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with distant international traders in order to monopolize the profits. This originally shielded the Luba from the effects of the slave trade. Later, however, the Luba people became victims of the slave demand and trading, in some cases selling people from their own lands as slaves. By the 1850s, slavers began intruding into the Luba people lands. Despite a ban on slave trading in the
Western world, the eastern and northern parts of Africa, led by Arab-Swahili slave and ivory traders entered into the eastern and northeastern regions of the Luba Empire. These intruders came with guns, experience of running caravans, and other tools of war. Although the weapons of the Luba people were not primitive (with implements such as blades and bows), the opposing forces had more advanced weapons. David Livingstone, in his memoir, wrote how amazed the Luba people were with the guns, as they thought they were tobacco pipes; the firearm was the primary tool used against large populations of the Luba. Slave and ivory trader,
560:
520:
411:, a Tanzanian operator supplying ivory and slaves to the Sultan of Zanzibar, raided and took over the southeastern Shaba region of Luba people. Its other side, the southwestern borders were breached by the Ovimbundu ivory and slave hunters operating with the Portuguese. While slaves could no longer be exported to the Americas, they were used for work and caravan operations within Africa. Breaches from all sides, by better equipped armies, weakened the Luba Empire rapidly between 1860 and 1880s, and accelerated its demise. In parallel, the news of disarray and confusion from many corners of the Luba Empire, led to internal disputes on succession and strategy when the Luba king Ilunga Kabale died in 1870.
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327:, was invented in the 19th century; thus, early information about the Luba Empire has been derived from foreign documents. The later written texts suggest that the Luba people had developed sophisticated literary traditions around their concepts of good and evil, and integrated these concepts and their religious ideas into their legends about morality and people with power. For example, one legend relates to two kings, one called the red king
379:
284:
30:
434:, secured European recognition of his right over the territories that became what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The first Belgian expedition into the Luba people's region arrived in 1891. The king of Belgium, impressed with the accomplishments of Tippu Tip in getting resources from central Africa, appointed him the governor of the region that included the Luba people's territory.
340:
Kiluwe is the opposite, one obsessed with good manners, thoughtful, who speaks carefully, is compassionate, keeps his distance, one with self control. Mbidi marries the sister of
Nkongolo, and they have a son named Kalala. Nkongolo gets jealous and fearful of Kalala, and schemes to murder him. The guardian spirits, knowing the scheme, protect Kalala by (...)
301:. The kingdom grew and became more sophisticated over time, reaching its peak between 18th to 19th-century. "...ntegration into the forward edges of the expanding frontiers of international trade tore the Empire apart" in tandem with the advances of the 19th-century slave and ivory trade from Belgium and the Arab-Swahili chiefs such as
391:
sell. In 1840, after
Kumwimbe Ngombe died of old age, king Ilunga Kabale succeeded to rule the Luba people until his death in 1870. By then, the region of Luba people and their empire covered much of what is now the southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, extending for hundreds of kilometers from their early 19th-century heartland.
415:
elephant hunting and ivory trade operations in the heart of the Luba people's lands. The Arab-Swahili raids, such as those by Tippu Tip, into Luba people's lands were organized with
Nyamwezi subordinates and slave armies. These raids and attacks by the outsiders also introduced smallpox into the Luba population.
390:
The ivory and slave trade had grown to the east of the Luba Empire by the mid 19th-century; the natural supplies of ivory were exhausted whilst the international demand was increasing. The region under the Luba people had preserved herds of elephants. For example, the
Kanyembo region had no ivory to
386:
After the death of Ilunga Sungu, Kumwimbe Ngombe came to power leading his warriors to expand southeast with contacts with traders from East Africa. After his victory, in accordance with Luba traditions, the conquered chiefs and rulers had to marry sisters or daughters from the Luba ruling family in
366:
in his travel memoirs, and likely blocked the
Angolan traders from regular contact with the Luba people. Around the start of the 19th-century, the oral traditions of both the Luba and Kanyok people suggest a major conflict, led by mutual raids. This conflict helped the Luba Empire grow, as its king
339:
There are two kings, the
Nkongolo Mwamba or red king, and Mbidi Kiluwe or black king. Nkongolo Mwamba is the violent, cruel and drunken despot; Mbidi Kiluwe is the gentle, just and refined one. Nkongolo is one who gets drunk, is ruthless, mocking, raping, robbing other, seen without manners. Mbidi
274:
These products attracted interest and demand from far off ethnic groups, creating trade opportunities and traders amongst the Luba people. This trade and all economic activity in the villages of Luba people had a tribute system, where a portion of the hunt, fish or produce was given to the lineage
266:
for parts of the year, its water bodies filled with papyrus islands and floating vegetation, the region drying out after rains ended. As a community, the Luba people constructed dams and dikes as high as 6 to 8 feet using mud, papyrus and other vegetation, to improve the marshy soil conditions for
399:
The success and wealth of Luba people grew in relative isolation because they were far from the eastern and western coasts of Africa, living in comparatively inaccessible terrain. The forests and mountains provided a natural border; additionally, their neighbors blocked direct and regular contact
250:
series of evidence has been dated to be from 5th to 14th-century, suggesting a settled stable Luba culture over many centuries. Of these, the
Kisalian period (8th to 11th century) pottery and utensils found. The finds dated to pre-8th century by modern dating methods are iron objects or pottery,
414:
By 1868, Said bin Habib el-Afifi had raided Luba operations and with force taken 10,500 pounds of copper. By 1874, another Arab-Swahili trader Juma bin Salum wad Rakad, and a friend of Tippu Tip, had entered into an agreement with one of the Ilunga Kabale's son and established the base of his
437:
The Luba people were forced to work in the copper and gemstone mines of the
Katanga province during the Belgian rule, causing numerous mining-related deaths. They rebelled in 1895, then again from 1905 to 1917, and these insurrections were subdued through military intervention.
316:(hereditary kingship) and another a council of royals or elders. These provided governmental stability through mutual balancing, when there were disputes of succession from death or other causes. This idea was adopted by the neighboring Lunda people and other ethnic groups.
201:
known as the Baluba in
Katanga confederation. Luba society consisted of miners, smiths, woodworkers, potters, crafters, and people of various other professions. They found relative success over time, but this eventually caused their gradual decline with the
640:
was introduced to the Luba people by colonizers who came with the Belgium colonial rule. Some of these missionaries, such as William Burton, performed ethnographic research, starting with an aggressive projective research and teaching the Luba people.
358:, the empire expanded over time, with a major consolidation in the 18th century, partly triggered by the desire by rivals to control the salt and iron mines in the south. The Luba Empire was shielded from Portuguese and other colonial interests by the
275:
head or the people guarding the borders. These were natural borders, such as that created by waters of Lake Upemba, where passage across required channels and bridges. The movement into and out of the Luba people lands was thus controlled and taxed.
711:
Art was well-developed in the Luba culture. Pottery, articles crafted from iron (such as axes, bows and spears), wooden staff and carvings and parts clad in sheets of copper were routinely produced. A notable artform of the Luba people was the
623:(divination). The religious thought did not limit itself to rituals, but included ideas of a good personhood, good heart, dignity for others and self-respect. The religious code of civil life and goodness affected the Luba social life.
270:
The metal working techniques in use by the early Luba people included drawing out thin wires, twisting them, laminating them, and plaiting them into items such as necklaces, bracelets and hooks for fishing, needles for sewing and such.
719:
According to scholars such as Daniel Kabozi, some of the intricate art works of the Luba people were mnemonic devices, a form of symbolic coded script to aid preserving information and recalling the history and knowledge of the Luba.
723:
The Luba people, according to Mary Roberts, developed "one the most complex and brilliant mnemonic systems in Africa for recording royal history, king lists, migrations, initiation esoterica and family genealogies", such as the
2065:
404:
for example wrote, "Luba had no guns, their weapons were bows and arrows; guns they did not know. The guns we have with us, they asked us, 'Are they pestles?' The conquest of the Luba people was swift."
689:
The Luba people tended to cluster in single street villages, with homes with rectangular thatched roofs on both sides of the street whose lineage is usually related. The homes were in the
2058:
262:, around the shores of numerous streams and lakes found in the Upemba Depression of Central Africa. This Depression has been historically flooded from the water runoff from southern
603:
The religious life included prayers, community singing, dances, offerings, rites of passage rituals and invocations. These rituals and services had intermediaries for rites such as
371:
entered into new territories and formed marriage alliances. By 1810 when he died, his fame and reverence among the Luba people had peaked and the site of his royal court had become
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677:
According to a 2011 source, an estimated 12% of Luba are adherents of Islam. Islam spread among the Luba during the 19th and 20th century due to increasing contact with the
446:
In 1960, the Belgians, faced with rising demand for independence and an end to colonial rule, granted independence to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. That same year,
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and forests. They hunted, fished in abundant waters near them, gathered food such as fruits from the wild and had mastered agriculture. In contemporary era, they grow
319:
The development and evolution of the Luba Empire, and the life of Luba people therein, has been unclear. This is in part because the Luba people were an entirely
2508:
2074:
1552:
Francois Renault (1988), "The structures of the Slave trade in Central Africa in the 19th century." Slavery and Abolition, volume 9, number 3, pages 146–165
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632:
462:. The Luba were divided, with one faction under Ndaye Emanuel supporting the secession, and another under Kisula Ngoye supporting the central government.
662:
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United Nations peacekeepers in Congo, as part of the ONUC force came into conflict with the Luba. On 8 November 1960, an Irish Army patrol was
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Around 1500, possibly earlier, the Luba people began to coalesce into a single, unified state which historians now call the Kingdom of Luba or
2024:
1035:, Alexander Ives Bortolot (2003), Department of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University, Publisher: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
2017:
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When Tshombe's breakaway regime collapsed in 1965, Kisula Ngoye became the liaison between the Luba people and the central government.
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culture where knowledge and records were held verbally without the use of a script. The orthography for the Luba language, called
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1967:
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The Baluba developed a society and culture by about the 400s CE, later developing a well-organised community in the
1800:
1764:
Maxwell, David (2008). "The Soul of the Luba: W.F.P. Burton, Missionary Ethnography and Belgian Colonial Science".
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167:
55:
469:. In the fighting, the Irish soldiers killed 25 Baluba with their firearms, and 9 of the 11 Irish were killed.
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by the 5th century CE. The evidence suggesting an advanced Iron Age society came from multiple sites. The
666:
600:(ethical life). The Luba religions accepts the possibility of communion between the living and the dead.
222:
2043:
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312:
A prominent sociopolitical system of the Luba Empire was the adoption of two layers of power, one of
1055:, Current Anthropology, University of Chicago Press, volume 20, number 1 (Mar., 1979), pages 233–235
1842:
Ethnic Ambiguity and the African Past: Materiality, History, and the Shaping of Cultural Identities
588:
or the Supreme Being, a natural world and a supernatural world. The supernatural world was where
2561:
825:
716:, where the male ancestors were represent in their female incarnations of the ancestral kings.
382:
The Luba Empire (up left) in relationship to others and major trade routes, in the 19th century
1939:
Knowledge and Power in Prehistoric Societies: Orality, Memory, and the Transmission of Culture
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Roberts, Mary Nooter; Roberts, Allen F. (1996). "Memory: Luba Art and the Making of History".
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8:
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75:
1455:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
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The Luba people were a part of a large state in the 16th and 17th centuries, ruled by a
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1918:
1883:
1781:
1660:
1508:
1145:
1901:
Roberts, Mary Nooter (1998). "The Naming Game: Ideologies of Luba Artistic Identity".
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Archaeological evidence suggests that the Baluba had settlements around the lakes and
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1968:"The Formation of the Political Culture of Ethnicity in the Belgian Congo, 1920–1959"
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studies suggest that the Luba people lived in villages, in homes made of reeds and
171:
79:
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183:
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1937:
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are a Bantu ethno-linguistic group indigenous to the south-central region of the
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order to tie them into a relationship and loyalty with the Luba Empire capital.
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The traditional religious beliefs of the Luba people included the concept of a
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67:
1777:
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1141:
697:, corn, raise livestock. Some Luba carve wood and produce artist handicrafts.
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2427:
2407:
2387:
2372:
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804:, Lieutenant General of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo
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2018:
Introduction: Diffusion and other Problems in the History of African States
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637:
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207:
120:
95:
1702:
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through delegation to regional chiefs. According to the oral tradition by
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596:(other spirits) lived, and what one joined the afterlife if one lived an
298:
255:
1998:
Conception Bantu de l'Autorité. Suivie de Baluba: Bumfumu ne Bulongolodi
16:
Ethnolinguistic group indigenous to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2145:
2016:
Professor James Giblin, Department of History, The University of Iowa.
1922:
1887:
1193:
1052:
831:
771:
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in the Luba arts and expression. This would lay the groundwork for the
646:
1980:
Africa in History: Themes and Outlines, Revised & Expanded Edition
1643:
Wilson, Ann (1972). "Long Distance Trade and the Luba Lomami Empire".
1422:. University of California Press. pp. 159–168, 172–175, 183–190.
1128:
Wilson, Ann (1972). "Long Distance Trade and the Luba Lomami Empire".
2347:
658:
451:
401:
302:
1914:
1879:
1838:
1226:
1104:. University of California Press. pp. xiv, 3–4, 120, 118–194.
706:
211:
1009:. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–89, 106, 130–131, 309–310.
910:
Elizabeth Heath (2010). Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (eds.).
883:
Elizabeth Heath (2010). Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (eds.).
2402:
694:
690:
431:
191:
450:, which was home to a considerable number of Luba, attempted to
170:. The majority of them live in this country, residing mainly in
1619:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1592:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1565:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1529:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1419:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1379:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1349:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1322:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1295:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1263:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1196:, Africa Today, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1976), pages 59–66
1169:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1101:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1071:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
1002:
979:
The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
941:
731:. This artwork are now found in numerous museums of the world.
726:
283:
2011:
29:
2447:
1532:. University of California Press. pp. 161–162, 165–167.
1382:. University of California Press. pp. 140–141, 148–152.
408:
306:
231:
99:
1802:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
1736:
362:, which lay to their southeast. This shielding was noted by
2210:
2010:
Omotola Akindipe, Veronica Tshiama & Francisco Yamba,
1172:. University of California Press. pp. 10–11, 14–19.
1053:
Luba Roots: The First Complete Iron Age Sequence in Zaire
2000:, African University Studies, Munich - Kinshasa (1994).
846:,3rd president of DRC ex President of Jeunese Balubakat
375:(royal sacred village) where his spirit was venerated.
267:
agriculture and stock fish during the long dry season.
226:
Geographical distribution of the Luba people (approx).
2567:
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2075:
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1993:., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1976).
1622:. University of California Press. pp. 167–169.
1595:. University of California Press. pp. 164–165.
1568:. University of California Press. pp. 173–174.
1352:. University of California Press. pp. 132–137.
1325:. University of California Press. pp. 127–128.
1298:. University of California Press. pp. 120–127.
1266:. University of California Press. pp. 116–121.
633:
Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
611:(priests). In addition, for anxiety and ailments, a
394:
1827:
Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires
1033:
Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires
194:. The Baluba consist of many sub-groups or clans.
2012:Largest online resource to learn Tshiluba (Mofeko)
1228:
1074:. University of California Press. pp. 70–73.
982:. University of California Press. pp. 67–72.
916:. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–89, 14–15.
2538:
1985:Fage, J.D. and Oliver, Roland, general editors:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1651:(4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 575–587.
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1401:
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1259:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1067:
975:
909:
882:
335:. According to the Luba people's oral history,
1942:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–80.
1865:
1839:François G Richard; Kevin C MacDonald (2016).
1677:Matthew G. Stanard (2015), Belgium Empire, in
1481:
1227:Mary Nooter Roberts; Allen F. Roberts (1997).
1063:
1061:
971:
969:
967:
965:
945:Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society
878:
876:
874:
872:
756:, politician, self proclaimed Mulopwe of Kasai
2059:
1719:
1477:
1475:
1447:
1436:
1396:
644:Luba Catholics would later produce the famed
1972:The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
1156:
1123:
1121:
1088:
996:
669:based on (and used primarily in) the Congo.
2030:The Maurer Collection, Amherst University.
1974:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1965:
1935:
1698:
1371:
1369:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1058:
962:
937:
935:
933:
903:
889:. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–89.
869:
619:(healer) were in service who would perform
2066:
2052:
1996:Kabongo, Kanundowi and Bilolo, Mubabinge,
1472:
1136:(4). Cambridge University Press: 575–589.
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1028:
1026:
1003:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
942:Toyin Falola; Daniel Jean-Jacques (2015).
28:
1118:
1366:
1280:
1253:
1199:
930:
417:
377:
282:
221:
1900:
1763:
1737:Molefi Kete Asante; Ama Mazama (2009).
1235:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp.
1038:
1023:
2539:
2027:at Minnesota State University, Mankato
1987:The Cambridge History of Africa. Vol V
1642:
1127:
840:, politician ex President of Balubakat
734:
287:Luba chieftain warrior in full regalia
2047:
1798:
1743:. SAGE Publications. pp. 98–99.
2020:in Arts & Life at Africa Online.
1689:, DOI 10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe074
1194:Civil Religion in Traditional Africa
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13:
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1959:
251:thereafter copper objects appear.
14:
2578:
2004:
395:Guns, trade, and the colonial era
2032:Slit gongs & Musical Oracles
1825:Alexander Ives Bortolot (2003),
1740:Encyclopedia of African Religion
558:
549:
538:
529:
518:
509:
498:
489:
331:and other called the black king
168:Democratic Republic of the Congo
56:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1929:
1894:
1859:
1845:. Routledge. pp. 200–205.
1832:
1819:
1792:
1757:
1692:
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1636:
1609:
1582:
1555:
1546:
1519:
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1312:
1220:
1186:
626:
345:The rainbow legend, Luba people
1829:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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863:
42:
2557:People from Katanga Province
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104:African Traditional Religion
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475:
10:
2583:
1679:The Encyclopedia of Empire
1486:The Encyclopedia of Empire
796:Gabriel Kyungu wa Kumwanza
704:
684:
630:
584:or a Universal Creator, a
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568:The artwork of Luba people
290:
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210:empires led or influenced
2501:
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1319:Thomas Q. Reefe (1981).
1292:Thomas Q. Reefe (1981).
1260:Thomas Q. Reefe (1981).
1166:Thomas Q. Reefe (1981).
1098:Thomas Q. Reefe (1981).
1068:Thomas Q. Reefe (1981).
1051:Pierre de Maret (1979),
976:Thomas Q. Reefe (1981).
672:
592:(ancestral spirits) and
1799:Shoup, John A. (2011).
1482:Giacomo Macola (2015).
467:ambushed outside Niemba
422:Baluba leaders, c. 1905
309:, states Thomas Reefe.
1484:Luba–Lunda states, in
1448:Daniel Kabozi (2015).
1006:Encyclopedia of Africa
913:Encyclopedia of Africa
886:Encyclopedia of Africa
858:, 5th president of DRC
852:, 4th president of DRC
700:
423:
383:
348:
288:
227:
850:Joseph Kabila Kabange
844:Laurent Desire Kabila
421:
381:
337:
286:
225:
114:Related ethnic groups
1936:Lynne Kelly (2015).
1699:Melvin Page (2003).
760:Bill Clinton Kalonji
826:Jean Kalala N'Tumba
822:, basketball player
735:Notable Luba people
333:Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe
24:
2037:2006-02-25 at the
424:
384:
289:
228:
22:
2534:
2533:
1978:Davidson, Basil:
1949:978-1-107-05937-5
1852:978-1-315-42900-7
1812:978-1-59884-362-0
1750:978-1-4129-3636-1
1712:978-1-57607-335-3
1629:978-0-520-04140-0
1602:978-0-520-04140-0
1575:978-0-520-04140-0
1539:978-0-520-04140-0
1465:978-1-317-46400-6
1429:978-0-520-04140-0
1389:978-0-520-04140-0
1359:978-0-520-04140-0
1332:978-0-520-04140-0
1305:978-0-520-04140-0
1273:978-0-520-04140-0
1246:978-0-8239-2002-0
1179:978-0-520-04140-0
1111:978-0-520-04140-0
1081:978-0-520-04140-0
1016:978-0-19-533770-9
989:978-0-520-04140-0
955:978-1-59884-666-9
923:978-0-19-533770-9
896:978-0-19-533770-9
598:Mwikadilo Muyampe
442:Post-colonial era
364:David Livingstone
236:Upemba Depression
199:Upemba Depression
156:
155:
126:
125:
2574:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2044:
1975:
1954:
1953:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1761:
1755:
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1734:
1717:
1716:
1696:
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1675:
1669:
1668:
1640:
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1613:
1607:
1606:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1450:Steven L. Danver
1445:
1434:
1433:
1413:
1394:
1393:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1257:
1251:
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1234:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1163:
1154:
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1125:
1116:
1115:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1036:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1000:
994:
993:
973:
960:
959:
939:
928:
927:
907:
901:
900:
880:
856:Félix Tshisekedi
650:, a form of the
576:Baluba mythology
562:
553:
542:
533:
522:
513:
502:
493:
460:State of Katanga
448:Katanga Province
346:
128:
127:
44:
37:Total population
32:
25:
21:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2497:
2196:Great Lakes Twa
2077:
2072:
2039:Wayback Machine
2007:
1962:
1960:Further reading
1957:
1950:
1934:
1930:
1915:10.2307/3337649
1899:
1895:
1880:10.2307/3337444
1864:
1860:
1853:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1797:
1793:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1735:
1720:
1713:
1697:
1693:
1676:
1672:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1505:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1446:
1437:
1430:
1414:
1397:
1390:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1164:
1157:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1001:
997:
990:
974:
963:
956:
940:
931:
924:
908:
904:
897:
881:
870:
866:
861:
820:Dikembe Mutombo
737:
709:
703:
687:
675:
635:
629:
578:
572:
571:
570:
569:
565:
564:
563:
555:
554:
545:
544:
543:
535:
534:
525:
524:
523:
515:
514:
505:
504:
503:
495:
494:
483:
478:
444:
397:
356:inabanza Kataba
347:
344:
329:Nkongolo Mwamba
295:
293:Kingdom of Luba
281:
264:Shaba highlands
220:
108:Bantu Mythology
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2580:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2502:Non-indigenous
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2028:
2023:Lucian Young.
2021:
2014:
2006:
2005:External links
2003:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1983:
1976:
1961:
1958:
1956:
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1760:
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1412:
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1408:
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1402:
1400:
1391:
1385:
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1372:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1342:
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1328:
1324:
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1297:
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827:
824:
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815:
814:Ndaye Mulamba
812:
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797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:Oscar Kashala
782:
779:
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764:
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749:
748:Kalala Ilunga
746:
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742:Herita Ilunga
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121:Bantu peoples
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31:
26:
2270:
2126:Banyamulenge
1997:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1938:
1931:
1909:(4): 56–92.
1906:
1903:African Arts
1902:
1896:
1871:
1868:African Arts
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1418:
1378:
1348:
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1321:
1314:
1294:
1262:
1255:
1239:–24, 33–38.
1230:
1222:
1188:
1168:
1133:
1129:
1100:
1070:
1005:
998:
978:
944:
912:
905:
885:
838:Jason Sendwe
828:, footballer
816:, footballer
808:Tshala Muana
798:, politician
786:, politician
778:Nico Kasanda
744:, footballer
729:memory board
725:
722:
718:
713:
710:
688:
676:
661:, a full-on
655:inculturated
645:
643:
638:Christianity
636:
627:Christianity
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579:
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369:Ilunga Sungu
360:Lunda Empire
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159:
157:
96:Christianity
45:28.8 million
19:Ethnic group
2547:Luba people
2116:Bakwa Dishi
1215:Luba people
766:Grand Kalle
481:Traditional
299:Luba Empire
279:Luba Empire
240:Kamilambian
160:Luba people
23:Luba people
2541:Categories
2186:Garanganze
2083:Indigenous
864:References
832:John Numbi
810:, musician
780:, musician
774:, musician
772:Pepe Kalle
768:, musician
762:, musician
652:Latin Mass
647:Missa Luba
582:Shakapanga
430:, king of
428:Leopold II
204:Portuguese
2514:Europeans
2348:Mongo Twa
1874:(1): 22.
1786:143498006
1665:162826940
1513:155144291
1150:162826940
750:, Emperor
659:Zaire Use
617:Mfwintshi
402:Tippu Tip
303:Tippu Tip
248:Kabambian
212:invasions
62:Languages
2318:Mangbetu
2216:Iyaelima
2206:Holoholo
2035:Archived
2025:The Luba
707:Luba art
590:Bankambo
476:Religion
426:In 1885
343:—
244:Kisalian
147:Language
90:Religion
76:Tshiluba
2509:Chinese
2443:Turumbu
2403:Songora
2383:Ngbandi
2288:Lugbara
2181:Furiiru
2171:Dengese
2131:Barambu
2106:Avukaya
1923:3337649
1888:3337444
1452:(ed.).
695:cassava
691:savanna
685:Culture
679:Swahili
665:of the
605:Nsengha
594:Bavidye
458:as the
432:Belgium
373:Kitenta
352:Balopwe
314:Balopwe
234:of the
232:marshes
218:History
192:Maniema
172:Katanga
80:Swahili
2526:Jewish
2473:Yakoma
2458:Wochua
2438:Tumbwe
2433:Topoke
2428:Tetela
2408:Songye
2388:Nyanga
2373:Ngando
2333:Mbunda
2308:Mayogo
2303:Makere
2236:Keliko
2166:Chokwe
2096:Nyindu
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621:Lubuko
613:Nganga
609:Kitobo
454:under
452:secede
325:kiLuba
260:wattle
188:Lomami
164:Baluba
151:Kiluba
142:Balubà
139:People
134:Mulubà
131:Person
119:other
84:French
72:Kiluba
2519:Greek
2493:Zyoba
2488:Zande
2478:Yombe
2468:Yanzi
2448:Tutsi
2418:Tagbu
2398:Sanga
2393:Pende
2378:Ngata
2368:Ndaka
2363:Mpama
2343:Mongo
2338:Mbuti
2328:Mbole
2313:Mbaka
2298:Lungu
2293:Lunda
2281:Lulua
2276:Hemba
2261:Lendu
2246:Konjo
2241:Kongo
2226:Kango
2221:Kakwa
2191:Gbaya
2161:Bwile
2156:Bunda
2141:Bembe
2136:Bemba
2121:Banda
1919:JSTOR
1884:JSTOR
1782:S2CID
1661:S2CID
1509:S2CID
1146:S2CID
714:Mwadi
673:Islam
409:Msiri
307:Msiri
208:Omani
176:Kasaï
100:Islam
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2463:Yaka
2453:Vira
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2271:Luba
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2251:Lega
2231:Kele
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2201:Hema
2151:Budu
2111:Baka
2101:Amba
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