Luigi Calabresi - Knowledge

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person whom obviously was not in a position to name, leaving with the impression that he knew a lot more than in fact he did. observed that Pinelli seemed startled and, disturbed by this , so he ordered the interview suspended while he went up to brief Allegra on this turn of events. In any case, Calabresi observed, this was not a proper interrogation.” Nearly a month later, on 8 January 1970, Calabresi told reporters: “We were caught off guard by his action, not least because we did not think that position was serious. As far as we were concerned, Pinelli was still a decent guy and would probably have been going home the next day. I can say that we did not regard him as some key witness, but merely as someone to be heard.”

2532:[Chairman: Before concluding this hearing, I wanted to have a final consideration from Dr. Allegra. If I have understood the overall meaning of your hearing, it seems to me that you are still convinced that the tracks that were originally taken regarding the massacre in Piazza Fontana, Valpreda and in general on the anarchist environment, were still valid. Have you revisited this belief after some time? Allegra: Absolutely everything is relative. In any case, I do not intend to claim to have total certainty that the paths taken were the right ones, however I can say that the investigations carried out at the time resulted in elements that still remain valid and that make us think.] 1013:" as well as "breaches of professional confidentiality and conduct". Deputy prosecutor Giuseppe Caizzi closed the investigation into Pinelli's death on 21 May 1970 with the verdict that the death was the result of “a wholly accidental circumstance.” The file was forwarded to the chief examining magistrate Antonio Amati who closed the file on 3 July 1970. A few days later, on 17 July 1970, Caizzi had the case of Pinelli's wife and mother against police chief Marcello Guida also closed without reaching the courts, as having "no merit." 1131:, was released in Italy, depicting the chief of the police homicide squad committing a murder and getting away with it due to the "corrupt system of justice and law enforcement." Despite the film's disclaimer about "any relation to real-life events," practically "everyone" among the critics, the media and the audience "thought of Luigi Calabresi,", "recognized Calabresi in the odious character of the police chief" in the film or, at the very least, "watched a Calabresi-style policeman." 3901: 3913: 3889: 2530:

piazza Fontana, Valpreda ed in genere sull'ambiente anarchico, fossero comunque valide. A distanza di tempo ha rivisitato questa convinzione? Allegra: In assoluto tutto è relativo. In ogni caso non intendo sostenere di avere la totale certezza che le piste imboccate fossero quelle giuste, tuttavia posso dire che dalle inchieste svolte allora risultarono degli elementi che comunque rimangono validi e che fanno pensare.

3877: 3069:"Another case which highlighted the controversial use of 'pentitismo' was that regarding the assassination of the police commissioner Luigi Calabresi...Despite the fact that Marino's 'repentance' had taken place at such a great distance from the event, and that no material proof or other corroborating evidence existed to sustain his claims, Bompressi, Pietrostefani and Sofri were found guilty..." Ginsborg, Paul. 3865: 2447:[Since the massacre is typical of the subversion of the right and never the work of the subversion of the left, because there are no known episodes of massacre by the latter, even on the recommendation of the information services and police bodies, immediately everyone said that had been the radical right.] 1226:

Brigadiere Vito Panessa ended his testimony at the trial with the following statement: I've said I'm not in a position to provide details but, broadly speaking, bear in mind that there was no agreed story and it was, therefore, a matter for investigation. Each of us went before Judge Caizzi and gave out a story.”

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Presidente: Prima di concludere questa audizione volevo avere una considerazione conclusiva da parte del dottor Allegra. Se ho ben capito il senso complessivo della sua audizione, mi sembra che lei sia tuttora convinto che le piste che furono originariamente imboccate per quanto riguarda la strage di

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court, Calabresi's widow Gemma and their three children attended a series of commemorative events, from a morning ceremony at the police station where Calabresi had served to a gathering at the Gerolamo theater in Milan. In the evening event, the family members spoke of the past, with Gemma declaring

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The resulting judicial process was complex, protracted, and controversial. On 2 May 1990, Adriano Sofri, Ovidio Bompressi and Giorgio Pietrostefani were each found guilty of Calabresi's murder and sentenced by the Milan criminal court to 22 years in prison. Leonardo Marino was also found guilty, with

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about the day of the Piazza Fontana bombings was shown to be false. This speculative interpretation was subsequently retracted by Guida when Pinelli's alibi turned out to have been, in fact, true. Allegra spoke of Pinelli as having "changed" from the person he once knew among the anarchists and added

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that "the democratic state must always and constantly remain close to wounded families," adding that Giuseppe Pinelli is to be "respected and honored," having been "victim twice: first of very heavy, unfounded suspicions and then of a sudden, absurd end." Pinelli and Capra were heard saying to each

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gave a summing up speech in which he "pointed the finger" at the leadership for being "irresponsible in the face of contradictions," and asserted the existence of "an ambiguity that has accompanied the entire life of the organization." After this, the national committee of the organization resigned

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captain, after originally testifying he had watched Pinelli throughout the interrogation and saw him throw himself from the window, in court he claimed he had been looking at the open window while two police officers, "trapped behind the shutters," had been unable to stop the anarchist from jumping.

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itself. On 4 October 1971, D'Ambrosio brought charges of manslaughter against Calabresi, Lo Grano, Panessa, Giuseppe Caracuta, Carlo Mainardi, and Pietro Mucilli. D’Ambrosio ordered Pinelli's body exhumed on 21 October for a second autopsy, which failed to discover anything new, such as signs of the

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heard the public prosecutor's proposal for Pietrostefani to be extradited to Italy to serve his prison sentence and decided to postpone its decision until the 29th of June. On 29 June 2022, the Court rejected Italy's request to extradite the former leftist militants whom the French authorities had

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annulled on 23 October 1992 the dismissal and ordered a re-trial. In the December 1993 re-trial of the defendants' appeal, they were all acquitted. The prosecution protested the decision to the Court of Cassation, which annulled the appeal re-trial on account of "inconsistencies" in the decision's

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We testify that when the citizens you have accused declare that in this society the army is an instrument of capitalism, a means of repression of the class struggle, we declare it with them. When they say 'if it is true that the masters are thieves, it is right to go and take back what they have

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Poiché lo stragismo è proprio dell'eversione di destra e non è mai opera della sovversione di sinistra, perché non si conoscono episodi di stragismo ad opera di quest'ultima, anche su indicazione dei servizi di informazione e degli organi di polizia, subito tutti dissero che era stata la destra

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reporter Renata Bottarelli noted Calabresi's contribution to the press conference: “First, said that at the time of fall he was elsewhere; he had momentarily gone to Allegra’s office to brief him on the crucial progress that, he reckoned, had been made. He had cited his dealings with a third

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issued a challenge: “Railway man Pino Pinelli died on the night of 15–16 December 1969 as a result of a fall from a window at Milan police headquarters. How, we do not know. All we know is that he was innocent.” The appeal also criticized, "respectfully but sternly," the "hasty" closure of the

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for more than 48 hours before being brought for questioning in Calabresi's office, at the 4th floor of police headquarters. In commissioner Calabresi's office were present Antonio Allegra and four policemen from the political section, Vito Panessa, Giuseppe Caracuta, Carlo Mainardi, and Pietro

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On 17 May 1972, at 09:15, after Luigi Calabresi had exited from his home at 06:00 via Cherubini and started to walk towards his office, a man approached him from behind and fired two gunshots, one hitting Calabresi in the back and the other in the neck. The gunman then entered a "blue

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In 1975, D'Ambrosio closed the investigation by establishing that Calabresi had not been present in the room at the time of Pinelli's fall and that the "suicide thesis" was unlikely due to lack of any plausible motivation. D'Ambrosio considered instead as most probable a death

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or BND had "arranged" for Calabresi's assassination when they learned that the commissioner discovered that the West German intelligence service was furnishing "concrete" assistance to certain extreme-right groups in Italy, possibly to be used in terrorist acts or even a

1192:," directly and explicitly accused Calabresi of being "responsible" for the death of Pinelli and denounced the actions in that affair of judge Carlo Biotti, Calabresi's lawyer Michele Lener, commissioner Marcello Guida, and magistrates Giovanni Caizzi and Carlo Amati. 1100:

was prominent among those disputing the official version of events, denouncing Calabresi as directly implicated in Pinelli's death, an accusation repeated in shouted slogans of "Calabresi assassin!" in street demonstrations, and calling him "commissioner window." In a

870:'s commission of inquiry on terrorism in Italy and the causes of the failure to identify those responsible for the massacres by Antonio Allegra, Calabresi's superior officer at the time of the massacre, the investigation on the Milan bombing focused initially on 1211:

weekly magazine had carried the public appeal made and signed by various Italian intellectuals, university lecturers, and politicians, such as Elvio Fachinelli, Lucio Gambi, Giulio Maccacaro, Cesare Musatti, Enzo Paci, Carlo Salinari and Mario Spinelli. Their

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that Milite had raised them and "taken out of the night", citing a line from Milite's poems. He also used that reference in the title of the book that he wrote about his father's history in 2007: "Spingendo la notte più in là" ("Pushing the night further").

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editorial, it was stated that "the elimination of a policeman will not free the exploited masses. But this is certainly a fundamental stage in the assault of the proletariat against the murderous State." In 1969, the anarchist musical group named after

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supposed "karate blow" to the neck. It was remarked that the "advanced state of decomposition" had rendered the second autopsy futile but also that the "bruising" that some considered suspect was a frequent consequence in corpses housed in

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Mieli stated: "In those years we really thought that the hand of the State was everywhere, even if that viewpoint in some cases did not add up. We thought that Pinelli was thrown out of the window. There was a climate of an impending

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Camillo Ruini found merit in the petition and it was forwarded to Milan Cardinal Dionigi Tettamanzi who asserted that such an action would be "premature" given that the figure of Calabresi still had a "divisive effect" on the city of

3479: 1587:, issues of youth, and so on, as well as the "distance" between the leadership and the "new needs " of the movement towards "unity," a path that ran contrary to the concept of "workers' autonomy." At the conclusion of the Congress, 1418:"reasoning." On 11 November 1995, the new re-trial of the defendant's appeals, reconfirmed the original prison sentences for Sofri, Bompressi, and Pietrostefani, and considered Marino's crime to be "extinct" on the basis of the new 1151:) premiered in Milan. Its main character, the Maniac, is a fraudster who is arrested by the police but manages to impersonate a judge investigating an anarchist's "accidental death." It was produced in 1983 for British television's 1743:

other, "We should've done this sooner." The rapprochement of the two familites was, said Napolitano, "a political and institutional gesture" over "a wound that cannot be separated from that of the seventeen who lost their lives in

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in the phase we are going through. But these considerations cannot in any way induce us to deplore Calabresi's killing." The newspaper's main title read, "Calabresi is dead, the main culprit of the assassination of Pinelli."

744:, but was physically attacked by a number of attendees. Calabresi was present and escorted Capanna away from the attacks. He'd previously met Capanna on 16 November 1967 while in charge of the police force that had evacuated 1262:

stolen', we say it with them. When they shout 'we arm the masses', we shout it with them. When they pledge to fight one day with arms against the state until liberation from bosses and from exploitation, we pledge with them.

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arrested, including Giorgio Pietrostefani. The Court released a statement about its decision, citing "the right to respect for private and family life", "the right to a fair trial as laid out by articles 8 and 6 of the

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magazine, for "ongoing and aggravated defamation through attribution of a specific act", to wit, the responsibility for Pinelli's death. The trial commenced on 9 October 1970. The previous month, in September 1970,

681:, who knew him, described Calabresi as having a "cordial and easygoing air," someone who "reads a lot and tries to understand the ideas and the men of the extra-parliamentary left," ideas that had become "his job". 1220:

The testimony of other witnesses often contradicted their initial statements during the Caizzi investigation, such as the time the Pinelli interrogation has ended or interrupted. Savino Lo Grano, newly promoted

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On 27 December 1969, Pinelli's widow Licia and his mother sued and filed a complaint against Milan police chief Marcello Guida in relation to actions that, as they asserted, constituted "ongoing and aggravated

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believed the terrorist attack had been undertaken by the "extreme right," as he testified in the Parliament decades later. There has not been yet a final judicial verdict as to the culprits of the massacre.

1397:. At the end of the gathering, and after a brief stop at a bar, according to Marino's statement, the two men went to a "more private place" where Sofri gave the "confirmation" to "go ahead with Calabresi." 1110:

recorded "The Ballad of Pinelli" that was subsequently interpreted by many other artists, with lyrics denouncing the "fascist Calabresi" and promising the "harshest revenge" for Pinelli's "murder."

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and Milan. No organization declared itself responsible for the attacks. Calabresi, having already undertaken investigations into other bombing attacks, was assigned the inquest for Piazza Fontana.

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On 9 May 2009, during the Day of Commemoration of the Victims of Terrorism, Licia Rognini, Giuseppe Pinelli's widow, and Gemma Capra, the widow of Luigi Calabresi, met for the first time at the

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that termed Calabresi's death "an act of proletarian justice," a finding that re-activated the investigation towards the extreme left. Within a year after the discovery of the document, various

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a reduced sentence of 11 years on account of his "repentance" and "assistance to law enforcement". Marino served no jail time. The defendants' appeal was dismissed on 12 July 1991 but the

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explained in an editorial why he'd refused to sign it when it was presented to him. Journalist Domenico Porzio did not apologize but spoke of a time period when "we were young and wild."

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On 22 January 1997, the Court of Cassation confirmed the decision on the appeals court and the sentences imposed therein, so Sofri and Bompressi commenced serving their sentences in the

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and testified that he was the driver of the blue Fiat-125 used in the assassination and Ovidio Bompressi the person who shot and killed Calabresi, both acting "on the orders of

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investigation by deputy prosecutor Giuseppe Caizzi. In the course of his testimony, Calabresi spoke of Pinelli as having been "a decent fellow" with whom "he had swapped views."

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where the Piazza Fontana massacre was described as a "State massacre". On the night of the 15th of December 1969, and a little before midnight, the body of Pinelli was seen by

1991:. I've done more than self-criticism; I'm ashamed. We made a mistake. Those were the years of 'I know who did it, I don't have proof but I know'." See Affari Italiani (2021). 3591: 405: 443: 3938: 3308: 1070:

Organizations and parties of the Italian left commenced protests against what they perceived as the State's cover up of the "true" circumstances of Pinelli's death. The

212: 1863:. The death, according to the subsequent official investigation, was caused by blows to the head with a metal tube. See Brambilla (1994). See Montanelli et al (2018). 1633:

member and European Commissioner for the Environment, proclaimed in 2007 he asks forgiveness from signora Calabresi and her sons. In 2017, Eugenio Scalfari, formerly

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On 6 October 1998, the Court of Cassation canceled the decision of the Milan Court of Appeals and reopened the Sofri case. On 24 January 2000, the Court of Appeal of

3508:[President Ciampi presents the Gold Medal for Civil Valor in memoriam to Mrs Gemma Capra, widow of the Chief Commissioner of State Police Luigi Calabresi.]. 2373: 2044: 1266:

The trial was interrupted after a judge was challenged by Calabresi's lawyer on grounds of "prejudice" and a long recess followed, which lasted well into May 1972.

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22-year old policeman Annarumma had been killed during the violent clashes between demonstrators and the police during a large rally held by Italy's three major

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Gianni Nardi in September 1972, a parallel inquest was launched into possible involvement of persons from the Italian extreme-right, though it made no progress.

1799:: "It was a two-hour meeting. What are two hours in 50 years? Anything. But gave us an impulse not to stand still, without forgetting where we started from." 1795:

that she holds no hatred for the culprits, having decided "a long time ago" to "make peace with life." Son Paolo spoke of his meeting with Leonardo Marino, the

3258: 1904:. The verdicts were appealed many times over until all defendants were acquitted in 1985 on account of "insufficient evidence" against them. See Bale (2018). 1738:. In Napolitano's presence and before the gathered media, the two women shook hands. Pinelli's daughter was also invited. President Napolitano stated in his 1608:

wrote a letter to Calabresi's widow condemning both the execution of her husband and the media campaign instigated against him after the death of Pinelli by

1115: 3506:"Il Presidente Ciampi consegna la Medaglia d'Oro al Valor Civile alla memoria alla Signora Gemma Capra, vedova del Commissario Capo di P.S. Luigi Calabresi" 3973: 3198: 1021:

In 1971, and following a June lawsuit by Pinelli's widow in which she formally accused the policemen ostensibly present in Calabresi's office of murder,

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Marcello Guida called a press conference that was also attended by Antonino Allegra and commissioner Calabresi. Guida stated that Pinelli had committed

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On 20 April 1998, Bompressi was temporarily released from prison for "health reasons", and, on 18 August 1998, his sentence was irrevocably reduced to

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casts doubt on the final verdict, noting the sixteen-year gap between the crime and Marino's confession and the lack of other corroborating evidence.

1342:. In mid-1974, right-wing militant Marcello Bergamaschi testified to the Italian police that Carlo Fumagalli, his chief in the armed, far-right group 3786: 2142: 1526: 126: 205: 1790:

On 17 May 2022, fifty years after Calabresi's killing, the day also when the case of Giorgio Pietrostefani's extradition request was heard in a

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published a "letter of support" to the organization and its newspaper, in view of the trial that followed Calabresi's lawsuit, addressed to the

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In 1968, Luigi Calabresi married Gemma Capra whom he'd met at a celebratory party hosted by a friend in Milan. Genna had found him "witty, like

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took up a campaign of denunciation against Italian law enforcement and Calabresi specifically. The communist extra-parliamentary organization

2698:"Lotta Continua e i terrorismi di sinistra in Italia, 1969-1978 [Lotta Continua and the terrorisms of the left in Italy, 1969-1978]" 674:

Calabresi, in the course of his work in the political section of the police, cultivated contacts with various persons of the Italian left.

3620: 1346:, "knew many things" about the assassination. However, this line of inquiry too ended up nowhere. In 1979, a document was discovered at a 882:

while the rest were kept at Milan police headquarters on Via Fatebenefratelli. Among those held there for interrogation were a number of

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considered a "heavy defeat," taking in a total of about 557 thousand or 1.5% of the votes, though it still elected six deputies to the

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The investigative authorities initially turned to members of the extraparliamentary organizations of the left. Following the arrest of

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of Rome and Milan, commenced a new campaign to gather support for the beatification of Calabresi, whose death, they asserted, was

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journalist Aldo Palumbo falling from the 4th floor window and crashing on the pavement below. Pinelli was taken to the hospital

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Bridge group, Calabresi ordered the round up of approximately eighty suspects. Twenty-seven of the anarchists were taken to the

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Tonino Milite and she took the name Gemma Calabresi Milite. They had one child, son Uber. When Milite died in 2015, journalist

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and, after convalescing in a hospital, the court allowed him to serve the remainder of his sentence under house arrest, at his

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hospital's duty doctor Nazzareno Fiorenzano, Pinelli had suffered "abdominal injuries and a series of gashes on the head." The

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because of the compression of the head on the marble table. In October 1971, D'Ambrosio changed the indictment from murder to

3051: 3652:[Luigi Calabresi, the reminiscence of his wife Gemma: 'I have chosen to make peace with life and with the others']. 2853: 3687: 3084: 697: 2401: 2286: 3968: 3948: 3225: 2376:[Luigi Calabresi, wife, family, Pinelli, films, biography, cause of death and books: 50 years after the murder]. 1506: 799: 1719:

had spoken of Calabresi, after his assassination, as a "servant of God", the latter calling Calabresi "a witness of the

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After finishing his studies, Calabresi, feeling himself, as he'd confided to friends, unsuited for the forensic work of

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home. On 16 January 2012, Sofri was freed, having served his sentence. He started writing as guest columnist for

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L'immagine politica. Forme del contropotere tra cinema, video e fotografia nell'Italia degli anni Settanta

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The story of the Piazza Fontana massacre and the deaths of Pinelli and Calabresi were the inspiration for

3650:"Luigi Calabresi, il ricordo della moglie Gemma: 'Ho scelto di fare la pace con la vita e con gli altri'" 2512: 2374:"Luigi Calabresi, moglie, famiglia, Pinelli, film, biografia, causa morte e libri: 50 anni fa l'omicidio" 2045:"Luigi Calabresi, moglie, famiglia, Pinelli, film, biografia, causa morte e libri: 50 anni fa l'omicidio" 1958:

joining in 1976. Other, smaller grouping subsequently supported PL, particularly at the local level. See

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On 30 December 1969, thousands of mourners and sympathizers followed Pinelli's funeral procession to the

836: 787: 609: 363: 96: 3311:[Luigi Calabresi and Tonino Milite, the husbands of Gemma Capra / Who are the men of her life]. 3855: 3042:. Studies in Extremism and Democracy. Vol. 1 - Postwar Fascism, Covert Operations, and Terrorism. 1872: 1692: 438: 2803:

The political image. Forms of counterpower between cinema, video and photography in Italy in the 1970s

2345: 1892:, and Giovanni Ventura, were eventually indicted for the Piazza Fontana massacre and tried in 1977 in 3943: 3453: 3113: 2489:[7 Piazza Fontana: Catanzaro sentence and appeal process (15 May 1977 - 28 December 1980)]. 1551:

during the period from 31 October up to 4 November. It was held approximately four months after the

1385:." Marino detailed how, on 13 May 1972, four days before the attack on Calabresi, he'd met Sofri in 1643:, expressed publicly to Calabresi's widow his "deep regret" for having signed. In 2021, journalist 1501: 1173: 368: 2487:"7 Piazza Fontana: sentenza di Catanzaro e processo d'appello (15 maggio 1977 - 28 dicembre 1980)" 938:

ostensibly showed that Pinelli had been "either dead or unconscious" as he hit the ground, with a

874:. Directed by his superiors in Rome to investigate the anarchists that were part of the so-called 762:." They had three sons: Mario, who grew up to become journalist and author, and also an editor of 703:, an anarchist activist and organizer. At next year's Christmas, Calabresi gave Pinelli as a gift 663:. During his time in the police force, he occasionally wrote articles that were published under a 566:

in police custody in 1969. The deaths of Pinelli and Calabresi were significant events during the

3369: 2378: 2049: 1630: 1081: 1071: 820:, Italy, killing seventeen people and wounding eighty-eight. The same day, three more bombs were 3594:[Piazza Fontana, Napolitano appoints the widows Calabresi and Pinelli as commendators]. 3012:[The knights of violence always trimuphant: from Lotta Continua to television success]. 1579:. During the Congress, speakers pointed out the "fragmentation" of militancy into struggles for 982:

leap towards the window that had been left ajar due to the heat and threw himself into the void.

3309:"Luigi Calabresi e Tonino Milite, i mariti di Gemma Capra / Chi sono gli uomini della sua vita" 3289: 3259:"Tonino Milite morto, sposò la vedova Calabresi. Il direttore de La Stampa: 'Ci fece da padre'" 3226:"Tonino Milite morto, sposò la vedova Calabresi. Il direttore de La Stampa: 'Ci fece da padre'" 2961: 2350: 1744: 1038: 986:

Guida speculated that the suicide could have been the result of Pinelli's frustration when his

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that, "some reports" showed Pinelli was "possibly" implicated in the Piazza Fontana bombing.

883: 783: 717: 567: 222: 3847: 3748: 3341:[Rimini 31 October - 4 November 1976 Second Congress of Lotta Continua] (in Italian) 1128: 487: 3958: 3953: 3801:"Spingendo la notte più in là. Storia della mia famiglia e di altre vittime del terrorismo" 3535:[Cardinals Vallini and Scola sponsor the beatification of Commissioner Calabresi]. 1671: 1614:, and, "in particular," the campaign's "completely degenerate part that turned into a real 908:

agent. The interrogation began the same day that a group of Milan anarchists gave a public

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Spingendo la notte più in là. Storia della mia famiglia e di altre vittime del terrorismo

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On 15 April 1970, Calabresi brought charges against Pio Baldelli, editor-in-chief of the

107: 3172:[Terrorism: another postponement for the extradition of Giorgio Pietrostefani]. 3038:

Bale, Jeffrey M. (2018). "Chapter 6: The May 1973 Terrorist Attack at Milan Police HQ".

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Tonino Milite was born in Albania, in 1942, to a father who was serving as policeman in

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On 17 May 2022, coincidentally fifty years exactly after Calabresi's assassination, the

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In November 2005, Sofri, who had refused offers of political supporters to appeal for a

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domination, just as clandestine armed action is certainly not the decisive form of the

1030: 894: 879: 867: 829: 741: 571: 519: 3010:"I cavalieri della violenza sempre in sella: da Lotta continua al successo televisivo" 3804: 3767: 3733: 3706: 3696: 3623:[In the pardon of the Calabresi widow, a (non heard) lesson to the country]. 3373: 3090: 3047: 2930: 2806: 2775: 2742: 2709: 2676: 2612: 2258: 2219: 2160: 1897: 1889: 1716: 1509:", and the fact that the extradition requests were for "acts committed before 1993". 1322: 832: 725: 712: 269: 3533:"I cardinali Vallini e Scola sponsor della beatificazione del commissario Calabresi" 1987: 1338: 1176:, and signed initially by ten persons and eventually by a total of 757 politicians, 3869: 3424:[Ripa di Meana repents after 36 years: 'I was wrong to accuse Calabresi']. 2897: 2242: 2180: 1806:

was present and spoke of "the lessons taught to everyone" by the Calabresi family.

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After the open letter accusing Calabresi for the death of Pinelli was published in

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and, after completing his studies there, he was assigned to the position of deputy

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homicide; consequently, all those accused or present in the room were exonerated.

651:, chose to try and enlist in the police. In 1965, he won the competition to enter 3800: 3790: 3723: 3234: 2883: 2146: 1727: 1659: 1658:

denied having affixed their signature to the document, in the first place, while

1401: 1169: 967: 927: 809: 678: 342: 3482:[Paolo Mieli: 'Signing against Calabresi? I'm ashamed for what I did']. 1917:. Having fled to Italy, he became a poet and a designer, with his design of the 1237:

Attorney General. It was signed by "numerous well-known intellectuals," such as

2950: 2254: 2215: 1803: 1796: 1610: 1543: 1298: 1254: 1207: 1156: 1139: 1107: 1096: 1059: 804: 624: 575: 554: 384: 300: 3592:"Piazza Fontana, Napolitano nomina commendatori le vedove Calabresi e Pinelli" 2890:[Why I did not end up among the eight hundred who lynched Calabresi]. 1279:" whose driver sped away into the traffic. Calabresi died almost immediately. 1086: 995: 3927: 3917: 3771: 3596: 3537: 3398: 3118: 2892: 2861: 2558: 2463: 2114: 1688: 1651: 1648: 1639: 1605: 1588: 1476: 1450: 1378: 1290: 1164: 764: 759: 729: 728:

in Milan was attended by large crowds and a number of prominent politicians.

648: 295: 3480:"Paolo Mieli: 'Firma contro Calabresi? Mi vergogno per quello che ho fatto'" 2153:

Pushing the night further. Story of my family and other victims of terrorism

2015: 1625:

in June 1971, some signatories expressed their regret for having signed it.

918: 631:

associations during his years in school, he enrolled, while studying at the

3881: 3719: 3199:"Paris court rejects Italy's request to extradite former leftist militants" 2706:

The black and the red. Terrorism, violence and information of the Seventies

1885: 1830: 1712: 1439: 1181: 1152: 794: 587: 3710: 3170:"Terrorismo: ancora un rinvio per l'estradizione di Giorgio Pietrostefani" 2697: 2112:[Calabresi was not in the room when Pinelli flew out the window]. 1037:, who had previously been assigned also the criminal investigation of the 696:

Police. During these contacts, Calabresi, according to his son Mario, met

3796: 3426: 2702:

I neri e i rossi. Terrorismo, violenza e informazione negli anni Settanta

1860: 1701: 1644: 1352: 1238: 1213: 900: 613: 598: 466: 190: 3621:"Nel perdono della vedova Calabresi una lezione (inascoltata) al Paese" 3422:"Ripa di Meana si pente dopo 36 anni: 'Sbagliai ad accusare Calabresi'" 1939: 1922: 1773: 1461: 1347: 1311: 1294: 1124: 1022: 1010: 956: 843: 684:

In 1967, after a series of contacts with the organizers of an event in

675: 264: 3261:[Tonino Milite died, married the widow Calabresi. The director of 3228:[Tonino Milite died, married the widow Calabresi. The director of 2667:[The '70s : between violence, rights, and participation] 1647:, appearing on television, said he feels "ashamed" for his signature. 1400:

Following Marino's testimony, all four were arrested and charged with

552:

political movements, Calabresi was assassinated in 1972 by members of

3174: 3043: 2738: 2192: 2156: 1893: 1493: 1470: 1465: 1318: 1250: 1189: 813: 740:

joined the funeral procession in a public gesture of denunciation of

664: 559: 3339:"Rimini 31 Ottobre - 4 Novembre Secondo Congresso di Lotta Continua" 1700:. In 2017, Cardinals Angelo Scola and Gaetano Vallini, respectively 1687:

In 2007, priest Ennio Innocenti commenced a public petition for the

1168:

published an open letter containing accusations that was written by

1033:, the inquest into the death of Pinelli was re-opened by magistrate 3900: 3792:

Pushing Past the Night: Coming to Terms With Italy's Terrorist Past

3732:] (in Italian) (1st ed. in 1992; 2nd ed.). Edizioni Ares. 3625: 2888:"Perché non sono finito tra gli ottocento che linciarono Calabresi" 2405: 2316:[Gemma Calabresi Milite: age, husband, children and book]. 2110:"Calabresi non era nella stanza quando Pinelli volo dalla finestra" 1954:, in order to contest seats in the upcoming general election, with 1615: 1580: 1522: 1276: 1177: 1135: 1047: 875: 854: 821: 628: 549: 3717: 3563:[Rome – Event in memory of commissioner Luigi Calabresi]. 3197:

De Clercq, Geert; Pineau, Elizabeth; Jones, Gavin (29 June 2022).

1925:

being the most famous of his creations. See Craziano Flore (2022).

32: 3203: 2289:[Commissioner Calabresi killed every day for two years]. 1918: 1529: 1420: 1358: 1289:

is certainly not the decisive weapon for the emancipation of the

1076: 1026: 971: 935: 790: 733: 689: 1366:, confirmed to the authorities that this was the correct trail. 768:; Paolo; and Luigi, born a few months after his father's death. 2735:

The opening and the light. On the path of forgiveness. My story

1914: 1739: 1720: 1548: 1486:, and authored books on Italy's recent political past, such as 1457: 1446: 1432: 1185: 1043: 943: 939: 859: 685: 636: 620: 3718:

Marino, Leonardo; Maris, Gianfranco; Calabresi Milite, Gemma;

2990:(in Italian). Facciamo Movimento per il Movimento. 17 May 2017 2605:

Bombs and secrets. Piazza Fontana: a massacre without culprits

1159:. The play went on to be performed in almost forty countries. 966:

On the 16 December 1969, the day after Pinelli's death, Milan

2348:[Gemma Calabresi Milite: 'The love I did not know']. 1791: 1697: 1234: 987: 905: 890: 817: 660: 617: 545: 158: 154: 68: 16:

Italian police officer assassinated by terrorists (1937–1972)

3846:

The page dedicated to Luigi Calabresi in the website of the

2665:"Gli anni '70 : tra violenza, diritti e partecipazione" 1285:, the day after Calabresi's killing, released a statement: " 942:

like one, Fiorenzano claimed, caused by a kick, "possibly a

3565: 2731:

La crepa e la luce. Sulla strada del perdono. La mia storia

2708:] (in Italian). Edizioni Controluce. pp. 126–165. 2600:

Bombe e segreti. Piazza Fontana: una strage senza colpevoli

1518: 1449:

confirmed the original sentence of 22 years. The historian

1428: 1386: 825: 711:, a gift reciprocated by Pinelli the following August with 693: 594: 590: 49: 3561:"Roma – Evento in memoria del commissario Luigi Calabresi" 2287:"Il commissario Calabresi per due anni ucciso ogni giorno" 1188:, journalists, and others. The letter, also denoted as a " 1684:

in memoriam of Luigi Calabresi as a victim of terrorism.

979: 1884:

Neo-fascist militants, among whom most prominently were

904:

lieutenant Savino Lograno, subsequently identified as a

3071:

Italy and Its Discontents: Family, Civil Society, State

2828:"Indagine su un cittadino al di sopra di ogni sospetto" 750:, occupied for a few hours by students led by Capanna. 724:

On 19 November 1969, the funeral of murdered policeman

2830:[Investigation of a citizen above suspicion]. 2084:(in Italian). Il Sindacato Dei Poliziotti. 12 May 2004 3853: 3820:"Dispute in Italy Is Conjuring Up Its Terrorist Past" 3116:[Calabresi trial: 15 sentences in 12 years]. 3083:

Gilbert, Mark; Moneta, Sara Lamberti (October 2020).

2986:[17 Mat 1972: Commissioner Luigi Calabresi]. 1665: 1116:

Indagine su un cittadino al di sopra di ogni sospetto

3196: 2314:"Gemma Calabresi Milite: età, marito, figli e libro" 1373:

militant, Leonardo Marino, turned himself in to the

957:

Accusations and recriminations after Pinelli's death

844:

Arrest, interrogation, and death of Giuseppe Pinelli

3939:Italian police officers killed in the line of duty 2954: 2774:] (in Italian). Giuseppe Laterza & Figli. 2346:"Gemma Calabresi Milite: 'L'amore che non sapevo'" 2212:Ten years of illusions. The history of sixty-eight 889:Pinelli was allowed to come to the station on his 3065: 3063: 1058:, "caused by an active illness," thus ruling out 181:in memoriam as a victim of terrorism, 14 may 2004 3925: 3396:[Sofri, apologies in TV for Calabresi]. 2984:"17 Maggio 1972: Il commissario Luigi Calabresi" 2728: 1942:of the "revolutionary", extraparliamentary left 1896:, where they received prison sentences of up to 924:Azienda Ospedaliera Fatebenefratelli e Oftalmico 538:(14 November 1937 – 17 May 1972) was an Italian 3848:Italian Association of the Victims of Terrorism 3512:(in Italian). Presidenti della Repubblica. 2009 2241: 2208:Dieci anni di illusioni. Storia del Sessantotto 1393:in commemoration of the death of the anarchist 3456:[Those who signed against Calabresi]. 3336: 3332: 3330: 3256: 3060: 2461:[Piazza Fontana 33 years of mystery]. 1003: 866:Despite the July 2000 denial expressed at the 784:period of intense political agitation in Italy 586:Calabresi was born on 14 November 1937 into a 3142:"Ex-militant and writer Sofri ends jail term" 3082: 1269: 1065: 206: 155:Political Office for terrorism and subversion 3306: 2107: 1944:Partito di Unità Proletaria per il Comunismo 1536: 1431:prison while Pietrostefani had absconded to 635:, in the Oasis movement, founded in 1950 by 3974:Deaths related to the Years of Lead (Italy) 3530: 3327: 3114:"Processo Calabresi 15 sentenze in 12 anni" 2493:(in Italian). Senato della Repubblica. 2022 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 1971:Three from PdUP, two from AO, and one from 1723:and a heroic defender of the common good." 782:The late 1960s and early 1970s years was a 581: 3618: 3307:Mastrominuta, Giulia Lia (13 March 2022). 2876: 2805:] (in Italian). Mimesis. p. 188. 2772:Before Piazza Fontana. The dress rehearsal 2768:Prima di Piazza Fontana. La prova generale 2641:[Luigi Calabresi - A Quiet Life]. 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2541: 2539: 1121:Investigation of a citizen above suspicion 961: 688:, Calabresi supported their request for a 213: 199: 31: 3785: 3586: 3584: 3447: 3445: 3287: 3257:Graziano Flore, Raffaele (6 March 2022). 3218: 3108: 3106: 2943: 2825: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2205: 2179: 2141: 1317:In early 1974, neofascist journalist and 771: 220: 3647: 3531:Giansoldati, Franca (14 December 2017). 3451: 2949: 2645:(in Italian). Istituto Giovanni Treccani 2639:"Calabresi, Luigi - Una Vita Tranquilla" 2545: 2271: 2039: 2037: 858:Pinelli in a photo taken by his wife in 853: 824:while a fourth was found unexploded, in 616:. In 1964, he successfully defended his 3818:Bohlen, Celestine (26 September 1997). 3725:Così uccidemmo il commissario Calabresi 3688:Biographical dictionary of the Italians 3524: 3472: 3454:"Quelli che firmarono contro Calabresi" 3033: 3031: 2976: 2922:Miccia corta. Una storia di Prima Linea 2854:"Accidental Death of an Anarchist, The" 2761: 2695: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2573: 2536: 2451: 2394: 2343: 2237: 2235: 2173: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2010: 2008: 1841: 1836:Armed, far-right organizations in Italy 1768:), in which Calabresi was portrayed by 1195: 3926: 3817: 3641: 3612: 3581: 3442: 3359: 3353: 3103: 2505: 2420: 2332: 2311: 2284: 2103: 2101: 2099: 1765:Piazza Fontana: The Italian Conspiracy 721:, ostensibly Pinelli's favorite book. 692:license, subsequently provided by the 578:in Italy from the 1960s to the 1980s. 3680: 3452:Bardelli, Loreno (26 December 2017). 3386: 3086:Historical Dictionary of Modern Italy 2918: 2912: 2882: 2846: 2722: 2689: 2636: 2596: 2546:Christie, Stuart (22 November 2016). 2515:[73rd Session] (in Italian). 2430:[27th Session] (in Italian). 2366: 2305: 2034: 1938:was created by the organizations and 1162:On 13 June 1971, the weekly magazine 886:members, including Giuseppe Pinelli. 194: 3746: 3730:This way we killed officer Calabresi 3414: 3288:Calabresi, Mario (7 December 2015). 3250: 3162: 3037: 3028: 3002: 2625: 2479: 2232: 2130: 2065: 2005: 1257:, and others. The letter proclaimed: 803:(the National Agricultural Bank) in 747:Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 601:merchant. He attended the classical 3795:. Translated by F. Moore, Michael. 3498: 3368:] (in Italian) (3rd ed.). 3190: 3134: 3073:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. p. 193. 2929:] (in Italian). DeriveApprodi. 2794: 2459:"Piazza Fontana 33 anni di misteri" 2402:"1969: Deadly bomb blasts in Italy" 2096: 1781:The broken years - The commissioner 1507:European Convention on Human Rights 37:Calabresi testifying in court, 1970 13: 3799:. Translation of the Italian book 3674: 3619:Picariello, Angelo (17 May 2022). 3394:"Sofri, scuse in tv per Calabresi" 3337:Lotta Continua (4 November 2015). 2927:Short fuse. A story of Prima Linea 2285:Ceroni, Alessandro (19 May 2022). 2199: 2108:D'Avanzo, Giuseppe (16 May 2002). 1777:Gli anni spezzati - Il commissario 1772:, and also of the 2014 television 1666:Commemorations and reconciliations 1424:legislation, so Marino was freed. 1389:, during a gathering organized by 1344:Movimento di Azione Rivoluzionaria 1229:In October 1971, the newspaper of 558:, who blamed him for the death of 434:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro 280:Defenestration of Giuseppe Pinelli 14: 3990: 3840: 1736:President of the Italian Republic 1678:, presented Gemma Capra with the 1676:President of the Italian Republic 1350:of the armed, extreme-left group 1143:Morte accidentale di un anarchico 348:Milan police headquarters bombing 3911: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3648:Santucci, Gianni (17 May 2022). 2729:Calabresi Milite, Gemma (2022). 2491:Patrimonio dell'Archivio Storico 2344:Bombino, Silvia (3 March 2022). 1517:In 1984, Gemma married Milanese 1305: 1148:Accidental Death of an Anarchist 893:; he was then illegally held in 800:Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura 642: 548:. Responsible for investigating 3764:Università degli Studi Roma Tre 3693:Treccani Enciclopedia Institute 3553: 3300: 3281: 3265:: 'He was like a father']. 3232:: 'He was like a father']. 3076: 2819: 2788: 2764:"Qualcosa di più di un prologo" 2755: 2657: 1978: 1965: 1928: 1907: 1878: 1866: 1050:and set a trial date for 1972. 653:L'istituto superiore di polizia 80:Cimitero Maggiore, Milan, Italy 3683:"Biography of Luigi Calabresi" 2312:Venier, Mara (13 March 2022). 1853: 1681:Medaglia d'Oro al Valor Civile 1016: 179:Medaglia d'Oro al Valor Civile 1: 3747:Ceci, Giovanni Mario (2013). 3600:(in Italian). 28 January 2015 3402:(in Italian). 27 January 1998 3238:(in Italian). 7 December 2015 3122:(in Italian). 24 January 2000 2247:L'Italia degli anni di piombo 1998: 1599: 1172:, editor in the magazine and 862:during their honeymoon (1955) 488:Kidnapping of James L. Dozier 3089:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3040:The Darkest Side of Politics 2896:(in Italian). Archived from 1762:; released outside Italy as 1711:, "in hatred of the faith." 1512: 914:Circolo Ponte della Ghisolfa 7: 3486:(in Italian). 30 April 2021 3430:(in Italian). 3 August 2007 2956:"The Case of Adriano Sofri" 2826:Guastella, Antonio (2022). 2673:Casa della Memoria, Brescia 2206:Brambilla, Michele (1994). 1809: 1596:was effectively disbanded. 1004:Lawsuit by Pinelli's family 951:Cimitero Maggiore di Milano 610:Sapienza University of Rome 406:Murder of Vittorio Occorsio 364:Piazza della Loggia bombing 97:Sapienza University of Rome 10: 3995: 3969:Deaths by firearm in Italy 3949:Police misconduct in Italy 2251:Italy of the years of lead 2022:(in Italian). 28 June 2009 1571:had joined, suffered what 1402:murder in the first degree 1270:Assassination of Calabresi 1066:Protests and denunciations 946:blow," found on his neck. 847: 775: 444:Murder of Antonio Esposito 439:Killing of Fausto and Iaio 270:Murder of Antonio Annaruma 3979:Italian terrorism victims 3569:(in Italian). 16 May 2017 3178:(in Italian). 18 May 2022 2700:. In Dondi, Mirco (ed.). 2611:(in Italian). Elèuthera. 2467:(in Italian). 7 July 2002 2382:(in Italian). 17 May 2022 2053:(in Italian). 17 May 2022 1637:editor and co-founder of 1567:or "unity cartel", which 1547:held its 2nd Congress at 1537:Ideological repercussions 1407: 1090:and its weekly companion 978:Suddenly, Pinelli made a 753: 593:family. His father was a 512: 496: 480: 459: 421: 398: 377: 356: 335: 317:Murder of Luigi Calabresi 309: 288: 257: 236: 232: 185: 174: 164: 150: 140: 133: 121: 113: 102: 92: 84: 76: 57: 42: 30: 23: 3934:Law enforcement in Italy 3681:Betta, Emmanuel (2019). 3362:Storia di Lotta Continua 3016:(in Italian). 3 May 2021 2864:Library. 25 January 2010 2675:(in Italian): 10. 2011. 2637:Betta, Emmanuel (2019). 1846: 1174:investigative journalist 926:where he was pronounced 582:Early life and education 390:Murder of Mikis Mantakas 385:Murder of Sergio Ramelli 369:Italicus Express bombing 3695:(published 1960–2020). 3366:Story of Lotta Continua 2795:Uva, Christian (2015). 2762:Morando, Paolo (2019). 2696:Panvini, Guido (2008). 2597:Lanza, Luciano (2009). 2245:; Cervi, Mario (2018). 2189:1000 millions of people 1332:Bundesnachrichtendienst 962:Police press conference 709:1000 Millions of People 3756:Historia Actual Online 3360:Bobbio, Luigi (1988). 2962:London Review of Books 2919:Segio, Sergio (2009). 2185:1000 milioni di uomini 1460:, suffered a ruptured 1264: 1039:Piazza Fontana bombing 984: 863: 778:Piazza Fontana bombing 772:Piazza Fontana bombing 627:. Having been part of 429:Acca Larentia killings 275:Piazza Fontana bombing 244:Battle of Valle Giulia 3964:1972 murders in Italy 2555:The Anarchist Library 1960:Proletarian Democracy 1948:Movimento Studentesco 1936:Democrazia Proletaria 1756:Romanzo di una strage 1752:Marco Tullio Giordana 1561:Proletarian Democracy 1557:Democrazia Proletaria 1553:1976 general election 1502:Paris Court of Appeal 1383:Giorgio Pietrostefani 1325:told a reporter from 1259: 976: 884:Anarchist Black Cross 857: 738:Movimento Studentesco 718:Spoon River Anthology 467:Murder of Mario Amato 224:Years of Lead (Italy) 3046:. pp. 367–398. 2737:] (in Italian). 2379:Il Giornale d'Italia 2253:] (in Italian). 2214:] (in Italian). 2191:] (in Italian). 2155:] (in Italian). 2082:Equilibrio Sicurezza 2050:Il Giornale d'Italia 1842:Notes and References 1672:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 1196:Lawsuit by Calabresi 1134:On 5 December 1970, 1056:causata da un malore 898:Mucilli, as well as 715:' poetry collection 570:, a period of major 2318:La Notizia Giornale 1952:Avanguardia Operaia 1821:Strategy of tension 1801:Minister of Justice 1760:Novel of a massacre 1627:Carlo Ripa di Meana 930:. According to the 872:militant anarchists 837:Christian Democrats 108:far-left terrorists 3825:The New York Times 2561:Library. p. 4 2517:Italian Parliament 2432:Italian Parliament 2408:. 12 December 1965 1826:Terrorism in Italy 1770:Valerio Mastandrea 1732:Giorgio Napolitano 1577:Italian Parliament 1415:Court of Cassation 1369:In 1988, a former 1129:Gian Maria Volonté 1113:In 1970, the film 1035:Gerardo D'Ambrosio 1031:abuse of authority 880:San Vittore Prison 868:Italian Parliament 864: 742:political violence 572:political violence 520:Terrorism in Italy 169:Chief Commissioner 3150:. 16 January 2012 3053:978-1-138-78561-8 2434:. 6 November 1997 2243:Montanelli, Indro 2181:Emanuelli, Enrico 2016:"Luigi Calabresi" 1898:life imprisonment 1890:Guido Giannettini 1717:Pope John Paul II 1654:and photographer 1565:cartello unitario 1435:to avoid prison. 1323:Guido Giannettini 833:Francesco Cossiga 726:Antonio Annarumma 713:Edgar Lee Masters 667:in the newspaper 532: 531: 528: 527: 189: 188: 3986: 3944:People from Rome 3916: 3915: 3914: 3904: 3903: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3814: 3787:Calabresi, Mario 3782: 3780: 3778: 3753: 3743: 3714: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3080: 3074: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2958: 2953:(3 April 1997). 2947: 2941: 2940: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2884:Pansa, Giampaolo 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2670: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2634: 2623: 2622: 2610: 2594: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2552: 2548:"Amedeo Bertolo" 2543: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2524: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2341: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2282: 2269: 2268: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2143:Calabresi, Mario 2139: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2105: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2074: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2012: 1992: 1982: 1976: 1969: 1963: 1932: 1926: 1911: 1905: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1857: 1787:as protagonist. 1785:Emilio Solfrizzi 1670:On 14 May 2004, 1656:Oliviero Toscani 1395:Franco Serantini 1287:Political murder 1247:Cesare Zavattini 1243:Natalia Ginzburg 932:Fatebenefratelli 910:press conference 850:Giuseppe Pinelli 705:Enrico Emanuelli 701:Giuseppe Pinelli 603:secondary school 564:Giuseppe Pinelli 541:Polizia di Stato 504:Salerno shooting 472:Bologna massacre 452: 414: 322:Peteano massacre 234: 233: 227: 225: 215: 208: 201: 192: 191: 106:Assassinated by 64: 46:14 November 1937 35: 21: 20: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3843: 3830: 3828: 3811: 3776: 3774: 3751: 3740: 3703: 3677: 3675:Further reading 3672: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3655:Milano Corriere 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3484:Affari Italiani 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3450: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3313:Il Sussi Diario 3305: 3301: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3267:Il Sussi Diario 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3235:Huffington Post 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3081: 3077: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3036: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2951:Ginzburg, Carlo 2948: 2944: 2937: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2886:(16 May 2009). 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2668: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2635: 2626: 2619: 2608: 2595: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2550: 2544: 2537: 2522: 2520: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2342: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2283: 2272: 2265: 2240: 2233: 2226: 2204: 2200: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2140: 2131: 2121: 2119: 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