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560:, one of the Lummi leaders at the time, signed the treaty for the Lummi "and other tribes." 13 additional people signed the treaty for the Lummi. The treaty demanded that the Lummi cede the title to their lands, and in return, the 12,562.94 acre Lummi Reservation was established near the mouth of the Nooksack River, on the
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A recent collaborative study conducted by the Lummi Nation and
Northern Economics Inc. found the following about the Lummi Nation workforce. 28% of the adult population (ages 18–64) is employed. The labor workforce participation rate is 25%. The Lummi unemployment rate of about 75% is estimated to be
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Throughout the 1990s, salmon runs were highly diminished, and in 2001, the fishing season was a "complete failure." Later that year, the Lummi
Business Council declared the Lummi Nation an "Economic Fisheries Disaster Area" and created programs to try to retrain idle fishermen. By 2003, their fishing
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The Lummi Nation has been working to increase the education levels among their youth. Among enrolled Lummis aged 25–64: 15.1% do not have a high school diploma or a GED; 33.8% have either a high school or GED degree; 27.1% have some college experience; 14.9% have a two-year (AA or AS) degree; 7.5%
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As of April 2010 there are 4,483 enrolled tribal members. 49.6% are female and 50.4% are male. The median age of tribal members is 29. Nearly one-third of the members, some 31.8%, are 18 years or younger. 11.6% are 55 or older. According to studies conducted by the Lummi Nation either on or near
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disallowed the Lummi on the reservation from removing non-Native fishermen in their fisheries. Following this, much of the recent history of the Lummi Nation has been marked by a struggle to regain their fishing rights. Following steady increases in the number of individuals and firms fishing in
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areas traditionally fished by the Lummi, the nation fought for and gained limited protection under the law for the right to fish in their traditional manner. The Lummi Nation was part of the broader fight for fishing and treaty rights, which came to a head in 1974 with
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of the Lummi Nation. Established in 1855, it was intended to serve as the reservation for the Lummi, Nooksack, and Samish peoples, as well as several other local peoples. Originally, the reservation was 12,562.94 acres, however it was enlarged to 13,600 acres in 1877.
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An estimated 6,590 people live on the Lummi
Reservation. Roughly 2,564 are enrolled Lummi citizens, and 665 are either related to or live with an enrolled tribal member. Some 3,361 are neither tribal members nor affiliated with any member of the Lummi Nation. The
851:, on which members serve a three-year term. The council selects executive officers for their duties, including chair, vice-chair, treasurer, and secretary, and establishes committees for administration of the tribe. The current Business Council is as follows:
981:(LNS), a K-12 school that opened in 2004. Four years later, they added the Lummi Youth Academy, a boarding school available for grades 9 through 12. The Academy is focused on strengthening Lummi culture, and offers social programs to at-risk teenagers.
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There are approximately 1,864 homes located on the reservation. Approximately 697 of these have an enrolled Lummi living in the home; thus, roughly 1,167 homes on the reservation do not house a tribal member.
905:, as well as having dancing and traditional gambling games. Tribes from Washington and British Columbia compete in war canoes measuring up to fifty feet. The event was established by Lummi veterans of
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In 1970, the Lummi
Business Council created the Aquacultural Project to harvest food from their waters. By the 1980s, they operated the largest salmon fleet on Puget Sound, with approximately 600
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of 1988. The tribe opened the Lummi Casino in 1992 and was the second largest employer in
Whatcom County, with 450 employees. However, it closed in 1997 after traffic from Canada had declined.
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The Lummi Nation operates the
Portage Bay Construction company, which builds homes in the Ferndale and Bellingham Areas, and they have been operating a home-improvement program since 1969.
680:. The organization intends to restore the land to the Lummi Nation. The newly acquired land, situated next to Madrona Point, adds to the Lummi Nation's existing holdings of over 24 acres.
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recorded 4,193 persons residing on the reservation, of whom 1,828 (43.6 percent) identified as White, and 2,114 (50.4 percent) identified as being of only Native
American ancestry.
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The tribe founded the Lummi Indian School of
Aquaculture in 1973 as a means of training tribal members in fishing and shellfish hatcheries. Later, the school was refounded into
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The tribe operates several schools and education programmes. They have Head Start and daycare centers for children. While most education for Lummi children is provided by the
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673:. The Lummi and other parties interested in the fisheries of the Northwest were very worried about Atlantic salmon interfering with those of the Pacific waters and rivers.
530:. They displaced or assimilated the people living there at the time, the Skalakhan and Hulwhaluq. The villages that they occupied on the mainland were fortified with large
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shoreline. The Lummi opposed the project because of potential adverse environmental impact on their treaty fishing rights and their sacred sites. It did not win approval.
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Since the late 20th century, the Lummi Nation has worked to revive elements of its traditional culture. From July 30 to August 4, 2007, the Lummi Nation hosted its first
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For the Lummi nation, canoes are a large part of their culture. Each year in June, the Lummi Nation hosts the Lummi
Stommish Water Carnival, which features large
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The Lummi Nation operates a healthcare facility in
Bellingham where they offer both medical and dental care, as well as substance abuse counseling.
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Paddle to Lummi. During the event, 68 families paddled hand-made canoes to the Lummi Reservation from parts of Washington and British Columbia.
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The constitution of the Lummi Nation was adopted in 1970. The tribe is governed by the Lummi Indian Business Council, an elected eleven-member
830:. It was the target of an $ 11-million expansion in 2003, which built a steakhouse, terrace, cocktail bar, and a 400 seat pavilion for events.
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688:. It, along with the recent acquisition, is part of the ancestral village of Ts’elxwisen’, which historically covered what is now Eastsound.
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For the past century, the Lummi Nation has been attempting to preserve and revitalize their traditional culture. The first Lummi
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the reservation boundaries, enrolled Lummi tribal members have an average household size of approximately 4.5 people.
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three times the local average. The median monthly income for employed Lummi tribal members is approximately $ 1,200.
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Documents Reveal Coal Exporter Disturbed Native American Archaeological Site At Cherry Point, KUOW, Nov. 24, 2013
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In 2024, a nonprofit led by a Lummi Nation elder acquired over 2 acres of land just north of Madrona Point on
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industry had collapsed, and the Lummi fleet was reduced to between 150-200 gillnet boats and 3 or 4 seiners.
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In 1855, the predecessor tribes of the Lummi Nation (including the Lummi people) were signatory to the
488:, and other local tribes which were removed to the reservation. It is based in the coastal area of the
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In 1970, the Lummi Nation adopted a new constitution which gave the Business Council broader powers.
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Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection
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Constitution and Bylaws of the Lummi Tribe of the Lummi Reservation, Washington as Amended
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Netwar at Cherry Point: White Power on the Salish Sea, Wrong Kind of Green, Apr. 1, 2016
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1231:"When Atlantic salmon escape in the Pacific, who cleans up? (Salmon on the lam)"
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1353:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 173 (3rd ed.). Norman:
1133:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 173 (3rd ed.). Norman:
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have a bachelor's degree; and 1.6% have a graduate or professional degree.
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1258:"Additional acreage next to Madrona Point to be returned to Lummi Nation"
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On November 22, 1873, the Lummi Reservation was enlarged to 13,600 ares.
913:. Today, the carnival is put on in honor of Lummi veterans of all wars.
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Lummi hosts largest potlatch in 70 years : ICT [2007/08/13]
1008:, percussion instrument whose name is borrowed from the tribal name.
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Tribal member operating canoe in Lummi territorial waters in 2008
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669:. They recaptured most of the recovered non-native, farmed
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Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
1347:
Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010).
1127:
Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010).
1340:
1288:"Tribe opening new casino after failure of its first one"
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420:
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The Lummi originally inhabited many settlements on the
1151:
1350:
A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
1130:
A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
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was a proposed coal export terminal at Xwe’chi’eXen (
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988:, the only accredited tribal college in Washington,
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448:
417:
423:
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274:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1384:Alphabetical vocabularies of the Clallam and Lummi
815:in Washington after the U.S. Congress passed the
3029:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
3015:
1346:
1126:
568:Lummi signatories to the Treaty of Point Elliott
241:Federally-recognized tribe in Washington (state)
945:, part of the larger Salishan language family.
18:Federally-recognized tribe in the United States
1401:Official Lummi Indian Business Council website
2768:Map of Washington highlighting Whatcom County
2667:
2468:
1436:
1406:Lummi Nation Communication Department website
1378:
667:2017 Cypress Island Atlantic salmon pen break
373:Please help adding a more precise page range.
3034:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
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811:They were among the first tribes to open an
629:United States v. Alaska Packers' Association
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730:Lummi woman, ca. 1907–1930, photograph by
537:
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909:, who wished to honor tribal citizens in
579:S'h'chehoos (a.k.a. "General Washington")
389:Learn how and when to remove this message
334:Learn how and when to remove this message
1085:
873:Council Member: Vendean (Jim) Washington
725:
639:(commonly known as the Boldt Decision).
2295:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
2285:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
3016:
932:
684:is a sacred area held in trust by the
594:Hwnlahlakq (a.k.a. "Thomas Jefferson")
480:. The Lummi Nation also includes some
454:
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2280:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
1424:
1285:
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977:, the Lummi Nation also operates the
661:In 2017, the Lummi Nation declared a
2290:Washington Indian Gaming Association
1229:Rosenbaum, Cary (January 22, 2018).
870:Council Member: Rosalee Revey-Jacobs
721:
470:Lummi Tribe of the Lummi Reservation
345:
272:adding citations to reliable sources
243:
2169:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
511:
359:This article cites its sources but
13:
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2682:Municipalities and communities of
1372:
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1189:"Lummi Fishing Rights and the Law"
1166:Governors Office of Indian Affairs
806:
582:Whailanhu (a.k.a. "Davy Crockett")
14:
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2259:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1394:
1286:Mapes, Lynda V. (April 9, 2002).
948:
788:facilities on their reservation.
552:, which was signed at modern-day
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1450:
1045:"A Sovereign Nation Stands Tall"
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350:
248:
73:
58:
43:
1334:
1313:"Lummi Indian Business Council"
1305:
1162:"Treaty of Point Elliott, 1855"
1031:"Lummi Indian Business Council"
898:since 1937 was hosted in 2007.
882:Council Member: Nickolaus Lewis
761:
654:since the 1930s as part of the
645:
621:
259:needs additional citations for
2273:Organizations and institutions
2249:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1250:
1222:
1211:
1180:
1062:
1037:
1023:
867:Council Member: Maureen Kinley
780:The Lummi Nation owns a large
1:
2164:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
1341:Lummi Reservation, Washington
1017:
956:
943:North Straits Salish language
876:Council Member: Karlie Kinley
858:Vice Chairman: Terrance Adams
833:
1994:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
1929:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
1355:University of Oklahoma Press
1135:University of Oklahoma Press
964:
916:
879:Council Member: Cliff Cultee
817:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
502:Bellingham Metropolitan Area
500:, and is located within the
7:
2194:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
2119:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
2024:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
1343:United States Census Bureau
1079:Native American Rights Fund
999:
885:Council Member: Henry Cagey
826:, opened in 2002, close to
636:United States v. Washington
10:
3055:
2685:Whatcom County, Washington
2224:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
2109:Yakweakwioose First Nation
2014:Yakweakwioose First Nation
1969:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
889:
855:Chairman: Anthony Hillaire
770:
695:
606:Kuttakanam (a.k.a. "John")
541:
515:
506:
474:federally-recognized tribe
462:
449:
131: • Vice-Chairman
36:Federally-recognized tribe
2989:
2966:
2871:
2848:
2775:
2761:
2715:
2696:
2501:
2329:
2303:
2272:
2189:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
2184:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
1896:
1458:
824:Silver Reef Casino Resort
752:2000 United States Census
227:
211:
194:
177:
167:
159:
154:
146:
138:
130:
122:
117:
109:
101:
91:
72:
54:
42:
33:
27:
23:
2209:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
1012:Northwest Indian College
986:Northwest Indian College
975:Ferndale School District
704:Gateway Pacific Terminal
698:Gateway Pacific Terminal
692:Gateway Pacific Terminal
665:in the aftermath of the
468:officially known as the
2346:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
2239:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
2099:Tsawwassen First Nation
2094:Snuneymuxw First Nation
2039:Kwikwetlem First Nation
1974:Skawahlook First Nation
861:Treasurer: Gerald James
843:Government and politics
776:Fishing and aquaculture
550:Treaty of Point Elliott
544:Treaty of Point Elliott
538:Treaty of Point Elliott
102:Reservation established
2769:
2234:Skokomish Indian Tribe
2219:Quinault Indian Nation
2214:Nisqually Indian Tribe
2144:Esquimalt First Nation
2129:Union Bar First Nation
2049:Chemainus First Nation
2044:Semiahmoo First Nation
2009:Tzeachten First Nation
1984:Soowahlie First Nation
1949:Sq'éwlets First Nation
1934:Leq'á:mel First Nation
1909:Chawathil First Nation
934:[xʷləmitʃɔsən]
864:Secretary: Lisa Wilson
734:
615:
147: • Secretary
139: • Treasurer
2767:
2064:Klahoose First Nation
1999:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
1979:Skowkale First Nation
1919:Kwantlen First Nation
1193:The Apollonian Revolt
1168:. State of Washington
729:
656:Tribal Canoe Journeys
570:
196: • Summer (
123: • Chairman
3002:United States portal
2244:Squaxin Island Tribe
2229:Samish Indian Nation
2174:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
2149:Tsawout First Nation
2114:Tseycum First Nation
2074:Nanoose First Nation
2069:Malahat First Nation
2059:Homalco First Nation
2029:Musqueam Indian Band
1989:Squiala First Nation
1939:Matsqui First Nation
1317:Lummi Nation Council
1187:Ceely, Seth (2015).
1137:. pp. 171–176.
1049:Intercontinental Cry
365:ranges are too broad
268:improve this article
110:Constitution written
2850:Indian reservations
2521:Jamestown S'Klallam
2491:Indian reservations
2304:Culture and society
2079:Peters First Nation
2054:Halalt First Nation
2034:Katzie First Nation
1954:Seabird Island Band
1924:Katzie First Nation
979:Lummi Nation School
173:Lhaq'temish, Xwlemi
2825:Marietta-Alderwood
2770:
2004:Sumas First Nation
1964:Skway First Nation
1959:Skwah First Nation
1914:Cheam First Nation
822:A new casino, the
743:Indian reservation
735:
663:state of emergency
626:In 1897, the case
160: • Total
3011:
3010:
2995:Washington portal
2649:
2648:
2450:
2449:
2104:Yale First Nation
1386:. Cramoisy Press.
1292:The Seattle Times
1236:High Country News
739:Lummi Reservation
722:Lummi Reservation
490:Pacific Northwest
456:[xʷləˈmi]
399:
398:
391:
344:
343:
336:
318:
239:
238:
83:and the state of
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2489:
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2019:Sts'ailes Nation
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1199:on July 19, 2015
1195:. Archived from
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1083:
1082:
1081:. June 20, 1996.
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931:
732:Edward S. Curtis
524:San Juan Islands
512:Aboriginal Lummi
465:
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126:Anthony Hillaire
77:
62:
47:
21:
20:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2985:
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2844:
2830:Peaceful Valley
2771:
2759:
2711:
2706:
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2645:
2497:
2483:
2481:
2451:
2446:
2325:
2299:
2268:
2254:Suquamish Tribe
2179:Suquamish Tribe
2154:Cowichan Tribes
2139:T'Sou-ke Nation
2124:Squamish Nation
2089:shíshálh Nation
2084:Tla'amin Nation
1904:Aitchelitz Band
1892:
1454:
1449:
1397:
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1373:Further reading
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2923:Lummi Island
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2636:Upper Skagit
2566:Port Madison
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2199:Lummi Nation
2198:
1777:Upper Skagit
1772:Lower Skagit
1452:Coast Salish
1383:
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1335:Bibliography
1321:. Retrieved
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1295:. Retrieved
1291:
1266:. Retrieved
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1201:. Retrieved
1197:the original
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1170:. Retrieved
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1054:December 13,
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266:Please help
261:verification
258:
213:Area code(s)
142:Gerald James
79:Location in
25:Lummi Nation
15:
2968:Ghost towns
2928:Maple Beach
2888:Blue Canyon
2875:communities
2820:Maple Falls
2700:County seat
2561:Port Gamble
2546:Muckleshoot
2531:Lower Elwha
2419:Lushootseed
2204:Makah Tribe
1944:Popkum Band
1897:Governments
1874:(Tillamook)
1787:Muckleshoot
1006:Lummi stick
907:World War I
786:aquaculture
782:oyster farm
585:Sheahdelthu
573:Chowitshoot
463:Lhaq'temish
150:Lisa Wilson
3018:Categories
2893:Cedarville
2725:Bellingham
2707:Bellingham
2606:Snoqualmie
2495:Washington
2357:Halkomelem
1857:Sahewamish
1812:Snoqualmie
1692:Skawahlook
1617:Tsawwassen
1612:Snuneymuxw
1532:Humptulips
1482:Stz'uminus
1018:References
957:Healthcare
903:canoe race
834:Employment
716:Salish Sea
603:Klthahlten
558:Chowitsoot
494:Washington
492:region of
379:April 2024
324:April 2024
294:newspapers
169:Demonym(s)
155:Population
118:Government
85:Washington
2953:Van Zandt
2908:Greenwood
2790:Birch Bay
2626:Swinomish
2601:Skokomish
2551:Nisqually
2397:Semiahmoo
2352:Pentlatch
2331:Languages
2316:Mythology
1883:Quamichan
1862:Wynoochee
1842:Swinomish
1837:Suquamish
1822:Nisqually
1817:Skykomish
1807:Snohomish
1792:Sammamish
1782:Skokomish
1747:Penelakut
1742:Quamichan
1717:Tzeachten
1702:Soowahlie
1682:Shilshole
1657:Leq'á:mel
1652:Sts'ailes
1647:Sq'éwlets
1637:Semiahmoo
1547:Kilpahlas
1542:Khenipsen
1512:Esquimalt
1476:Sts'ailes
1466:Chawathil
965:Education
917:Languages
612:Chloksuts
600:Tsesumten
591:Kwullethu
554:Muckilteo
532:stockades
369:incorrect
179:Time zone
3039:Duwamish
2948:Van Wyck
2938:Newhalem
2918:Lawrence
2863:Nooksack
2750:Nooksack
2740:Ferndale
2581:Quinault
2576:Quileute
2571:Puyallup
2556:Nooksack
2526:Kalispel
2511:Colville
2506:Chehalis
2442:Quinault
2425:Southern
2407:T'sou-ke
2402:Songhees
2372:Nooksack
2367:Squamish
2362:shíshálh
1852:Quinault
1827:Puyallup
1767:Nooksack
1752:Lamalcha
1732:Tsartlip
1727:T'souk-e
1697:Skowkale
1632:Squamish
1627:shíshálh
1607:Sliammon
1587:Musqueam
1572:Kwantlen
1562:Koksilah
1552:Klahoose
1507:Duwamish
1492:Comiaken
1382:(1863).
1323:July 21,
1297:June 24,
1268:April 8,
1203:July 31,
1000:See also
896:potlatch
652:potlatch
597:Chtsimpt
588:Kwultseh
576:Sehlekqu
482:Nooksack
2958:Welcome
2898:Clipper
2815:Kendall
2810:Glacier
2735:Everson
2631:Tulalip
2611:Spokane
2437:Cowlitz
2414:Klallam
2387:Saanich
1872:Nehalem
1847:Tulalip
1757:Saanich
1707:Squiala
1602:Malahat
1592:Nanoose
1582:Matsqui
1557:Klallam
1527:Homalco
1502:Cowlitz
1497:Copalis
1459:Peoples
941:of the
939:dialect
937:) is a
890:Culture
849:council
797:seiners
793:gillnet
771:Economy
741:is the
507:History
472:) is a
308:scholar
228:Website
92:Country
2976:Goshen
2913:Laurel
2903:Diablo
2805:Geneva
2800:Deming
2795:Custer
2745:Lynden
2730:Blaine
2717:Cities
2641:Yakama
2586:Samish
2392:Samish
1888:Somena
1878:Siletz
1867:Satsop
1797:Samish
1737:Somena
1712:Stó꞉lō
1662:Popkum
1597:Nuxalk
1537:Katzie
1517:Halalt
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1141:
992:, and
990:Oregon
486:Samish
450:Xwlemi
406:Nation
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28:Xwlemi
3024:Lummi
2883:Beach
2858:Lummi
2755:Sumas
2541:Makah
2536:Lummi
2432:Twana
2382:Lummi
2339:Comox
2311:Music
1762:Lummi
1677:Skway
1672:Skwah
1642:Sumas
1471:Cheam
1075:(PDF)
994:Idaho
710:) in
444:Lummi
403:Lummi
315:JSTOR
301:books
207:(PDT)
205:UTC–7
184:UTC–8
163:4,483
2981:Park
2943:Noon
2785:Acme
2777:CDPs
1478:(WA)
1359:ISBN
1325:2024
1299:2023
1270:2024
1244:2018
1205:2015
1174:2023
1139:ISBN
1056:2015
930:IPA:
921:The
737:The
702:The
439:-mee
401:The
361:its
287:news
113:1970
105:1855
64:Flag
2516:Hoh
2493:in
2321:Art
1522:Hoh
459:or
437:LUH
367:or
270:by
222:564
218:360
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