Lumpenproletariat - Knowledge

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class in our nation which for years and years have not been able to find jobs, and are forced to be drug addicts, prostitutes, etc." (p. 20) in the face of the capitalist system the Party considered an enemy. Crucial to the party's view on the lumpen is that, unlike criticisms of the lumpenproletariat around a perceived lack of productivity and organization, the Young Lords Party stated that "it's a law of revolution that the most oppressed group takes the leadership position" (p. 42) and that the lumpen would be the immediate focus of the party's organizing efforts in liberating all oppressed peoples.

2215: 2682: 2694: 2127: 42: 9012: 2151: 2741:(1830–48) as lumpenproletarian: "In the way it acquires wealth and enjoys it the financial aristocracy is nothing but the lumpenproletariat reborn at the pinnacle of bourgeois society." He distinguished the finance aristocracy from the industrial bourgeoisie as the former became rich "not by production, but by pocketing the already available wealth of others." He further suggests that the 3744:(or the "disreputable poor") by their unemployment and receipt of welfare benefits. He concluded that "while no significant effects of class can be found using a neo-Marxist conception of class, gradational measures of class (occupation and education) ... Measures of disreputable poverty—unemployment and welfare status —are relatively strong correlates of violent behavior." He explained: 3050:) in China is a legacy of the country's "colonial and semi-colonial status" which forced a vast number of people in urban and rural areas into illegitimate occupations and activities. Earlier, in 1928, he asserted that "the only way" to win over these wayward proletarians was to carry out intensive thought reform "so as to effect qualitative changes in these elements." He argued that the 2139: 2564:. While Bussard believes that the idea was "at one and the same time, a hybrid of new social attitudes which crystallised in France, England and Germany, as well as an extension of more traditional, pre-nineteenth-century views of the lower classes." Bussard noted that they often used the term as a "kind of sociological profanity" and contrasted between it and "working and thinking" 3019:), and viewed them, like Marx, as "social degenerates, isolated from the forces of production and incapable of having a working-class consciousness." Svetlana Stephenson notes that the Soviet state "for all its ideology of assistance, cooperation and social responsibility, was ready to descend on them with all its might." 3317:

represented a "kind of actually existing anarchism." Ann Robertson notes that Bakunin believed that "inherent in humanity is a natural essence which can be suppressed but never entirely extinguished. Those in society who are more distant from the State apparatus (the peasants are scattered throughout

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adopted similar views to the Black Panther Party, believing in the potential of the lumpen. They developed a Lumpen Organization within their larger organization with the goal of enlisting the people considered the lumpenproletariat, or "lumpen," in the struggle; they considered the lumpen to be "the

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Generally unemployable people who make no positive contribution to an economy. Sometimes described as the bottom layer of a capitalist society. May include criminal and mentally unstable people. Some activists consider them "most radical" because they are "most exploited," but they are un-organizable

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review that the authors argue that the United States is being "split between an isolated caste of ruling meritocrats on one hand and a vast, powerless Lumpenproletariat on the other. Society, the authors predict, will have little use for this underclass in a world dominated by sophisticated machines

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wrote in 1985: "An American version of a lumpenproletariat (the so-called underclass), without work and without hope, existing at the margins of society, could bring down the great cities, sap resources and strength from the entire society and, lacking the usual means to survive, prey upon those who

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and argued that the group and "its possible integration into the politics of populism as an 'absolute outside' that threatens the coherence of ideological identifications." Mark Cowling argues that the "concept is being used for its political impact rather than because it provides good explanations"

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from the system of oppression in the US, and sought to recruit them into the party. Their strategy was a controversial one. Chris Booker and Errol Henderson argued that problems such as "a lack of discipline, a tendency toward violence, the importation of street culture, including crime, and the use

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defines it as "the lowest stratum of the proletariat. Used originally in Marxist theory to describe those members of the proletariat, especially criminals, vagrants, and the unemployed, who lacked awareness of their collective interest as an oppressed class." In modern usage, it is commonly defined

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Due to a desire to keep clean the hands of the larger public, paramilitary groups are often used to commit atrocities and they often recruit mainly among criminals, said to be used to violence and brutality and wanting to enjoy an occasion to loot. The lumpenproletariat has been described as being

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rebels in India were made of "some intellectuals and lumpen proletariat. Their main target was policemen—and they thought that if the police force could be torn apart, so could society." Political scientist Atul Kohli claimed in his 2001 book that "variety of lumpen groups, especially unemployed

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to describe an underclass of campaign workers and supporters – "veterans of the Biden campaign" – who were cast aside during post-election White House staffing, thus carrying on a tradition in Democratic politics of abandoning loyal political workers in favor of well-connected political elites.

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The frustrations and the anger associated with unemployment and being on welfare are compounded by the lack of such fundamental necessities as food, clothing, and shelter among some of the disreputable poor. It would seem self-evident that such an environment of absolute deprivation may be the

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not involved in industrial production who are unaware of the dominant colonial ideology and are therefore, "ready, capable and willing to revolt against the colonial status quo for liberation." He described them as "one of the most spontaneous and the most radically revolutionary forces of a

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argued that the SPD, thus, lost touch with the "militancy of the classes which it claimed to represent, a militancy which found expression in frequent outbursts of spontaneous collective protest, both political and industrial, at moments of high social and political tension." For many German

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as a potential organized threat if the party did not mobilize them. Seale included "the brother who's pimping, the brother who's hustling, the unemployed, the downtrodden, the brother who's robbing banks, who's not politically conscious" in his definition of the

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as being characterized by "shiftlessness, lack of discipline, hatred of the old, but impotence to construct anything new, an individualistic declassed 'personality' whose actions are based only on foolish caprices." In a 1932 article on "How Mussolini Triumphed"

2827:(1867) Marx claimed legislation which turned soldiers and peasants "en masse into beggars, robbers, vagabonds, partly from inclination, in most cases from stress of circumstances." By this he deviated from his focus on the vicious and degenerate behavior of the 3800:

in 1973, to describe the newly emerging "class of semi-organized, rugged, and semi-literate soldiery which has begun to claim a share of power and influence in what would otherwise have become a heavily privileged meritocracy of the educated" in post-colonial

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in their rhetoric, particularly to indicate the scope of their view of a "desirable" working class and exclude the non-respectable poor. By the early 20th century, the German Marxist tradition saw workers outside the SPD and/or labor unions as members of the

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reformatories suggests that anti-state resistance from members of the oppressed masses was essential to early-PRC rhetoric because it validated claims about the devastating effects of the old society and the transformative power of socialist 'truth'."

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in 1982, noted that it is one of the older terms in a "long line of labels that stigmatize poor people for their poverty by focusing exclusively on individual characteristics." He listed the following synonyms: "underclass", "undeserving poor", and

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As soon as they went into action, they drew around them a cloud of even poorer people, a lumpenproletariat of street boys, rag-pickers, car-washers and homeless unemployed. For these people the genocide was the best thing that could ever happen to

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essentially parasitical group was largely the remains of older, obsolete stages of social development, and that it could not normally play a progressive role in history. Indeed, because it acted only out of socially ignorant self-interest, the

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They used the term exclusively with negative connotations, although their works lack "consistent and clearly reasoned definition" of the term. They used the term in various publications "for diverse purposes and on several levels of meaning."

2506:". The word is used in some languages as a pejorative. In English it may be used in an informal disapproving manner to "describe people who are not clever or well educated, and who are not interested in changing or improving their situation." 5873: 3425:

the tough-on-crime stance on African Americans has been caused by political manipulation of public fears of a lumpen underclass threatening the majority as African Americans were perceived to have turned to crime due to losing in the

3712:. He found that some 450–500 members of the working class had joined the liberal-conservative party, which was led by landowners, industrialists, and professionals in hopes of getting recommendation that would allow them to join 2671:

is passive decaying matter of the lowest layers of the old society, is here and there thrust into the movement by a proletarian revolution; in accordance with its whole way of life, it is more likely to sell out to reactionary

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had a dual nature. Simultaneously, they were "victimized members of the laboring masses and untrustworthy elements with 'parasitic inclinations'", which made them waver between revolution and counterrevolution. He believed that

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s'identifie à ce discours populiste contre une victime proche et constitue la force de frappe de ces milices aux noms fleuris: les Tigres d'Arkan, les Scorpions serbes, les Interahamwe (« ceux qui sont ensemble ») du

2757:, which forms a mass clearly distinguished from the industrial proletariat in all large cities, a recruiting ground for thieves and criminals of all kinds, living on the refuse of society, people without a fixed line of work. 3178:, groups as the latter were supportive of the Portuguese colonial police, while the former, in the absence of a developed proletariat in Guinea and Cape Verde, played a dynamic role in anti-colonialist struggle. Historian 2795:

with questionable means of support and of dubious origin, degenerate and adventurous scions of the bourgeoisie, there were vagabonds, discharged soldiers, discharged convicts, runaway galley slaves, swindlers, charlatans,

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underclass, like lumpen proletariat, is also a suitable concept for those who, like Karl Marx, want to identify a group shaped and dominated by a society's economic and political forces but who have no productive

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were described as recruiting among the lumpenproletariat. Eighty percent of the Bosnian Serb paramilitary troops were said to be criminals, and Croat and Bosnian units similarly drew criminals into their ranks.

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in the 1960s, has been adopted as a sociological term. However, what some consider to be its vagueness and its history as a term of abuse has led to some criticism. Some revolutionary groups, most notably the

2978:, and criminal elements) has become particularly widespread under capitalism. It is recruited from various classes and is incapable of organized political struggle. It constitutes, along with the 3330:. I have in mind the 'riffraff', that 'rabble' almost unpolluted by bourgeois civilization, which carries in its inner being and in its aspirations all the seeds of the socialism of the future... 3202:

in the US has mostly been African American due to the nation being racially constituted. It is primarily indicated by the high unemployment and incarceration rates among African Americans. The

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had given battle to the working proletariat. It had, as was to be expected, put itself at the disposal of the bourgeoisie." Thoburn notes that Marx makes his most detailed descriptions of the

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was easily bribed by reactionary forces and could be used to combat the true proletariat in its efforts to bring about the end of bourgeois society. Without a clear class-consciousness, the

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Besieged; Seven Cities Under Siege: Madrid, 1936-1939; London, 1940-1941; Singapore, 1941-1942; Stalingrad, 1942-1943; Warsaw, 1939, 1943, 1944; Jerusalem, 1947-1949; Berlin, 1945-1949

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population consisted of sex workers, vagrant gangs, and theft rings and were political problems that threatened the internal security of China. Following the Communist victory in the

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has sometimes been rendered as "social scum", "dangerous classes", "ragamuffin", and "ragged-proletariat". It has been described by some scholars and theorists, as well as the Soviet

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regarded as making no useful contribution to society, or as lacking taste, culture, etc. Also more generally: the intelligentsia collectively, regarded as worthless or powerless."

3790:, where the so described class is complicit in maintaining a flow of resources from, and at the expense of, their own poor states at the "periphery" to a "core" of wealthy states 5048:

Hayes III, Floyd W.; Kiene III, Francis A. (1998). ""All Power to the People": The Political Thought of Huey P. Newton and The Black Panther Party". In Jones, Charles E. (ed.).

3011:". However, it was used to label labor movements in capitalist countries which were not pro-Soviet. Soviet authorities and scholars instead reserved other terms for their own 318: 283: 3782:

was coined by German Socialist writers in the 1920s, in part to explain the rise of Hitler and National Socialism. It was reinvented and made popular again by sociologist

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that eternal 'meat', that great rabble of the people (underdogs, 'dregs of society') ordinarily designated by Marx and Engels in the picturesque and contemptuous phrase

7034: 6083:– the possibility of gaining visibility and patriotic 'dignity' and of claiming their own portion of the Armenians' 'abandoned' wealth, however restricted that might be. 3167: 3083:

were interned into government-run reeducation centers. Some 500,000 people were interned into 920 such centers by 1953. Historian Aminda Smith notes that the "case of

3112:, believed that the working class in the US "having been bought up by the consumer society, has lost all class consciousness" and lay the hopes for revolution on the 6980:

Hayes, Peter. “Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx’s Reasoning in ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.’” The Review of Politics 50, no. 3 (1988): 445–65.

2806:, organ grinders, rag-pickers, knife-grinders, tinkers, beggars; in short, the entirely undefined, disintegrating mass, thrown hither and yon, which the French call 2451: 103: 2622:'s "self-professed radical constituency of the Lumpen or ragamuffin." The first work written solely by Marx to mention the term was an article published in the 8088: 2576:, "Marx was combating the established view that the entire working class was a dangerous and immoral element. He drew a line between the proletariat and the 2952:

as "the countless human beings whom finance capital itself has brought to desperation and frenzy." He argued that capitalism used them through fascism. The

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could not play a positive role in society. Instead, it exploited society for its own ends, and was in turn exploited as a tool of destruction and reaction.

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Henderson, Errol A. (1997). "The Lumpenproletariat as Vanguard?: The Black Panther Party, Social Transformation, and Pearson's Analysis of Huey Newton".

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A variety of lumpen groups, especially unemployed youth in northern India, have joined right-wing proto-fascist movements in recent years – such as RSS

5813: 5666: 2773:," a claim he made repeatedly. He argued that he bought his supporters with "gifts and loans, these were the limits of the financial science of the 9051: 7691: 6113: 5479: 1574: 4810: 3416:

warned that the US is in danger of creating "a permanent underclass, a self‐perpetuating culture of poverty, a substantial 'lumpen proletariat'."

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due to their supposed unpredictability due to "their ignorance and incomprehension." Colonial forces could make a use of them as hired soldiers.

6144: 5955: 4769: 7302: 7282: 7098: 6476: 3210:." They adopted Fanon's viewpoint regarding the revolutionary potential of the group. Pulido claims the emphasis the Black Panthers put on the 2892:—especially prostitutes and pimps—was not only a "political-moral problem, but also an objective, biological danger to the health of society." 433: 63: 6680:

Cowling, Mark (2002). "Marx's Lumpenproletariat and Murray's Underclass: Concepts Best Abandoned?". In Cowling, Mark; Martin, James (eds.).

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Abdullah, Ibrahim (2006). "Culture, consciousness and armed conflict: Cabral's déclassé/(lumpenproletariat?) in the era of globalization".

58: 3387:, lacking social consciousness, self-absorbed or self-interested, at a distance from organised or sanctioned forms of labour, and so on." 8816: 8691: 6192: 3364:" as they were "parasites who lacked ambition and many of them had become habitual criminals." The Romani were seen in post-World War II 6058: 5365: 5256: 3273:

and that its political impact is "pernicious" and an "obstacle to clear analysis." Laura Pulido argues that there is a diversity in the

8701: 7317: 7020: 6944:(1984). "The Rehabilitation of the Rabble: How and why Marx and Engels wrongly depicted the lumpenproletariat as a reactionary force". 4293: 3547: 203: 78: 6031: 5982: 4727:(1979). "'Red Wednesday' in Hamburg: Social democrats, police and Lumpenproletariat in the suffrage disturbances of 17 January 1906". 3740:

crimes (or "predatory crimes") as those intended for purely personal profit. In a 1986 study sociologist David Brownfield defined the

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in 2015 to describe Trump's "biggest fans", who he believed "are not to be relied upon in the conservative cause" in the same way the

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Fleiter, Andreas (2014). "Class, Youth, and Sexuality in the Construction of the Lustmorder Punishment on the Path to Socialism". In

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The term was rarely used in the Soviet Union to describe any portion of the Soviet society because, Hemmerle argues, following the

5249:Žižek and Communist Strategy: On the Disavowed Foundations of Global Capitalism: On the Disavowed Foundations of Global Capitalism 4842: 8808: 8746: 6796:"Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China" 5719: 5512: 2719: 313: 6236: 5445:

Rorke, Bernard (2007). "No Longer and Not Yet: Between Exclusion and Emancipation". In Nicolae, Valeriu; Slavik, Hannah (eds.).

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as the former failed to develop class consciousness, which led to a racial, and not social, explanation of economic inequality.

8788: 8119: 7765: 6219: 5450: 5421: 4127: 2823: 1007: 989: 418: 2777:, both the low and the exalted. Never had a President speculated more stupidly on the stupidity of the masses." For Marx, the 8783: 7515: 7257: 7003: 6521: 6246: 6202: 6154: 6123: 6068: 6041: 5992: 5965: 5649: 5458: 4908: 4850: 4571: 3876: 1902: 1829: 273: 1379: 8793: 6734:

Hayes, Peter (1988). "Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx's Reasoning in 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'".

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youth in northern India, have joined right-wing proto-fascist movements in recent years," especially the Hindu nationalist

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and "and not in the bourgeois strata of workers, are there crystallised the entire intelligence and power of the coming

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It was mainly the poorer strata of Serbian society, the lumpenproletariat or rural poor, who gave birth to Bokan's and

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Bussard, Robert L. (1987). "The 'dangerous class' of Marx and Engels: The rise of the idea of the Lumpenproletariat".

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of 1917 "millions of people passed through economic conditions that bore a resemblance to the traditional meaning of

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cited disorder and violence as two of the most prominent characteristics of the disreputable poor. In his 1977 book

2869:. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, rioting and violence was often attributed by the SPD and its newspaper 8686: 7732: 7706: 1960: 1907: 572: 213: 2663:

is commonly translated in English editions as the "dangerous class" and the "social scum", Marx and Engels wrote:

7661: 7603: 7118: 5874:"BJP's faultline stands exposed: Hindutva preaches Hindu unity, yet attacks Dalits in the name of cow protection" 1414: 964: 662: 540: 238: 138: 93: 4457: 2781:

represented those who were "corrupt, reactionary and without a clear sense of class-consciousness." He wrote in

8676: 7372: 4021: 3232: 460: 358: 338: 243: 168: 5667:"The Lumpenproletariat: The Long-Discarded Economic Theory That Helps Explain An Increasingly Divided America" 562: 8969: 8741: 8736: 8220: 7578: 7465: 7267: 5176:, p. 144: Chris Booker, "Lumpenization: A Critical Error of the Black Panther Party," in Charles Jones, 4536: 2555: 2174: 1709: 612: 381: 263: 6096: 9061: 8964: 8798: 8763: 8714: 8438: 7646: 7475: 7430: 7367: 7223: 7198: 7163: 6800: 4240: 3615: 1384: 1264: 438: 353: 193: 2650:

is a "phenomenon that occurs in a more or less developed form in all the so far known phases of society".

41: 8918: 8908: 8775: 7983: 7362: 6566: 6505: 5791: 4378: 4168: 3935: 3657: 3543: 2302:

coined the word in the 1840s and used it to refer to the unthinking lower strata of society exploited by

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Ragged Revolutionaries: The Lumpenproletariat and African American Marxism in. Depression-Era Literature

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bands, and in other ways. The lumpen proletariat disappears with the abolition of the capitalist system.

8898: 8237: 7758: 7631: 7573: 6564:(1973). "The Lumpen Proletariat and the Lumpen Militariat: African Soldiers as a New Political Class". 5838: 5300: 5252: 4441: 4424: 3940: 2642: 2422:, a French word adopted as a common Marxist term for the class of wage earners in a capitalist system. 1664: 1639: 1564: 927: 725: 163: 3674:

were convicts recruited in prison or bandits who joined governmental forces. Marc Lavergne, author of

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Mark Cowling argued that there is considerable similarity in both definition and function between the

9036: 8923: 8863: 7460: 7377: 7183: 5578: 4579: 4489: 3130: 2954: 2367: 1804: 811: 695: 413: 308: 268: 198: 183: 6490: 5180:, Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998, p. 341; Errol Henderson, "Black Nationalism and Rap Music," 8868: 8858: 8215: 8027: 7525: 7485: 6331: 5196: 4729: 4451: 4432: 3832:"The Marxist term for this underclass, the lumpenproleteriat, conveys distinctly negative images." 3063:, the organized crime syndicates, "can become revolutionary given proper leadership". According to 2209: 2167: 1897: 258: 178: 128: 5743: 582: 9015: 8913: 8848: 7701: 7352: 7068: 6486: 6057:

Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (2019-04-25).

6010: 5748: 5417: 5353: 4963: 4866: 3556: 3489: 3206:, most prominent revolutionary socialists in post-war US, "thought of much of their following as 3060: 2655: 2624: 2615: 2062: 2042: 875: 607: 490: 343: 303: 123: 118: 73: 6727: 2839:", which capitalists used as times required. Thus "vagabonds, criminals, prostitutes" and other 8873: 8502: 8244: 7520: 7208: 7168: 7123: 6736: 6481: 6426: 6263: 5641: 4047: 2836: 2693: 1990: 1314: 720: 652: 642: 630: 5504: 4517: 4073: 8928: 8903: 8893: 8883: 8878: 8731: 7799: 7751: 7696: 7500: 7440: 7178: 7083: 6638: 6373: 5550: 5023: 4871: 4695:

Stewart, Michael (2002). "Deprivation, the Roma and 'the underclass'". In Hann, C. M. (ed.).

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more likely to adhere to doctrines calling for ethnic cleansing and to organize in militias.

3498: 3417: 3187: 3183: 2482: 2307: 1134: 979: 555: 363: 278: 223: 7272: 6989: 6839:

Stallybrass, Peter (Summer 1990). "Marx and Heterogeneity: Thinking the Lumpenproletariat".

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Stephenson, Svetlana (2006). "Soviet Outcasts: Displacement, Expulsion and Self-expulsion".

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Fanon revived the term, long having been disappeared from left-wing discourse, in this book

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Sudan, Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic Cleansing by Government and Miltia Forces in Western Sudan

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Labor Immigration Under Capitalism: Asian Workers in the United States Before World War II

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of weapons" by Black Panthers was caused by the disproportionately high membership of the

3116:—the social outcasts—led by intellectuals. Marcuse, along with Afro-Caribbean philosopher 2469:

and more likely to act as paid agents than to have any progressive role in class struggle.

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followed Marx's arguments and dismissed the revolutionary potential of the group, while

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Flint, Julie; Watch (Organization), Human Rights; Rone, Jemera; Lefkow, Leslie (2004).

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Lumpenbourgeoisie: Lumpendevelopment: dependence, class, and politics in Latin America

3970: 2493:. Scholars note its negative connotations. Economist Richard McGahey, writing for the 1594: 8453: 8190: 8143: 8081: 7910: 7641: 7593: 7435: 7402: 7342: 7307: 7203: 7078: 6999: 6969: 6831: 6780: 6765: 6693: 6672: 6628: 6587: 6542: 6517: 6401: 6339: 6283: 6242: 6198: 6150: 6119: 6064: 6060:

The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism

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simply refuses to obey the laws) are accordingly natural leaders". Bakunin stated:

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hoped to gain respectability and wealth through their participation in genocide.

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is a component of the proletariat, unlike his earlier works. He claimed that the

2569: 2409: 2084: 1975: 1927: 1922: 1834: 1769: 1749: 1689: 1584: 1559: 1524: 1519: 1509: 1479: 1434: 1424: 1289: 1229: 1184: 1149: 1129: 1089: 1064: 910: 829: 525: 455: 188: 3637:, who recruited among the poorer elements of the population, started to draw a " 1494: 8681: 8625: 8464: 8421: 8349: 8093: 8064: 7989: 7943: 7885: 7842: 7530: 7495: 7312: 7173: 7148: 7143: 7133: 7103: 5715: 5610: 5209: 4765: 4531: 4394: 4269:...Marx had a name for these proletarians who had not yet seen the light — the 4123: 3770: 3476: 3452: 3447: 3261: 3219: 2924: 2551: 2342: 2089: 1917: 1819: 1754: 1744: 1734: 1729: 1649: 1629: 1619: 1609: 1599: 1569: 1549: 1489: 1484: 1469: 1454: 1444: 1364: 1334: 1329: 1319: 1244: 1219: 1209: 1204: 1179: 1169: 1144: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1024: 705: 637: 592: 368: 208: 6883: 6814: 6795: 6749: 6620: 5001:

Winter, Mary (May 1974). "Class Consciousness and the British Working Class".

4742: 2717:

in his writings of the revolutionary turmoil in France between 1848 and 1852:

1344: 9030: 8522: 8319: 8108: 7978: 7968: 7926: 7900: 7895: 7832: 7792: 7671: 7490: 7392: 7382: 7287: 6973: 6287: 5385: 5354:"Marxism and Anarchism: The Philosophical Roots of the Marx-Bakunin Conflict" 5003: 4410: 3634: 3357: 3353: 2989: 2885: 2738: 2686: 1784: 1654: 1644: 1554: 1429: 1309: 1284: 1279: 1249: 1174: 1079: 1029: 954: 939: 885: 859: 617: 398: 6960:(December 1972). "The Concept of the Lumpenproletariat in Marx and Engels". 8555: 8482: 8261: 8251: 8170: 7920: 7827: 7777: 7608: 7550: 7357: 7322: 7218: 5763: 5409: 4893:

Crossing the Line: Vagrancy, Homelessness and Social Displacement in Russia

4834: 3598: 3594: 3494: 3464: 3365: 3117: 2945: 2909: 2905: 2893: 2803: 2766: 2611: 2478: 2362: 2346: 2327: 2027: 1849: 1824: 1789: 1719: 1714: 1699: 1684: 1634: 1624: 1474: 1459: 1449: 1399: 1369: 1354: 1339: 1304: 1124: 1084: 1034: 984: 905: 849: 6711: 6165:'s volunteers, as well as to many members of the Eagles and Arkan's Tigers 3823:"the lumpen proletariat, or what today might be called the 'underclass'." 3700:, an Italian Marxist historian, argued to have confirmed in his 1953 book 3301:"celebrated the lumpenproletariat as authentic rebels." Anarchist thinker 2843:

formed an element within the "surplus population" in a capitalist system.

2802:, pickpockets, tricksters, gamblers, procurers, brothel keepers, porters, 2439: 8719: 8550: 8540: 8490: 8472: 8383: 8344: 8138: 8049: 8032: 7583: 7555: 7327: 7128: 7073: 6927: 6913: 6908: 6868:"Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable" 6685: 6359: 5869: 5377: 5292: 4878: 3725: 3649: 3630: 3580:, prisoners were pardoned and released from prison to serve in bands, or 3551: 3298: 3286: 3249: 3215: 3139: 3124:

are potentially leading forces in a revolutionary movement. According to

3064: 2932: 2619: 2565: 2418: 2377: 2319: 2303: 1864: 1809: 1764: 1659: 1604: 1529: 1359: 1349: 1254: 1234: 1194: 1119: 1109: 1099: 900: 597: 470: 153: 88: 6823: 4802:

Labour Markets, Identities, Controversies: Reviews and Essays, 1982–2016

3437:, as proposed by Marx, and the contemporary theory of the underclass by 2871: 8565: 7905: 7565: 7445: 7113: 6957: 6858: 6757: 6561: 5984:

La Fabrication de l'ennemi: ou Comment tuer avec sa conscience pour soi

5787: 4955: 4260: 4189: 3797: 3514: 3401: 3376: 3305:, who was dubbed "the lumpen prince" by Engels, wrote that only in the 3027: 2901: 2749:

were set up "to set one segment of the proletariat against the other":

2547: 2486: 2423: 2354: 2350: 2287: 1859: 1669: 1499: 1409: 1404: 1394: 1274: 1199: 1159: 1154: 994: 794: 769: 465: 83: 6981: 3372:

and were, therefore, subject to an aggressive policy of assimilation.

2900:

and not the "militant industrial proletariat" that mostly suffer from

8611: 8606: 8573: 8545: 8433: 8428: 8364: 8339: 8286: 8200: 7915: 7847: 7666: 7656: 7480: 7470: 7397: 4800: 4796: 3859:

Hemmerle, O.B. (2006). "Lumpenproletariat". In Odekon, Mehmet (ed.).

3670: 3601: 3356:, the head of Nazi Germany's efforts to track the genealogies of the 3294: 2985: 2589: 2515: 2397: 2295: 2094: 2037: 1985: 1965: 1794: 1419: 1014: 969: 779: 6850: 6510:

Die Internationale: Zeitschrift für Praxis und Theorie des Marxismus

4181: 4033: 3441:, an American conservative political scientist. Although Murray and 8620: 8592: 8578: 8445: 8411: 8369: 8354: 8314: 8059: 6421:

Class, State, and Crime: On Theory and Practice of Criminal Justice

6217: 5795: 5772: 4549: 4397:(2013). "The Lumpenproletariat, the Subaltern, the Mental Asylum". 3538: 3392: 3150:

Fanon's use of the term prompted debates and studies, including by

3015:

groups, especially "déclassé elements" (деклассированные элементы,

2709:, a militia which suppressed the workers' uprising: "The organized 2438:

shifted from being a person dressed in rags in the 17th century to

2020: 2015: 1814: 895: 5119:

The State of Africa: A History Of The Continent Since Independence

8616: 8601: 8597: 8359: 8309: 8301: 8291: 8195: 8183: 8042: 7938: 7932: 7053: 6015: 2993: 2975: 789: 33: 6504:

Luxemburg, Rosa; Mehring, Franz; Schneller, Ernst, eds. (1925).

4440:(1926). "The Economic Situation and Social Classes in Germany". 3716:, the largest local employer, which refused to hire socialists. 8588: 8401: 8334: 8274: 8269: 8076: 7743: 7623: 6776:

Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles

6636:

Brownfield, David (1986). "Social Class and Violent Behavior".

6005: 5792:"People are pissed: Tensions rise amid scramble for Biden jobs" 5531:"Panel Proposes Broad Changes in Education and Job Preparation" 3665: 3622: 3554:

to "lumpen Hindu fanaticism" and to "lumpen and self-appointed

3120:

and other radical intellectuals, proposed that elements of the

3043: 2996: 784: 6194:

The New European Criminology: Crime and Social Order in Europe

6056: 4052:

Marxism, Communism, and Western Society: Class, Class struggle

3079:

and the proclamation of the People's Republic of China (PRC),

2269: 2150: 319:

Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice

8396: 8324: 7875: 6162: 2607: 6191:

Ruggiero, Vincenzo; South, Nigel; Taylor, Ian (2002-09-11).

4222: 4220: 4218: 3404:

protests in 2013–14, were characterized as lumpen elements.

3293:

should be designated as a revolutionary class. According to

3186:

used "the lumpen-proletariat of the slums" to help with his

8406: 7948: 7455: 4944: 3769:, to depreciatively describe in Britain, "a section of the 3505:'s phrase to characterize some Trump supporters during the 3168:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

2275: 2272: 2254: 2242: 284:

An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital

6682:

Marx's 'Eighteenth Brumaire': (Post)Modern Interpretations

6457: 6445: 6433: 6146:

Thinking Differently: A Reader in European Women's Studies

5720:"Donald Trump's Popularity – It's Corrupting Conservatism" 5273: 4697:

Postsocialism: Ideals, Ideologies and Practices in Eurasia

4664: 4098: 4096: 3708:

is essentially a conservative force based on his study of

3166:

being used in anti-colonialist liberation revolution. His

6503: 6014:, et les groupes paramilitaires en Colombie, les groupes 4630: 4628: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4215: 4056:...declassed groups (the Lumpen- proletariat, beggars)... 2988:. The bourgeoisie makes use of the lumpen proletariat as 2970:

a declassed strata in an antagonistic society (including

2456:

to include the chronically unemployed, the homeless, and

2260: 2233: 6238:

Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State

5814:"Terror Is Past, but Calcutta Is Uneasy Over Repression" 5474:

Gelder, Ken (2007). "Subcultures and Cultural Studies".

5130: 5128: 4982: 4917: 4383:(3rd ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. p. 93. 4360: 4358: 4205: 4203: 4166:(1992). "The Urban Underclass and the Poverty Paradox". 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3567: 2452:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

104:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

7042: 5695:"Donald Trump: A New Emperor of the Lumpenproletariat?" 5098: 5074: 4934: 4932: 4093: 3289:

wrote in 2010 that classical anarchists argue that the

3091: 2879:

working in collusion with the secret police. Historian

2618:, never becoming more than a "proletarian rabble " and 16:

Marxist term to describe a subsection of the underclass

5591: 5449:. International Debate Education Association. p. 5333: 5321: 5140: 4958:(1967). "Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society". 4652: 4625: 4613: 4601: 4338: 4319: 4300: 4144: 3483:

was not to be relied upon for a socialist revolution.

3414:

Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education

3100:

deviated from the orthodox Marxist viewpoint that the

5167: 5125: 5086: 4837:(2005). Banerjee, Aninda; Sarkar, Saurobijay (eds.). 4429:

The Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

4355: 4200: 3951: 3916: 3897: 3885: 2851: 2245: 2227: 6143:

Griffin, Gabrielle; Braidotti, Rosi (October 2002).

6079:(bands) offered even deprived strata of society – a 4970: 4929: 4676: 4640: 4463: 4088:...population of declassed or lumpen proletariat.... 2831:

in his writings on France. Instead he described the

2314:. They dismissed the revolutionary potential of the 2278: 2266: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2239: 2230: 6190: 5476:

Subcultures: Cultural Histories and Social Practice

3463:Several commentators and researchers have analyzed 2606:, written in 1845–46. They used it to describe the 2263: 2236: 6506:"Zeitschrift für Praxis und Theorie des Marxismus" 6418: 6363: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5039: 3407: 3277:population, especially in terms of consciousness. 2919: 5987:(in French). Groupe Robert Laffont. p. 122. 3108:, an American philosopher and sociologist of the 2404:are generally considered to have coined the term 9028: 7692:Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun 6394:Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams 6142: 5931:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5921:. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. 5892:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5882:. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. 4592:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4120:Underclass: A History of the Excluded Since 1880 3421:possess them." According to political scientist 3368:eastern and central Europe as an example of the 3143:colonized people." He was not uncritical of the 6328:Radical Space: Building the House of the People 5957:Perpetrating Genocide: A Criminological Account 5692: 5633: 5036: 3758:Several terms have been coined in imitation of 5664: 3138:as the peasantry in colonial societies of the 2580:to defend the moral character of the former." 2416:, which is usually translated as "ragged" and 7759: 7028: 6241:. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–111. 6018:du Congo ou les cavaliers Janjawid du Soudan. 3749:breeding grounds for discontent and violence. 3608:recruited poachers and criminals to wage the 2685:A depiction of the 1848 uprising in Paris by 2175: 64:The Condition of the Working Class in England 8663: 8443: 5517:The lumpen elements now known as titushky... 4762:Crime and Criminal Justice in Modern Germany 3460:and the bright human beings who tend them." 3198:Laura Pulido argues that, historically, the 2908:, pre-World War I leader of the SPD, linked 2550:suggested that the concept has its roots in 2489:" is considered to be the modern synonym of 2473:In English translations of Marx and Engels, 59:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 6838: 5768:"The Final Solution: The Lumpenproletariat" 4582:. Archived from the original on 2017-10-31. 4113: 4111: 3861:Encyclopedia of World Poverty Volume 1: A-G 3375:Ken Gelder noted that in cultural studies, 3104:lacks significant revolutionary potential. 2509: 2310:forces, particularly in the context of the 7766: 7752: 7035: 7021: 6635: 6463: 6451: 6439: 5573: 5502: 4890: 4481: 4376: 4226: 4072:. University of California Press. p. 4054:. New York: Herder and Herder. p. 3. 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3214:was the party's hallmark. Its co-founders 2948:described the "declassed and demoralized" 2640:force throughout Europe." Engels wrote in 2182: 2168: 204:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses 79:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 7652:The East wind prevails over the West wind 6940: 6926: 6813: 6497: 6033:The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History 6029: 5833:Kohli, Atul, ed. (2001). "Introduction". 5738: 5193: 2763:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon 2726:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon 8651: 6604: 6115:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide 5953: 5907: 5808: 5714: 5555:"Restoring the Traditional Black Family" 5503:Kravchenko, Volodymyr (2 October 2014). 5363:. A Workers Action Pamphlet. p. 20. 5246: 5116: 5104: 5080: 4791: 4789: 4162: 4117: 4108: 4102: 3858: 3687: 3445:did not use the term in their 1994 book 3338: 3268:showed the limitations of his theory of 3231:. Newton called them "street brothers", 2733:he describes the finance aristocracy of 2692: 2680: 2676: 9052:Measurements and definitions of poverty 6906: 6865: 6706: 6679: 6658: 6413: 6111: 5615:"What Is Intelligence, and Who Has It?" 5597: 5528: 5513:Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies 5376: 5339: 5327: 5279: 5146: 5092: 5021: 4950: 4839:Fascism: What It Is And How To Fight It 4833: 4755: 4694: 4670: 4658: 4634: 4619: 4607: 4377:Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1976) . 4364: 4349: 4332: 4313: 4294:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 4238: 4150: 3957: 3922: 3910: 3891: 3845: 2753:They belonged for the most part to the 2720:The Class Struggles in France 1848-1850 2514:According to historian Robert Bussard, 2330:are usually included in this category. 314:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany 9029: 6956: 6772: 6560: 6541:, New York, NY: Monthly Review Press, 6063:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 298. 6036:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 184. 5980: 5609: 5549: 5473: 5291: 5173: 5134: 5000: 4954: 4530: 4482:Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1888). 4436: 4393: 4387: 4209: 4046: 3586:. Criminals and other elements of the 3280: 3193: 990:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 8650: 8007: 7747: 7016: 6987: 6793: 6733: 6536: 6391: 6358: 6261: 6234: 6224:. Human Rights Watch. pp. 48–49. 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5868: 5832: 5786: 5780: 5529:Maeroff, Gene I. (28 November 1979). 5444: 5351: 5229: 5227: 5158: 4988: 4976: 4938: 4923: 4795: 4786: 4723: 4682: 4646: 4469: 4067: 3946:German, literally: ragged proletariat 3692: 3568:Genocides and crimes against humanity 3467:'s political base as modern American 3360:, considered them a "highly inferior 2927:called socialist attempts to recruit 2628:in November 1848 which described the 2208: 1903:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 274:Change the World Without Taking Power 6325: 6094: 5762: 5408: 4259: 3987: 3648:The various Serbian militias of the 3509:campaign, to Marx's rhetoric of the 3313:." Thoburn writes that for him, the 3264:argued that Marx's dismissal of the 3243: 3092:Views on its revolutionary potential 2614:who were midway between freemen and 2583: 2434:. Bussard noted that the meaning of 7043:Marxist phraseology and terminology 5693:Clyde W. Barrow (August 30, 2020). 5665:Jonathan Russo (December 9, 2020). 5414:The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies 5237:. New York: New York UP, 2010. Web. 4022:"Glossary of Communist Terminology" 3676: 3582: 3383:of class, closer in kind to Marx's 2561:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 229:Marxism and the Oppression of Women 159:Theses on the Philosophy of History 13: 8009: 8008: 6900: 6779:. University of California Press. 6652:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00384.x 6580:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1973.tb01413.x 6425:. New York: D. McKay Co. pp. 6262:Simon, Catherine (February 2005). 5940: 5224: 4494:Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company 4239:McGahey, Richard (12 March 1982). 3537:, claimed in 1973 that the Maoist 2860:(SPD) was one of the first to use 2858:Social Democratic Party of Germany 2852:Social Democratic Party of Germany 2846: 2835:as part of the what he called an " 2335:Social Democratic Party of Germany 14: 9073: 7293:Commanding heights of the economy 7159:Primitive accumulation of capital 6996:University of Massachusetts Press 6030:Kévorkian, Raymond (2011-03-30). 4534:(1968). "Marx's Use of "Class"". 3988:Holt, Justin P. (2014). "Class". 3525: 2337:made wide use of the term by the 2322:. Among other groups, criminals, 249:Time, Labor and Social Domination 9047:Stereotypes of the working class 9011: 9010: 7773: 7707:Revolution is not a dinner party 7677:Whole-process people's democracy 6946:Netherlands Journal of Sociology 6909:"Marx and the Lumpenproletariat" 6554: 6530: 6469: 6384: 6352: 6319: 6294: 6255: 6228: 6211: 6184: 5835:The Success of India's Democracy 5178:Black Panther Party Reconsidered 4485:Manifesto of the Communist Party 4265:Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism 3349:officer and a Romani woman, 1936 2588:The first collaborative work by 2223: 2149: 2137: 2125: 1961:21st-century communist theorists 299:Towards Socialism or Capitalism? 214:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 134:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value 40: 7604:Uneven and combined development 7119:Dictatorship of the proletariat 6597: 6149:. Zed Books. pp. 136–137. 6136: 6105: 6088: 6050: 6023: 5974: 5901: 5862: 5826: 5802: 5756: 5732: 5708: 5686: 5658: 5627: 5603: 5567: 5543: 5522: 5496: 5467: 5438: 5402: 5370: 5345: 5285: 5240: 5187: 5152: 5110: 5015: 4994: 4884: 4859: 4827: 4749: 4717: 4688: 4564: 4524: 4475: 4417: 4370: 4278: 4253: 4232: 4156: 4061: 4040: 3990:The Social Thought of Karl Marx 3826: 3817: 3533:, the Inspector General of the 3408:In American political discourse 2920:Bolsheviks and the Soviet Union 2632:as a "tool of reaction" in the 2464:website defines it as follows: 2210:[ˈlʊmpn̩pʁoletaʁi̯ˌaːt] 663:Theory of historical trajectory 541:Dictatorship of the proletariat 239:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy 139:History and Class Consciousness 94:Critique of the Gotha Programme 8652: 7373:Socially necessary labour time 5954:Anderson, Kjell (2017-11-23). 4953:, pp. 233, 241: cited in 4841:. Delhi: Aakar Books. p. 4431:, vol. 10, 397–482. New York: 4014: 3981: 3963: 3928: 3753: 2896:argued in 1890 that it is the 2380:, have sought to mobilize the 461:Socially necessary labour time 359:Philosophy in the Soviet Union 244:The Sublime Object of Ideology 169:A Critique of Soviet Economics 1: 7733:People's Multiparty Democracy 7283:Capitalist mode of production 7268:Critique of political economy 7099:Capitalist mode of production 6907:Bourdin, Jean-Claude (2013). 6176:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 6101:. Chilton Books. p. 190. 5981:Conesa, Pierre (2011-09-15). 5297:The Politics of Postanarchism 5121:. PublicAffairs. p. 246. 5022:Maisano, Chris (March 2011). 4537:American Journal of Sociology 3805: 3680:, described them as a "rural 3334: 2445: 2361:, popularized in the West by 382:Critique of political economy 7647:Continuous revolution theory 7368:Socialist mode of production 7224:Workers of the world, unite! 7199:Socialist mode of production 7164:Proletarian internationalism 6801:The Journal of Asian Studies 6673:10.1016/0191-6599(87)90164-1 6537:Frank, André Gunder (1972), 6280:10.1080/03064220512331339733 5579:"It's Not Just the Drug War" 3550:in India has been linked by 3256: 3222:viewed the African-American 3158:. The African revolutionary 2984:strata, the social basis of 2701:In an article analyzing the 2392: 419:Falling profit-rate tendency 194:The Society of the Spectacle 7: 7363:Simple commodity production 6302:"Dans la misère du Darfour" 6011:Muerte a los secuestradores 5509:Forum for Ukrainian Studies 4169:Political Science Quarterly 3719: 3544:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 3182:wrote that Ethiopian ruler 3069:Minister of Public Security 2387: 2357:could utilize it. The word 2318:and contrasted it with the 1893:Capitalism Nature Socialism 409:Concrete and abstract labor 294:Capital in the Anthropocene 219:Social Justice and the City 114:The Accumulation of Capital 10: 9078: 7858:Weberian (three-component) 7632:Antagonistic contradiction 7579:Degenerated workers' state 6866:Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). 6197:. Routledge. p. 291. 5960:. Routledge. p. 134. 5839:Cambridge University Press 5505:"Ukraine after Yanukovych" 5301:Edinburgh University Press 5253:Edinburgh University Press 5210:10.1177/002193479702800203 4443:The Peasant War in Germany 4425:The Peasant War in Germany 4423:Engels, Friedrich. 1978. " 4241:"Poverty's Voguish Stigma" 3941:Collins English Dictionary 3507:2016 presidential election 3297:, individualist anarchist 2814: 2643:The Peasant War in Germany 164:Dialectic of Enlightenment 9006: 8947: 8839: 8807: 8774: 8700: 8672: 8659: 8646: 8564: 8521: 8481: 8463: 8382: 8300: 8260: 8169: 8162: 8117: 8020: 8016: 8003: 7866: 7820: 7816: 7787: 7725: 7622: 7564: 7476:People's democratic state 7461:General line of the party 7416: 7252: 7184:Revolutionary spontaneity 7048: 6988:Mills, Nathaniel (2017). 6884:10.1080/03085140220151882 6815:10.1017/S0021911813001654 6794:Smith, Aminda M. (2013). 6750:10.1017/S0034670500036330 6661:History of European Ideas 6621:10.1080/14725840500268390 6264:"In the Misery of Darfur" 6235:Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2020). 5744:"The Trumpen Proletariat" 5184:26 (January 1996): 308–39 5163:. New York: Random House. 5117:Meredith, Martin (2011). 5024:"Letter to the Next Left" 4743:10.1080/03071027908567437 4580:Marxists Internet Archive 3487:used the term as well in 3131:The Wretched of the Earth 3039: 3017:deklassirovannye elementy 2955:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 2703:June 1848 events in Paris 2368:The Wretched of the Earth 309:Literature and Revolution 269:Late Victorian Holocausts 199:Pedagogy of the Oppressed 184:The Wretched of the Earth 9057:Social class subcultures 8980:Pre-industrial East Asia 7526:Socialism in one country 7486:Political rehabilitation 6392:Smith, Brent L. (1994). 6332:Cornell University Press 6112:Prunier, Gérard (1998). 6095:Bell, J. Bowyer (1966). 5634:Clyde W. Barrow (2020). 5247:McMillan, Chris (2012). 5235:The Young Lords a Reader 5197:Journal of Black Studies 5182:Journal of Black Studies 5050:The Black Panther Party 4960:Selected Works: Volume 1 4452:International Publishers 4411:10.1215/00382876-1891287 4399:South Atlantic Quarterly 4290:dictionary.cambridge.org 3400:thugs active during the 3162:was skeptical about the 3096:By the early 1970s some 3030:argued in 1939 that the 3022: 2697:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte 2554:thought and possibly in 2510:Usage by Marx and Engels 2426:argued that the root is 2408:. It is composed of the 259:The Origin of Capitalism 129:The State and Revolution 8028:Administrative detainee 7702:Revolutionary base area 7662:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 7574:Deformed workers' state 7353:Relations of production 7273:Accumulation of capital 7253:Sociology and economics 7069:Base and superstructure 7049:Philosophy and politics 6487:Oxford University Press 6380:. New York: Free Press. 6378:Class, Status and Power 6365:"The Disreputable Poor" 6326:Kohn, Margaret (2003). 6308:(in French). 2004-09-04 5749:The Wall Street Journal 5418:Oxford University Press 4964:Foreign Languages Press 4118:Welshman, John (2013). 3730:Class, State, and Crime 3490:The Wall Street Journal 3412:The 1979 report of the 3134:(1961). He defined the 2837:industrial reserve army 2783:The Eighteenth Brumaire 2656:The Communist Manifesto 2625:Neue Rheinische Zeitung 2502:". Another synonym is " 965:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 608:Relations of production 491:Base and superstructure 344:Dialectical materialism 304:The Revolution Betrayed 124:Terrorism and Communism 119:Philosophical Notebooks 74:The Communist Manifesto 8444: 7521:Socialist accumulation 7169:Proletarian revolution 7124:Historical materialism 6773:Pulido, Laura (2006). 6737:The Review of Politics 6482:OxfordDictionaries.com 6477:"lumpenintelligentsia" 6396:. SUNY Press. p. 6118:. Hurst. p. 231. 5642:University of Michigan 5551:Norton, Eleanor Holmes 3751: 3677:Le Soudan contemporain 3379:are "often positioned 3350: 3332: 3001: 2812: 2759: 2698: 2690: 2674: 2636:and as a "significant 2541: 2471: 1908:Historical Materialism 653:Proletarian revolution 648:Primitive accumulation 643:Historical determinism 8985:Pre-industrial Europe 7441:Democratic centralism 7084:Bourgeois nationalism 6962:Économies et Sociétés 6075:The formation of the 5909:Mungekar, Bhalchandra 5478:. Routledge. p. 5233:Enck-Wanzer, Darrel. 5159:Seale, Bobby (1970). 4879:original Russian text 4872:TheFreeDictionary.com 4699:. Routledge. p. 4448:Moissaye Joseph Olgin 4068:Cheng, Lucie (1984). 4032:Texas. Archived from 3975:TheFreeDictionary.com 3746: 3688:Sociological research 3499:basket of deplorables 3418:Eleanor Holmes Norton 3342: 3324: 3318:the countryside, the 3184:Mengistu Haile Mariam 2992:, as participants in 2968: 2962:perspective, defined 2787: 2769:as the "Chief of the 2751: 2696: 2684: 2677:In writings on France 2665: 2528: 2466: 2442:in the 19th century. 2308:counter-revolutionary 2144:Philosophy portal 1938:Science & Society 556:Democratic centralism 414:Factors of production 279:Caliban and the Witch 224:Women, Race and Class 8842: or countries 8653:By country or region 7891:Class discrimination 7682:One Divides Into Two 7589:Permanent revolution 7546:Democracy in Marxism 7506:Revolutionary terror 7303:Commodity production 7288:Crisis of capitalism 7194:Scientific socialism 7089:Bourgeois revolution 6928:10.3917/amx.054.0039 5718:(5 September 2015). 4867:"Lumpen Proletariat" 4267:. Dent. p. 60. 4048:Kernig, Claus Dieter 3767:lumpenintelligentsia 3732:, Marxist historian 3724:In 1966 sociologist 3702:Un comune socialista 3654:Serb Volunteer Guard 3562:Bhalchandra Mungekar 3270:economic determinism 2912:proletarians to the 2705:Engels wrote of the 2638:counterrevolutionary 2596:to feature the term 2156:Socialism portal 2132:Communism portal 2001:History of communism 1996:Economic determinism 1981:Criticism of Marxism 1971:Creative destruction 731:Marxism and religion 451:Scientific socialism 354:Philosophy of nature 234:Imagined Communities 99:Dialectics of Nature 9062:Marxist terminology 8374:Vanniar (Chieftain) 7599:Transitional demand 7466:National liberation 7451:Enemy of the people 7333:Means of production 7094:Bourgeois socialism 7079:Bourgeois democracy 6872:Economy and Society 6516:. Neue Kritik: 72. 6412:; original source: 6268:Index on Censorship 6008:, les milices MAS, 5672:Talking Points Memo 5637:The Dangerous Class 5613:(16 October 1994). 5282:, pp. 237–238. 5054:Black Classic Press 4991:, pp. 950–951. 4926:, pp. 939–940. 4758:Wetzell, Richard F. 4673:, pp. 685–686. 4572:"Lumpenproletariat" 4380:The German Ideology 4261:Carr, Edwar Hallett 4030:Communist Party USA 3971:"lumpenproletariat" 3936:"lumpenproletariat" 3606:Dirlewanger Brigade 3473:Trumpen Proletariat 3428:deindustrialization 3281:Anarchist criticism 3204:Black Panther Party 3194:Black Panther Party 3156:Charles van Onselen 2958:, written from the 2731:The Class Struggles 2634:revolutions of 1848 2603:The German Ideology 2572:by identifying the 2485:) group. The term " 2462:Communist Party USA 2374:Black Panther Party 2353:argued that proper 2339:turn of the century 2312:revolutions of 1848 2292:class consciousness 1888:Capital & Class 568:False consciousness 516:Commodity fetishism 506:Class consciousness 424:Means of production 254:The Age of Extremes 174:The Long Revolution 109:What Is to Be Done? 69:The German Ideology 8955:18th-century Spain 8809:Standard of living 8513:Upper middle class 8508:Lower middle class 8099:Political prisoner 7881:Chattering classes 7853:Spoon class theory 7712:Social imperialism 7536:Social imperialism 7408:Worker cooperative 7348:Production for use 7338:Mode of production 7189:Revolutionary wave 7154:Petite bourgeoisie 7064:Barracks communism 6608:African Identities 6374:Lipset, Seymour M. 5918:The Indian Express 5879:The Times of India 5819:The New York Times 5620:The New York Times 5560:The New York Times 5536:The New York Times 5382:Bakunin on Anarchy 5361:workerscompass.org 4897:Ashgate Publishing 4516:has generic name ( 4246:The New York Times 4036:on 8 January 2022. 3784:Andre Gunder Frank 3742:lumpen-proletariat 3698:Ernesto Ragionieri 3693:Political leanings 3535:West Bengal Police 3443:Richard Herrnstein 3351: 3059:elements, such as 3005:Russian Revolution 2884:socialists in the 2699: 2691: 2500:culture of poverty 2481:, as a declassed ( 2102:Worker cooperative 2080:Left-wing populism 2006:Left-wing politics 1943:Socialist Register 1933:Rethinking Marxism 726:Literary criticism 429:Mode of production 289:Capitalist Realism 149:The Black Jacobins 9024: 9023: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8835: 8834: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8536:Lumpenproletariat 8038:illegal immigrant 7999: 7998: 7911:Classless society 7741: 7740: 7642:Capitalist roader 7594:Social revolution 7436:Central Committee 7343:Productive forces 7308:Dominant ideology 7204:Super-imperialism 7139:Lumpenproletariat 7005:978-1-62534-279-9 6567:Political Studies 6523:978-3-8015-0077-1 6493:on July 31, 2017. 6248:978-0-19-882524-1 6204:978-1-134-71480-3 6156:978-1-84277-003-0 6125:978-1-85065-372-1 6081:lumpenproletariat 6070:978-1-78672-598-1 6043:978-0-85771-930-0 6001:lumpenprolétariat 5994:978-2-221-12736-0 5967:978-1-317-23438-8 5812:(25 April 1973). 5810:Weinraub, Bernard 5766:(30 March 2017). 5740:Henninger, Daniel 5651:978-0-472-12808-2 5575:Gottschalk, Marie 5460:978-1-932716-33-7 4910:978-0-7546-1813-3 4852:978-81-87879-44-2 4725:Evans, Richard J. 4514:|translator= 4438:Engels, Friedrich 4271:Lumpenproletariat 4164:Peterson, Paul E. 3878:978-1-4129-1807-7 3865:SAGE Publications 3794:lumpen militariat 3788:dependency theory 3779:lumpenbourgeoisie 3760:lumpenproletariat 3706:lumpenproletariat 3682:lumpenproletariat 3639:lumpenproletariat 3588:lumpenproletariat 3578:Armenian genocide 3546:(RSS). In 2010s, 3519:Biden Proletariat 3511:lumpenproletariat 3481:lumpenproletariat 3469:lumpenproletariat 3435:lumpenproletariat 3398:Viktor Yanukovych 3385:lumpenproletariat 3370:lumpenproletariat 3362:Lumpenproletariat 3328:lumpenproletariat 3320:lumpenproletariat 3315:lumpenproletariat 3311:Social Revolution 3307:lumpenproletariat 3291:lumpenproletariat 3266:lumpenproletariat 3250:Young Lords Party 3244:Young Lords Party 3238:lumpenproletariat 3229:lumpenproletariat 3224:lumpenproletariat 3212:lumpenproletariat 3208:lumpenproletarian 3200:lumpenproletariat 3176:lumpenproletariat 3145:lumpenproletariat 3136:lumpenproletariat 3122:lumpenproletariat 3114:lumpenproletariat 3102:lumpenproletariat 3085:lumpenproletariat 3081:lumpenproletariat 3077:Chinese Civil War 3073:lumpenproletariat 3057:lumpenproletariat 3052:lumpenproletariat 3032:lumpenproletariat 3013:lumpenproletariat 3009:lumpenproletariat 2964:lumpenproletariat 2950:lumpenproletariat 2941:lumpenproletariat 2929:lumpenproletariat 2914:lumpenproletariat 2898:lumpenproletariat 2890:lumpenproletariat 2877:lumpenproletariat 2867:lumpenproletariat 2862:lumpenproletariat 2841:lumpenproletariat 2833:lumpenproletariat 2829:lumpenproletariat 2789:Alongside ruined 2779:lumpenproletariat 2775:lumpenproletariat 2771:Lumpenproletariat 2755:lumpenproletariat 2743:lumpenproletariat 2715:lumpenproletariat 2711:lumpenproletariat 2669:lumpenproletariat 2661:lumpenproletariat 2648:lumpenproletariat 2630:lumpenproletariat 2598:lumpenproletariat 2584:In early writings 2578:lumpenproletariat 2574:lumpenproletariat 2537:lumpenproletariat 2533:lumpenproletariat 2524:lumpenproletariat 2491:lumpenproleteriat 2475:lumpenproletariat 2406:Lumpenproletariat 2382:Lumpenproletariat 2359:Lumpenproletariat 2316:Lumpenproletariat 2201:Lumpenproletariat 2192: 2191: 2033:Political ecology 2011:Marxian economics 950:Council communism 918: 917: 845:Neue Marx-Lektüre 807:Regulation school 696:Cultural analysis 588:Lumpenproletariat 531:Cultural hegemony 521:Communist society 511:Classless society 446:Productive forces 179:Guerrilla Warfare 52:Theoretical works 9069: 9037:1840s neologisms 9014: 9013: 8841: 8742:Mexican-American 8670: 8669: 8661: 8660: 8648: 8647: 8449: 8392:Business magnate 8282:Knowledge worker 8167: 8166: 8055:dual or multiple 8018: 8017: 8005: 8004: 7959:Social exclusion 7954:Social cleansing 7868: 7818: 7817: 7807:Economic classes 7768: 7761: 7754: 7745: 7744: 7717:Struggle session 7637:Anti-revisionism 7614:World revolution 7541:Soviet democracy 7426:Anti-revisionism 7418:Marxist–Leninist 7388:Subject of labor 7318:Free association 7261: 7244:World revolution 7234:Workers' control 7229:Workers' council 7214:Two-stage theory 7057: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7014: 7013: 7009: 6977: 6953: 6942:Bovenkerk, Frank 6935:English abstract 6932: 6930: 6895: 6862: 6835: 6817: 6790: 6769: 6725: 6708:Denning, Michael 6703: 6676: 6655: 6632: 6592: 6591: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6489:. Archived from 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6424: 6415:Quinney, Richard 6411: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6370:Bendix, Reinhard 6367: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6167: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6027: 6021: 6020: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5951: 5938: 5936: 5930: 5922: 5913:"Dalit vs Dalit" 5911:(28 June 2017). 5905: 5899: 5897: 5891: 5883: 5872:(30 July 2016). 5866: 5860: 5859: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5352:Robertson, Ann. 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5244: 5238: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5191: 5185: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5045: 5034: 5033: 5019: 5013: 5012: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4807:Brill Publishers 4793: 4784: 4783: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4591: 4583: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4509: 4501: 4488:. Translated by 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4446:. Translated by 4421: 4415: 4414: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4353: 4347: 4336: 4330: 4317: 4311: 4298: 4297: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4091: 4090: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3856: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3786:in his works on 3710:Sesto Fiorentino 3678: 3627:Rwandan genocide 3611:Bandenbekämpfung 3584: 3485:Daniel Henninger 3430:of the country. 3423:Marie Gottschalk 3240:in their ranks. 3110:Frankfurt School 3048:yóumín wúchǎnzhě 3041: 2960:Marxist-Leninist 2937:Nikolai Bukharin 2881:Richard J. Evans 2765:Marx identified 2735:Louis Philippe I 2646:(1850) that the 2594:Friedrich Engels 2520:Friedrich Engels 2458:career criminals 2402:Friedrich Engels 2300:Friedrich Engels 2285: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2207: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2154: 2153: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2107:Workers' council 1928:Race & Class 835:Frankfurt School 802:Neo-Gramscianism 775:Marxism–Leninism 757: 756: 701:Cultural Studies 658:World revolution 603:Private property 144:Prison Notebooks 44: 21: 20: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9020: 8994: 8943: 8831: 8803: 8770: 8754:Underprivileged 8696: 8655: 8654: 8630: 8560: 8517: 8477: 8459: 8378: 8296: 8256: 8158: 8113: 8012: 8011: 7995: 7974:Social position 7964:Social mobility 7862: 7812: 7783: 7782: 7772: 7742: 7737: 7721: 7618: 7560: 7412: 7255: 7254: 7248: 7239:World communism 7109:Commodification 7051: 7050: 7044: 7041: 7006: 6903: 6901:Further reading 6898: 6851:10.2307/2928400 6842:Representations 6787: 6717:New Left Review 6712:"Wageless Life" 6700: 6600: 6595: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6502: 6498: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6464:Brownfield 1986 6462: 6458: 6452:Brownfield 1986 6450: 6446: 6440:Brownfield 1986 6438: 6434: 6408: 6389: 6385: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6324: 6320: 6311: 6309: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6233: 6229: 6216: 6212: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6169: 6168: 6157: 6141: 6137: 6126: 6110: 6106: 6093: 6089: 6071: 6055: 6051: 6044: 6028: 6024: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5952: 5941: 5924: 5923: 5906: 5902: 5885: 5884: 5870:Varma, Pavan K. 5867: 5863: 5853: 5831: 5827: 5807: 5803: 5785: 5781: 5761: 5757: 5742:(6 July 2016). 5737: 5733: 5725:National Review 5716:Goldberg, Jonah 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5632: 5628: 5611:Browne, Malcolm 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5572: 5568: 5553:(2 June 1985). 5548: 5544: 5527: 5523: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5388:. p. 294. 5375: 5371: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5245: 5241: 5232: 5225: 5192: 5188: 5172: 5168: 5157: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5126: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5046: 5037: 5020: 5016: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4889: 4885: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4754: 4750: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4585: 4584: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4532:Ollman, Bertell 4529: 4525: 4513: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4422: 4418: 4395:Khanna, Ranjana 4392: 4388: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4339: 4331: 4320: 4312: 4301: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4273:or riff-raff... 4258: 4254: 4237: 4233: 4227:Brownfield 1986 4225: 4216: 4208: 4201: 4182:10.2307/2151796 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4124:A & C Black 4116: 4109: 4101: 4094: 4084: 4066: 4062: 4045: 4041: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4008: 3986: 3982: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3857: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3756: 3750: 3734:Richard Quinney 3722: 3695: 3690: 3570: 3548:cow vigilantism 3528: 3503:Hillary Clinton 3410: 3366:communist-ruled 3346:Ordnungspolizei 3343:Ritter with an 3337: 3331: 3303:Mikhail Bakunin 3285:Post-anarchist 3283: 3259: 3246: 3196: 3180:Martin Meredith 3152:Pierre Bourdieu 3126:Michael Denning 3106:Herbert Marcuse 3094: 3025: 3000: 2981:petit bourgeois 2922: 2886:imperial period 2854: 2849: 2847:Left-wing views 2819: 2811: 2758: 2679: 2673: 2610:(plebeians) of 2586: 2570:Michael Denning 2568:. According to 2540: 2512: 2470: 2448: 2430:("knave"), not 2395: 2390: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2188: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2112: 2111: 2085:Universal class 1976:Conflict theory 1956: 1948: 1947: 1923:New Left Review 1878: 1870: 1869: 1010: 1000: 999: 930: 920: 919: 830:Budapest School 754: 753:Common variants 746: 745: 676: 668: 667: 633: 623: 622: 526:Critical theory 486: 476: 475: 456:Surplus product 384: 374: 373: 334: 324: 323: 189:Reading Capital 54: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9075: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8975:Ottoman Empire 8972: 8967: 8962: 8960:Ancient Greece 8957: 8951: 8949: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8934:United Kingdom 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8845: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8827:Home-ownership 8824: 8819: 8813: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8780: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8706: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8682:American Dream 8679: 8673: 8667: 8657: 8656: 8644: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8623: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8595: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8527: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8487: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8469: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8450: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8419: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8306: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8266: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8175: 8173: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8094:Migrant worker 8091: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8030: 8024: 8022: 8014: 8013: 8010:By demographic 8001: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7990:Status Anxiety 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7944:Ranked society 7941: 7936: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7886:Class conflict 7883: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7869: topics 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7843:Mudsill theory 7840: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7822: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7531:Social fascism 7528: 7523: 7518: 7516:Self-criticism 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7496:Real socialism 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7313:Exchange value 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7174:Pure communism 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7149:Metabolic rift 7146: 7144:Means of labor 7141: 7136: 7134:Liquidationism 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7104:Class struggle 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7060: 7058: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7004: 6985: 6978: 6954: 6938: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6878:(3): 434–460. 6863: 6836: 6808:(4): 937–958. 6791: 6785: 6770: 6744:(3): 445–465. 6731: 6704: 6698: 6677: 6667:(6): 675–692. 6656: 6646:(3): 421–438. 6633: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6562:Mazrui, Ali A. 6553: 6547: 6529: 6522: 6496: 6468: 6466:, p. 429. 6456: 6454:, p. 435. 6444: 6442:, p. 421. 6432: 6406: 6383: 6351: 6344: 6318: 6293: 6274:(1): 197–201. 6254: 6247: 6227: 6210: 6203: 6183: 6155: 6135: 6124: 6104: 6087: 6069: 6049: 6042: 6022: 5993: 5973: 5966: 5939: 5900: 5861: 5851: 5825: 5801: 5790:(2020-11-24). 5779: 5755: 5731: 5707: 5685: 5657: 5650: 5626: 5602: 5600:, p. 228. 5590: 5577:(March 2015). 5566: 5542: 5521: 5495: 5488: 5466: 5459: 5447:Roma Diplomacy 5437: 5430: 5401: 5395:978-0394717838 5394: 5380:, ed. (1972). 5369: 5344: 5342:, p. 446. 5332: 5330:, p. 445. 5320: 5313: 5284: 5272: 5265: 5239: 5223: 5204:(2): 171–199. 5186: 5166: 5161:Seize the Time 5151: 5149:, p. 233. 5139: 5137:, p. 143. 5124: 5109: 5107:, p. 101. 5097: 5085: 5083:, p. 104. 5073: 5066: 5035: 5014: 4993: 4981: 4979:, p. 945. 4969: 4943: 4941:, p. 940. 4928: 4916: 4909: 4883: 4858: 4851: 4826: 4819: 4785: 4778: 4766:Berghahn Books 4748: 4730:Social History 4716: 4709: 4687: 4685:, p. 458. 4675: 4663: 4661:, p. 685. 4651: 4649:, p. 449. 4639: 4637:, p. 684. 4624: 4622:, p. 444. 4612: 4610:, p. 441. 4600: 4563: 4550:10.1086/224531 4544:(5): 573–580. 4523: 4474: 4472:, p. 447. 4462: 4416: 4405:(1): 129–143. 4386: 4369: 4354: 4352:, p. 683. 4337: 4335:, p. 676. 4318: 4316:, p. 677. 4299: 4277: 4252: 4231: 4229:, p. 426. 4214: 4212:, p. 142. 4199: 4176:(4): 617–637. 4155: 4153:, p. 435. 4143: 4136: 4107: 4105:, p. 100. 4092: 4082: 4060: 4039: 4013: 4006: 3980: 3962: 3960:, p. 679. 3950: 3927: 3925:, p. 675. 3915: 3913:, p. 440. 3896: 3894:, p. 680. 3884: 3877: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3825: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3791: 3774: 3771:intelligentsia 3755: 3752: 3747: 3721: 3718: 3714:Richard-Ginori 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3569: 3566: 3527: 3526:Usage in India 3524: 3477:Jonah Goldberg 3475:was coined by 3457:New York Times 3453:Malcolm Browne 3448:The Bell Curve 3439:Charles Murray 3409: 3406: 3336: 3333: 3325: 3282: 3279: 3262:Ernesto Laclau 3258: 3255: 3245: 3242: 3220:Huey P. Newton 3195: 3192: 3160:Amílcar Cabral 3093: 3090: 3024: 3021: 2990:strikebreakers 2969: 2939:described the 2925:Vladimir Lenin 2921: 2918: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2818: 2813: 2788: 2752: 2747:gardes mobiles 2707:gardes mobiles 2678: 2675: 2666: 2659:(1848), where 2585: 2582: 2552:Young Hegelian 2529: 2511: 2508: 2495:New York Times 2467: 2447: 2444: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2343:Vladimir Lenin 2196:Marxist theory 2190: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2090:Vulgar Marxism 2087: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1955:Related topics 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1918:Monthly Review 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1898:Constellations 1895: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 931: 928:Other variants 926: 925: 922: 921: 916: 915: 914: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 870: 869: 865: 864: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 824: 823: 817: 816: 815: 814: 812:Third-worldist 809: 804: 799: 798: 797: 792: 787: 782: 772: 764: 763: 755: 752: 751: 748: 747: 744: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 721:Historiography 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 677: 674: 673: 670: 669: 666: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 638:Class struggle 634: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 593:Metabolic rift 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 487: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 442: 441: 436: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 385: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 369:Marxist ethics 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 335: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 209:Ways of Seeing 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 50: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9074: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9017: 9009: 9008: 9005: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8939:United States 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8840:Other regions 8838: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8806: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8773: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8665:United States 8662: 8658: 8649: 8645: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8104:Socioeconomic 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8048: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8006: 8002: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7979:Social stigma 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7969:Social orphan 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7928: 7927:Nouveau riche 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7901:Class traitor 7899: 7897: 7896:Class society 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7833:Gilbert model 7831: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7769: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7672:New Democracy 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7491:Popular front 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7393:Surplus value 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7383:Social murder 7381: 7379: 7378:Socialization 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7251: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7026: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6968:: 2285–3 12. 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6920: 6917:(in French). 6916: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6845:(31): 69–95. 6844: 6843: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6786:9780520245204 6782: 6778: 6777: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6699:9780745318301 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6615:(1): 99–112. 6614: 6610: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6557: 6550: 6548:0-85345-235-0 6544: 6540: 6533: 6525: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6453: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6428: 6423: 6422: 6416: 6409: 6407:9780791417591 6403: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6347: 6345:9780801488603 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6231: 6223: 6222: 6214: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6187: 6179: 6173: 6166: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6139: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6108: 6100: 6099: 6091: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6053: 6045: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6026: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5977: 5969: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5934: 5928: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5895: 5889: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5858: 5854: 5852:9780521805308 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5764:Levy, Francis 5759: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5696: 5689: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5630: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5489:9781134181278 5485: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5433: 5431:9780195125566 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5410:Lewy, Guenter 5405: 5397: 5391: 5387: 5386:Vintage Books 5383: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5316: 5314:9780748654161 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5268: 5266:9780748646654 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5190: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5143: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5105:Abdullah 2006 5101: 5095:, p. 88. 5094: 5089: 5082: 5081:Abdullah 2006 5077: 5069: 5067:9780933121966 5063: 5059: 5055: 5052:. Baltimore: 5051: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5004:Marxism Today 4997: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4966:. p. 19. 4965: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4933: 4925: 4920: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4835:Trotsky, Leon 4830: 4822: 4820:9789004322370 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4781: 4779:9781782382478 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4712: 4710:9781134504459 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4595: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4519: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4433:International 4430: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4382: 4381: 4373: 4367:, p. 87. 4366: 4361: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4139: 4137:9781780935706 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4104: 4103:Abdullah 2006 4099: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4083:9780520048294 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4009: 4007:9781412997843 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3893: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3635:Impuzamugambi 3632: 3628: 3625:, during the 3624: 3619: 3617: 3616:Eastern Front 3613: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3354:Robert Ritter 3348: 3347: 3341: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2739:July Monarchy 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2688: 2687:Horace Vernet 2683: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2217: 2211: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2063:Revolutionary 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2043:Authoritarian 2041: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1845:Moufawad-Paul 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1004: 1003: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 955:Eurocommunism 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 940:Austromarxism 938: 936: 933: 932: 929: 924: 923: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 886:Communization 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 873: 872: 871: 867: 866: 861: 860:Praxis School 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 826: 825: 822: 819: 818: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 766: 765: 762: 759: 758: 750: 749: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 672: 671: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 632: 627: 626: 619: 618:Working class 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 538: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 485: 480: 479: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 440: 437: 435: 432: 431: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 399:Crisis theory 397: 394: 390: 387: 386: 383: 378: 377: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 333: 328: 327: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 53: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 8990:Soviet Union 8965:Ancient Rome 8822:Homelessness 8747:Upper Middle 8619: / 8600: / 8591: / 8556:Working poor 8535: 8452: 8439:Robber baron 8262:Intellectual 8252:Royal family 8216:Ancient Rome 8070:second-class 7988: 7931: 7930: 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