of Louis XVI (1788) | Nicholas E. Bomba 4094:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 18. 4081:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 10. 3327:Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 2484:, Kentucky, is named for Louis XVI. In 1780, the 1913: 572:. His credibility was deeply undermined, and the 12437: 10351:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 5302: 5041:. Oxford University Press Inc. pp. 157–158. 4476:The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction 4407:The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction 3979:. Vol. I. London: Routledge. p. 1246. 1389:in 1788, Voyer after Emile Wattier, 19th century 5506:Pages 194–196 deal with the trial of Louis XVI. 5245:"Blood of Louis XVI 'found in gourd container'" 5073: 3760:The motto is written in gold on a blue ribbon: 2427:in 1793. In 1820, however, a memorandum of the 8393:Significant civil and political events by year 5617:Citizens. A Chronicle of the French Revolution 5534:(1994) 224 pages, an older scholarly biography 5485: 4759:Louis XVI and the French Revolution, 1789–1792 4057:(in French). Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard. 2537:portrayed him in the 1989 two-part miniseries 2177:Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes 2057:Imprisonment, execution and burial (1792–1793) 1677:Revolutionary constitutional reign (1789–1792) 1140:Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes 947:, died in infancy (9 July 1786 – 19 June 1787) 12546:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 11856: 11516: 8280: 7516:Françoise d'Aubigné, Marchioness of Maintenon 7095: 6440: 6099: 5889: 5659:McGill, Frank N. "Execution of Louis XVI" in 5620:(1989), highly readable narrative by scholar 5604:, excerpt and text search; also published as 5353: 4971:Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 4882:"Varennes, une cavale lourde de conséquences" 4452:Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Ideals, 4362: 4360: 4358: 3746:The two supporters are two angels, acting as 1371:Concerning the American Revolution and Europe 1343:had left Louis XVI a disastrous inheritance. 11446: 11405: 11381: 11362: 10346:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 5407:"The Arms of France – The Kingdom of France" 4103: 2446:was written in 1816, in memory of Louis XVI. 2403:The Duchess of Angoulême at the deathbed of 2191:; neither were satisfied but both accepted. 2004:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 1812:Declaration to the French People (June 1791) 1797: 1084: 9033: 7279:Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 5490:The Oxford History of the French Revolution 5155:. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 230. 5115: 4561:. The Tiger and The Thistle. Archived from 4097: 3571:John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg 2434:Other commemorations of Louis XVI include: 1667:Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse 1401:, and to recover territory lost during the 1142:angered the nobles and were blocked by the 1093:Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas 828:had pulled the country into the disastrous 765: 441:before the fall of the monarchy during the 12556:Legitimist pretenders to the French throne 12511:People executed for treason against France 11863: 11849: 11523: 11509: 10550:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 8287: 8273: 7796:Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska 7102: 7088: 6447: 6433: 6106: 6092: 5896: 5882: 4822: 4752: 4750: 4527: › nbomba › files › 2016/10 4355: 4196:Francine du Plessix Gray (7 August 2000). 4107:Louis XVI: The Silent King and the Estates 3694: 2423:, Louis had been described as a martyr by 2163:and hear his indictment, an accusation of 1697:. After the situation had been defused by 1409:. In the same year Louis was persuaded by 1341:French involvement in the Seven Years' War 850:Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau 487:ideas. These included efforts to increase 40: 10815:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 10473:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 10296:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 7274:Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier 6123:The first generation are the children of 5381: 5336: 5326: 4215: 4150: 3945: 1054:Learn how and when to remove this message 491:as well as abolish the death penalty for 12566:People of the War of the First Coalition 12531:Recipients of the Order of Saint Lazarus 11589:Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte 11247: 8531:Nationalization of the Church properties 8105: 7730:Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France 7600:Louise Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Tours 7437:Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine 5362:Forensic Science International. Genetics 3884:(in French). CNRS Ed. 1877. p. 397. 2398: 2347: 2193: 2144:(iron chest) incident took place at the 2086: 2070: 1965: 1815: 1807: 1723: 1711: 1580: 1490: 1380: 1377:France in the American Revolutionary War 1290: 1222: 1170: 1065: 907: 855: 769: 668: 652: 468:when his father died in 1765. He became 11870: 11476:Historiography of the French Revolution 10747:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 10458:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 8187:Marie Thérèse, Mademoiselle d'Angoulême 8134: 7658:Louise Françoise, Mademoiselle du Maine 6383:Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry 6378:Prince Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême 6225:Prince Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois 5165: 5150: 5036: 4964: 4923: 4879: 4865: 4747: 4623:Oxford History of the French Revolution 4585:French Policy and the American Alliance 4379: 4198:"The New Yorker From the Archive Books" 4027: 4002: 3911: 2597:played a comic version of Louis XVI in 1385:Louis XVI receiving the ambassadors of 980:boy given to the queen as a present by 962:–1792), a poor orphan adopted in 1776; 886:'s 1932 biography of Marie Antoinette. 12476:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis 12438: 10483:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 10438:Other significant figures and factions 8208:Louise Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Parma 7234:Catherine Henriette, Duchess of Elbeuf 7122: 6454: 6220:Prince Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou 5903: 5698: 5201: 5082: 4866:France), Louis X.V.I. (roi de (1791). 4756: 4691:Britain as a military power, 1688–1815 4553: 4551: 4549: 4323: 4299:Marie Antoinette: Last Queen of France 4265: 4234: 3973:Delon, Michel, ed. (4 December 2013). 3966: 3550: 3430: 3426: 3414: 3306: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3060: 2940: 2936: 2924: 2816: 2706: 2702: 2698: 1847:Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil 1445:, but the operation never went ahead. 1275:), on 20 June, the declaration of the 1004:Absolute monarch of France (1774–1789) 756:Paul François de Quelen de la Vauguyon 521:supported the North American colonists 12496:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 11844: 11504: 11351: 11246: 10530:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 10436: 10286:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 10225:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 10183:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 9786: 9032: 8663:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 8391: 8294: 8268: 8133: 8092: 8036: 7964: 7873:Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale 7775: 7547:Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale 7490: 7402:Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale 7329: 7289:Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy 7121: 7083: 6428: 6113: 6087: 5877: 5404: 5170:. Yale University Press. p. 232. 5069:. Henry Regnery Company. p. 392. 4686: 4660:Mahan, Alfred Thayer (January 1987). 4659: 4634: 4473: 4404: 4384:. Yale University Press. p. 25. 4366:Philippe Huisman, Marguerite Jallut: 4294: 4110:. Yale University Press. p. 24. 4052: 3972: 3939: 3629:Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate 3626: 3616: 3612: 3600: 3594: 3584: 3568: 3558: 3554: 3538: 3532: 3522: 3506: 3496: 3492: 3480: 3474: 3464: 3448: 3438: 3434: 3408: 3398: 3382: 3372: 3368: 3356: 3350: 3340: 3324: 3314: 3310: 3294: 3288: 3278: 3262: 3252: 3248: 3236: 3230: 3220: 3204: 3194: 3190: 3162: 3152: 3136: 3126: 3122: 3110: 3104: 3094: 3078: 3068: 3064: 3048: 3042: 3032: 3016: 3006: 3002: 2990: 2984: 2974: 2958: 2948: 2944: 2918: 2908: 2892: 2882: 2878: 2866: 2860: 2850: 2834: 2824: 2820: 2804: 2798: 2788: 2772: 2762: 2758: 2746: 2740: 2730: 2714: 2710: 1788:Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne 1417:, and later that year France went to 1191:Étienne-Charles de Loménie de Brienne 637:; his only child to reach adulthood, 564:in June 1791, four months before the 432: 326: 10684:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 10096:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 9787: 8883:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 7985:Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria 7663:Louis Jean Marie, Duke of Penthièvre 7595:Louise Françoise, Duchess of Bourbon 7253:Jeanne Baptiste, Abess of Fontevraud 7109: 7068:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 5452:Burley, Peter. "A Bankrupt Regime." 4666:. Courier Corporation. p. 461. 4559:"Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India" 3998: 3996: 3915:Dictionnaire historique de la France 2336:the mummified head of his ancestor, 2030:, written by Louis's émigré cousin, 1972:The Storming of the Tuileries Palace 1947:, and the concern of members of the 1898:upon their return to the Tuileries. 1565:was able to get in compensation the 1129: 1036:adding citations to reliable sources 1007: 923:(19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851) 454:Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765) 105:President of the National Convention 11832:from 1848-1873 as Louis Philippe II 11352: 10291:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 8049: 8001:Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême 7755:Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe 7740:Maria Antonietta, Queen of Sardinia 7720:Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal 7605:Françoise Marie, Duchess of Orléans 7350:Infanta Ana Maria Mauricia of Spain 7203:Henri, Duke of Beaumont (1551–1553) 5064: 4928:. Nelson Cengage. pp. 132–133. 4757:Caiani, Ambrogio (1 January 2012). 4735:AN|U Reporter, "Finding La Pérouse" 4546: 3946:Berkovich, Ilya (2 February 2017). 3918:(in French). Hachette. p. 845. 3895:LA CONSTITUTION DU 3 SEPTEMBRE 1791 2378:Histoire de la Révolution Française 2187:movement between the Girondins and 1395:Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes 537:. This led to the convening of the 346:Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême 23:. For the architectural style, see 13: 11584: 11580:Coat of arms of the House of Capet 11575: 11481:Influence of the French Revolution 11471:Symbolism in the French Revolution 10235:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 10196:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 8451:Convocation of the Estates General 7837:Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Louvois 7812:Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma 7610:Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse 6199:Prince Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois 5738:Full text of writings of Louis XVI 5713:Full text of writings of Louis XVI 5692: 5315:European Journal of Human Genetics 4809:In Swedish, not far from the top " 4639:. Paris: Payot. pp. 220–225. 4007:. London: Arnold. pp. 10–12. 3353:Christiane Eberhardine of Bayreuth 3207:John George III, Elector of Saxony 2230: 1576: 1552:in 1778, when the Queen's brother 1185:After this, Louis XVI and his new 832:, in which it was defeated by the 805:archduchess Marie Antoinette, his 737:Louis-Stanislas, Count of Provence 14: 12582: 11123:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 10855:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 10157:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 9939:François Christophe de Kellermann 9178:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 8113:Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy 7432:Philippe Charles, Duke of Orléans 7258:Marie Henriette, Abess of Chelles 7206:Louis, Count of Marle (1555–1557) 5731: 5653: 5565:Mignet, François Auguste (1824). 5405:Velde, François (22 April 2010). 4880:Coquard, Olivier (21 June 2018). 3993: 3976:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment 3928: 2467:, which was performed in 1815 in 2306:, where those guillotined at the 1955:nobles abroad, especially in the 1321: 1286: 1279:on 9 July, and eventually to the 12423: 12411: 12399: 10850:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 10757:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 10727:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 10618:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 10396: 10361: 10331: 10306: 10263: 10137: 10014:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 9795: 8567:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 8183:Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry 8170:Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême 7750:Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Alençon 7422:Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois 6337:Prince Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine 6172: 5998: 5673:Rigney, Ann. "Toward Varennes." 5472:Origins of the French Revolution 4687:Black, Jeremy (4 January 2002). 3808: 2664:but does not appear in the 1953 2624: 2573:and that by Terence Budd in the 2570:Marie-Antoinette reine de France 2421:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 2312:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 2264:Problems playing this file? See 2246: 1999:, whom they accused of treason. 1977:Musée de la Révolution française 1867:Testament politique de Louis XVI 1635:from 1782 to 1783, engaging the 1523:. France gained little from the 1012: 912:The 7 year-old Louis XVII (1792) 760:gouverneur des Enfants de France 741:Charles-Philipe, Count of Artois 519:. From 1776, Louis XVI actively 415: 16:King of France from 1774 to 1792 12466:18th-century princes of Andorra 11532:Pretenders to the French throne 11188:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 10935:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 10860:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 10071:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 10066:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 10046:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 9874:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 8792:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 8093: 8006:Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 7940:Philippe, Duke of Narbonne-Lara 7648:Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes 7552:Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou 7407:Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou 7238:Alexandre, Chevalier de Vendôme 6399:Prince Henri, Count of Chambord 6368:Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 6129:; these males held the rank of 5860:20 December 1765 – 10 May 1774 5804:10 May 1774 – 21 September 1792 5700:Campan, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette 5584:The Life and Death of Louis XVI 5494:. UK: Oxford University Press. 5428: 5398: 5284: 5270: 5257: 5237: 5224: 5195: 5186: 5174: 5159: 5144: 5124: 5109: 5067:Louis XVI or The End of a World 5058: 5053:Vieilles maisons, vieux papiers 5045: 5014: 5002: 4989: 4958: 4945: 4932: 4917: 4899: 4873: 4859: 4846: 4833: 4816: 4783: 4728: 4709: 4680: 4653: 4628: 4621:On finance, see William Doyle, 4615: 4602: 4590: 4577: 4542:. de l'Imprimerie royale. 1788. 4530: 4510: 4506:Journal de Papillon de La Ferté 4499: 4486: 4467: 4445: 4432: 4423: 4398: 4373: 4346: 4317: 4288: 4259: 4228: 4189: 4176: 4163: 4137: 4124: 4084: 4071: 4046: 4021: 2600:The History of the World Part 1 2582:Start the Revolution Without Me 2049:– marched upon and invaded the 1928:Frederick William II of Prussia 1767:Maximilien Radix de Sainte-Foix 1753:Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin 1658:, between Louis XVI and Prince 1336:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh 1023:needs additional citations for 929:(22 October 1781 – 4 June 1789) 927:Louis-Joseph, Dauphin of France 525:independence from Great Britain 456:(son and heir-apparent of King 351:Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 322: 11461:Women in the French Revolution 11063:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 10240:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 9904:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 9533:French invasion of Switzerland 8037: 7936:Agathe Louise de Saint-Antoine 7330: 7213:Catherine, Duchess of Lorraine 7178:Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans 6332:Prince Louis, Duke of Burgundy 6316:Prince Philippe, Duke of Anjou 6273:Prince Louis, Duke of Brittany 6159:Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans 5296:www.musicweb-international.com 5208:University of California Press 5120:. Nelson Cengage. p. 225. 4761:. Cambridge University Press. 4274:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 3922: 3905: 3888: 3872: 3868:(in French). 1834. p. 57. 3856: 3828: 3597:Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick 2775:Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria 2198:Execution of Louis XVI in the 1921:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 1914:Intervention by foreign powers 1639:along the coasts of India and 1550:War of the Bavarian Succession 1462:François Joseph Paul de Grasse 1187:Controller-General of Finances 1176:"Le Couronnement de Louis XVI" 903:Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan 599:Insurrection of 10 August 1792 489:tolerance toward non-Catholics 1: 11466:Incroyables and merveilleuses 11285:Pierre Claude François Daunou 11073:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 10204:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 10175:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 9472:Naval Engagement off Brittany 9225:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 9199:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 9008:Constitution of the Year VIII 8743:Committee of General Security 8628:National Legislative Assembly 8483:National Constituent Assembly 8070:Bourbon Restoration in France 7965: 7944:Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara 7575:Marie Anne, Princess of Conti 7557:Louis François, Duke of Anjou 7511:Infanta María Teresa of Spain 7491: 7427:Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia 7412:Louis François, Duke of Anjou 6257:Prince Charles, Duke of Berry 4270:Marie Antoinette: The Journey 4223:Marie Antoinette: The Journey 4171:Marie Antoinette: The Journey 4158:Marie Antoinette: The Journey 4145:Marie Antoinette: The Journey 3849: 3770:was also the abbey where the 3509:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 3451:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 2367: 2032:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 1949:National Constituent Assembly 1865:, traditionally known as the 1554:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 1277:National Constituent Assembly 1134:Radical financial reforms by 967: 956: 811:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 809:and the youngest daughter of 609:French citizen, addressed as 517:prompted the masses to revolt 12536:18th-century peers of France 12461:18th-century kings of France 11812:Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe 11384:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 11178:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 11068:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 10965:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 10865:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 10555:Charles Malo François Lameth 10230:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 10061:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 10004:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 9204:Second Battle of Wissembourg 8891:Constitution of the Year III 7908:Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia 7776: 7615:Louise, Baroness of La Queue 7585:Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine 7417:Marie Louise, Queen of Spain 6230:Philippe II, Duke of Orléans 5807:King of the French from 1791 5374:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.09.007 5116:von Guttner, Darius (2015). 4924:Guttner, Darius von (2015). 4823:Barrington, Michael (1902). 4464:, downloaded 29 January 2012 3477:Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 2636:If It Had Happened Otherwise 2585:, Louis XVI is portrayed by 2429:Sacred Congregation of Rites 1959:and the minor states of the 1656:Treaty of Versailles of 1787 1249:convoked the Estates General 1162:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 990:"Zoe" Jeanne Louise Victoire 860:Louis XVI in early adulthood 648: 588:dechristianization of France 527:, which was realised in the 234:Louis Auguste, Duke of Berry 7: 12521:Princes of France (Bourbon) 11672:Blancs d'Espagne succession 11280:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 10905:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 10840:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 10800:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 10679:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 10664:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 10659:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 10468:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 10321:William V, Prince of Orange 9191:First Battle of Wissembourg 9148:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 8864:Closing of the Jacobin Club 8733:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 8690:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 8550:Abolition of the Parlements 8523:Women's March on Versailles 8240:Infante or Infanta of Spain 7857:Princess Louise (1737–1787) 7822:Princess Louise (1728–1733) 7590:Louis César, Count of Vexin 7299:Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois 7173:Christine, Duchess of Savoy 6194:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 5740:in Ball State University's 5722:in Ball State University's 5206:. Los Angeles, California: 4744:. Retrieved 10 January 2019 3385:Sophie Luise of Württemberg 2671: 2560:Si Versailles m'était conté 2500:. Kentucky became the 15th 2372:The 19th-century historian 1720:, 1788, depicting Louis XVI 1310:was under the direction of 824:with its traditional enemy 595:civil and international war 449:was the wife of Louis XVI. 100:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 10: 12587: 12551:Navarrese titular monarchs 11415:French Republican calendar 10970:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 10595:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 9949:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 9899:Charles François Dumouriez 9889:Jacques François Dugommier 9703:League of Armed Neutrality 9536:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 9488:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 9311:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 9290:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 8954:Second Congress of Rastatt 8738:Committee of Public Safety 8725:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 7847:Sophie, Duchess of Louvois 7653:Louis Charles, Count of Eu 7580:Louis, Count of Vermandois 5661:McGill's History of Europe 5636:When the King Took Flight. 5532:Louis XVI: The Silent King 5525:Louis XVI: The Silent King 5153:Louis XVI: The Silent King 5039:Louis XVI: The Silent King 4841:Louis XVI, The Silent King 4829:. C. Richards. p. 44. 4454:Edict of Versailles (1787) 4092:Louis XVI, The Silent King 4079:Louis XVI, The Silent King 3813:Royal standard of the king 3689:Coat of arms of Louis XVI 3544: 3428: 3420: 3300: 3184: 3180: 3054: 2938: 2930: 2837:Victor Amadeus II of Savoy 2810: 2704: 2700: 2508: 2502:State of the United States 2060: 1989:Charles François Dumouriez 1936:French nobles, issued the 1926:On 27 August, Leopold and 1801: 1646:France also intervened in 1609:Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau 1515:and successfully defended 1466:French expeditionary force 1374: 1363:, and in India maintained 1325: 1136:Anne Robert Jacques Turgot 813:and his wife, the Empress 807:second cousin once removed 684:at birth, was born in the 680:, who was given the title 470:King of France and Navarre 161:Étienne Charles de Loménie 18: 12368: 12319: 12280: 12256: 12202: 12178: 12160: 12137: 12100: 12067: 12024: 11991: 11908: 11882: 11825: 11733: 11670: 11596: 11573: 11542: 11430:Cult of the Supreme Being 11358: 11347: 11253: 11242: 11201: 11035: 11028: 10913: 10770: 10692: 10603: 10590:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 10496: 10445:Patriotic Society of 1789 10443: 10432: 10394: 10359: 10329: 10304: 10261: 10248:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 10170:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 10135: 10126: 10104: 9809: 9793: 9782: 9751: 9714: 9687:Convention of Alessandria 9669: 9576: 9523: 9454: 9324: 9298: 9215: 9112: 9039: 9028: 8984: 8973:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 8965: 8938: 8875: 8811: 8706: 8639: 8588: 8542: 8434:What Is the Third Estate? 8425: 8398: 8387: 8302: 8229: 8201:Princess Louise Élisabeth 8194: 8162: 8146: 8142: 8129: 8101: 8088: 8045: 8032: 7993: 7977: 7973: 7960: 7921: 7888:Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine 7865: 7804: 7788: 7784: 7771: 7671: 7623: 7565: 7524: 7503: 7499: 7486: 7445: 7379: 7371:Philippe, Duke of Orléans 7358: 7342: 7338: 7325: 7309:Philippe, Duke of Orléans 7266: 7221: 7196: 7168:Elisabeth, Queen of Spain 7155: 7134: 7130: 7117: 7066: 7047: 7021: 6983: 6957: 6911: 6886: 6807: 6718: 6614: 6490: 6460: 6407: 6391: 6360: 6324: 6303: 6288:Louis, Prince of Asturias 6265: 6238: 6207: 6181: 6170: 6146: 6121: 6007: 5996: 5911: 5862: 5853: 5845: 5838: 5810: 5797: 5789: 5784: 5749: 5649:, excerpt and text search 5631:, excerpt and text search 5561:, excerpt and text search 5437:Journal of Modern History 5278:"Pius VI: Quare Lacrymae" 5202:Jordan, David P. (2004). 4997:When the King Took Flight 4965:Tackett, Timothy (2003). 4953:When the King Took Flight 3912:Lalanne, Ludovic (1877). 3788:, both were known as the 3614: 3606: 3578: 3556: 3552: 3516: 3494: 3486: 3458: 3436: 3432: 3392: 3370: 3362: 3334: 3312: 3308: 3272: 3250: 3242: 3214: 3192: 3188: 3146: 3124: 3116: 3088: 3066: 3062: 3026: 3004: 2996: 2968: 2946: 2942: 2902: 2880: 2872: 2844: 2822: 2818: 2782: 2760: 2752: 2724: 2708: 2529:(1938), he was played by 2486:Virginia General Assembly 2463:, a pupil and protégé of 2343: 1798:Flight to Varennes (1791) 1731:: 1 écu – Louis XVI, 1784 1652:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine 574:abolition of the monarchy 523:, who were seeking their 474:abolition of the monarchy 411: 401: 391: 381: 369: 336: 307: 293: 283: 279: 255: 230: 226: 216: 205: 197: 112: 95: 85: 69: 58: 51: 39: 34: 12526:Publicly executed people 12501:Leaders ousted by a coup 11138:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 11103:Joséphine de Beauharnais 10985:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 10955:François-Nicolas Vincent 10940:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 10114:Charles-Alexandre Linois 10009:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 9989:François Séverin Marceau 9969:François Joseph Lefebvre 9864:Jean-Étienne Championnet 9839:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 9834:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 9829:Alexandre de Beauharnais 9819:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 9541:French Invasion of Egypt 9419:Second Battle of Bassano 9153:Battle of Kaiserslautern 8927:Conspiracy of the Equals 8620:The Constitution of 1791 8491:Storming of the Bastille 8213:Henri, Count of Chambord 7878:Princess Marie Zéphyrine 7827:Louis, Dauphin of France 7745:Charles, Duke of Alençon 7532:Louis, Dauphin of France 7387:Louis, Dauphin of France 6311:Louis, Dauphin of France 6278:Louis, Dauphin of France 6246:Louis, Dauphin of France 6215:Louis, Dauphin of France 5742:Digital Media Repository 5724:Digital Media Repository 5684:18 November 2015 at the 5670:(4 vol 1992) 3:1193–1213 5456:(January 1984) 34:36–42. 5446:20 December 2016 at the 4805:12 November 2016 at the 4695:. Taylor & Francis. 4324:Cronin, Vincent (1974). 4266:Fraser, Antonia (2001). 3821: 3786:Order of the Holy Spirit 3784:and by the chain of the 3710:of France & Navarre. 3535:Maria Josepha of Austria 2921:Louis, Dauphin of France 2668:based on the same book. 2567:in the 1956 French film 2519:(1930), he is played by 2498:Commonwealth of Virginia 1611:moved his troops to the 1607:. As a consequence, the 1328:Franco-American alliance 1281:storming of the Bastille 1259:of the country into the 766:Marriage and family life 746:When his father died of 726:Maria Josepha of Austria 641:, was given over to her 547:storming of the Bastille 386:Louis, Dauphin of France 11118:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 10990:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 10950:Antoine-François Momoro 10945:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 10762:François de Neufchâteau 10712:Charles-François Lebrun 10654:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 10535:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 10411:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 10217:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 10212:Karl Mack von Leiberich 9844:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 9658:Second Battle of Zurich 9549:Irish Rebellion of 1798 9395:First Battle of Bassano 9233:Second Battle of Boulou 9034:Revolutionary campaigns 8992:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 8907:Council of Five Hundred 8695:First republic declared 8631:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 8612:Declaration of Pillnitz 8336:Constitutional monarchy 7883:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 7832:Philippe, Duke of Anjou 7735:Luis, Count of Chinchón 7686:Louis, Duke of Brittany 7681:Louis, Duke of Brittany 7631:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 7537:Princess Anne Élisabeth 7455:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 7392:Princess Anne Élisabeth 7249:Antoine, Count of Moret 7242:Henri, Duke of Verneuil 7183:Gaston, Duke of Orléans 6481:List of French monarchs 6294:Infante Philip of Spain 6164:Gaston, Duke of Orléans 5718:29 October 2012 at the 5577:The National Convention 5486:Doyle, William (2002). 5137:8 February 2016 at the 4793:in the Swedish tabloid 4740:10 January 2019 at the 4583:Corwin, Edward Samuel, 4480:Oxford University Press 4474:Doyle, William (2001). 4405:Doyle, William (2001). 4295:Lever, Evelyne (2001). 4053:Lever, Evelyne (1985). 4028:Andress, David (2005). 3897:, CHAPITRE II, Art. 2. 3766:the war cry of France, 3683: 3411:Maria Josepha of Saxony 2863:Marie Adélaïde of Savoy 2743:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 2540:La Révolution française 2451:Jean-Paul-Égide Martini 2413:Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte 2362:Basilica of Saint-Denis 2285:Antoine Joseph Santerre 1951:about the agitation of 1938:Declaration of Pillnitz 1930:, in consultation with 1629:Second Anglo-Mysore War 1621:Pierre André de Suffren 1456:. In 1780, France sent 1393:In the spring of 1776, 1332:Franco-Indian alliances 1273:serment du jeu de paume 1180:Coronation of Louis XVI 1150:. Necker supported the 921:Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte 733:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 706:Marie-Josèphe of Saxony 678:Louis-Auguste de France 663:François-Hubert Drouais 566:constitutional monarchy 539:Estates General of 1789 464:, Louis became the new 462:Maria Josepha of Saxony 396:Maria Josepha of Saxony 133:René Nicolas de Maupeou 12571:People from Versailles 11735:Bonapartist pretenders 11590: 11581: 11447: 11406: 11382: 11363: 10875:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 10870:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 10780:Maximilien Robespierre 10613:Jacques Pierre Brissot 10478:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 9909:Louis-Charles de Flers 9894:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 9859:Jean François Carteaux 9634:First Battle of Zurich 9597:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 9552:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 9512:Treaty of Campo Formio 9258:Glorious First of June 9186:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 9145:Expedition to Sardinia 8823:Desmoulins guillotined 8758:Assassination of Marat 8750:Fall of the Girondists 8722:Revolutionary Tribunal 8714:Execution of Louis XVI 8604:Champ de Mars massacre 8507:Abolition of Feudalism 8246:Archduchess of Austria 8154:Maria Theresa of Savoy 8016:Princess Sophie Hélène 7922:Illegitimate children 7643:Charles, Duke of Berry 7637:King Felipe V of Spain 7470:Louis, Duke of Orléans 7465:Charles, Duke of Berry 7229:César, Duke of Vendôme 6987:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 6476:List of Frankish kings 6471:Simplified family tree 6251:King Philip V of Spain 5666:Moncure, James A. ed. 5166:Hardman, John (1992). 5151:Hardman, John (2000). 5083:Jordan, David (1979). 5037:Hardman, John (2000). 4721:6 October 2014 at the 4518:https://blogs.nvcc.edu 4438:Andress, David,(2005) 4380:Hardman, John (1993). 4241:Translated from French 4003:Hardman, John (2000). 3782:Order of Saint Michael 3291:Augustus III of Poland 3265:Anna Sophie of Denmark 2688:Ancestors of Louis XVI 2603:, portraying him as a 2408: 2386:Histoire des Girondins 2364: 2308:Place de la Révolution 2280:Place de la Révolution 2235: 2218:Place de la Révolution 2207: 2200:Place de la Révolution 2105:abolished the monarchy 2096: 2084: 2081:Jean-François Garneray 2067:Execution of Louis XVI 1980: 1821: 1813: 1792:constitutional priests 1732: 1721: 1593: 1525:Treaty of Paris (1783) 1504: 1390: 1349:Treaty of Paris (1763) 1303: 1236: 1182: 1120:Edict of Fontainebleau 1085: 1071: 982:Stanislas de Boufflers 913: 861: 798: 795:Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun 674: 666: 631:executed by guillotine 529:Treaty of Paris (1783) 266:Place de la Révolution 187:The Count of Montmorin 154:The Count of Vergennes 11588: 11579: 11320:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 10585:Jean-Charles Pichegru 10565:Jean-François Rewbell 10051:Jean-Charles Pichegru 9934:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 9924:Jacques Maurice Hatry 9695:Battle of Hohenlinden 9568:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 9403:Battle of Emmendingen 9350:Battle of Castiglione 9237:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 9168:Battle of Hondschoote 8839:Thermidorian Reaction 8803:(throughout the year) 8576:Fête de la Fédération 8502:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 8486:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 8470:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 7931:Charles de Vintimille 7725:Philip, Duke of Parma 7707:Ferdinand VI of Spain 7222:Illegitimate children 5439:1994 66(4): 671–696. 5328:10.1038/ejhg.2013.211 5192:Hardman 1992, p. 232. 5132:The French Revolution 5130:von Guttner, Darius. 5118:The French Revolution 5065:Fay, Bernard (1968). 4940:The French Revolution 4926:The French Revolution 4523:20 April 2011 at the 4492:Baecque, Antoine de, 4104:John Hardman (1994). 3724:Royal crown of France 3233:Augustus II of Poland 2987:Stanisław Leszczyński 2579:live action film. In 2461:Sigismund von Neukomm 2405:Henry Essex Edgeworth 2402: 2394:Jean-François Lyotard 2382:Alphonse de Lamartine 2351: 2234: 2197: 2090: 2074: 1975:, on 10 August 1792 ( 1969: 1819: 1811: 1727: 1715: 1591:Nicolas-André Monsiau 1589:his instructions, by 1584: 1513:Battle of the Saintes 1494: 1384: 1308:Menus-Plaisirs du Roi 1294: 1226: 1174: 1069: 953:Francois-Michel Gagné 945:Sophie-Hélène-Béatrix 911: 859: 773: 672: 656: 603:French First Republic 274:French First Republic 175:The Baron of Breteuil 147:The Count of Maurepas 11808:Napoléon VII Charles 11248:Influential thinkers 10995:Jean-François Varlet 10895:Jean-Lambert Tallien 10890:Jean Bon Saint-André 10717:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 10639:Marquis de Condorcet 10488:Nicolas de Condorcet 10253:Dagobert von Wurmser 10086:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 10029:Pierre-Jacques Osten 9944:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 9879:Louis-Nicolas Davout 9869:Chapuis de Tourville 9411:Battle of Schliengen 9358:Battle of Theiningen 9279:Battle of Aldenhoven 9163:Battle of Wattignies 9132:Battle of Neerwinden 8946:Coup of 18 Fructidor 8459:Death of the Dauphin 7712:Charles III of Spain 7460:King Felipe of Spain 6466:Detailed family tree 5761:Cadet branch of the 5675:New Literary History 5557:9 March 2021 at the 5509:Doyle, William, ed. 4635:Félix, Joël (2006). 4460:14 July 2012 at the 4328:Louis and Antoinette 4235:Androutsos, George. 3763:MONTJOIE SAINT DENIS 2895:Anne Marie d'Orléans 2717:Louis, Grand Dauphin 2535:Jean-François Balmer 2516:Captain of the Guard 2442:for mixed chorus by 2324:Basilica of St Denis 2293:Charles-Henri Sanson 2109:Citoyen Louis Capet. 1985:Legislative Assembly 1957:Austrian Netherlands 1886:Jean-Baptiste Drouet 1691:Palace of Versailles 1631:against the British 1480:to surrender at the 1405:, by supporting the 1312:Papillon de la Ferté 1166:Assembly of Notables 1032:improve this article 986:Ernestine Lambriquet 700:and of his consort, 696:and the grandson of 686:Palace of Versailles 570:foreign intervention 301:Basilica of St Denis 246:Palace of Versailles 209:21 September 1792 – 12380:King/Queen of Spain 12258:House of Trastámara 12102:House of Trastámara 11830:Orléanist pretender 11602:Unionist pretenders 11335:Mary Wollstonecraft 11113:Jean Sylvain Bailly 10900:Pierre Louis Prieur 10845:Jean-Henri Voulland 10820:Jacques-Louis David 10752:Jean Joseph Mounier 10453:Jean Sylvain Bailly 10091:Belgrand de Vaubois 9979:Jean-Antoine Marbot 9919:Emmanuel de Grouchy 9724:Treaty of Lunéville 9363:Battle of Neresheim 9308:Siege of Luxembourg 9287:Siege of Luxembourg 9242:Battle of Tourcoing 9173:Siege of Bellegarde 9000:Coup of 18 Brumaire 8912:Council of Ancients 8687:National Convention 8679:September Massacres 8655:Brunswick Manifesto 8647:France declares war 8414:Assembly of Vizille 8136:Charles X of France 7716:Francisco of Spain 7542:Princess Marie Anne 7397:Princess Marie Anne 7294:Princess Marie Anne 6902:Henry VI of England 5816:National Convention 5688:, on historiography 5645:7 July 2011 at the 4565:on 21 November 2008 3840:French Constitution 3690: 3165:Louis XVI of France 3107:Katarzyna Opalińska 3081:Jan Karol Opaliński 2666:animated short film 2631:alternate histories 2611:. In the 1996 film 2329:Chapelle expiatoire 2287:, a general in the 2161:National Convention 2028:Brunswick Manifesto 1882:Varennes-en-Argonne 1751:Beginning in 1791, 1746:constitutional form 1623:became the ally of 1556:tried to partition 1411:Pierre Beaumarchais 1407:American Revolution 1345:Britain's victories 1227:Louis XVI visiting 1157:Compte-rendu au Roi 1152:American Revolution 1100:Edict of Versailles 635:Bourbon Restoration 623:National Convention 611:Citoyen Louis Capet 507:, advocated by his 284:Cause of death 21:Louis XVI furniture 12541:Dethroned monarchs 12516:Princes of Andorra 12481:Dauphins of France 11993:House of Champagne 11948:García Sánchez III 11591: 11582: 11173:Loménie de Brienne 11148:Madame de Lamballe 11083:Napoléon Bonaparte 10880:Prieur de la Marne 10795:Camille Desmoulins 10649:Marie Jean Hérault 10525:Jean-Sifrein Maury 10520:Arnaud de La Porte 10376:Alexander Korsakov 10162:Count of Clerfayt 10081:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 9994:Auguste de Marmont 9849:Napoléon Bonaparte 9740:Algeciras campaign 9732:Treaty of Florence 9610:Battle of Stockach 9443:Ireland expedition 9427:Battle of Calliano 9387:Battle of Rovereto 9379:Battle of Würzburg 8831:Law of 22 Prairial 8800:Anti-clerical laws 8775:The Death of Marat 8596:Flight to Varennes 7913:Princess Élisabeth 7817:Princess Henriette 7142:Margaret of Valois 7124:Henry IV of France 7049:House of Bonaparte 6959:House of Bonaparte 6889:House of Lancaster 6455:Monarchs of France 6138:Grandson of France 5905:Dauphins of France 5820:Title next held by 5677:1986 18(1): 77–98 5634:Tackett, Timothy. 5627:6 May 2021 at the 5600:8 May 2021 at the 5280:. 29 January 2015. 4985:– via JSTOR. 4789:Swedish historian 4608:Jonathan R. Dull, 4587:(1916) pp. 121–148 3708:royal coat of arms 3688: 2801:Louis XV of France 2496:was a part of the 2440:Requiem in C minor 2411:Louis's daughter, 2409: 2365: 2338:Henry IV of France 2300:Madeleine cemetery 2236: 2208: 2123:due process of law 2097: 2085: 2063:Trial of Louis XVI 1981: 1822: 1814: 1804:Flight to Varennes 1733: 1722: 1633:East India Company 1594: 1505: 1423:Battle of Saratoga 1415:Treaty of Alliance 1391: 1365:five trading posts 1304: 1296:Jean-Michel Moreau 1237: 1183: 1104:Parlement of Paris 1072: 998:Flight to Varennes 914: 862: 799: 708:, the daughter of 675: 667: 562:flight to Varennes 478:King of the French 12491:Executed monarchs 12387: 12386: 12282:House of Habsburg 11938:García Sánchez II 11838: 11837: 11833: 11792:Napoléon V Victor 11788:Napoléon V Jérôme 11777: 11774:Emperor 1852–1870 11544:Monarchy in exile 11498: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11372:Cockade of France 11343: 11342: 11305:Antoine Lavoisier 11295:Benjamin Franklin 11275:Anacharsis Cloots 11238: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11158:Louis de Breteuil 11000:Theophile Leclerc 10428: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10381:Alexander Suvorov 10122: 10121: 10056:Józef Poniatowski 9974:Étienne Macdonald 9778: 9777: 9679:Battle of Marengo 9642:Battle of Trebbia 9626:Battle of Cassano 9618:Battle of Magnano 9602:Battle of Ostrach 9504:Battle of Neuwied 9266:Battle of Fleurus 9250:Battle of Tournay 9127:War in the Vendée 9063:Royalist Revolts 9024: 9023: 8581: 8557:Abolition of the 8475:Tennis Court Oath 8467:National Assembly 8296:French Revolution 8262: 8261: 8225: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8023: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7842:Princess Victoire 7767: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7077: 7076: 7038:Louis Philippe II 6961:(1804–1814; 1815) 6422: 6421: 6417: 6115:Princes of France 6081: 6080: 5872: 5871: 5863:Succeeded by 5856:Dauphin of France 5834: 5808: 5582:Padover, Saul K. 5571:Project Gutenberg 5511:Old Regime France 5501:978-0-19-925298-5 5253:. 1 January 2013. 4995:Timothy Tackett, 4951:Timothy Tackett, 4625:(1989) pp. 67–74. 4482:. pp. 26–27. 4221:Fraser, Antonia, 4182:Fraser, Antonia, 4169:Fraser, Antonia, 4156:Fraser, Antonia, 4143:Fraser, Antonia, 4117:978-0-300-06077-5 3932:French Revolution 3836:National Assembly 3819: 3818: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3139:Zofia Czarnkowska 3045:Marie Leszczyńska 2961:Rafał Leszczyński 2551:Jason Schwartzman 2490:Revolutionary War 2251: 2173:François Tronchet 2150:Jean-Marie Roland 2093:Tennis Court Oath 1961:Holy Roman Empire 1780:Count of Provence 1585:Louis XVI giving 1563:Treaty of Teschen 1497:Siege of Yorktown 1482:Siege of Yorktown 1427:Thirteen Colonies 1298:– Souper donné à 1269:Tennis Court Oath 1265:National Assembly 1261:French Revolution 1130:Economic policies 1064: 1063: 1056: 822:France's alliance 704:. His mother was 702:Maria Leszczyńska 694:Dauphin of France 659:Count of Provence 551:National Assembly 543:absolute monarchy 443:French Revolution 434:[lwisɛːz] 423: 422: 250:Kingdom of France 64:21 September 1792 12578: 12428: 12427: 12416: 12415: 12414: 12404: 12403: 12402: 12395: 12321:House of Bourbon 12204:House of Bourbon 11928:García Sánchez I 11910:House of Jiménez 11883:House of Íñiguez 11865: 11858: 11851: 11842: 11841: 11827: 11771: 11525: 11518: 11511: 11502: 11501: 11452: 11440:Temple of Reason 11411: 11387: 11368: 11349: 11348: 11300:Thomas Jefferson 11244: 11243: 11163:de Chateaubriand 11093:Joseph Bonaparte 11088:Lucien Bonaparte 11078:Marie Antoinette 11033: 11032: 11020:Sylvain Maréchal 10975:François Hanriot 10810:Louis Philippe I 10737:Louis Philippe I 10732:Philippe Égalité 10674:Olympe de Gouges 10644:Charlotte Corday 10634:Étienne Clavière 10434: 10433: 10416:Antonio Ricardos 10401: 10400: 10386:Andrei Rosenberg 10366: 10365: 10336: 10335: 10311: 10310: 10281:Ralph Abercromby 10268: 10267: 10243: 10220: 10207: 10199: 10191: 10178: 10165: 10142: 10141: 10133: 10132: 10037: 9984:Marcellin Marbot 9807: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9788:Military leaders 9784: 9783: 9771: 9763: 9759:Treaty of Amiens 9744: 9736: 9728: 9707: 9699: 9691: 9683: 9662: 9661:(25–26 Sep 1799) 9654: 9646: 9645:(17–20 Jun 1799) 9638: 9630: 9629:(27–28 Apr 1799) 9622: 9614: 9606: 9605:(20–21 Mar 1799) 9598: 9590: 9586:Second Coalition 9569: 9561: 9553: 9545: 9537: 9516: 9508: 9500: 9496:Treaty of Leoben 9492: 9484: 9483:(14–15 Jan 1797) 9480:Battle of Rivoli 9476: 9468: 9464:Italian campaign 9447: 9439: 9438:(15–17 Nov 1796) 9435:Battle of Arcole 9431: 9423: 9415: 9407: 9399: 9391: 9383: 9375: 9371:Battle of Amberg 9367: 9354: 9346: 9342:Battle of Lonato 9338: 9334:Italian campaign 9312: 9291: 9283: 9270: 9262: 9254: 9246: 9238: 9229: 9208: 9207:(26–27 Dec 1793) 9195: 9187: 9149: 9141: 9137:Battle of Famars 9105: 9030: 9029: 9012: 9004: 8996: 8977: 8958: 8950: 8931: 8923: 8903: 8895: 8887: 8868: 8860: 8852: 8843: 8835: 8827: 8804: 8796: 8788: 8780: 8770: 8762: 8754: 8734: 8726: 8718: 8699: 8691: 8683: 8675: 8667: 8659: 8651: 8632: 8624: 8616: 8608: 8600: 8599:(20–21 Jun 1791) 8579: 8571: 8563: 8554: 8535: 8527: 8519: 8511: 8503: 8495: 8487: 8479: 8471: 8463: 8455: 8447: 8439: 8418: 8410: 8406:Day of the Tiles 8389: 8388: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8266: 8265: 8255: 8235: 8144: 8143: 8131: 8130: 8103: 8102: 8090: 8089: 8062: 8047: 8046: 8034: 8033: 7975: 7974: 7962: 7961: 7852:Princess Thérèse 7786: 7785: 7773: 7772: 7703:Felipe of Spain 7700:Felipe of Spain 7696:Louis I of Spain 7501: 7500: 7488: 7487: 7340: 7339: 7327: 7326: 7209:Madeleine (1556) 7147:Marie de' Medici 7132: 7131: 7119: 7118: 7111:House of Bourbon 7104: 7097: 7090: 7081: 7080: 7032:Louis Philippe I 7023:House of Orléans 6985:House of Bourbon 6913:House of Bourbon 6449: 6442: 6435: 6426: 6425: 6409: 6347:King Louis XVIII 6176: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6085: 6084: 6037:Le Petit Dauphin 6029:Le Grand Dauphin 6009:House of Bourbon 6002: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5875: 5874: 5846:Preceded by 5828: 5806: 5790:Preceded by 5780: 5773: 5764:Capetian dynasty 5756:House of Bourbon 5747: 5746: 5709: 5638:(2003). 270 pp. 5575:See Chapter VI, 5574: 5505: 5493: 5484:(2000) pp 21+ * 5470:Doyle, William. 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5385: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5340: 5330: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5263:See Susan Dunn, 5261: 5255: 5254: 5241: 5235: 5230:Andress, David, 5228: 5222: 5221: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5148: 5142: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5090: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5062: 5056: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5025: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4962: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4938:J. M. Thompson, 4936: 4930: 4929: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4844: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4820: 4814: 4791:Herman Lindqvist 4787: 4781: 4780: 4754: 4745: 4732: 4726: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4632: 4626: 4619: 4613: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4555: 4544: 4543: 4534: 4528: 4514: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4471: 4465: 4449: 4443: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4377: 4371: 4370:, Stephens, 1971 4368:Marie Antoinette 4364: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4331: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4302: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4273: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4243:. Archived from 4232: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4193: 4187: 4184:Marie Antoinette 4180: 4174: 4167: 4161: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4130:Andress, David. 4128: 4122: 4121: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3929:Doyle, William. 3926: 3920: 3919: 3909: 3903: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3860: 3843: 3832: 3812: 3698: 3691: 3687: 3019:Anna Jabłonowska 2694: 2693: 2685: 2684: 2633:anthologized in 2619:Urbain Cancelier 2546:Marie Antoinette 2526:Marie Antoinette 2492:. At that time, 2253: 2252: 2233: 2213:Philippe Égalité 2146:Tuileries Palace 2051:Tuileries Palace 1983:In the end, the 1707:Tuileries Palace 1542:Seven Years' War 1419:war with Britain 1403:Seven Years' War 1351:, almost all of 1316:Castor et Pollux 1090: 1059: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1039: 1016: 1008: 972: 969: 961: 958: 830:Seven Years' War 775:Marie Antoinette 724:and Archduchess 593:In a context of 578:anti-clericalism 509:economic liberal 447:Marie Antoinette 436: 431: 428:(Louis Auguste; 419: 330: 328: 324: 314:Marie Antoinette 262: 242: 240: 212: 201: 127: 117: 108: 65: 44: 32: 31: 12586: 12585: 12581: 12580: 12579: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12561:Royal reburials 12436: 12435: 12434: 12422: 12412: 12410: 12400: 12398: 12390: 12388: 12383: 12364: 12323:- Upper Navarre 12315: 12284:- Upper Navarre 12276: 12260:- Upper Navarre 12252: 12206:- Lower Navarre 12198: 12182:- Lower Navarre 12180:House of Albret 12174: 12162:House of Albret 12156: 12147:Francis Phoebus 12133: 12096: 12069:House of Évreux 12063: 12020: 11987: 11904: 11878: 11869: 11839: 11834: 11821: 11729: 11666: 11592: 11583: 11571: 11538: 11529: 11499: 11490: 11365:La Marseillaise 11354: 11353:Cultural impact 11339: 11249: 11230: 11197: 11153:Madame du Barry 11143:Catherine Théot 11133:Thérésa Tallien 11024: 11015:Gracchus Babeuf 10960:François Chabot 10917: 10909: 10830:Georges Couthon 10825:Marquis de Sade 10790:Jean-Paul Marat 10766: 10722:Bertrand Barère 10688: 10599: 10580:Boissy d'Anglas 10575:Madame de Staël 10540:Antoine Barnave 10508: 10501: 10492: 10439: 10420: 10395: 10390: 10360: 10355: 10330: 10325: 10305: 10300: 10262: 10257: 10241: 10218: 10205: 10197: 10189: 10176: 10163: 10152:József Alvinczi 10136: 10118: 10100: 10041:Nicolas Oudinot 10031: 9964:Claude Lecourbe 9959:Charles Leclerc 9854:Guillaume Brune 9824:Pierre Augereau 9794: 9789: 9774: 9769: 9767:Treaty of Paris 9761: 9747: 9742: 9734: 9726: 9710: 9705: 9697: 9689: 9681: 9665: 9660: 9652: 9644: 9636: 9628: 9620: 9612: 9604: 9596: 9588: 9572: 9567: 9559: 9551: 9543: 9535: 9519: 9514: 9506: 9498: 9490: 9482: 9474: 9466: 9450: 9445: 9437: 9429: 9421: 9413: 9405: 9397: 9389: 9381: 9373: 9365: 9352: 9344: 9336: 9320: 9310: 9294: 9289: 9281: 9268: 9260: 9252: 9244: 9236: 9227: 9211: 9206: 9193: 9185: 9183:Siege of Toulon 9147: 9139: 9122:First Coalition 9108: 9099: 9035: 9020: 9010: 9002: 8994: 8980: 8975: 8961: 8956: 8948: 8934: 8929: 8921: 8901: 8893: 8885: 8871: 8866: 8858: 8850: 8841: 8833: 8825: 8807: 8802: 8794: 8786: 8784:Law of Suspects 8778: 8768: 8760: 8752: 8732: 8730:Reign of Terror 8724: 8716: 8702: 8697: 8689: 8681: 8673: 8665: 8657: 8649: 8635: 8630: 8622: 8614: 8606: 8598: 8584: 8569: 8561: 8552: 8538: 8533: 8525: 8517: 8510:(4–11 Aug 1789) 8509: 8501: 8493: 8485: 8477: 8469: 8461: 8453: 8445: 8443:Réveillon riots 8437: 8421: 8416: 8408: 8394: 8383: 8298: 8293: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8233: 8217: 8190: 8158: 8138: 8117: 8097: 8076: 8056: 8041: 8020: 7989: 7969: 7948: 7923: 7917: 7861: 7800: 7780: 7759: 7673: 7667: 7619: 7567: 7561: 7520: 7495: 7474: 7447: 7441: 7375: 7354: 7334: 7313: 7262: 7217: 7192: 7151: 7126: 7113: 7108: 7078: 7073: 7062: 7043: 7017: 6979: 6953: 6907: 6882: 6809:House of Valois 6803: 6714: 6675:Charles the Fat 6634:Pepin the Short 6619: 6610: 6486: 6485: 6456: 6453: 6423: 6418: 6403: 6387: 6373:King Louis XVII 6356: 6320: 6299: 6261: 6234: 6203: 6177: 6168: 6154:King Louis XIII 6142: 6117: 6112: 6082: 6077: 6003: 5994: 5969:Charles Orlando 5913:House of Valois 5907: 5902: 5868: 5859: 5851: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5805: 5803: 5795: 5779:21 January 1793 5774: 5768: 5767: 5759: 5752: 5734: 5729: 5720:Wayback Machine 5695: 5693:Primary sources 5686:Wayback Machine 5656: 5647:Wayback Machine 5629:Wayback Machine 5602:Wayback Machine 5593:(2004) 425 pp. 5559:Wayback Machine 5543:(1995). 283 pp. 5539:Hardman, John. 5530:Hardman, John. 5523:Hardman, John. 5520:(1994). 178 pp. 5502: 5482:History Review. 5474:(3rd ed. 1999) 5448:Wayback Machine 5431: 5426: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5403: 5399: 5358: 5354: 5307: 5303: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5262: 5258: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5234:, 2005, p. 147. 5229: 5225: 5218: 5210:. p. 219. 5200: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5164: 5160: 5149: 5145: 5139:Wayback Machine 5129: 5125: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5081: 5074: 5063: 5059: 5050: 5046: 5035: 5028: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4994: 4990: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4946: 4937: 4933: 4922: 4918: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4847: 4839:Hardman, John, 4838: 4834: 4821: 4817: 4807:Wayback Machine 4788: 4784: 4769: 4755: 4748: 4742:Wayback Machine 4733: 4729: 4723:Wayback Machine 4714: 4710: 4703: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4633: 4629: 4620: 4616: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4557: 4556: 4547: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4525:Wayback Machine 4515: 4511: 4504: 4500: 4491: 4487: 4472: 4468: 4462:Wayback Machine 4450: 4446: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4293: 4289: 4282: 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In July, the 1997:Théobald Dillon 1916: 1904:Austrian border 1836:Axel von Fersen 1806: 1800: 1784:Count of Artois 1763:Arnault Laporte 1742:Honoré Mirabeau 1679: 1579: 1577:Concerning Asia 1379: 1373: 1338: 1326:Main articles: 1324: 1289: 1241:Estates General 1207:magistrates to 1132: 1060: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1029: 1017: 1006: 970: 959: 779:queen of France 768: 651: 619:Louis was tried 497:French nobility 429: 365: 332: 320: 316: 303: 298: 297:21 January 1815 264: 260: 259:21 January 1793 244: 238: 236: 235: 211:21 January 1793 210: 199: 198:King of France 193: 189: 182: 177: 170: 163: 156: 149: 142: 135: 129: 128: 123: 115:Chief ministers 113: 102: 80:Reims Cathedral 78: 63: 47: 28: 25:Louis XVI style 17: 12: 11: 5: 12584: 12574: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12486:Dukes of Berry 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12433: 12432: 12420: 12408: 12385: 12384: 12376:King of France 12372:King of Aragon 12369: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12326: 12324: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12287: 12285: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12274: 12269: 12263: 12261: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12209: 12207: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12196: 12191: 12185: 12183: 12176: 12175: 12173: 12172: 12166: 12164: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12149: 12143: 12141: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12131: 12126: 12119: 12112: 12106: 12104: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12073: 12071: 12065: 12064: 12062: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12030: 12028: 12026:House of Capet 12022: 12021: 12019: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11997: 11995: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11973:García Ramírez 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11914: 11912: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11895:García Íñiguez 11892: 11886: 11884: 11880: 11879: 11868: 11867: 11860: 11853: 11845: 11836: 11835: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11819: 11804: 11798: 11784: 11778: 11765: 11759: 11753: 11747: 11740: 11738: 11737:(1814–present) 11731: 11730: 11728: 11727: 11720: 11714: 11708: 11702: 11696: 11690: 11684: 11677: 11675: 11674:(1883–present) 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11657: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11633: 11626: 11620: 11614: 11607: 11605: 11604:(1830–present) 11594: 11593: 11574: 11572: 11570: 11569: 11562: 11556: 11549: 11547: 11540: 11539: 11528: 11527: 11520: 11513: 11505: 11496: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11435:Cult of Reason 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11379: 11377:Flag of France 11374: 11369: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11240: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11222: 11221: 11216: 11205: 11203: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11183:Jacques Necker 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11039: 11037: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11005:Claire Lacombe 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10930:Jacques Hébert 10926: 10924: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10785:Georges Danton 10782: 10776: 10774: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10698: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10629:Henri Grégoire 10625: 10620: 10615: 10609: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10570:Camille Jordan 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10511: 10509: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10449: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10430: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10418: 10413: 10407: 10405: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10372: 10370: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10342: 10340: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10323: 10317: 10315: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10274: 10272: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10214: 10209: 10201: 10193: 10185: 10180: 10172: 10167: 10159: 10154: 10148: 10146: 10130: 10124: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10110: 10108: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9815: 9813: 9804: 9791: 9790: 9780: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9772: 9764: 9755: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9737: 9729: 9720: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9700: 9692: 9684: 9675: 9673: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9655: 9650:Battle of Novi 9647: 9639: 9637:(4–7 Jun 1799) 9631: 9623: 9615: 9607: 9599: 9591: 9582: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9562: 9554: 9546: 9538: 9529: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9509: 9501: 9493: 9485: 9477: 9469: 9460: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9440: 9432: 9430:(6–7 Nov 1796) 9424: 9416: 9408: 9400: 9392: 9384: 9376: 9368: 9360: 9355: 9347: 9345:(3–4 Aug 1796) 9339: 9330: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9318: 9316:Peace of Basel 9313: 9304: 9302: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9292: 9284: 9276: 9271: 9263: 9255: 9247: 9239: 9230: 9221: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9201: 9196: 9188: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9158:Siege of Mainz 9155: 9150: 9142: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9118: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9094: 9089: 9087:Siege of Mainz 9084: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9069: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9045: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9005: 8997: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8951: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8924: 8919:13 Vendémiaire 8916: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8896: 8888: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8861: 8853: 8844: 8836: 8828: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8797: 8789: 8781: 8771: 8766:Levée en masse 8763: 8755: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8727: 8719: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8692: 8684: 8676: 8671:10th of August 8668: 8660: 8652: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8625: 8617: 8609: 8601: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8572: 8564: 8555: 8553:(Feb–Jul 1790) 8546: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8528: 8520: 8512: 8504: 8496: 8488: 8480: 8472: 8464: 8456: 8448: 8440: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8411: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8292: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8269: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8180: 8172: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8150: 8148: 8140: 8139: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8109: 8107: 8099: 8098: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8064: 8063: 8053: 8051: 8043: 8042: 8030: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7981: 7979: 7971: 7970: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7938: 7933: 7927: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7792: 7790: 7782: 7781: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7633: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7571: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7497: 7496: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7346: 7344: 7336: 7335: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7239: 7236: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7138: 7136: 7128: 7127: 7115: 7114: 7107: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7075: 7074: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6918: 6916: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6897: 6895: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6725: 6723: 6720:House of Capet 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6641: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6581:Childebert III 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6495: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6429: 6420: 6419: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6392:9th generation 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6361:8th generation 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6352:King Charles X 6349: 6344: 6342:King Louis XVI 6339: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6325:7th generation 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6304:6th generation 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6266:5th generation 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6239:4th generation 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6208:3rd generation 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6189:King Louis XIV 6185: 6183: 6182:2nd generation 6179: 6178: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6147:1st generation 6144: 6143: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6111: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6032: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6005: 6004: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5861: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5840:French royalty 5836: 5835: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5800:King of France 5796: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5785:Regnal titles 5782: 5781: 5772:23 August 1754 5760: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5744: 5733: 5732:External links 5730: 5728: 5727: 5710: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5671: 5664: 5663:(1993) 3:161-4 5655: 5654:Historiography 5652: 5651: 5650: 5632: 5609: 5589:Price, Munro. 5587: 5580: 5562: 5546:Jones, Colin. 5544: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5478: 5468: 5450: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5397: 5352: 5321:(5): 681–687. 5301: 5283: 5269: 5256: 5236: 5223: 5217:978-0520236974 5216: 5194: 5185: 5173: 5158: 5143: 5123: 5108: 5101: 5072: 5057: 5044: 5026: 5013: 5001: 4999:(2003), p. 222 4988: 4957: 4944: 4931: 4916: 4898: 4872: 4858: 4852:Price, Munro, 4845: 4832: 4815: 4782: 4767: 4746: 4727: 4708: 4701: 4679: 4672: 4652: 4646:978-2228901079 4645: 4627: 4614: 4601: 4599:(1994) p. 130. 4589: 4576: 4545: 4529: 4509: 4498: 4485: 4466: 4444: 4431: 4422: 4415: 4397: 4390: 4372: 4354: 4345: 4338: 4316: 4309: 4287: 4280: 4258: 4247:on 18 May 2011 4227: 4214: 4188: 4175: 4162: 4149: 4136: 4123: 4116: 4096: 4083: 4070: 4064:978-2213015453 4063: 4045: 4039:978-0374530730 4038: 4020: 4013: 3992: 3985: 3965: 3958: 3938: 3921: 3904: 3887: 3871: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3806: 3803: 3796: 3795:Other elements 3793: 3778: 3775: 3758: 3755: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2679:haplogroup R1b 2673: 2670: 2645:Hilaire Belloc 2643:Had Stuck" by 2626: 2623: 2609:skeet shooting 2510: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2478: 2475:Paul Wranitzky 2472: 2454: 2447: 2374:Jules Michelet 2369: 2366: 2358:Pierre Petitot 2345: 2342: 2289:National Guard 2261: 2255: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2169:Raymond Desèze 2141:armoire de fer 2127:Jules Michelet 2077:Tour du Temple 2058: 2055: 2045:Insurrectional 2016:invasion began 1915: 1912: 1884:shortly after 1802:Main article: 1799: 1796: 1771:armoire de fer 1703:National Guard 1701:, head of the 1678: 1675: 1613:Isle de France 1578: 1575: 1571:l'Autrichienne 1486:North ministry 1443:Armada of 1779 1375:Main article: 1372: 1369: 1323: 1322:Foreign policy 1320: 1288: 1287:Royal spending 1285: 1200:Lit de justice 1148:Jacques Necker 1131: 1128: 1062: 1061: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1005: 1002: 949: 948: 942: 930: 924: 896:Antonia Fraser 767: 764: 722:King of Poland 714:Prince-elector 650: 647: 439:king of France 421: 420: 413: 409: 408: 403: 399: 398: 393: 389: 388: 383: 379: 378: 373: 367: 366: 364: 363: 358: 353: 348: 342: 340: 334: 333: 318: 312: 311: 309: 305: 304: 299: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 277: 276: 263:(aged 38) 257: 253: 252: 243:23 August 1754 232: 228: 227: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 207: 203: 202: 195: 194: 192: 191: 184: 181:Jacques Necker 179: 172: 168:Jacques Necker 165: 158: 151: 144: 140:Jacques Turgot 137: 122: 121: 120: 118: 110: 109: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 73: 67: 66: 62:10 May 1774 – 60: 56: 55: 53:King of France 49: 48: 46:Portrait, 1779 45: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12583: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12471:Ancien Régime 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12419: 12409: 12407: 12397: 12396: 12393: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12367: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12355:Ferdinand III 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12318: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12279: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12255: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12201: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12177: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12163: 12159: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12139:House of Foix 12136: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12124: 12120: 12118: 12117: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12066: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12023: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11996: 11994: 11990: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11923:Jimeno Garcés 11921: 11919: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11907: 11901: 11900:Fortún Garcés 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11866: 11861: 11859: 11854: 11852: 11847: 11846: 11843: 11831: 11824: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11803: 11799: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11770: 11766: 11764: 11760: 11758: 11754: 11752: 11748: 11746: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11732: 11725: 11721: 11719: 11715: 11713: 11709: 11707: 11703: 11701: 11697: 11695: 11691: 11689: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11669: 11662: 11658: 11656: 11652: 11650: 11646: 11644: 11640: 11638: 11637:Philippe VIII 11634: 11631: 11627: 11625: 11621: 11619: 11615: 11613: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11587: 11578: 11567: 11563: 11561: 11557: 11555: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11526: 11521: 11519: 11514: 11512: 11507: 11506: 11503: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11449:Sans-culottes 11445: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11420:Metric system 11418: 11416: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11361: 11360: 11357: 11350: 11346: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11256: 11255: 11252: 11245: 11241: 11227: 11224: 11220: 11219:Panthéon Club 11217: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11200: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11108:Joachim Murat 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11027: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10916: 10912: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10885:Gilbert Romme 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10769: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10707:de Cambacérès 10705: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10626: 10624: 10623:Madame Roland 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10606: 10602: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10560:André Chénier 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10515:Grace Elliott 10513: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10500: 10495: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10442: 10435: 10431: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10399: 10393: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10364: 10358: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10334: 10328: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10202: 10200: 10194: 10192: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10140: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10125: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10076:Joseph Souham 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10035: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10019:Joachim Murat 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9999:André Masséna 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9798: 9792: 9785: 9781: 9770:(25 Jun 1802) 9768: 9765: 9762:(25 Mar 1802) 9760: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9750: 9741: 9738: 9735:(18 Mar 1801) 9733: 9730: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9704: 9701: 9696: 9693: 9690:(15 Jun 1800) 9688: 9685: 9682:(14 Jun 1800) 9680: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9668: 9659: 9656: 9653:(15 Aug 1799) 9651: 9648: 9643: 9640: 9635: 9632: 9627: 9624: 9619: 9616: 9613:(25 Mar 1799) 9611: 9608: 9603: 9600: 9595: 9594:Siege of Acre 9592: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9575: 9566: 9565:Peasants' War 9563: 9558: 9555: 9550: 9547: 9542: 9539: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9522: 9515:(17 Oct 1797) 9513: 9510: 9507:(18 Apr 1797) 9505: 9502: 9499:(17 Apr 1797) 9497: 9494: 9491:(25 Jan 1797) 9489: 9486: 9481: 9478: 9475:(13 Jan 1797) 9473: 9470: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9444: 9441: 9436: 9433: 9428: 9425: 9420: 9417: 9414:(26 Oct 1796) 9412: 9409: 9406:(19 Oct 1796) 9404: 9401: 9396: 9393: 9388: 9385: 9380: 9377: 9374:(24 Aug 1796) 9372: 9369: 9366:(11 Aug 1796) 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9351: 9348: 9343: 9340: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9317: 9314: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9297: 9288: 9285: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9269:(26 Jun 1794) 9267: 9264: 9259: 9256: 9253:(22 May 1794) 9251: 9248: 9245:(18 May 1794) 9243: 9240: 9234: 9231: 9228:(24 Apr 1794) 9226: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9214: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9194:(13 Oct 1793) 9192: 9189: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9146: 9143: 9140:(23 May 1793) 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9111: 9103: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9031: 9027: 9017: 9014: 9011:(24 Dec 1799) 9009: 9006: 9001: 8998: 8995:(18 Jun 1799) 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8976:(11 May 1798) 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8955: 8952: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8928: 8925: 8920: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8894:(22 Aug 1795) 8892: 8889: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8867:(11 Nov 1794) 8865: 8862: 8857: 8854: 8851:(28 Jul 1794) 8848: 8845: 8842:(27 Jul 1794) 8840: 8837: 8834:(10 Jun 1794) 8832: 8829: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8801: 8798: 8795:(16 Oct 1793) 8793: 8790: 8787:(17 Sep 1793) 8785: 8782: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8769:(23 Aug 1793) 8767: 8764: 8761:(13 Jul 1793) 8759: 8756: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8723: 8720: 8717:(21 Jan 1793) 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8698:(22 Sep 1792) 8696: 8693: 8688: 8685: 8680: 8677: 8674:(10 Aug 1792) 8672: 8669: 8664: 8661: 8658:(25 Jul 1792) 8656: 8653: 8650:(20 Apr 1792) 8648: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8638: 8629: 8626: 8621: 8618: 8615:(27 Aug 1791) 8613: 8610: 8607:(17 Jul 1791) 8605: 8602: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8580:(14 Jul 1790) 8578: 8577: 8573: 8570:(12 Jul 1790) 8568: 8565: 8562:(23 Jun 1790) 8560: 8556: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8532: 8529: 8524: 8521: 8518:(26 Aug 1789) 8516: 8513: 8508: 8505: 8500: 8497: 8494:(14 Jul 1789) 8492: 8489: 8484: 8481: 8478:(20 Jun 1789) 8476: 8473: 8468: 8465: 8462:(4 June 1789) 8460: 8457: 8452: 8449: 8446:(28 Apr 1789) 8444: 8441: 8436: 8435: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8417:(21 Jul 1788) 8415: 8412: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8322:Ancien Régime 8319: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8285: 8283: 8278: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8195:Grandchildren 8193: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8128: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8035: 8031: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7963: 7959: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7866:Grandchildren 7864: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674:grandchildren 7670: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624:Grandchildren 7622: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448:grandchildren 7444: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380:Grandchildren 7378: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7324: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267:Grandchildren 7265: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7098: 7093: 7091: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6606:Childeric III 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6571:Theuderic III 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6536:Childebert II 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6450: 6445: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6416: 6415: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283:King Louis XV 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6133: 6132:Son of France 6128: 6127: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6104: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5892: 5887: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5867: 5858: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5802: 5801: 5794: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5757: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5612:Schama, Simon 5610: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5516:Dunn, Susan. 5515: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5454:History Today 5451: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5412: 5411:heraldica.org 5408: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5368:(5): 459–63. 5367: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5279: 5273: 5266: 5260: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5169: 5162: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5127: 5119: 5112: 5104: 5102:9780520036840 5098: 5094: 5089: 5088: 5079: 5077: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5040: 5033: 5031: 5023: 5020:Dunn, Susan, 5017: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4948: 4941: 4935: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4849: 4842: 4836: 4828: 4827: 4819: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4768:9781107631014 4764: 4760: 4753: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4731: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4712: 4704: 4702:9780203007617 4698: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4673:9780486255095 4669: 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1911: 1909: 1908:Republicanism 1905: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1818: 1810: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:Ancien régime 1692: 1688: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1501:John Trumbull 1498: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:Great Britain 1396: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 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Collier. 5640:Amazon.com 5622:Amazon.com 5595:Amazon.com 5552:Amazon.com 5232:The Terror 4977:(3): 473. 4440:The Terror 4332:. 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