350:. Although armed, the barbarian warriors, usually identified as, are depicted as helpless to defend themselves. The theme of depicting a battle between the Goths and Romans was popular in the mid second century, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. After this period there was a transition from mythological battle scenes to historical battles where the deceased person in the sarcophagus was specifically commemorated in the relief. Various aspects of the execution of the work accentuate the contrast between the Romans and the Goths. The Roman figures are all clean-shaven and wear armour and helmets, which distinguish them clearly from the Goths, who are unarmoured and wear distinctive clothing, beards, and hairstyles. The Romans are given a more noble appearance with idealized physical features which contrast with the Goths who are almost caricatures, with enlarged noses, pronounced cheekbones, and wild expressions on their faces. The alternation of light/dark accentuates the contrast between the two groups. Shadows and deep carving are mostly found in the faces and hair of the Goths whereas the smooth surface of the marble is reserved for the Romans, who are less deeply carved.
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229:, where children were sometimes taken into Roman custody as pledges of peace, and might be reeducated as Romans. The right side of the lid shows a half length portrait of a woman, wearing a tunic and palla, and holding a scroll. A curtain is draped above her, being supported by two figures. The woman head is turned sharply to the right, mirroring the general in the center of the frontal panel of the sarcophagus, suggesting that she is either his wife or mother. The lid was broken in 1945 while on display in
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identification of a key figure or a specific battle being depicted in the artwork is usually how historians are able to identify barbarians. However, it is typically for these features to be lacking on privately commissioned works like sarcophagi. By the second century AD most reliefs would use a generic barbaric figure because they valued the general theme of Roman conquest over non-Roman enemies more than an accurate portrayal of the
Barbarians. This practice is described by Jane Francis:
752:
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their attitudes are highly theatrical but none the less immensely expressive... The main theme is no longer the glorification of military prowess but that of transcending the struggle, presumably conveying the notion of triumph over death ... The ugliness of pain and suffering is stressed by the dishevelled hair, the tormented eyes, the twisted mouth.
327:
to chaos and a sense of weary, open-ended victory. The effect of movement in the scene is evident and, unlike many battle sarcophagi which have more tranquil scenes on the side panels, the battle events continue all the way around the sarcophagus. The perspective constructed is also notable, although certainly not linear.
253:
shown by the horseman may represent real-life bravery on the battlefield, but the religious connotation of the X may suggest victory over death, a theme of mounted warriors in funerary art. It could also have marked the figure as the "savior of humanity, the bringer of light to a world of tumult, and
236:
From the left most side of the frontal panel the battle scene begins with a Roman in full military armor charging into battle. To his right is a Roman soldier who has captured a
Barbarian and bound his hands, but is lifting his chin and cradling his head. This action portrays a sense of mercy between
326:
The carving is so deep that the forms are almost completely offset from the background resulting in three or four layers of various figures and forms. Overlapping figures fill the image space entirely, allowing no room to depict a background. Thus, the sense of space has been eliminated, giving rise
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Differences in scale between the figures, though present, are far less marked than in the earlier
Portonaccio sarcophagus, such that the general is only slightly larger than his troops or enemies. Nor is the general seen wearing a helmet or in actual combat, as in the earlier sarcophagi. The viewer
312:
The
Ludovisi sarcophagus came shortly after a trend where reliefs would be made in the same style of Marcus Aurelius' column, with very deep cutting. This was the trend of pictorial reliefs in the 2nd century. The scene on the sarcophagus depicts Roman values of heroic struggle and glorification of
224:
The lid of the sarcophagus has a center plaque for inscription and is flanked by two masks showing the side profile of men. Their facial features are idealized, similar to the Romans in the battle scene, but their hair and beards are untamed like the
Barbarians. The inscription plaque is now blank,
240:
The central figure of the tortuous composition on the front is a young Roman military commander on horseback, presumed to represent the deceased. His face is serene, and his arm is extended confidently in a "gesture which is difficult to interpret but seems to be one of farewell". He does not hold
321:
The faces are strikingly unclassical, and the technique of deep drilling is particularly obvious in the manes of the horses and the shaggy hair of the barbarians. But the main difference is in the symbolism. The barbarians all seem frozen in the moment before disaster and death overwhelm them;
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The undercutting of the deep relief exhibits virtuosic and very time-consuming drill work, and differs from earlier battle scenes on sarcophagi in which more shallowly carved figures are less convoluted and intertwined. Describing it as "the finest of the third-century sarcophagi", art historian
262:
For the purchaser of a battle sarcophagus, the desire to ally himself with the glories of Rome and the part that whether directly or indirectly, was more important than specific foe. This attitude would have been particularly convenient for men who had seen no significant military action but who
299:
The figures towards the bottom of the scene have fallen to the ground and are mostly the
Barbarians who have been slain. They lie in agony with their horses, and are trampled by the ongoing battle above them. These figures are the bottom of the relief are smaller in proportion to the humans and
257:
Although the barbaric figures are usually identified as Goths, their features are too generic to warrant any proper identification. The figures do not have any specific ethnic or racial features that would usually differentiate the groups of non-Roman barbarians. Historical context such as
220:
with many elements of the composition cut completely free of the background. Overlapping figures entirely fill the image space, allowing no room to depict a background. In many battle sarcophagi the side panels show more tranquil scenes, but here the battle continues round both sides.
308:
Since the reliefs were often very deep and intricate, the sarcophagi were shipped with only a rough carving blocked out to prevent damage. The sculptor would either travel with the sarcophagi, or finish the carving in their permanent workshop in Italy.
354:
is able to discern who the general is because he is placed in the top center of the relief. He extends outwards with a raised right arm and overlaps his horse. In contrast to his wild horse, he looks very calm amongst the chaos of the scene.
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any weapon and is bareheaded, unlike the other Roman soldiers. This implies that he does not need any protection or weaponry to win the battle. An X-mark on his forehead has been interpreted as the cross received by initiates into the
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the hero, as well as themes of good over evil and civilized men over barbarians. The inclusion of
Barbarians in the relief expresses how Romans viewed themselves as preservers of the civilization, much like the Greeks were.
28:
215:
characterized by dark gray stripes and a medium to coarse grain. This was imported from
Proconnesus and was the most common source of marble imported into Italy during the imperial period. It is decorated in a very
225:
but was thought to be inscribed with paint. The scene to the left of the plaque depicts barbarian children handed over to a Roman general by men presumably their fathers. This act was referred to as
342:, Roman art increasingly depicted battles as chaotic, packed, single-plane scenes presenting dehumanized barbarians mercilessly subjugated by Roman military might, at a time when in fact the
2957:
475:
Frances Van Keuren, Donatio
Attanasio, John J. Hermann Jr., Norman Herz, and L. Peter Gromet, "Multimethod Analyses of Roman Sarcophagi at the Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome," in
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The sarcophagus is a late outlier in a group of about twenty-five late Roman battle sarcophagi, the others all apparently dating to 170–210, made in Rome or in some cases
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the Romans and the
Barbarians who are being defeated, and presents the Roman soldier with a choice of whether to slay his opponent or act mercifully.
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group and shows both considerable similarities to the Great Ludovisi sarcophagus, and a considerable contrast in style and mood.
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as a sign of the god Mithras' favor. The Mithraic religion was popular among Roman soldiers. The valor
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108:, though other sarcophagi have been found there. It is known for its densely populated, anti-
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Francis, Jane (2000). "A Roman Battle Sarcophagus at Concordia University, Montreal".
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dating to around AD 250–260, found in 1621 in the Vigna Bernusconi, a tomb near the
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The sarcophagus contains many precise depictions of military details such as the
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576:(Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 51; Linda Maria Gigante, "Funerary art," in
556:, 1995 (2nd edn.), p. 257, Yale University Press (Penguin/Yale History of Art),
459:, 1995 (2nd edn.), p. 205, Yale University Press (Penguin/Yale History of Art),
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Jeannine Diddle Uzzi, "The Power of Parenthood in Official Roman Art," in
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167:, and were all presumably commissioned for military commanders. The
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was undergoing constant invasions from external threats that led to
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Life, Death and Representation: Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi
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538:(American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 2007), p. 76.
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could still claim to be part of the war machine of the empire.
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164:
117:
688:
Patrick Coleman, "Barbarians: Artistic Representations", in
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Detail of the central figure, his forehead marked with an X
137:
128:. Discovered in 1621 and named for its first modern owner,
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The sarcophagus measures 1.53m in height and is made from
705:
Coleman, "Barbarians: Artistic Representations", p. 371.
638:
536:
Constructions of Childhood in Ancient Greece and Italy
279:, a junior officer who communicated signals with the
393:
120:, and is an example of the battle scenes favored in
296:of the longer length characteristic of the period.
690:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
641:Roman sarcophagi in the metropolitan museum of art
578:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
171:is the best known and most elaborate of the main
3404:
444:Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History
433:(Wadsworth, 2007, 2010, enhanced ed.), p. 272.
33:Relief panel of the Great Ludovisi sarcophagus
3251:
809:
580:(Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 250–251.
425:
423:
112:composition of "writhing and highly emotive"
548:
546:
544:
2908:Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria
593:(Yale University Press, 1996), pp. 98, 126.
446:(Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 178.
272:
3258:
3244:
3059:
2793:Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
816:
802:
420:
132:, the sarcophagus is now displayed at the
541:
2958:Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum
1876:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
334:Detail of a barbarian pierced by a lance
329:
266:
198:
190:
182:
3423:Collection of the National Roman Museum
602:
572:Katherine Welch, "Roman Sculpture," in
491:
3405:
2893:Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia
1881:Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican
303:
40:Click on the map for a fullscreen view
3239:
2161:Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio
823:
797:
634:
632:
163:showing Pergamene victories over the
2568:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy
1916:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
487:
485:
398:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
389:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
271:Roman wearing mail, and above him a
3443:Archaeological discoveries in Italy
2584:Column of the Immaculate Conception
2513:in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere
694:Life, Myth, And Art In Ancient Rome
13:
2913:Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome
1866:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
629:
348:the fall of the empire in the West
14:
3454:
2863:Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
2828:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
1304:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
736:
673:The Oxford History of Western Art
639:Mccann, Anne Marguerite. (2012).
589:Pat Southern and Karen R. Dixon,
574:The Oxford History of Western Art
482:
376:
292:military standard and a detailed
3323:
2928:Museum of the Liberation of Rome
2873:Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
2823:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
2813:Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna
1274:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
750:
27:
3418:1621 archaeological discoveries
2933:National Museum of Oriental Art
2833:Giorgio de Chirico House Museum
2262:Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari
2247:Domus Internationalis Paulus VI
699:
682:
665:
603:Kleiner, Fred S. (2010-02-04).
596:
583:
2953:Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
1748:Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas
726:L'arte dell'antichità classica
566:
528:
469:
449:
436:
340:reign of the Antonine emperors
178:
1:
671:Welch, "Roman Sculpture", in
394:Kleiner, Diana E. E. (1992).
369:
16:3rd-century Roman sarcophagus
3413:3rd-century Roman sculptures
2918:Museum of Roman Civilization
2848:Keats–Shelley Memorial House
2327:Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne
1871:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
779:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
254:the guarantor of eternity."
94:"Great" Ludovisi sarcophagus
7:
3367:House of the Vestals Hoards
3310:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
3010:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
2888:Museo di Roma in Trastevere
2858:Museo Archeologico Ostiense
2594:Hospital of the Holy Spirit
2166:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura
1773:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
1743:Catacombs of San Sebastiano
757:Grande Ludovisi sarcophagus
745:Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus
722:Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli
643:. Metropolitan Mus Of Art.
479:(De Gruyter, 2011), p. 181.
357:
126:Crisis of the Third Century
90:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
22:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
10:
3459:
3151:Castello Orsini-Odescalchi
2237:Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi
2011:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini
2006:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina
1279:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
712:
104:. It is also known as the
3332:
3321:
3274:
3217:
3189:
3129:
3107:
3052:
2971:
2943:Palazzo delle Esposizioni
2781:
2731:
2617:
2556:
2410:
2372:Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli
2272:Palazzo della Cancelleria
2224:
2204:
1854:
1813:
1718:
1695:
1670:Column of Marcus Aurelius
1657:
1575:
1510:
1450:Basilica of Junius Bassus
1428:
1366:
1294:Temple of Hercules Victor
1284:Temple of Apollo Sosianus
1259:
1223:
1198:
1131:
1111:Arch of Septimius Severus
1078:
1067:
1033:
831:
106:Via Tiburtina Sarcophagus
98:ancient Roman sarcophagus
45:
38:
26:
21:
3428:Ancient Roman sarcophagi
3337:Aphrodite of Menophantos
3141:Appian Way Regional Park
2948:Pigorini National Museum
2868:Museo Civico di Zoologia
2503:della Piazza dei Quiriti
2215:List of churches in Rome
2156:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re
1981:S. Croce in Via Flaminia
1956:S. Cecilia in Trastevere
1941:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio
1921:S. Apollinare alle Terme
1901:S. Anastasia al Palatino
1886:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
1665:Column of Antoninus Pius
1342:Largo di Torre Argentina
1314:Temple of Minerva Medica
1309:Temple of Jupiter Tonans
3372:Portonaccio sarcophagus
3029:Portonaccio sarcophagus
3016:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
2993:Colossus of Constantine
2988:Augustus of Prima Porta
2963:Venanzo Crocetti Museum
2923:Museum of the Ara Pacis
2898:Museo Nazionale Etrusco
2818:Galleria Doria Pamphilj
2708:Via della Conciliazione
2668:Piazza della Repubblica
2297:Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini
2252:Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga
2091:S. Maria della Vittoria
1986:S. Croce in Gerusalemme
1936:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
1891:S. Agnese fuori le mura
1358:Porta Maggiore Basilica
1059:Obelisk of Montecitorio
786:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
442:Christopher S. Mackay,
169:Portonaccio sarcophagus
142:National Museum of Rome
71:41.901194°N 12.472833°E
3268:Museo Nazionale Romano
3266:Major exhibits at the
3199:Festa della Repubblica
3039:Sistine Chapel ceiling
2903:Museo Nazionale Romano
2773:Parco degli Acquedotti
2753:Villa Borghese gardens
2713:Via dei Fori Imperiali
2287:Palazzo della Consulta
2171:S. Silvestro in Capite
2076:S. Maria in Trastevere
2071:S. Maria sopra Minerva
2046:S. Maria in Montesanto
1906:S. Andrea delle Fratte
1778:Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus
1763:Mausoleum of Maxentius
1733:Catacombs of Domitilla
1641:Villa of the Quintilii
728:, Etruria-Roma, Utet,
605:A history of Roman art
552:Donald Strong et al.,
455:Donald Strong et al.,
431:A History of Roman Art
335:
324:
283:
273:
265:
204:
196:
188:
3387:Via Labicana Augustus
3347:Dionysus Sardanapalus
3191:Events and traditions
2998:La Bocca della Verità
2843:Jewish Museum of Rome
2337:Palazzo del Quirinale
2181:S. Sofia a Via Boccea
2041:S. Maria degli Angeli
2031:S. Maria Ausiliatrice
1911:S. Andrea della Valle
1753:Mausoleum of Augustus
1687:Five-Columns Monument
1635:Insula dell'Ara Coeli
1487:Portico Dii Consentes
1455:Basilica of Maxentius
338:From the time of the
333:
319:
270:
260:
202:
194:
186:
151:. These derive from
3044:Velletri Sarcophagus
3004:Laocoön and His Sons
2758:Villa Doria Pamphili
2663:Piazza della Minerva
2488:di Piazza d'Aracoeli
2377:Palazzo del Viminale
2322:Palazzo di Giustizia
2151:Sacro Cuore di Maria
2136:Ss. Quattro Coronati
2121:S. Pietro in Vincoli
2106:S. Nicola in Carcere
2101:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo
2086:S. Maria in Via Lata
2061:S. Maria in Aracoeli
2051:S. Maria in Cosmedin
2026:S. Lorenzo in Lucina
2021:S. Lorenzo in Damaso
2016:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
1961:Ss. Celso e Giuliano
1946:S. Camillo de Lellis
1562:Theatre of Marcellus
1334:House of the Vestals
770:Laocoön and His Sons
759:at Wikimedia Commons
317:Donald Strong says:
76:41.901194; 12.472833
3433:Ludovisi collection
2564:Altare della Patria
2225:Castles and palaces
2096:S. Martino ai Monti
2066:S. Maria del Popolo
2056:S. Maria in Domnica
2001:S. Francesca Romana
1971:Ss. Cosma e Damiano
1793:Tombs of Via Latina
1788:Tomb of the Scipios
1783:Tomb of the Haterii
1758:Mausoleum of Helena
1557:Stadium of Domitian
1547:Gardens of Maecenas
1523:Circus of Maxentius
1460:Basilica of Neptune
1437:Basilica Argentaria
1241:Baths of Diocletian
1214:Cloaca Circi Maximi
1086:Arch of Constantine
1054:Obelisk of Minerveo
724:and Mario Torelli,
591:The Late Roman Army
304:Technique and style
209:Proconnesian marble
67: /
3357:Hellenistic Prince
3209:Rome Film Festival
3171:Villa Aldobrandini
2798:Capitoline Museums
2643:Clivus Capitolinus
2302:Palazzo Giustinani
2242:Castel Sant'Angelo
2186:S. Stefano Rotondo
1768:Pyramid of Cestius
1617:Palace of Domitian
1552:Gardens of Sallust
1399:Forum of Vespasian
1319:Temple of Portunus
1236:Baths of Caracalla
336:
284:
243:Mithraic mysteries
205:
197:
189:
3400:
3399:
3300:Ludovisi Dionysus
3276:Ludovico Ludovisi
3233:
3232:
3204:Rome Quadriennale
3131:Metropolitan City
3125:
3124:
2808:Galleria Borghese
2683:Piazza San Pietro
2658:Piazza del Popolo
2653:Piazza d'Aracoeli
2626:and public spaces
2508:di Piazza Nicosia
2498:di Piazza Farnese
2493:di Piazza Colonna
2367:Palazzo Valentini
2257:Palazzo Barberini
1951:S. Carlo al Corso
1850:
1849:
1841:Ponte Sant'Angelo
1798:Tomb of Priscilla
1738:Catacombs of Rome
1612:House of Augustus
1601:Domus Transitoria
1567:Theatre of Pompey
1494:Porticus Octaviae
1384:Forum of Augustus
1289:Temple of Hadrian
1101:Arch of Gallienus
1091:Arch of Dolabella
1049:Flaminian Obelisk
825:Landmarks of Rome
792:
791:
782:Succeeded by
776:Landmarks of Rome
755:Media related to
692:, p. 371; Allan,
675:, p. 41; Mackay,
650:978-0-300-19332-9
614:978-0-495-90987-3
429:Fred S. Kleiner,
130:Ludovico Ludovisi
86:
85:
3450:
3327:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3057:
3056:
2982:Apollo Belvedere
2878:Museo delle Mura
2698:Via dei Coronari
2688:Piazza di Spagna
2382:Palazzo Wedekind
2342:Palazzo Pamphilj
2267:Palazzo Borghese
2176:S. Sisto Vecchio
1704:Porticus Aemilia
1676:Column of Phocas
1658:Column monuments
1419:Forum Holitorium
1324:Temple of Saturn
1231:Baths of Agrippa
1147:Aqua Alexandrina
1079:Triumphal arches
1076:
1075:
948:Castra Praetoria
818:
811:
804:
795:
794:
766:Preceded by
763:
762:
754:
720:
706:
703:
697:
686:
680:
669:
663:
662:
636:
627:
626:
600:
594:
587:
581:
570:
564:
550:
539:
532:
526:
525:
500:(3/4): 332–337.
489:
480:
473:
467:
453:
447:
440:
434:
427:
418:
417:
391:
278:
82:
81:
79:
78:
77:
72:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
50:
31:
19:
18:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3328:
3319:
3315:Ludovisi Throne
3285:Hermes Ludovisi
3270:
3264:
3234:
3229:
3213:
3185:
3161:Hadrian's Villa
3133:of Rome Capital
3132:
3121:
3117:Monte Testaccio
3103:
3048:
2967:
2938:Palazzo Colonna
2784:
2777:
2735:
2727:
2638:Campo de' Fiori
2625:
2613:
2557:Other landmarks
2552:
2528:Quattro Fontane
2406:
2392:Villa Farnesina
2387:Palazzo Zuccari
2357:Palazzo Ruspoli
2292:Palazzo Farnese
2282:Palazzo Colonna
2220:
2200:
2081:S. Maria in Via
1857:
1846:
1809:
1804:Vigna Randanini
1714:
1710:Trajan's Market
1691:
1682:Trajan's Column
1653:
1587:Domus Augustana
1571:
1506:
1424:
1389:Forum of Caesar
1362:
1329:Temple of Vesta
1299:Temple of Janus
1255:
1251:Baths of Trajan
1219:
1194:
1161:Aqua Anio Novus
1154:Aqua Anio Vetus
1127:
1070:
1063:
1044:Lateran Obelisk
1029:
832:Walls and gates
827:
822:
783:
778:
767:
739:
718:
715:
710:
709:
704:
700:
687:
683:
670:
666:
651:
637:
630:
615:
607:. p. 220.
601:
597:
588:
584:
571:
567:
551:
542:
533:
529:
506:10.2307/1089062
490:
483:
474:
470:
454:
450:
441:
437:
428:
421:
406:
396:Roman sculpture
392:
377:
372:
364:Roman sculpture
360:
306:
181:
155:monuments from
134:Palazzo Altemps
102:Porta Tiburtina
75:
73:
69:
66:
61:
58:
56:
54:
53:
46:
41:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3392:Villa of Livia
3389:
3384:
3382:Tiber Dionysus
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2977:
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2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Galleria Spada
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Casa di Goethe
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2768:Villa Torlonia
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:Parks, gardens
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:Piazza Venezia
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:Piazza Farnese
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2648:Piazza Colonna
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Trevi Fountain
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:di Ponte Sisto
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Palazzo Riario
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:Palazzo Mattei
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Palazzo Madama
2309:
2307:Lateran Palace
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2208:
2206:Other churches
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:Roman Catholic
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1829:Pons Fabricius
1825:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
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1745:
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1722:
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1716:
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1713:
1712:
1707:
1699:
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1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1629:Villa of Livia
1626:
1623:Villa Gordiani
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Flavian Palace
1604:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1530:
1528:Circus of Nero
1525:
1520:
1518:Circus Maximus
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1466:Basilica Ulpia
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1444:Basilica Julia
1440:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1404:Trajan's Forum
1401:
1396:
1394:Forum of Nerva
1391:
1386:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1338:
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1336:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
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1276:
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1248:
1243:
1238:
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1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1096:Arch of Drusus
1093:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
965:
960:
955:
953:Janiculum Wall
950:
945:
944:
943:
938:
933:
923:
922:
921:
916:
911:
909:San Sebastiano
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
839:Aurelian Walls
835:
833:
829:
828:
821:
820:
813:
806:
798:
790:
789:
780:
773:
761:
760:
748:
743:Smarthistory:
738:
737:External links
735:
734:
733:
714:
711:
708:
707:
698:
681:
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649:
628:
613:
595:
582:
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300:horses above.
180:
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140:, part of the
84:
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3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:Hera Borghese
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Boxer at Rest
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Ludovisi Gaul
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Ludovisi Ares
3293:
3291:
3290:Juno Ludovisi
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3261:
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3205:
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3196:
3194:
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3188:
3182:
3181:Villa Farnese
3179:
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3058:
3055:
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3045:
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3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Raphael Rooms
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:
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2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Museo di Roma
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
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2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2785:art galleries
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
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2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Via del Corso
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Piazza Navona
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
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2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2609:Spanish Steps
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Milizie Tower
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Capocci Tower
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
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2526:
2524:
2523:Quattro Fiumi
2521:
2519:
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2363:
2362:Palazzo Spada
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
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2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
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2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Palazzo Malta
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
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2290:
2288:
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2278:
2277:Palazzo Chigi
2275:
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2250:
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2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:S. Pudenziana
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
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2019:
2017:
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1994:
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1989:
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1727:Casal Rotondo
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1511:Entertainment
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1412:Forum Boarium
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1379:Imperial fora
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1246:Baths of Nero
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1207:Cloaca Maxima
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1069:Ancient Roman
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1018:Querquetulana
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941:Santo Spirito
939:
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917:
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910:
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895:
894:San Pancrazio
892:
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610:
606:
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592:
586:
579:
575:
569:
563:
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549:
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545:
537:
531:
523:
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515:
511:
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488:
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478:
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388:
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384:
382:
380:
375:
365:
362:
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349:
345:
341:
332:
328:
323:
318:
314:
310:
301:
297:
295:
291:
290:
282:
281:military horn
277:
276:
269:
264:
259:
255:
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250:
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193:
185:
176:
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166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
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139:
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131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
80:
52:
49:
44:
37:
30:
25:
20:
3377:Tiber Apollo
3309:
3225:Vatican City
3176:Villa d'Este
3166:Ostia Antica
3146:Capo di Bove
3112:Tiber Island
3021:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2980:
2763:Villa Medici
2604:Sisto Bridge
2574:Campo Verano
2478:del Pantheon
2423:Acqua Felice
2402:Villa Madama
2397:Villa Giulia
2347:Palazzo Poli
2213:
2111:S. Pancrazio
1996:S. Eustachio
1976:S. Crisogono
1926:Ss. Apostoli
1839:
1835:Ponte Milvio
1827:
1822:Pons Cestius
1820:
1802:
1725:
1702:
1647:
1633:
1621:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1576:Palaces and
1539:Ludus Magnus
1537:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1442:
1435:
1417:
1410:
1340:
1266:
1224:Public baths
1212:
1205:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1168:Aqua Claudia
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1120:
973:Caelimontana
968:Servian Wall
958:Terreus Wall
931:Cavalleggeri
926:Leonine Wall
904:San Giovanni
784:
775:
768:
744:
725:
719:(in Italian)
701:
693:
689:
684:
677:Ancient Rome
676:
672:
667:
640:
604:
598:
590:
585:
577:
573:
568:
553:
535:
530:
497:
493:
476:
471:
456:
451:
443:
438:
430:
395:
352:
344:Roman Empire
337:
325:
320:
315:
311:
307:
298:
287:
285:
261:
256:
246:
239:
235:
223:
206:
146:
144:as of 1901.
105:
93:
89:
87:
3061:Seven Hills
2783:Museums and
2589:Conti Tower
2443:Il Facchino
2428:Acqua Paola
2126:S. Prassede
1966:S. Clemente
1896:S. Agostino
1648:sette bassi
1594:Domus Aurea
1480:Curia Julia
1374:Roman Forum
1189:Aqua Tepula
1182:Aqua Marcia
1122:Arcus Novus
963:Romuli Wall
218:high relief
179:Description
153:Hellenistic
124:during the
74: /
48:Coordinates
3407:Categories
3352:Discobolus
3278:Collection
3079:Capitoline
2723:Via Veneto
2633:Appian Way
2533:Tartarughe
1991:S. Eugenio
1931:S. Balbina
1501:Tabularium
1175:Aqua Julia
1140:Aqua Appia
998:Fontinalis
914:Settimiana
562:0300052936
465:0300052936
405:0300046316
370:References
294:mail shirt
203:Right side
161:Asia Minor
62:12°28′22″E
59:41°54′04″N
3084:Esquiline
3053:Landscape
2748:Villa Ada
2718:Via Sacra
2463:Navicella
2438:Barcaccia
2411:Fountains
2196:S. Vitale
2191:S. Teresa
2146:S. Sabina
1858:basilicas
1533:Colosseum
1268:Ara Pacis
1260:Religious
1132:Aqueducts
1071:landmarks
1023:Trigemina
1003:Gallienus
993:Esquilina
988:Dolabella
919:Tiburtina
899:San Paolo
869:Nomentana
844:Ardeatina
679:, p. 178.
659:939398193
623:436029879
554:Roman Art
514:0031-8299
457:Roman Art
195:Left side
122:Roman art
110:classical
3156:Frascati
3094:Quirinal
3089:Palatine
3069:Aventine
2743:Bioparco
2736:and zoos
2448:Marforio
2116:Pantheon
2036:S. Marco
1696:Commerce
1473:Comitium
1353:Pantheon
1348:Lupercal
1036:obelisks
1034:Ancient
1008:Viminale
879:Pinciana
864:Metronia
859:Maggiore
849:Asinaria
696:, p. 52.
414:25050500
358:See also
275:cornicen
227:clemency
173:Antonine
157:Pergamon
3438:War art
3218:Enclave
3099:Viminal
3074:Caelian
2623:streets
2619:Squares
2548:Tritone
2543:Tritons
2473:Nettuno
2468:Neptune
2433:Babuino
2141:S. Saba
1814:Bridges
983:Collina
936:Pertusa
889:Portese
713:Sources
522:1089062
494:Phoenix
2483:Pianto
2458:Nasone
1578:villae
1199:Sewers
1013:Naevia
978:Capena
884:Popolo
854:Latina
657:
647:
621:
611:
560:
520:
512:
463:
412:
402:
249:virtus
213:medium
149:Athens
114:Romans
96:is an
3023:Pietà
2853:MAXXI
1719:Tombs
1429:Civic
732:1976.
730:Turin
518:JSTOR
289:draco
231:Mainz
165:Gauls
118:Goths
2453:Moro
1367:Fora
655:OCLC
645:ISBN
619:OCLC
609:ISBN
558:ISBN
510:ISSN
461:ISBN
410:OCLC
400:ISBN
211:, a
138:Rome
116:and
88:The
2973:Art
2418:Api
2232:Arx
874:Pia
502:doi
159:in
136:in
92:or
3409::
2621:,
653:.
631:^
617:.
543:^
516:.
508:.
498:54
496:.
484:^
422:^
408:.
378:^
233:.
3259:e
3252:t
3245:v
2570:)
2566:(
1678:"
1674:"
817:e
810:t
803:v
661:.
625:.
524:.
504::
416:.
251:)
247:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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_(Grande_Ludovisi_sarcophagus)_-_Arte_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232058_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg)