121:
37:
213:, a deepening of the trochlear sulcus where the patella sits, a realignment of the attachment of the patella tendon on the tibia, and tightening or releasing of the capsule on either side of the patella, according to which side the patella is slipping. Some grade IV conditions may require more involved surgery to realign the femur and/or tibia.
129:
Diagnosis is made through palpation of the knee, to see whether it slips inside the joint more than would normally be expected. Often, a dog owner might be told that his or her pet has "loose knee", but this is not a medical term, and it is not correct to use it interchangeably with luxating patella.
133:
Luxating patella cannot be present without the knee being loose, but a loose knee is not necessarily slipping out of the joint. Even with luxating patella, symptoms such as intermittent limping in the rear leg might be mild or absent. Physical examination and manual manipulation are the preferred
376:
124:
MRI after luxation of the right patella: A bone bruise is at the medial surface of the patella (axial image) and in the corresponding surface of the lateral condyle of the femur (coronal). The medial retinaculum of the patella is at least partially
577:
562:
223:
Additional help can be given with the use of pet ramps, stairs, or steps. These can help the animal travel from one place to another, especially up and down, without adding any pain or damage to the patella.
232:
Most cases of patellar luxation are medial, and this is frequently a congenital problem in toy- and miniature-breed dogs. Breeds showing a predisposition for medial patellar luxation include miniature and
385:"Trochlear wedge sulcoplasty, tibial tuberosity transposition, and lateral imbrication for correction of a traumatic patellar luxation in a miniature companion pig: A case report and visual description"
178:
Grade III - the patella remains luxated most of the time, but can be manually reduced with the stifle joint in extension. Flexion and extension of the stifle results again in luxation of the patella.
624:
527:
292:. Although the specific cause of patellar luxation is unknown in these cases, a defect in hind limb conformation is generally agreed to be the underlying cause.
617:
112:
defect. In congenital cases, it is frequently bilateral. The condition can also be inherited through genetics. This can also be caused by obesity.
188:
Grade IV - the patella is permanently luxated and cannot be manually repositioned, with up to 90° of rotation of the proximal tibial plateau. The
610:
209:
to correct, if the animal has difficulty walking. The surgery required is governed by the type of abnormality present, but often involves a
220:
can be used as a preliminary treatment to strengthen ligaments and the surrounding tissues of the joint and can delay or prevent surgery.
383:
Høy-Petersen, J.; Smith, J. S.; Merkatoris, P. T.; Black, K. E.; Faivre, C. M.; Miles, K. G.; Tatarniuk, D. M.; Kraus, K. H. (2020).
164:
of the stifle joint. The patella remains luxated until it is manually reduced or when the animal extends the joint and derotates the
85:, particularly small and miniature breeds. The condition usually becomes evident between the ages of 4 and 6 months. It can occur in
96:
There have been several reports of patella luxation in other species such as miniature pigs, alpacas, llamas, cattle and goats.
998:
302:
524:
777:
443:
367:
44:
Patellar luxation on radiograph: Left before, right after reduction; after reduction, the patella is still displaced.
660:
439:
262:
472:
150:
Grade I - the patella can be manually luxated but is reduced (returns to the normal position) when released.
843:
75:
74:, or kneecap, dislocates or moves out of its normal location. It can be associated with damage to the
497:
330:
90:
818:
281:. Large-breed dogs are also affected, and the Labrador retriever seems particularly predisposed.
278:
795:
634:
993:
716:
670:
242:
141:
The four recognized diagnostic grades of patellar luxation include, in order of severity:
8:
772:
726:
581:
310:"The Knee and Shoulder Centers - [PRINTABLE] Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery"
948:
800:
602:
496:
Engdahl, Karolina; Bergström, Annika; Höglund, Odd; Hanson, Jeanette (September 2023).
411:
384:
329:
Engdahl, Karolina; Bergström, Annika; Höglund, Odd; Hanson, Jeanette (September 2023).
105:
590:
586:
284:
Patellar luxation is less common in cats than in dogs. Predisposed breeds include the
972:
665:
416:
363:
309:
246:
49:
510:
343:
1003:
967:
956:
505:
406:
396:
338:
289:
250:
160:
Grade II - the patella can be manually luxated or it can spontaneously luxate with
960:
938:
917:
823:
531:
274:
258:
886:
853:
708:
693:
675:
270:
266:
135:
571:
401:
987:
721:
698:
238:
498:"The epidemiology of patellar luxation in an insured Swedish dog population"
331:"The epidemiology of patellar luxation in an insured Swedish dog population"
881:
838:
833:
420:
120:
943:
922:
217:
210:
134:
methods for diagnosis. More extreme cases can result in severe lameness.
54:
525:
Patellar
Luxation, canine and feline (cat and dog) veterinary factsheets
905:
891:
762:
731:
643:
193:
109:
554:
447:
357:
30:
Trick knee, subluxation of patella, floating patella, floating kneecap
871:
866:
861:
787:
767:
745:
285:
254:
652:
36:
206:
161:
71:
382:
876:
566:
234:
685:
495:
328:
189:
165:
909:
810:
754:
86:
82:
632:
192:
groove is shallow or absent, with displacement of the
544:
358:Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995).
985:
108:, but most frequently, it is a developmental,
618:
434:
432:
430:
351:
81:Patellar luxation is a common condition in
625:
611:
196:muscle group in the direction of luxation.
35:
509:
427:
410:
400:
342:
104:Rarely, it can be caused by some form of
360:Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine
119:
362:(4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company.
986:
168:in the opposite direction of luxation.
606:
470:
473:"Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Dogs"
227:
13:
14:
1015:
778:Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
540:
444:Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
138:typically develops secondarily.
511:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106034
389:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
344:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106034
205:Grades II, III, and IV require
518:
502:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
489:
464:
335:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
322:
263:Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
70:, is a condition in which the
1:
999:Dog musculoskeletal disorders
295:
844:Patellofemoral pain syndrome
200:
172:
115:
7:
182:
154:
10:
1020:
144:
91:domestic short-haired cats
76:anterior cruciate ligament
931:
904:
852:
809:
786:
753:
744:
707:
684:
651:
642:
548:
402:10.3389/fvets.2020.567886
99:
48:
43:
34:
26:
21:
279:Teddy Roosevelt Terriers
216:A therapeutic dosage of
819:Chondromalacia patellae
257:, Patterdale Terriers,
796:Angular limb deformity
126:
89:, as well, especially
717:Boutonniere deformity
243:Jack Russell Terriers
123:
66:, sometimes called a
953:Abnormal angulation
877:Bunion/hallux valgus
671:Subacromial bursitis
773:Protrusio acetabuli
727:Swan neck deformity
661:Adhesive capsulitis
471:Ward, DVM, Ernest.
440:"Patellar Luxation"
949:Ligamentous laxity
801:Unequal leg length
530:2008-04-27 at the
247:Yorkshire Terriers
127:
981:
980:
973:Joint dislocation
900:
899:
740:
739:
666:Rotator cuff tear
600:
599:
190:femoral trochlear
60:
59:
16:Medical condition
1011:
968:Bone malrotation
957:Valgus deformity
829:Luxating patella
751:
750:
649:
648:
627:
620:
613:
604:
603:
546:
545:
534:
522:
516:
515:
513:
493:
487:
486:
484:
483:
468:
462:
461:
459:
458:
452:
446:. Archived from
436:
425:
424:
414:
404:
380:
374:
373:
355:
349:
348:
346:
326:
320:
319:
317:
316:
306:
275:Plummer Terriers
228:In animal breeds
64:luxating patella
39:
22:Luxating patella
19:
18:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1008:
984:
983:
982:
977:
961:Varus deformity
939:Joint stiffness
927:
918:Cauliflower ear
896:
848:
824:Genu recurvatum
805:
782:
736:
703:
680:
638:
635:musculoskeletal
631:
601:
596:
595:
557:
543:
538:
537:
532:Wayback Machine
523:
519:
494:
490:
481:
479:
469:
465:
456:
454:
450:
438:
437:
428:
381:
377:
370:
356:
352:
327:
323:
314:
312:
308:
307:
303:
298:
271:Boston Terriers
230:
203:
185:
175:
157:
147:
118:
102:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1017:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
964:
963:
951:
946:
941:
935:
933:
929:
928:
926:
925:
920:
914:
912:
902:
901:
898:
897:
895:
894:
889:
887:Hallux rigidus
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
856:
850:
849:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
815:
813:
807:
806:
804:
803:
798:
792:
790:
784:
783:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
759:
757:
748:
742:
741:
738:
737:
735:
734:
729:
724:
719:
713:
711:
705:
704:
702:
701:
696:
694:Cubitus valgus
690:
688:
682:
681:
679:
678:
676:Winged scapula
673:
668:
663:
657:
655:
646:
640:
639:
630:
629:
622:
615:
607:
598:
597:
594:
593:
574:
558:
553:
552:
550:
549:Classification
542:
541:External links
539:
536:
535:
517:
488:
463:
426:
375:
368:
350:
321:
300:
299:
297:
294:
229:
226:
202:
199:
198:
197:
184:
181:
180:
179:
174:
171:
170:
169:
156:
153:
152:
151:
146:
143:
136:Osteoarthritis
117:
114:
101:
98:
58:
57:
52:
46:
45:
41:
40:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1016:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
974:
971:
969:
966:
962:
958:
955:
954:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
932:General terms
930:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
857:
855:
851:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
814:
812:
808:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
789:
785:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
758:
756:
752:
749:
747:
743:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:Mallet finger
720:
718:
715:
714:
712:
710:
706:
700:
699:Cubitus varus
697:
695:
692:
691:
689:
687:
683:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
656:
654:
650:
647:
645:
641:
636:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
609:
608:
605:
592:
588:
584:
583:
579:
575:
573:
569:
568:
564:
560:
559:
556:
551:
547:
533:
529:
526:
521:
512:
507:
503:
499:
492:
478:
474:
467:
453:on 2007-08-26
449:
445:
441:
435:
433:
431:
422:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
379:
371:
369:0-7216-6795-3
365:
361:
354:
345:
340:
336:
332:
325:
311:
305:
301:
293:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
225:
221:
219:
214:
212:
208:
195:
191:
187:
186:
177:
176:
167:
163:
159:
158:
149:
148:
142:
139:
137:
131:
122:
113:
111:
107:
97:
94:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
56:
53:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
29:
25:
20:
994:Cat diseases
882:Hallux varus
839:Patella baja
834:Patella alta
828:
576:
561:
520:
501:
491:
480:. Retrieved
476:
466:
455:. Retrieved
448:the original
392:
388:
378:
359:
353:
334:
324:
313:. Retrieved
304:
283:
231:
222:
215:
204:
140:
132:
128:
106:blunt trauma
103:
95:
80:
67:
63:
61:
944:Contracture
923:Torticollis
637:deformities
451:(text/html)
251:Pomeranians
235:toy Poodles
218:glucosamine
211:sulcoplasty
55:Orthopedics
27:Other names
988:Categories
892:Hammer toe
763:Coxa valga
746:Lower limb
732:Wrist drop
644:Upper limb
504:: 106034.
482:2020-01-23
457:2007-09-04
395:: 567886.
337:: 106034.
315:2007-11-27
296:References
290:Abyssinian
259:Chihuahuas
194:quadriceps
125:disrupted.
110:congenital
68:trick knee
872:Foot drop
867:Flat feet
862:Club foot
768:Coxa vara
633:Acquired
286:Devon Rex
267:Papillons
255:Pekingese
201:Treatment
173:Grade III
116:Diagnosis
50:Specialty
653:shoulder
528:Archived
421:33521073
288:and the
183:Grade IV
155:Grade II
1004:Patella
412:7838352
239:Maltese
207:surgery
162:flexion
145:Grade I
72:patella
419:
409:
366:
100:Causes
686:elbow
591:836.4
587:836.3
572:M22.1
166:tibia
910:neck
908:and
906:Head
854:foot
811:knee
709:hand
582:9-CM
417:PMID
364:ISBN
277:and
87:cats
83:dogs
788:leg
755:hip
578:ICD
563:ICD
506:doi
477:VCA
407:PMC
397:doi
339:doi
990::
589:,
585::
570::
567:10
500:.
475:.
442:.
429:^
415:.
405:.
391:.
387:.
333:.
273:,
269:,
265:,
261:,
253:,
249:,
245:,
241:,
237:,
93:.
78:.
62:A
959:/
626:e
619:t
612:v
580:-
565:-
555:D
514:.
508::
485:.
460:.
423:.
399::
393:7
372:.
347:.
341::
318:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
