817:
728:
the translator per FCC rule 74.1231(b), the actual over-the-air source (the primary station) can be satellite fed, just as commercial stations can be fed by satellite. This leads to programming from a single station (retransmitted by many others) ending up on several hundred different translators. One station cannot apply for hundreds or thousands of translators nationwide, using automated means to generate license applications for all available channels, unless all of their applications are exclusively on the non-commercial part of the broadcast band (88–91.9 MHz). (
197:
535:
Commission, when licensing new FM translator stations, FM booster stations, and low-power FM stations, should ensure that licenses are available to FM translator stations, FM booster stations, and low-power FM stations; such decisions are made based on the needs of the local community; and FM translator stations, FM booster stations, and low-power FM stations remain equal in status and secondary to existing and modified full-service FM stations.
737:) As with any new service that shares the FM spectrum, when translators are added to an area, they can reduce or eliminate the availability of channels both for new LPFM applicants and for relocation of any existing LPFM stations displaced by full-service broadcasters. Unlike an LPFM station, a translator is not required to (and legally not authorized to) originate any local content except as permitted by
33:
1005:. The meeting was open to anyone interested in the low-power television industry. On August 13, 2009, the CBA announced in a statement that it would shut down after 20 years of representing LPTV stations. One reason given was the "restrictive regulations that kept the Class A and LPTV industry from realizing its potential". Another was the inability to reach most viewers, partly due to
1029:
interference to stations on the first adjacent channel. If LPFM adopts IBOC, then LPFM would also need to accept a second adjacent channel restriction between two LPFM stations, as there is a potential that the sidebands of two LPFM stations would overlap causing interference. As of 2008, imposing a second adjacent channel restriction would impact less than 10 LPFM stations.
169:. Prior to June 2010, the lower band was located between 88.1 and 88.8 and a maximum of 500 mW EIRP allowed. Broadcasters on these frequencies are required to cease operations if they interfere with other, licensed broadcasters and have no protection from interference from other licensed or unlicensed broadcasters. Contact details must also be broadcast every hour.
788:(TIS), sometimes also called highway advisory radio (HAR). Authorized under FCC Part 90.242, these are stations licensed to local transportation departments or other governmental or quasi-governmental agencies to provide bulletins to motorists regarding traffic conditions. These are often near highways and airports, and occasionally other tourism attractions such as
859:. All television stations operating on UHF channels 38 and above were required to move to channel 36 or below. Full-service stations were guaranteed a place to land in the new compressed band while LPTV stations operating on channels 38 and above were required to either enter a channel-sharing agreement with another station or lose their license.
239:(Office of Communications) began a trial of expanding the number of LPFM stations in the United Kingdom by issuing licenses to broadcast to many more hospitals and military bases. This was done in order to see if such broadcasts could be feasibly achieved in events where they would be needed without interfering with other broadcasts.
1170:
268:(ERP) of 100 watts, may be issued to non-commercial educational entities, as well as public safety and transportation organizations. Individuals and holders of other types of broadcast licenses are not eligible. In addition, LPFM stations are not protected from interference from other classes of FM stations.
867:
The FCC provided a one-time filing opportunity for existing LPTV stations to become Class A stations. The designation was only available to LPTV stations that were producing two hours per week of local programming. Class A stations had to maintain a production studio within their Grade B contour, and
727:
The FCC licensing window for new translator applications in 2003 resulted in over 13,000 applications being filed, most of them coming from a few religious broadcasters. However even though all translators on commercial frequencies must be fed by a direct, over-the-air source, regardless of who owns
643:
Brown Paper
Tickets CEO Steve Butcher supports LPFM, stating in a letter to the FCC, "We hear from event producers frequently who can't afford radio ad buys on commercial stations. These local entrepreneurs can afford underwriting on smaller stations that can help build awareness about their events."
490:
This bill was an update of the Local
Community Radio Act of 2007. It would have required the FCC to alter current rules by removing the minimum frequency separation between low-power FM stations and third-adjacent channel stations. Previously, there was a minimum frequency separation; however the FCC
123:
format, as full-power stations. Stations in the very low-power class formerly had to have CRTC licenses as well, although a series of CRTC regulation changes in the early 2000s exempted most such stations from licensing; a station in this class will usually not have a conventional call sign, but will
971:
On July 15, 2011, the FCC issued an order to low-power broadcasters that effectively required all remaining television transmitters to vacate channels 52 to 69 by
December 31, 2011. Originally, all low power analog TV stations were required to shut off by September 1, 2015, however, the deadline for
140:
regulation has remained very strict as well. However, the two regulating bodies do have certain exemptions. For example, low-power announcement transmitters that meet the requirement of
Broadcasting Equipment Technical Standards 1, Limited Duration Special Events Distribution Undertakings, Temporary
695:
is a major opponent to low-power FM. Their stance is that allowing more flexible rules for LPFM would burden other stations by forcing them to deal with interference problems and because full-power broadcasters reach a broader audience and provide a greater service, they should be favored regarding
501:
The final part of the bill required that when giving out licenses to FM stations, the FCC must make sure that these licenses are also available to LPFM stations and that licensing decisions are made with regard to local community needs. The bill had unanimous bipartisan support from FCC leadership.
477:
by
Senators Maria Cantwell and John McCain, the Local Community Radio Act of 2007 never came to a vote. The House bill, H.R. 2802, was referred to the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet on June 21, 2007. Since the bill was not passed in FY 2007, the bill was removed from the docket
452:
to test if there was significant interference from LPFM stations on the full-power stations, the study showed that the interference of LPFM is minimal and would not have a significant effect on other stations. According to Sen. Leahy, "This bill will open up the airwaves to truly local broadcasting
115:
LPFM is broken up into two classes in Canada, Low (50 watts) and Very Low (10 watts). The transmitters therefore range from 1 to 50 watts, as opposed to 1 to 100 watts in the U.S. As of 2000, 500 licenses (very low and low-power FM) have been issued. These transmitters are generally only allowed in
657:
Signal interference on FM station – High-power FM stations express concern that LPFM stations may cause interference with their signals if third adjacent-channel interference protections are not observed. While the Mitre Report suggests that the likelihood for interference is not as threatening as
313:(TPO) or less, regardless of ERP. These stations are all grandfathered operations, as no new licenses of this type have been issued since 1978, except in Alaska. They are not considered to be LPFM stations, although they operate noncommercially and have similar coverage areas to Class L2 stations.
1028:
The DAB system that was identified as the best fit for LPFM was IBOC. This hybrid system uses existing frequencies and can operate carrying digital information along with analog broadcast signal on the sidebands. However, the digital carriers require the bandwidth to be widened, which would cause
854:
The LPTV service is considered a secondary service by the FCC, which means the licensee is not guaranteed protection from interference or displacement. An LPTV station must accept harmful interference from full-service television stations and may not cause harmful interference to any full-service
723:
exempts non-commercial stations from the requirement that translators be within the coverage area of the original station that they rebroadcast. However, this provision only affects translators in the non-commercial portion of the band. Stations in the commercial part of the spectrum must be fed
629:
Because LPFM is non-commercial, schools and organizations are able to promote many projects that help serve the local community. "KOCZ is licensed to the
Southern Development Foundation, a civil rights group that grants scholarships and runs a business incubator but has fallen on hard times. The
534:
said, "Low power FM stations are small, but they make a giant contribution to local community programming. This important law eliminates the unnecessary restrictions that kept these local stations off the air in cities and towns across the country." The Act states that the
Federal Communications
183:
There are efforts on self-regulation of the broadcasters themselves. The NZRSM Radio
Inspectors do, however, regularly monitor and make random unannounced visits to broadcasters, and will impose fines for violations of the regulations. New broadcasters are also subject to an initial compulsory
1024:
In section 39 of the Notice, the FCC inquires as how to balance incentives for broadcasters to switch to digital systems with incumbents of new entrance opportunities, stating that they “seek analyses of the minimum power levels that would preserve service within protected service areas in an
699:
The
National Association of Broadcasters is the other major source of opposition. Its stance is that full-power FM broadcasters “enhance localism” by providing community-responsive information such as emergency information. Allowing low-power FM stations to have equal spectrum rights could be
135:
The regulation of spectrum space is strict in Canada, as well having restrictions on second and third adjacent channels, along with other protections for AM and FM commercial radio. In addition, because there have been a few cases that found that FM frequencies have caused interference to the
767:
The acronym 'LPAM' is not a legal term in the United States and is only used as an acronym. Unlike LPFM stations, which have legal and regulatory status, FCC rules do not define "LPAM" nor issue licenses for low-power AM transmission. LPAM is only an acronym applied to licensed low-power AM
109:(CRTC). Interested parties must apply for both a certificate from Industry Canada and a license from CRTC in order to operate a radio station. Industry Canada manages the technicalities of spectrum space and technological requirements whereas content regulation is conducted more so by CRTC.
1177:
775:
Any use of the term "low power AM" in FCC licensing for United States stations is the requirement for higher-power licensed AM stations to reduce their transmit power at nighttime – post-sunset / pre-sunrise – as a condition of their high-power broadcast authorization. There is a category
724:
over the air unless they are within the actual service area of the primary station. Since the translator window of 2003 was only open for commercial channels, the use of directly-fed via satellite FM translators, commonly called "Satellators", was never a factor in the 2003 window.
780:
for AM broadcast licenses, which limited stations to daytime-only transmission before regulations changed in the 1980s. Many, but not all, class D stations have been granted authority to broadcast at night with enough power to be heard within a few miles of their transmitters.
972:
low-power television stations and translators was postponed due to a spectrum auction that took place. While Class-A television stations were required to sign off on
September 1, 2015, the last remaining low-powered analog television stations had signed off by July 13, 2021.
144:
A television station is considered very low power if its power does not exceed 2 watts for a VHF station, or 10 watts for a UHF station. Low-power analog & digital television stations are authorized to operate with up to 50 watts in VHF, or 500 watts for a UHF station.
380:, as "... Necessary to offset the growing consolidation of station ownership in the wake of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which removed caps on radio ownership, as well as the decline of locally produced radio programming." The main opposition to LPFMs came from the
2050:
1130:
1119:
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LPFM stations are considered to be affordable compared to an average FM station, whose operating costs can run up to a million dollars, and could only afforded by businesses and the very wealthy. An antenna and transmitter can cost between $ 2,000 and $ 5,000.
1141:
172:
Further restrictions are in place for the protection of aeronautical services. Use of the following frequencies is not permitted within certain boundaries approaching Auckland and Wellington airports: 107.5 to 107.7, and 107.0 to 107.3 MHz, respectively.
681:
band – restricting the number of available channels (these systems can be licensed to the entire AM band, but the LPFM service provides considerably greater coverage at 100 watts than the 10-watt limit on AM – hence the considerable appeal for government
1093:
1009:
refusing to carry these channels. In addition, Amy Brown, former CBA executive director, said, "some 40% of Class A and LPTV station operators believe they will have to shut down in the next year if they are not helped through the digital transition."
799:", compared to the 10 kHz audio for standard AM broadcasters and 15 kHz audio permitted on FM stations. (Modern AM stations in the US actually restrict their audio from 5 kHz down to 2.5 kHz - roughly the same as to TIS stations.
1429:
803:
transmissions are normally authorized for 10 watts or less, although some higher authorizations exist, primarily in locations where emergency evacuation may become necessary. The 60–watt TIS stations on 1640 and 1680 kHz at
661:
FM translators – These devices allow a radio station to rebroadcast its signal to reach a greater area. FM translators could benefit religious broadcasters wishing to reach a larger audience, as well as many AM radio stations who, due to
551:, a non-partisan advocacy organization pushing for media reform, promoting "diversity and independent media ownership, strong public media, and universal access to communications," voiced its support of LPFM for a variety of reasons:
892:" whereas LPTV stations are not. In 2008, there was an effort put forward by FCC chairman Kevin Martin to grant must-carry rights to Class A LPTV stations. The effort failed due to a lack of support from the other FCC commissioners.
2142:
FCC Public Notice: "The incentive auction task force and media bureau announce procedures for low power television, television translator and replacement translator stations during the post-incentive auction transition", May 17,
538:
In general, the FCC was to modify its rules to eliminate third-adjacent minimum frequency separation requirements between low-power FM stations; and full-service FM stations, FM translator stations, and FM booster stations.
330:
established Low Power FM (LPFM) as a new designated class of radio station. These stations were allowed to operate at 1–10 or 50–100 watts of power, compared to the minimum requirement for commercial stations at 100 watts.
625:
LPFM influences commercial radio to offer listeners a wider range of music. “Commercial stations had started playing more zydeco since KOCZ started broadcasting in 2002. 'They know that we make them better,' an advocate
574:, a non-profit organization that "builds, supports, and advocates for community radio stations which empower participatory community voices and movements for social change," also supported LPFM, citing these reasons:
1885:
900:
Though many low-power television stations are either unaffiliated, or broadcast programming from small networks meant for their use, some LPTV stations are affiliated with minor broadcast networks like
1433:
498:(the reading of newspapers, books or magazines for those who are blind or hearing impaired). This protection will ensure that such channels are not subject to possible interference by LPFM stations.
141:
Resource Development Distribution Undertakings, and Public Emergency Radio Undertakings are a few instances, which according to certain criteria, may be exempt from certificate/license requirements.
1013:
In February 2006, the FCC released its Notices of Proposed Rules for Digital Radio. The Commission reaffirms its commitment to provide broadcasters with the opportunity to take advantage of
633:
LPFM promotes a very close community. "A woman walked into the station ... asked for an announcement to be broadcast about her lost dog... 'She was able to get her dog back the next day’”
1746:
640:
Former President Bill Clinton has also become an advocate of LPFM for "giving voice to the voiceless", including schools, community-based organizations, churches, and ethnic groups.
636:
LPFM is crucial for small communities in times of emergencies. “A low power FM radio station can stay on the air even if the power goes out. Low power FM saved lives during Katrina.”
180:
rule: one licensee may operate two transmitters anywhere (close together), but a third transmitter must be at least 25 km away from at least one of the first two transmitters.
530:, after passage in the House on December 17, 2010, and the U.S. Senate on December 18, 2010. In a statement after the bill became law, Federal Communications Commission chairman
401:
106:
411:
Third adjacent channel interference protections require LPFM stations to be separated by at least 0.6 MHz from all other stations, to prevent signal interference.
494:
The Local Community Radio Act of 2009 also would have required that the FCC keep the rules that offer interference protection to third-adjacent channels that offer a
2339:
851:(-CA) and Class A Digital (-CD). Digital low-power and Class-A television stations have an ERP limit of 3,000 watts (3 kW) for VHF, and 15 kilowatts for UHF.
2099:
2154:
1001:(CBA), which held its annual convention each year in October and an annual meeting each year in April at the National Association of Broadcasters Convention in
719:
license, an LPFM station has no priority over broadcast translators in the allocation of available spectrum. This is problematic insofar as the regulations for
404:) was meant to tighten standards for LPFM stations, making it harder for them to be approved, to protect full-power FM stations through certain provisions:
792:. Some are used by chemical and nuclear facilities for emergency evacuation information systems, others by public safety entities for mobile operations.
1893:
966:
856:
816:
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The FCC agreed to commission studies on the interference by, and economic impact of, LPFM on full-power stations (the findings, later published in the
231:. Since 2001, long-term LPFM licenses have been available in remote areas of the country. These are currently used for many establishments, including
59:
to a smaller service area than "full power" stations within the same region. It is often distinguished from "micropower broadcasting" (more commonly "
855:
television station (the FCC defines interference levels deemed to be "harmful"). The problem with potential displacement was made evident during the
1104:
453:
while protecting full-power broadcasters from unreasonable interference and preserving important services such as reading services for the blind."
384:(NAB), which opposed the act on grounds to "maintain spectrum integrity" for commercial broadcasting, according to NAB President Edward O. Fritts.
2131:
FCC Public Notice: "SUSPENSION OF SEPTEMBER 1, 2015 DIGITAL TRANSITION DATE FOR LOW POWER TELEVISION AND TV TRANSLATOR STATIONS", April 24, 2015.
166:
753:, accusing it of favoring existing station coverage expansion with translator licenses - "a spectrum grab" - over new LPFM spectrum licenses.
491:
found that LPFM stations did not cause any interference on third-adjacent channel stations, thus eliminating the need for such a requirement.
666:, are required to emit weaker signals during the night. FM translators are low-power, so compete with LPFM for limited space on the airwaves.
1802:
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in the FM guardbands from 87.6 to 88.3 and from 106.7 to 107.7 MHz under a General User Radio License (GURL), which is issued by Radio
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376:
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1956:
1939:
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Stavisky, Alan G.; Avery, Robert K.; Vanhala, Helena (2001). "From class D to LPFM: The high-powered politics of low-power radio".
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all-digital environment, and alternatively, the levels that would not result in significant disruptions to current listening patterns.”
2308:
1202:
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comply with many of the requirements placed on full-service television stations. This allowed them to obtain protected channel status.
824:
There are more than 2,450 licensed low-power television (LPTV) stations in the U.S., which are located in markets of all sizes, from
1216:
710:
2313:
510:
The Local Community Radio Act of 2010 (based upon the legislation originally introduced in 2005) was signed into law by President
805:
563:
It creates an opportunity for young people, especially college students, who are interested in radio to learn about the business.
1274:
Alan G. Stavisky; Robert K. Avery; Helena Vanhala (2001). "From Class D to LPFM: The High-Powered Politics of Low-Power Radio".
577:
The media should not limit democratic participation but should provide a way for communities and movements to express themselves
843:, where most stations originate their own programming. Stations that do not originate their own programming are designated as
2259:
1105:
Industry Canada. Radiocommunications and Broadcasting Regulatory Branch, Spectrum and Telecommunications Management. (2000),
396:
to slip the Radio Broadcasting Preservation Act of 2000 into a general spending bill then moving through Congress. President
1754:
1664:
1405:
1065:
466:
381:
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2283:
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101:
Radio communications in Canada are regulated by the Radio Communications and Broadcasting Regulatory Branch, a branch of
1862:
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119:
Stations in the low-power class are subject to the same CRTC licensing requirements, and will generally follow the same
2106:
998:
844:
800:
785:
749:
In May 2018, several groups supporting community-based low-power FM stations filed objections with the FCC, citing the
341:
2130:
2223:
2061:
1250:
1043:
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previously thought, high-power FM stations question the methodology, scope and validity of the study and its results.
327:
257:
746:. Thus there is competition for spectrum in some locations between the LPFM service and the FM translator service.
357:
847:(-TX). The Community Broadcasters Act of 1998 directed the FCC to create a classification of LPTV licenses called
2334:
1038:
136:
aeronautical navigation and communications (NAV/COM) spectrum (though evidence is not very concrete presently),
2354:
2349:
1918:
954:
462:
208:
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670:
353:
527:
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This act shifted policy making from the FCC to Congress, which was considered an insult against the FCC.
24:
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1806:
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881:
848:
515:
253:
228:
2344:
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606:"In Louisiana, a large African-American community appreciates how LPFM plays a genre of music called
364:
448:. After the FCC complied with the provisions of the Radio Broadcasting Act of 2000 by commissioning
414:
Applicants who have engaged in the unlicensed operation of any station cannot receive LPFM licenses.
2071:
1049:
930:
762:
571:
310:
281:
265:
124:
instead be identified in a naming format consisting of a four-digit number preceded by the letters
56:
20:
1483:
1157:"Radiocommunications Regulations (General User Licence for Low Power FM Broadcasting) Notice 2010"
524:
2159:
1578:
349:
64:
2141:
1566:
876:
One of the key distinctions between full-service television stations and low-power stations is
674:
663:
393:
52:
2288:
1983:"Are Hundreds Of Pending FM Translators In Jeopardy? | Radio & Television Business Report"
2007:
1516:
1342:
1075:
910:
833:
495:
1649:
795:
Music is not allowed on TIS/HAR stations, and they are restricted to only 3 kHz wide, "
2254:
1458:
979:
channels do allow for some very limited non-entertainment transmissions however, with some
769:
733:
720:
678:
474:
371:
177:
120:
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It promotes diversity on the air because more women and racial minorities are represented.
8:
2304:
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and its Impact by Nicholas Economides (September 1998)
1834:
1410:
975:
Unlike AM and FM, unlicensed use of television bands is prohibited for broadcasting. The
162:
2008:"Low-power FM radio advocates file 1,000 Objections with FCC | Prometheus Radio Project"
1942:
742:
2318:
1720:
1694:
1386:
1291:
1018:
976:
934:
594:
531:
336:
301:
289:
1390:
1295:
1196:
991:
424:, suggest that third adjacent channel interference protections may not be necessary).
419:
60:
19:"Low-power radio" redirects here. For other low-power radio-wave communications, see
1021:(IBOC) system, and inquired on the needs for a mandatory DAB transmission standard.
1378:
1283:
1017:(DAB) technology, proposed criteria for evaluating models and systems, such as the
922:
877:
615:
157:
residents are allowed a broadcast license (free-of-charge) at a maximum of 1 watt
2303:
1070:
839:
LPTV (-LP) and LPTV Digital (-LD) are common in the U.S., Canada and most of the
829:
102:
1672:
1415:
1366:
2051:"Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport radio station WPLR660 authorization"
1839:
1781:
1382:
1287:
441:
2085:
1570:
235:, universities and hospitals with fixed boundaries. On the 18th of June 2021,
2328:
1273:
988:
884:(DBS) carriage. Full-service stations are guaranteed carriage in their local
825:
796:
789:
686:
445:
261:
232:
37:
2224:"LPTV: The people's video? - The struggle to establish low-power television"
1982:
1884:
MacBride, Marsha J.; Timmerman, Jerianne; Bobeck, Ann W. (August 22, 2005),
885:
511:
397:
345:
137:
112:
LPAM stations are authorized to operate with less than 100 watts of power.
85:
are in various levels of use across the world, varying widely based on the
48:
1622:
602:, highlights a number of key arguments favoring low-powered broadcasting:
2000:
949:
area, whose low-power stations are affiliates of major networks, such as
906:
685:
Some investors in radio believe LPFM services prevent the development of
611:
437:
360:
309:
In addition, Class D educational licenses exist for stations of 10 watts
154:
90:
1310:"H.R. 3439 [106th]: Radio Broadcasting Preservation Act of 2000"
630:
foundation treats the station as a 24-hour form of community outreach. "
340:). Originally, it was supported by activists and groups associated with
196:
1242:
1059:
946:
889:
2182:
857:
transition of broadcasting in the United States from analog to digital
2284:
Part 15 Radio Stations of North America (from archive.org April 2006)
2065:
1053:
1002:
557:
It creates an outlet for amateur musicians to have their music heard.
470:
2183:"Review of fcc proposed rules for digital radio and impact for lpfm"
580:
Public airwaves shouldn't be concentrated in private/corporate hands
449:
2060:. Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau. Washington, DC: U.S.
980:
840:
2299:
Society of LPFM Broadcasters Inc. (based in Auckland, New Zealand)
1094:
ISED Canada, Circular BPR-2, section 2.10; retrieved June 8, 2023.
677:
stations – a service traditionally operated at the fringes of the
408:
The FCC has the ability and jurisdiction to license LPFM stations.
1600:
984:
942:
926:
918:
619:
599:
436:
The Local Community Radio Act of 2005 was introduced by Senators
1541:
1107:
Frequently asked questions on low power FM broadcasting (RIC-40)
711:
Broadcast relay station § Great Translator Invasion of 2003
370:
The original purpose of LPFM was to serve as an alternative to "
2273:
902:
820:
Low Power Television stations in the US by community of license
607:
400:
signed the bill in December 2000. The bill passed by Congress (
1217:"Limited coverage FM restricted service radio trial licensing"
808:
have the highest licensed power among full-time TIS stations.
387:
32:
2201:
1957:"LPFM Advocates File Objections to Nearly 1,000 Applications"
1131:
ISED circular BPR-4, section 5.1.1.3; retrieved June 8, 2023.
566:
It provides farmers with up to date agricultural information.
392:
Pressure from the National Association of Broadcasters urged
236:
1695:"Brown Paper Tickets CEO Makes Voice Heard for Low Power FM"
1142:
ISED circular BPR-10, section 4.3.5; retrieved June 8, 2023.
2206:] overview of digital audio broadcasting (dab) systems"
828:(five stations, though more exist in the market from other
278:
158:
107:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
2249:
2289:
Radio Deregulation: Has It Served Citizens and Musicians?
997:
The low-power television industry was represented by the
950:
938:
914:
692:
86:
2298:
586:
Low Power FM needs to be protected from big broadcasters
264:
in 2000. LPFM licenses, which are limited to a maximum
227:
Temporary low-power stations are allowed at times via a
1916:
1883:
1782:"Elements of Mass Communication: AM FM Waves and Sound"
502:
It was passed by the House and referred to the Senate.
1892:, National Association of Broadcasters, archived from
1886:"Comments of the National Association of Broadcasters"
1565:
1406:"Interference study finds room for more low-power FMs"
296:
Class L2 (L10) is at least 1 and up to 10 watts ERP. (
75:
69:
2293:
1665:"Intervention by Congress slashes LPFM licensing 80%"
1414:. Washington, DC: American University. Archived from
673:
operates large networks of LPFM stations that act as
1506:"FCC Reports LPFM Interference Findings to Congress"
1332:"FCC Reports LPFM Interference Findings to Congress"
505:
485:
456:
431:
1863:"Once again NPR opposes expansion of low-power FM"
1484:"H.R. 1147, The Local Community Radio Act of 2009"
1269:
1267:
967:Digital television transition in the United States
516:
704:
2340:Low-power FM radio stations in the United States
2326:
1860:
2155:"Community Broadcasters Association to Shutter"
1478:
1476:
1264:
1120:BPR-4, section 7.1.1.1; retrieved June 8, 2023.
1039:Carrier current#Low-power broadcasting stations
167:Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
1917:Naina Narayana Chernoff (September 10, 2003).
1830:"Pubradio rejects higher status for low-power"
1650:"Low-Power FM Radio to Gain Space on the Dial"
1459:"H.R. 2802: Local Community Radio Act of 2007"
1453:
1451:
1432:. Press Office (Press release). Archived from
1243:"Low Power FM (LPFM) Broadcast Radio Stations"
1062:– How callsigns and classes are used worldwide
2199:
1779:
1571:"FCC: Unanimous, bipartisan support for LPFM"
1370:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
1276:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
1890:Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
1662:
1513:RADIO Magazine - the Radio Technology Leader
1473:
81:
2260:President Obama Signs LCRA of 2010 into law
1448:
1007:multichannel video programming distributors
388:Radio Broadcasting Preservation Act of 2000
348:); religious leaders/churches (such as the
1861:Everhart, Karen; jonathan (May 21, 2008).
1647:
622:, often features accordion and washboard.“
925:, where a pair of LPTV stations based at
651:
583:Low Power FM gives a voice to communities
2064:. May 27, 2015 . file nr. 6816465,
1827:
862:
815:
763:AM broadcasting § Microbroadcasting
700:detrimental to these necessary programs.
31:
2221:
1581:from the original on November 13, 2021.
1403:
1235:
1151:
1149:
1109:, Ottawa, Canada: Spectrum Publications
806:Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
256:broadcast radio service created by the
2327:
1201:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1056:and classes are used in North America
1046:– Explanation on broadcasting classes
960:
895:
542:
2250:Unofficial database of LPFM stations
2200:Michelle Eyre (September 21, 2008).
2100:"FCC 11–110 Second Report and Order"
1980:
1954:
1755:National Association of Broadcasters
1146:
1066:List of LPFM stations in New Zealand
598:article focusing on a LPFM station,
382:National Association of Broadcasters
191:
2222:Lehrman, Paul (November 17, 1981).
1919:"Translator 'Flood' Causes Concern"
1430:"United States Senator John McCain"
784:Other LPAM operations are known as
13:
2279:Part-15 Low Power AM Radio in U.S.
2215:
2187:Prometheus Radio Project, Initials
1757:. October 20, 2003. Archived from
999:Community Broadcasters Association
554:It strengthens community identity.
521:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
321:
14:
2366:
2242:
2062:Federal Communications Commission
1663:Mike Janssen (January 15, 2001).
1251:Federal Communications Commission
1044:List of broadcast station classes
618:and, among a younger generation,
506:Local Community Radio Act of 2010
486:Local Community Radio Act of 2009
457:Local Community Radio Act of 2007
432:Local Community Radio Act of 2005
328:Federal Communications Commission
258:Federal Communications Commission
187:
16:Radio or TV service, 100W or less
1828:Everhart, Karen (May 12, 2008).
1623:"About Prometheus Radio Project"
1404:Janssen, Mike (August 4, 2003).
994:when they are not in local use.
358:Communication Workers of America
242:
195:
2314:Complete Manual of Pirate Radio
2193:
2175:
2147:
2135:
2124:
2092:
2078:
2043:
2025:
1974:
1948:
1932:
1910:
1877:
1854:
1821:
1795:
1780:Ron Whittaker (June 14, 2007).
1773:
1739:
1713:
1687:
1656:
1648:B. Stelter (January 11, 2011).
1641:
1615:
1585:
1559:
1534:
1498:
1422:
1397:
1360:
1341:. March 1, 2004. Archived from
1324:
1302:
786:Travelers' Information Stations
352:); and educators (for example,
271:
1209:
1163:
1135:
1124:
1113:
1098:
1087:
705:LPFM vs. broadcast translators
316:
148:
1:
2033:"5 kHz audio bandwidth on AM"
1081:
871:
811:
463:U.S. House of Representatives
2037:Radio World (radioworld.com)
1747:"LPFM Report Fatally Flawed"
1721:"What is low-power FM LPFM?"
933:programming, along with the
671:Department of Transportation
374:", described in 2001 in the
354:American Library Association
128:for a television station or
7:
1408:. School of Communication.
1032:
756:
277:Class L1 (LP100) is to 100
247:
25:Low-power wide-area network
10:
2371:
1546:KPBS Radio Reading Service
1383:10.1177/107769900107800209
1288:10.1177/107769900107800209
1015:digital audio broadcasting
964:
882:direct broadcast satellite
760:
708:
669:In some states, the local
254:non-commercial educational
229:Restricted Service Licence
176:There exists a 25 km
105:, in conjunction with the
18:
2086:"FCC Slideshow, slide 56"
2068:WPLR660, 1.680 MHz.
1575:Free Press (organization)
751:Local Community Radio Act
365:National League of Cities
344:; music artists (such as
252:Low Power FM (LPFM) is a
96:
2319:US FCC Consumer Advisory
2202:"A Comparative [
2160:Broadcasting & Cable
1627:Prometheus Radio Project
1486:. Washington Watch. 2009
1050:North American call sign
572:Prometheus Radio Project
311:transmitter power output
282:effective radiated power
266:effective radiated power
57:transmitter power output
21:Near-field communication
2012:www.prometheusradio.org
772:transmissions as well.
514:on January 4, 2011, as
350:United Church of Christ
2335:Low-power broadcasting
2294:REC Networks LPFM site
2255:Status of LCRA of 2010
1599:. 2008. Archived from
1569:(September 18, 2009).
1567:United States Congress
1515:. 2004. Archived from
909:. Examples include in
821:
696:spectrum availability.
675:highway advisory radio
664:ionospheric refraction
652:Arguments against LPFM
342:American progressivism
45:Low-power broadcasting
41:
2355:Broadcast engineering
2350:Television technology
2265:Genachowski Statement
1865:. reclaimthemedia.org
1076:Wireless mesh network
911:Boston, Massachusetts
863:Class A LPTV stations
834:Junction City, Kansas
819:
721:broadcast translators
496:radio reading service
326:In January 2000, the
132:for a radio station.
65:broadcast translators
35:
2270:Low Power MicroRadio
2189:. February 12, 2006.
1842:on December 10, 2011
1701:. September 13, 2011
1675:on February 16, 2008
610:, a potent blend of
475:United States Senate
377:J & MC Quarterly
372:radio homogenization
178:broadcast translator
2039:. October 20, 2004.
1899:on January 14, 2009
1761:on January 14, 2009
1699:Brown Paper Tickets
1522:on October 12, 2008
1183:on January 30, 2018
163:Spectrum Management
2228:The Boston Phoenix
1019:In-band on-channel
977:amateur television
961:Digital transition
935:digital subchannel
896:Network affiliates
822:
797:low-fidelity audio
768:operations and to
715:Unlike the former
543:Arguments for LPFM
532:Julius Genachowski
207:. You can help by
42:
2163:. August 13, 2009
2112:on March 14, 2012
1955:Ashworth, Susan.
1809:on August 1, 2012
1593:"Local Radio Now"
886:television market
830:cities of license
461:Sponsored in the
420:MITRE Corporation
225:
224:
165:, managed by the
61:microbroadcasting
53:broadcast station
2362:
2345:Radio technology
2309:New Zealand GURL
2238:
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2105:. Archived from
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1981:Jacobson, Adam.
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1671:. Archived from
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1419:
1418:on May 25, 2011.
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1355:
1353:
1348:on April 9, 2008
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1228:
1221:www.ofcom.org.uk
1213:
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1176:. Archived from
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1128:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1110:
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937:of the co-owned
923:Youngstown, Ohio
878:cable television
836:(two stations).
745:
736:
616:rhythm and blues
522:
518:
450:the MITRE Report
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1751:Radio TechCheck
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1436:on May 26, 2011
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1223:. June 18, 2021
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1171:"Archived copy"
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1071:Cognitive radio
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729:
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707:
654:
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465:by Congressmen
459:
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390:
332:
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322:Origins of LPFM
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205:needs expansion
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103:Industry Canada
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2241:
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2123:
2091:
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2070:60 Watts
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1999:
1973:
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1614:
1603:on May 9, 2008
1584:
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1396:
1377:(2): 340–354.
1359:
1339:Radio Magazine
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2231:. Retrieved
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2114:. Retrieved
2107:the original
2094:
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2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2011:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1960:
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1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1912:
1901:, retrieved
1894:the original
1889:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:the original
1833:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1807:the original
1803:"Factsheets"
1797:
1787:February 12,
1785:. Retrieved
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1750:
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