1134:
659:
997:
imports met by local production by the sixth century. The alleged simplicity of
Spartan dwellings evidently did not extend to their interiors; and Spartans were famous across Greece for the jewellery worn by Spartan women, their number of slaves and horses, and their dominance at the expensive sport of chariot racing at pan-Hellenic games. While most male Spartan citizens affected a generally consistent and relatively inexpensive form of dress at home, Spartans on campaign showed extreme wealth from the expense of their crimson dyes to the polish of their armour. However, while Xenophon claims this austere dress also came from Lycurgus, art from Laconia implies adoption after 500 BC, consistent with
993:, were a leisurely class of land owners who looked down on manual labourers and craftsmen. Such a ban also likely emerged in the sixth century, since Spartan citizen sculptors are attested to prior to that time. The inequality of Spartan society also implies that trade must have occurred; the second dinner in the syssitia involved bread, meat, fish, and other produce which were bought or donated by wealthy Spartans. Plutarch, who claims Spartan did not dispute or talk about money, is also internally inconsistent when elsewhere notes Spartan commercial contracts and Sparta's delegation of such matters to expert resolution.
1118:
721:
Cretan institutions did indeed have common characteristics, but, though some direct borrowing may have occurred, such similarities are in general more likely to be because of the common Dorian inheritance of Sparta and Crete rather than because some individual such as
Lycurgus imported Cretan customs to Sparta. Some versions of the story say that Lycurgus subsequently traveled as far as Egypt, Spain, and India. In the narrative of Lycurgus' reforms in Herodotus, Lycurgus is supposed to have created much of the Spartan constitution, including the
1010:
968:. Xenophon claimed that this meant acquisition of wealth became too bulky to hide; Plutarch believed that this was to make it impossible, or at least difficult, for Spartans to purchase luxury goods. Coinage came to Greece in the 550s BC; it is not possible that any law mentioning coins dates to the eighth century BC (or earlier), when Lycurgus is supposed to have lived. Nor is any ban on gold and silver mentioned in Herodotus. Usage of gold and silver at Sparta is implied by other reports that the kings were fined in
677:
7244:
7254:
7264:
790:
1219:(the early Roman lawgiver and king), for example, judged Lycurgus favourably compared to the Roman by emphasising Lycurgan education and pronatalism. Another argument for Lycurgan superiority was also that Sparta declined as it supposedly deviated from Lycurgus' settlements while Rome flourished as it similarly deviated from Numa's ideals. In the end, for Plutarch, Lycurgus was seen as a more important political theorist than
507:, the redistribution of land to each citizen by head, Spartan austerity and frugality, and Sparta's unique wedding and funerary customs. None of these reforms can be concretely attributed to Lycurgus. Most of the reforms likely date to the late sixth century BC (shortly before 500 BC), postdating his supposed life by centuries; some of the reforms, such as for the redistribution of land, are fictitious.
772:
which laws (if any) are his in actuality. However, it is clear today, from comparisons with other archaic Greek states, that
Spartan institutions such as men's dining halls, organisation of age cohorts, and the use of iron money were not entirely out of the norm and had previously existed in other Greek cities: what made them distinctive was for how long they had been preserved at Sparta.
1611:
646:. The disc, however, is likely a forgery from the fourth century BC. The ancients had two solutions for this lack of chronological clarity: the historian Timaeus posited two Lycurguses: one who did the reforms and a later one with the same name who was present at the first Olympics. Eratosthenes instead posited the disc reflected informal Olympics held before 776 BC.
737:
regency until his ward came of age. The second is that he resigns, to protect his ward, amid rumours that he wishes to supplant the ward as king. Plutarch's version of the story includes the ward's mother seeking
Lycurgus' hand in marriage to facilitate his accession. In this version, Lycurgus leaves to prevent himself from being used as a pawn in politics against his nephew.
624:, placing it prior to 736 BC. Little consensus exists for any more specificity. Nor should Lycurgus necessarily be credited with, and therefore dated to, the rhetra: it may have been a charter created some time in the seventh century to justify and ennoble with antiquity Sparta's institutions, especially after Sparta's emergence as the most powerful state in Greece.
4294:
1186:, were viewed in their time as returning to Lycurgan tradition rather than an innovation. The stories of Lycurgus were constantly reinvented for each Spartan generation; the decline of Sparta through to Hellenistic times saw Lycurgus' praise extended to praise him for having creating an ideal Sparta, free from the moral and political decay of the real one.
864:. Such halls were public, where all citizen men were required to eat dinner. Citizens were required to contribute to the mess hall's pantries with a substantial amount of food, wine, and money; failure or inability to do so would entail loss of citizenship. A relatively old tradition, predating the Hellenistic Spartan reformers
650:
emerged from
Spartan success in that period and a desire to explain it. His legend was also constantly reworked and expanded through the course of the classical Greek period by securing for Spartans in their times divine sanction and greater legitimacy for actions which they claimed to be a return to Lycurgus' laws.
579:, in fact makes this remark in the opening paragraph). Most attempts to date his life are based on when the Great Rhetra, which promulgated Lycurgus' reforms, occurred. The most accepted date in the ancient world was that based on the genealogy of Ephorus and the chronology of Eratosthenes, which dated the
1207:
especially in the way it supported the stability of the
Spartan state. Into the Roman period, Sparta received privileged treatment from the Romans as in part a means to preserve Greek traditions to display to tourists: while this touristic Sparta at times veered toward the extreme, it also cultivated
1173:
The idealisation of Sparta, called the "Spartan mirage", also drove praise of
Lycurgus in other Greek states. The tradition of a timeless legislator with his divinely-inspired (or at least sanctioned) laws gave Sparta's constitution greater legitimacy while also making it inflexible. Even attempts to
1059:
allowed burials near temples. Burials near temples were common in archaic Greece before being prohibited by most cities; Sparta merely retained the practice. The earliest
Spartan art and poems also still mention lamenting mourners, implying that such a ban likely postdates Lycurgus and was introduced
771:
Lycurgus' laws are supposed to have touched the whole of
Spartan society. At various times, the Spartans attributed every one of their institutions to him, except the institution of the dual monarchy. Because the Spartans attributed all manner of laws and customs to him, it is impossible to determine
745:
to impose his laws; backed by
Apolline divine approval, he forces the tyrannical Charilaus to accede to them and institutes the gerousia. Xenophon instead has Lycurgus forging an alliance with the most powerful non-royal citizens and forcing the laws through. Plutarch's narrative presented in his own
740:
The tradition where Lycurgus continues in the regency has little difficulty in placing him in a position to promulgate his laws. But the latter tradition where he leaves the city requires him to be recalled. In Aristotle's version, recounted by Plutarch, Lycurgus leads his followers into the city and
996:
Plutarch also claims that Lycurgus imposed sumptuary legislation, prohibiting foreign artisans from residing at Sparta and restricting the tools with which Spartan houses could be built, to encourage simplicity. Archaeological evidence of foreign wares postdates the eighth century, with a decline in
775:
The character of many of the economic and social reforms attributed to Lycurgus was allegedly to ensure that citizens competed with each other only in merit rather than in wealth. However, many of the social reforms which are attributed to Lycurgus postdate him by centuries, emerging between 500 and
547:
A multitude of ancient sources mention Lycurgus; it is, however, troubling inasmuch as those accounts evolved according to then-contemporary political priorities and that they are profoundly inconsistent. The oldest is that of Herodotus, who wrote in the latter half of the fifth century BC. His
904:
Herodotus and Plutarch – in origin. In fact, archaeological discoveries at Sparta – showing the decline of Spartan art expressed on vases as well as a sudden expansion of agricultural labour in the mid-sixth century BC – suggest that much of the communitarian reforms attributed to Lycurgus may
762:
is unclear; the two later Spartan kings used the Lycurgan legend to justify their redistributive policies (and violent means) as a return to Lycurgus' "true" Spartan traditions, deviations from which explained all problems of latter-day Sparta. Finally, in Plutarch's version, after Lycurgus' recall
976:
as well as by Spartan state rewards and ransoms. Plutarch's attempted to reconcile the evidence by depicting the Spartans allowing gold and silver for public use but retaining the allegedly Lycurgan restrictions on private use. Such a depiction, however, is not consistent with actions by Spartan
720:
Herodotus provides two accounts for how the laws which Lycurgus enacted came to him: in the first version, Lycurgus receives those laws from Apollo through the Pythia at Delphi; in the second, based on Sparta's own traditions, Lycurgus bases the reforms off of existing laws in Crete. Spartan and
480:
As a historical figure, almost nothing is known for certain about him, including when he lived and what he did in life. The stories of him place him at multiple times. Nor is it clear when the political reforms attributed to him, called the Great Rhetra, occurred. Ancient dates range from –
736:
The description of Lycurgus as a regent or guardian who establishes the laws characterises him as a selfless figure who places the good of his king and community before his own. To that end there are two main traditions relating to his regency. The first, in Herodotus, is that he undertakes the
649:
The tradition in Sparta of Lycurgus' existence dates to some time between the archaic age and the fifth century. Inasmuch as no Lycurgus is mentioned in Tyrtaeus, it is likely that the legend dates to shortly after Tyrtaeus' time, and therefore the late seventh or early sixth century. It likely
510:
The extent of the Lycurgan myth emerges from Sparta's self-justification, seeking to endow its customs with timeless and divinely sanctioned antiquity. That antiquity was also malleable, reinvented at various times to justify the new as a return to Lycurgus' ideal society: his land reforms, for
1058:
Plutarch also credits Lycurgus with sumptuary laws on burials. Archaeological evidence broadly supports the notion that Spartans practiced uniform burial without grave goods, albeit with exceptions for generals and Olympic victors. However, Lycurgus is also said to have banned lamentations and
924:
Land inequality increased through Spartan history, mediated by conquests abroad which allowed poorer citizens to retain a reasonable standard of living. When conquests ended after 550 BC, the poorer citizens were, over time, removed from the citizen rolls, for inability to pay dues to the
604:
indicates that the reforms were instituted some four hundred years prior to the end of the Peloponnesian war, placing them to 804 or 821 BC. The 4th century BC Greek general Xenophon, on the other hand, claimed that he was also responsible for the creation of the Lacedaemonian dual
1300:, was more pessimistic, saying that Lycurgan laws "created monks bearing arms" while branding the system as a whole "an atrocity" and "incompatible with a large... commercial state". The branding of Lycurguan Sparta as a "dismal monastery" was widely, but not universally, shared among the
1108:
likely emerged some time during the seventh century alongside the institution of the ephorate. The education of Spartan women, mainly focusing on physical fitness, or, supposedly, physical fitness to produce healthy children for eugenic purposes, was similarly attributed to Lycurgus.
2198:
872:
as well as likely Herodotus, claimed that Lycurgus' imposition of the mess halls created a citizen body of some 9,000 men. Each of these mess halls also played a role in military organisation: each likely had 15 men with three mess halls forming a "sworn band"; but after the
1231:
The main elements of Lycurgus' legacy are through the laws attributed to him. In the modern world this took on a number of aspects: the stability of the Lacedaemonian state from Lycurgus' balanced constitution; universal male citizen conscription and contribution (via the
753:
and has one of his eyes put out by an adolescent, his opponents back down and he forgives the adolescent. The extent to which this story of revolution and conflict with the wealthy is driven by – or a retrojection from – the experiences of the reformist Spartan kings
984:
Ancient authors claimed of the Spartans a general aversion to commerce, which was also attributed to Lycurgus, who was supposed to have "forbade free men to touch anything to do with making money". This likely emerged from the fact that Spartan citizens, the
712:
account on Lycurgus is in Herodotus, placing him as the guardian and regent of the early Argiad king Leobotes. Later accounts of Lycurgus' activities associate him with the later-more-influential Eurypontid dynasty instead, specifically as regent of
1073:, containing pottery grave goods. Further claims that Lycurgus required the burial of fallen Spartan soldiers abroad are not compatible with archaeological evidence showing that the first certain mass grave for Spartan battlefield losses was at
567:
writes he is "probably mythical". Others have attempted to glean from the myths that survive some kernel of truth. But most historians "would subscribe to the stark judgement of Antony Andrewes: 'if there was a real Lycurgus, we know nothing of
1042:
makes no mention of such customs, and composed wedding hymns reflecting the more common Greek wedding processions; Spartan wedding customs therefore also postdate Lycurgus, emerging some time before 500 BC. The further claim in Plutarch's
519:
who sought to redistribute Sparta's land. The reforms attributed to Lycurgus, however, have been praised by ancients and moderns alike, seeing at various times different morals projected on a figure of which so little concrete can be known.
1564:
1092:, was also attributed to an initiative of Lycurgus to equalise Spartan citizens socially, by raising them without outside family and clan loyalties. Though the story is rejected by Plutarch, Lycurgus is also said to have instituted the
502:
The reforms at various times attributed to him touch all aspects of Spartan society. They included the creation of the Spartan constitution (in most traditions after the dual monarchy), the imposition of the Spartan mess halls called
1717:
733:(the mess halls to which each Spartan belonged). In Xenophon's telling, the legend of Lycurgus expanded even further, ascribing to him not only reforms but also the creation of the Lacedaemonian dual monarchy and state as well.
780:
or after the completion of Spartan conquests. The economic reforms, which are supposed to have made Spartan citizens equal, never happened and were invented to legitimise redistributive policies in the Hellenistic period.
2034:, p. 36, noting that the attribution to Lycurgus is "wholly in line with the general tendency of the fifth and fourth centuries... to condense and concentrate the various stories upon one all-reforming legislator".
1037:
where the bride, rather than being processed to the groom's home for a wedding ceremony with feast, was instead ritually seized by the groom, and the marriage consummated without feast. The seventh century Spartan poet
3007:
3031:
1158:, who arranged the Spartan way of life once and for all". For these achievements, which they viewed as having facilitated the emergence of Sparta as the most powerful state in Greece, Lycurgus was honoured with a
1314:
793:
At various times, ancient writers attributed almost all parts of the Spartan constitution – diagrammed above – to Lycurgus' reforms. This unitary reformist moment is not accepted by modern scholars.
1689:
917:
was the illusion that Spartan citizens were economically equal: that no citizen owned more land than another. There is, however, no evidence of equal land ownership at Sparta, with exception of
837:
from time to time. Thus bring in and set aside . The people are to have the right to respond, and power ... but if the people speak crookedly, the elders and kings are to be setters-aside.
2504:
1266:, a French educator, produced an enduring and admiring conception of Lycurgus as having created the rule of law, the mixed constitution, equality, and universal education. The philosopher
805:. It, however, is not genuine and contains anachronistic contents. Regardless, Plutarch records it as having included provisions related to Sparta's religious and political practices:
704:
In the earlier legends of Lycurgus, namely in the accounts of the Great Rhetra, Lycurgus is not credited with a radical reorganisation of Spartan life or with the institution of the
1342:, for example, was one of the first to take a highly critical view of Sparta, suggesting that Lycurgus was a fiction and his Great Rhetra was a fabrication. In the aftermath of the
2004:. "The range of Spartan laws and institutions credited to Lycurgus was extraordinary. Initially, all Spartan institutions were attributed to him with the exception of the diarchy".
763:
to Sparta to institute new laws, he has the community swear not to change the laws until he returns from Delphi. Upon reaching Delphi he dies so to enshrine the laws forever.
845:", was a later addition. However, the grammatical construction of preserved rhetra is consistent with it being part of the original text, a view taken by Massimo Nafissi in
729:(respectively, the Spartan council of elders and annually-elected overseeing magistrates). He also is supposed to have reorganised Spartan military life and instituted the
1238:); economic freedom for citizens by their possession of sufficient land and helots to meet their needs; and austere politics for the common good. The republican views of
3083:
2909:
and received from the incipient emperor honours and political autonomy. The constitution of Lycurgus with the dual monarchy was not preserved in much more than name.
891:
after sumptuary restrictions, compulsory contributions from poorer citizens who previously abstained, and intermixture of rich and poor shortly before 500 BC.
2217:
1705:
1270:, who derived most of his knowledge of Lycurgus from Plutarch's biography, viewed the figure positively as standing for an austere civil morality acting for the
879:
were merged into the Spartan army, each mess hall likely formed its own band. Such messes were likely preceded in the seventh century BC poet Alcman's time with
538:
3016:, p. 676, noting that the article on "législateur" mentioned Lycurgus not at all and saying "it looks like a deliberate insult to the pro-Spartan lobby".
2864:
2527:
1189:
Admiration of the customs of Sparta, supposed to be established by Lycurgus, survived – with a break during the second century when Sparta was part of the
750:
553:
117:
2392:, took the form of a coin. It likely was first coined in the fifth century, reflecting the abundance of iron but scarcity of precious metals in Laconia.
1914:
2485:
2162:
1246:
European political thought. Other thinkers of the period hailed Lycurgan politics as building a stable polity dedicated to simplicity, unity, and the
1346:
German nationalism embraced Sparta and Lycurgus, seeing it as a locus of heroism, physicality, racial purity, and struggle. Such themes complemented
628:
2119:
2613:
1876:
1334:
views of Spartan society, which praised Spartan eugenicism and militarism became common in Germany in the later nineteenth century through to the
4391:
2411:
2928:
894:
The silence of the rhetra, a text meant to describe and legitimise the Spartan political system of the seventh century, with regard to Sparta's
2582:
1933:
1308:
who saw Lycurgus as having doomed his own people to poverty and futile militarism; however, he also praised the Lycurgan – as well as the
1250:– attributing to the Spartans, not necessarily rightly, universal education and equality among citizens – while also noting the cruelty of the
3271:
2442:
1976:
2687:
1895:
1845:
3372:
2959:
2733:
749:
In Plutarch's narrative, Lycurgus' laws cause backlash among the wealthy, who attempt to have him stoned. After he flees to the temple of
7308:
964:
Lycurgus is also supposed to have ensured the austere lifestyle of the Spartans by banning the use of gold and silver coins, requiring a
717:; the disputes indicate that the two royal houses by the historical period attempted to associate themselves by blood with the figure.
5991:
746:
voice instead consolidates prior disparate stories into a general upsurge of support from the kings, the people, and the aristocracy.
4276:
1022:
2983:
1055:
and eugenicist policy; if such wife sharing existed, it is likely a product of Spartan population decline in the fifth century BC.
385:
3839:
1133:
658:
981:. Other ancient authors were more equivocal, dating the alleged ban on precious metals to after Lycurgus and to different men.
548:
account is likely based on oral accounts from both Spartans and non-Spartans in Greece. The two royal dynasties of Sparta, the
3155:
Desideri, Paolo (2002). "Lycurgus: the Spartan ideal in the age of Trajan". In Stadter, Philip A; Van der Stockt, Luc (eds.).
443:
3666:
3476:
3449:
3392:
3333:
3283:
3249:
3185:
3145:
2349:
2023:
1789:
849:, believing that the idea that the set-aside provision was later inserted was itself a fabrication of the fourth century BC.
5379:
1162:, which may have developed slowly into the Roman imperial period into full godhood. His temple and sanctuary, according to
473:), involving political, economic, and social reforms to produce a military-oriented Spartan society in accordance with the
1714:, p. 99, basing this assessment on the contents of the Great Rhetra as reflecting Lycurgan myth in the sixth century.
1150:
In Spartan society, Lycurgus and his laws were received as the creator of the Spartan way of life. Xenophon's pro-Spartan
4384:
4181:
669:
7303:
6001:
5691:
5384:
5318:
3895:
1309:
17:
575:
There is no consensus as to when a historical Lycurgus lived, neither today or in the ancient world (Plutarch, in his
5389:
5364:
4052:
3856:
3626:
3314:
3164:
542:
Possible dates for when Lycurgus lived, years before AD 1, with the classical authors who give each date attributed.
7198:
5947:
5374:
5369:
3594:
1829:
841:
Plutarch states that the provision that the elders and kings could set aside decisions of the apella, called the "
5841:
5701:
5696:
4973:
3585:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Godley, Alfred Dennis. Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.
1208:
its Lycurgan inheritance by means of architecture, theatre, and retention of distinctive political institutions.
7225:
5866:
5280:
4377:
953:
as bound tenants. The consensus among scholars is that this never happened. The seventh century Spartan poet,
7298:
7220:
6777:
6270:
5786:
5706:
5404:
5114:
4269:
2171:, pp. 236, 241 (noting considerable amounts of barley, wine, cheese, figs, and money for meat and fish).
2116:... is not simply a fake: it is a retrospective reconstruction inserted into an intentional elaboration of ".
1204:
708:. These early oral traditions – contra the written accounts – are "far from uniform". The earliest surviving
7293:
7193:
5722:
5176:
2873:, p. 325, calling it "something like an Amish community, a land of tourists and lovers of the exotic".
378:
2848:
6248:
5856:
5732:
5394:
5348:
5303:
5079:
4768:
3580:
1624:
since Hammond's article has generally been... the Great rhetra itself belongs to a time before ... dated
289:
267:
6787:
3646:
3174:
Gatto, Martina (2024-01-18). "Lycurgus of Sparta in the Imperial Age: Plutarch, Pausanias, and Lucian".
7288:
6909:
6782:
5915:
5910:
5886:
5796:
5313:
4411:
4124:
4101:
3941:
664:
3041:
563: – which has led many historians today to doubt his historicity: for example, Massimo Nafissi in
7267:
7210:
6166:
5969:
5954:
5876:
5811:
5131:
5026:
4500:
4434:
4092:
3983:
3969:
499:). There remains no consensus as to when he lived; some modern scholars deny that he existed at all.
31:
5778:
5758:
4956:
4614:
2632:
5964:
5927:
5861:
5527:
5414:
4262:
3601:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 1. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Harvard University Press.
2900:
1698:, pp. 99–100, noting that the ephorate was credited in the fourth century to the Spartan king
3157:
Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek intellectuals, and Roman power in the time of Trajan (98–117 AD)
7247:
6371:
6171:
6156:
5959:
5942:
5922:
5891:
5791:
5727:
5343:
5328:
5298:
5259:
5136:
4988:
4490:
4016:
3994:
3520:
Nafissi, Massimo. "Lykourgos the Spartan "lawgiver": ancient beliefs and modern scholarship". In
3502:
Jensen, Sean R. "Reception of Sparta in North America: eighteenth to twenty-first centuries". In
2968:, p. 666, noting French absolutism's apologists rejecting the republican mixed constitution.
1170:(referring to good order) with the graves of the Spartan dual monarchy's founders' wives nearby.
898:
suggests that the ephorate was a product of a later reform at Sparta and was not Lycurgan –
371:
236:
107:
2332:
Hodkinson, Stephen (2009). "Property concentration and the emergence of a plutocratic society".
1242:
trended toward the Lycurgan "mixed constitution" but this was not necessarily a through-line in
1051:
altogether has no basis. Lycurgus is also said to have instituted a system of wife sharing as a
7205:
6208:
5979:
5937:
5871:
5836:
5288:
5272:
4968:
4909:
4758:
4753:
4348:
4190:
4025:
3888:
3621:. Texte und Kommentare. Vol. 24. Translated by Lipka, Michael. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
3309:. Texte und Kommentare. Vol. 24. Translated by Lipka, Michael. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
1163:
1138:
3384:
1239:
1117:
1096:, a select group of young men tasked with clandestinely killing helots in the night. Both the
7257:
6486:
6476:
6466:
6451:
6141:
5881:
5851:
5806:
5801:
5432:
5399:
5201:
5106:
5092:
4748:
4619:
4583:
3833:
3093:
2890:
1324:
1267:
1126:
1014:
632:
3175:
2992:, p. 668, noting also opposition to Spartan infanticide and militarism as un-Christian.
559:
However, Lycurgus does not feature in the earliest preserved Spartan source – the poet
6729:
6723:
6709:
6193:
6151:
6123:
6008:
5821:
5051:
4847:
4047:
2267:
1781:
1699:
973:
777:
297:
52:
8:
6860:
6830:
6218:
6113:
6108:
5545:
4860:
4773:
4743:
4697:
4460:
4333:
3974:
1730:(who predates Herodotus) is cited by Plutarch as placing Lycurgus in the Eurypontid line.
918:
842:
621:
3044:
viewed Lycurgus' society highly positively since, for him, it inspired men to greatness.
1223:
and as one of the most famous, moral, and effective legislators of the Greek tradition.
7077:
6974:
6880:
6524:
6441:
6329:
5831:
5655:
5171:
5151:
5008:
4879:
4763:
4558:
4485:
4323:
4211:
3821:
3792:
3714:
3701:
3220:
1339:
7253:
7152:
6739:
6288:
6136:
6088:
5932:
5901:
5846:
5763:
5640:
5512:
5333:
5166:
5119:
5059:
4933:
4915:
4891:
4873:
4828:
4783:
4778:
4429:
4328:
4168:
4151:
4133:
3934:
3881:
3813:
3784:
3763:
3734:
3693:
3662:
3622:
3602:
3490:
3482:
3472:
3455:
3445:
3425:
3388:
3339:
3329:
3310:
3289:
3279:
3245:
3212:
3181:
3160:
3141:
2345:
2019:
1785:
1727:
1074:
978:
832:
134:
2305:
2273:
Euseb. (Hieron.) 87b (H) / 151 (F) for ephorate establishment in the fifth Olympiad.
7082:
6614:
6579:
6396:
6253:
6131:
6018:
6013:
5338:
5293:
5124:
5031:
4647:
4480:
4465:
4455:
4338:
4221:
4110:
4043:
3990:
3755:
3726:
3685:
3654:
3437:
3417:
3380:
3237:
3204:
2337:
1774:
1580:, 10.8, p. 103. "118 years after the first year of the reign of Prokles 885/4 BC".
1367:
1355:
1026:
685:
404:
139:
74:
3529:
Rebenich, Stefan. "Reception of Sparta in Germany and German-speaking Europe". In
1813:
7097:
6855:
6643:
6456:
6198:
6064:
5996:
5323:
4921:
4903:
4897:
4811:
4788:
4662:
4573:
4533:
4470:
3949:
3135:
1343:
1274:. This view of Lycurgus and Sparta saw him associate Lycurgus' reforms with the "
1159:
1009:
969:
262:
7122:
6835:
3759:
1285:
6979:
6919:
6914:
6870:
6651:
6599:
6589:
6569:
6559:
6303:
6298:
6293:
5146:
4945:
4939:
4927:
4727:
4702:
4475:
4400:
4172:
4079:
4011:
3920:
3421:
1263:
1216:
1212:
1190:
1018:
914:
437:
359:
354:
3658:
1001:
claim that Spartans wore complex and luxurious clothing until "not long ago".
7282:
7215:
7132:
7107:
6797:
6719:
6401:
6344:
6243:
6233:
6203:
6185:
6059:
5211:
4993:
4885:
4841:
4803:
4642:
4563:
4206:
4164:
3978:
3817:
3788:
3767:
3738:
3697:
3494:
3429:
3293:
3216:
2906:
2601:
1351:
1319:
1291:
1183:
1034:
934:
869:
759:
549:
516:
112:
89:
3746:
Hooker, James Thomas (1988). "The life and times of Lycurgus the Lawgiver".
3606:
1033:
Lycurgus is also supposed to have instituted the Spartan practice of staged
852:
Lycurgus is supposed also to have established the Spartan mess halls called
7032:
6984:
6850:
6704:
6574:
6213:
6049:
5555:
5517:
5216:
4226:
4186:
4137:
4119:
2085:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1194:
798:
631:, also allegedly documents Lycurgus' involvement with the formation of the
349:
221:
61:
3241:
2706:
2655:
Millender, Ellen. "Athenian ideology and the empowered Spartan woman". In
676:
7052:
6944:
6924:
6752:
6260:
6238:
6228:
6223:
6146:
6103:
5650:
5560:
5550:
5437:
5427:
5191:
4568:
4543:
4318:
4216:
4097:
4034:
4029:
1335:
1331:
1301:
1247:
1243:
1052:
606:
323:
6757:
3547:
van Wees, Hans (2018a). "Luxury, austerity, and equality in Sparta". In
937:, led to the creation of a myth that Lycurgus redistributed the land of
596:. Alternatively, an excursus in the 5th century BC Greek historian
6989:
6959:
6954:
6939:
6825:
6792:
6461:
6431:
6098:
5826:
5660:
5502:
5497:
5487:
5472:
5457:
5447:
5422:
4798:
4553:
4508:
3965:
3825:
3796:
3705:
2341:
2014:
Parker, Victor (2007). "Tyrants and lawgivers". In Shapiro, H A (ed.).
1550:
1548:
1354:, painting Sparta as a "proto-National Socialist state". Defeat in the
1305:
1122:
998:
597:
328:
257:
195:
170:
3224:
929:. Demands for redistribution, heard by the reformist Spartan monarchs
6964:
6890:
6875:
6845:
6840:
6772:
6696:
6681:
6666:
6609:
6509:
6161:
6093:
5665:
5645:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5570:
5565:
5535:
5482:
5442:
5221:
5087:
5041:
5021:
4652:
4523:
4313:
4088:
4007:
3775:
Starr, Chester G (1965). "The credibility of early Spartan history".
3576:
2111:
1233:
1198:
1103:
1097:
1081:
986:
886:
880:
874:
859:
853:
830:
822:
816:
810:
714:
688:, is supposed to have divinely sanctioned Lycurgus' laws through the
643:
580:
458:
302:
252:
231:
190:
175:
155:
79:
3873:
3689:
3676:
Forrest, W G (1963). "The date of the Lykourgan reforms in Sparta".
1545:
789:
7014:
7004:
6994:
6969:
6747:
6714:
6676:
6619:
6534:
6519:
6376:
6366:
6283:
6278:
5675:
5670:
5630:
5625:
5600:
5580:
5507:
5462:
5452:
5308:
5206:
5141:
5069:
4677:
4358:
4308:
4303:
4177:
4070:
4061:
4056:
3905:
3730:
3614:
3590:
3306:
3208:
3180:. Brill's Plutarch Studies. Vol. 14. Brill. pp. 254–265.
1093:
954:
942:
926:
824:
730:
722:
560:
504:
482:
333:
284:
279:
226:
216:
185:
160:
124:
6767:
4254:
3538:
Richer, Nicholas. "Spartan education in the classical period". In
3486:
3459:
3343:
2995:
1661:
1256:
and denigration of autonomy, especially in contrast to democratic
7157:
7147:
7092:
7087:
7072:
7062:
7047:
7042:
6929:
6817:
6807:
6686:
6661:
6656:
6629:
6624:
6604:
6594:
6584:
6549:
6539:
6529:
6481:
6471:
6446:
6411:
6406:
6381:
6034:
5816:
5477:
5467:
5226:
5196:
5186:
5181:
5161:
5156:
5036:
4983:
4692:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4657:
4369:
4160:
4155:
4146:
4142:
4106:
3927:
3259:
Shaw, P-J. "Olympiad chronology and 'early' Spartan history". In
2389:
2214:
if assuming a 1.5 pc reduction in the number of homoioi per year.
1347:
1338:. Such views, however, were not unanimous. The German classicist
1179:
1088:
1048:
990:
965:
946:
938:
930:
865:
755:
610:
586:
512:
318:
274:
84:
7102:
6416:
2037:
1304:. Similar negative views were expressed by the American founder
1178:
Spartan life during the Hellenistic period, by Spartan monarchs
620:. Modern scholars generally date the Great Rhetra to before the
585:
to 118 years after the reign of one of Sparta's founding kings,
511:
example, are attested only after the reformist Spartan monarchs
7127:
7057:
7037:
6999:
6865:
6671:
6564:
6501:
6491:
6436:
6054:
6039:
5635:
5620:
5595:
5590:
5575:
5236:
5231:
4998:
4978:
4722:
4712:
4707:
4578:
4538:
4528:
4513:
4115:
4038:
4020:
3511:
Mason, Haydn. "The literary reception of Sparta in France". In
2894:
2252:
1677:
1470:
1257:
1066:; moreover, any ban on grave goods must postdate a grave, also
1039:
950:
802:
697:
693:
689:
681:
474:
454:
180:
165:
45:
3408:
Parker, Victor (1993). "Some dates in early Spartan history".
1809:. Vol. 2. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 850.
1749:
536:
7137:
7112:
7009:
6949:
6934:
6802:
6762:
6514:
6426:
6421:
6391:
6386:
6361:
6044:
5585:
5540:
5492:
5064:
5016:
4717:
4687:
4634:
4609:
4548:
4518:
4353:
4128:
4074:
4065:
3998:
2295:
2293:
1583:
1373:
1252:
1220:
895:
797:
Lycurgus' political reforms were supposedly promulgated in a
742:
726:
705:
605:
monarchy, placing him during the reign of the Heraclid kings
477:. The Spartans in the historical period honoured him as god.
448:
441:
211:
129:
3099:
419:
7142:
7117:
7067:
6554:
6544:
4002:
2675:
2663:
2570:
2430:
2061:
809:
After dedicating a temple to Zeus.. and Athena..., forming
425:
410:
3111:
2916:
2824:
2776:
2370:
2358:
2290:
672:, Lycurgus hands over the kingship to a newly born child.
4293:
3442:
Ancient Greece: a political, social, and cultural history
2278:
1964:
1634:
422:
3195:
Hammond, N G L (1950). "The Lycurgan reform at Sparta".
3071:
3047:
2971:
2812:
2558:
2546:
2473:
2461:
2399:
2186:
2174:
2150:
2073:
2049:
1952:
1651:
1649:
885:(private men's eating clubs). They became the classical
2836:
2721:
1503:
1501:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1396:
1394:
2138:
1864:
1780:(1st American ed.). New York: Scribner. pp.
961:, attesting to land inequality at the earliest times.
3096:
as inspiring the fascist cult of death and sacrifice.
3059:
3019:
2800:
1807:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology
1646:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1125:, as one of the 23 great historical lawgivers in the
485:
11th century BC – the early ninth century (
428:
416:
2947:
2788:
1498:
1486:
1425:
1406:
1391:
407:
3444:(4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
2764:
413:
1773:
1453:
3351:Morris, Ian. "The eighth-century revolution". In
3232:Hodkinson, Stephen; Powell, Anton, eds. (2009) .
2905:; choosing the correct side again, it fought for
7280:
3556:van Wees, Hans (2018b). "The common messes". In
3361:
3352:
3323:
1726:, p. 51, however, notes that a fragment of
957:, already opposed land distribution in the poem
4605:
3324:Rafflaub, Kurt A; van Wees, Hans, eds. (2009).
3260:
3231:
3001:
2883:Lafond, Yves. "Sparta in the Roman period". In
2656:
1197:. Aristotle, for example, praised the Lycurgan
1154:"unreservedly regard as the Spartan legislator
3857:"This. Isn't. Sparta. Part III: Spartan Women"
3436:
2336:. Classical Press of Wales. pp. 399–446.
2125:
2091:
2043:
1589:
4385:
4270:
3889:
1166:, included a grave for his son with the name
556:, both claimed Lycurgus in their ancestries.
528:
379:
3274:. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.).
3159:. Leuven University Press. pp. 315–28.
1295:
1283:
1137:Statue of Lycurgus at the eighteen-hundreds
829:of thirty including the kings, then hold an
27:Traditional founder of Sparta's institutions
2898:
2388:By the classical period this currency, the
899:
5271:
4392:
4378:
4277:
4263:
3896:
3882:
3040:, pp. 679–80, noting the philosopher
2226:, pp. 130–31, rejecting the claim at
2018:. Cambridge University Press. p. 37.
386:
372:
3854:
3806:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
3777:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
3555:
3546:
3278:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
3269:
3133:
2755:
2743:
2727:
2681:
2669:
2654:
2638:
2619:
2607:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2533:
2510:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2448:
2436:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2376:
2364:
2331:
2315:
2299:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2079:
2067:
2055:
1739:
1400:
784:
3803:
3651:Problèmes de la guerre en Grèce ancienne
3528:
3377:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
3154:
3117:
3105:
3089:
3077:
2922:
2870:
2854:
2756:Millender, Ellen G. "Spartan women". In
2230:, 1.65 that Lycurgus created the ephors.
2207:, pp. 251–53, suggesting formation
1290:but this was not shared by all authors.
1132:
1116:
1008:
788:
675:
657:
3675:
3519:
3385:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3819
3370:
3359:
3194:
2934:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2693:
2334:Property and wealth in classical Sparta
2319:
2284:
2223:
2144:
2107:
2095:
2001:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1939:
1920:
1901:
1882:
1870:
1851:
1835:
1823:
1819:
1755:
1711:
1695:
1683:
1667:
1655:
1640:
1601:
1570:
1554:
1539:
1519:
1507:
1492:
1480:
1476:
1464:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1211:The Plutarchian comparison between the
14:
7281:
6325:
3745:
3644:
3589:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3466:
3407:
3350:
3053:
2938:
2910:
2884:
2882:
2757:
2739:
2712:
2623:
2537:
2514:
2495:
2421:
2311:
2245:
2129:
2013:
1986:
1943:
1924:
1886:
1855:
1723:
1671:
1617:
1193:– continuously into the Sparta of the
492:) to as late as early eighth century (
7182:
6324:
5753:
5257:
4604:
4424:
4373:
4258:
3903:
3877:
3774:
3613:
3510:
3301:Lipka, Michael (2002). Introduction.
3300:
3173:
3065:
3037:
3025:
3013:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2697:
2592:
2452:
2031:
2016:Cambridge companion to archaic Greece
1905:
1804:
1771:
1759:
1605:
1574:
1558:
1080:The education of Spartan boys in the
766:
457:, credited with the formation of its
6793:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
4425:
3861:A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry
3712:
3258:
2239:
481:putting aside the implausibly early
4284:
3838:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (
2610:, p. 211, citing Thuc., 1.6.3.
1542:, p. 97, citing Thuc., 1.18.1.
24:
7309:People whose existence is disputed
5754:
4399:
3637:
3568:
3140:. University of California Press.
2251:, 7, for a Lycurgan ephorate with
1023:a Laconian girl running or dancing
25:
7320:
3848:
3649:. In Vernant, Jean-Pierre (ed.).
3373:"Lycurgus (2), legendary Spartan"
3272:"Lycurgus (2), legendary Spartan"
3126:
7262:
7252:
7243:
7242:
4292:
3653:. De Gruyter. pp. 143–160.
3575:
2227:
1839:
1743:
1447:
1358:largely ended such hagiography.
670:Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier
453:) was the legendary lawgiver of
403:
7263:
3715:"Agis, Cleomenes, and Equality"
3371:Nafissi, Massimo (2019-10-30).
3360:Nafissi, Massimo. "Sparta". In
3276:The Oxford classical dictionary
3177:Plutarch and his Contemporaries
3092:, p. 693, also noting the
2876:
2749:
2648:
2382:
2325:
2233:
2101:
2007:
1995:
1798:
1765:
1733:
1595:
1533:
3855:Devereaux, Bret (2019-08-30).
3362:Rafflaub & van Wees (2009)
3353:Rafflaub & van Wees (2009)
1513:
1437:
1312: – mixed constitution in
1282:pervaded some articles in the
635:and would therefore place him
13:
1:
4864:
4851:
4832:
4815:
3261:Hodkinson & Powell (2009)
2857:, p. 321, citing Arist.
2657:Hodkinson & Powell (2009)
2208:
1625:
1380:
1086:, less anachronistically the
1067:
1060:
636:
614:
590:
493:
486:
5992:Funeral and burial practices
5177:Military of Mycenaean Greece
3236:. Classical Press of Wales.
2641:, p. 220, citing Plut.
2112:
1805:Smith, William, ed. (1857).
1385:
1315:Defense of the Constitutions
1234:
1199:
1121:Lycurgus depicted in a 1950
1104:
1098:
1082:
913:One of the illusions of the
887:
881:
875:
860:
854:
831:
823:
817:
811:
581:
523:
459:
449:
7:
3760:10.1524/klio.1988.70.70.340
3467:Powell, Anton, ed. (2018).
3379:. Oxford University Press.
3326:Companion to archaic Greece
3270:Hodkinson, Stephen (2012).
3197:Journal of Hellenic Studies
3002:Hodkinson & Powell 2009
1361:
919:Cleomenes' five-year regime
908:
847:Companion to archaic Greece
10:
7325:
5916:Greek Revival architecture
5258:
3942:On the Malice of Herodotus
3422:10.1524/klio.1993.75.75.45
2622:, pp. 219–20, citing
2536:, pp. 213–14, citing
2513:, pp. 212–13, citing
1145:
801:that he received from the
529:Historicity and chronology
442:
29:
7304:Greek mythological heroes
7238:
7189:
7183:
7178:
7023:
6900:
6889:
6816:
6738:
6695:
6642:
6500:
6352:
6343:
6339:
6320:
6269:
6184:
6122:
6084:
6077:
6027:
5987:
5978:
5900:
5777:
5773:
5749:
5715:
5684:
5526:
5413:
5357:
5324:Attalid kings of Pergamon
5279:
5270:
5266:
5253:
5132:Antigonid Macedonian army
5105:
5078:
5050:
5007:
4964:
4955:
4797:
4736:
4633:
4629:
4600:
4499:
4448:
4444:
4420:
4407:
4299:
4290:
4235:
4199:
3958:
3912:
3659:10.1515/9783111330570-008
3609:– via LacusCurtius.
1294:, the main editor of the
1226:
1112:
1047:that Lycurgus prohibited
1004:
32:Lycurgus (disambiguation)
3713:Fuks, Alexander (1962).
3234:Sparta: new perspectives
3134:Cartledge, Paul (2001).
1686:, pp. 94–95, 98–99.
1526:70, F 118 and Eratosth.
1280:Positive views of Sparta
1017:bronze statuette in the
4200:Translators and editors
3042:Claude Adrien Helvétius
2907:Octavian against Antony
2262:, 1313a26–8, and Plut.
2242:, p. 296, citing:
1772:Grant, Michael (1987).
776:600 BC during the
686:this 2nd century statue
653:
589:, which corresponds to
108:List of Kings of Sparta
5358:Artists & scholars
5273:List of ancient Greeks
4910:Second Athenian League
4759:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
4584:Ancient Greek colonies
3804:Woodward, A M (1950).
3440:; et al. (2018).
2899:
2889:Sparta sided with the
2742:, p. 526, citing
2591:, p. 218, citing
2494:, p. 211, citing
2451:, p. 211, citing
2420:, p. 209, citing
2128:, p. 163, citing
1985:, p. 107, citing
1942:, p. 107, citing
1923:, p. 107, citing
1904:, p. 107, citing
1885:, p. 107, citing
1854:, p. 105, citing
1838:, p. 104, citing
1822:, Character and life;
1776:The rise of the Greeks
1573:, pp. 98, citing
1376:, an Athenian lawgiver
1370:, an Athenian lawgiver
1296:
1284:
1142:
1130:
1030:
900:
839:
794:
785:Political and military
701:
673:
642:, per the philosopher
6477:Sybaris on the Traeis
5202:Sacred Band of Thebes
4942:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
4456:Cycladic civilization
3469:A companion to Sparta
3242:10.2307/j.ctvvn9cq.13
3094:Battle of Thermopylae
2696:, p. 61, citing
1268:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1141:in Brussels, Belgium.
1136:
1127:United States Capitol
1120:
1012:
966:currency made of iron
807:
792:
679:
662:In the 1791 painting
661:
565:A companion to Sparta
7299:Government of Sparta
6002:mythological figures
5723:Ancient Greek tribes
4848:Peloponnesian League
3645:Finley, M I (1968).
3619:Spartan constitution
3303:Spartan constitution
2785:, p. 258 n. 14.
2110:, p. 129. "The
1152:Spartan Constitution
977:generals during the
821:, and instituting a
778:Second Messenian War
53:Spartan Constitution
30:For other uses, see
7294:Ancient legislators
6114:Tunnel of Eupalinos
6109:Theatre of Dionysus
5733:Ancient Macedonians
5349:Tyrants of Syracuse
4861:Amphictyonic League
4461:Minoan civilization
3975:Alexander the Great
3719:Classical Philology
3533:, pp. 685–703.
3471:. Wiley Blackwell.
3328:. Wiley Blackwell.
3263:, pp. 293–310.
3137:Spartan reflections
3108:, pp. 696–700.
2833:, pp. 99, 111.
2212:&thinsp, 511 BC
2126:Pomeroy et al. 2018
2092:Pomeroy et al. 2018
2044:Pomeroy et al. 2018
1620:, p. 53. "The
1590:Pomeroy et al. 2018
1240:Niccolò Machiavelli
1205:universal education
905:date to that time.
622:First Messenian War
618: 1003 BC
40:Part of a series on
6788:Menestheus's Limin
6442:Pandosia (Lucania)
6330:Greek colonisation
5692:Athenian statesmen
5453:Diogenes of Sinope
5314:Kings of Macedonia
5304:Kings of Commagene
5172:Macedonian phalanx
5152:Hellenistic armies
4900:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
4764:Indo-Greek Kingdom
4486:Hellenistic Greece
4212:Arthur Hugh Clough
3595:"Life of Lycurgus"
3560:, pp. 236–68.
3551:, pp. 202–35.
3542:, pp. 525–42.
3524:, pp. 93–123.
3515:, pp. 665–84.
3506:, pp. 704–22.
3364:, pp. 117–37.
3004:, pp. xix–xx.
2980:, pp. 666–67.
2925:, pp. 315–17.
2887:, pp. 413–17.
2684:, pp. 222–23.
2672:, pp. 221–22.
2659:, pp. 364–66.
2579:, pp. 217–18.
2439:, pp. 209–10.
2342:10.2307/j.ctvvn96g
2318:, pp. 204–5;
2287:, pp. 132–33.
2070:, pp. 226–27.
2046:, pp. 162–63.
1973:, pp. 109–10.
1643:, pp. 133–34.
1340:Karl Julius Beloch
1143:
1131:
1071: 600 BC
1064: 600 BC
1031:
945:equally among the
795:
767:Attributed reforms
751:Athena Chalcioecus
702:
674:
665:Lycurgus of Sparta
640: 776 BC
627:One artefact, the
594: 885 BC
497: 776 BC
490: 885 BC
18:Lycurgus of Sparta
7289:Ancient Greek law
7276:
7275:
7234:
7233:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
6740:Iberian Peninsula
6672:Lipara/Meligounis
6638:
6637:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6289:Cypriot syllabary
6180:
6179:
6089:Athenian Treasury
6073:
6072:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5334:Ptolemaic dynasty
5294:Archons of Athens
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5120:Athenian military
5101:
5100:
4934:League of Corinth
4916:Thessalian League
4892:Chalcidian League
4874:Acarnanian League
4784:Ptolemaic Kingdom
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4367:
4366:
4252:
4251:
4239:Comparison extant
4169:Tiberius Gracchus
3935:De genio Socratis
3668:978-3-11-133057-0
3478:978-1-119-07238-6
3451:978-0-19-068691-8
3394:978-0-19-938113-5
3355:, pp. 64–80.
3335:978-0-631-23045-8
3285:978-0-19-954556-8
3251:978-1-905125-31-9
3187:978-90-04-68730-1
3147:978-0-520-23124-5
3120:, pp. 700–2.
3056:, pp. 706–7.
2821:, pp. 94–95.
2760:, pp. 505–6.
2520:, 13.2 and Plut.
2379:, pp. 203–4.
2367:, pp. 203–5.
2351:978-1-905125-30-2
2302:, pp. 207–8.
2025:978-0-521-82200-8
1961:, pp. 108–9.
1791:978-0-684-18536-1
1604:, p. 98, .;
1561:, pp. 35–36.
1522:, citing Ephorus
1325:Federalist Papers
1248:communal interest
979:Peloponnesian War
396:
395:
16:(Redirected from
7316:
7266:
7265:
7256:
7246:
7245:
7180:
7179:
6898:
6897:
6397:Heraclea Lucania
6350:
6349:
6341:
6340:
6322:
6321:
6082:
6081:
6014:Twelve Olympians
5985:
5984:
5775:
5774:
5751:
5750:
5339:Seleucid dynasty
5319:Kings of Paionia
5268:
5267:
5255:
5254:
5125:Scythian archers
5032:Graphe paranomon
4962:
4961:
4869:
4866:
4856:
4853:
4837:
4834:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4631:
4630:
4602:
4601:
4481:Classical Greece
4466:Mycenaean Greece
4446:
4445:
4422:
4421:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4296:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4222:Philemon Holland
4111:Cato the Younger
3991:Aratus of Sicyon
3898:
3891:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3843:
3837:
3829:
3800:
3771:
3742:
3709:
3672:
3632:
3610:
3586:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3463:
3438:Pomeroy, Sarah B
3433:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3320:
3297:
3264:
3255:
3228:
3191:
3170:
3151:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2904:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2747:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2710:
2704:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2636:
2630:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2543:, 9.3–5, 13.3–4.
2531:
2525:
2508:
2502:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2329:
2323:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2237:
2231:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1937:
1931:
1918:
1912:
1899:
1893:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1849:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1737:
1731:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1615:
1609:
1608:, pp. 35–36
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1568:
1562:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1451:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1404:
1398:
1356:Second World War
1299:
1289:
1237:
1215:of Lycurgus and
1202:
1107:
1101:
1085:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
903:
890:
884:
878:
863:
857:
836:
828:
820:
814:
641:
638:
619:
616:
595:
592:
584:
577:Life of Lycurgus
571:
498:
495:
491:
488:
472:
469:
466:
462:
452:
447:
446:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
388:
381:
374:
37:
36:
21:
7324:
7323:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7230:
7185:
7162:
7025:
7019:
6902:
6893:
6885:
6856:Melaina Korkyra
6812:
6734:
6691:
6644:Aeolian Islands
6634:
6496:
6354:
6335:
6334:
6308:
6265:
6176:
6118:
6069:
6023:
5974:
5896:
5887:Wedding customs
5769:
5768:
5737:
5728:Thracian Greeks
5711:
5702:Olympic victors
5680:
5522:
5409:
5353:
5344:Kings of Sparta
5329:Kings of Pontus
5299:Kings of Athens
5275:
5262:
5241:
5137:Army of Macedon
5097:
5074:
5046:
5003:
4951:
4924:(370–c. 230 BC)
4922:Arcadian League
4906:(c. 400–188 BC)
4904:Aetolian League
4898:Boeotian League
4880:Hellenic League
4867:
4854:
4844:(c. 650–404 BC)
4835:
4829:Italiote League
4822:
4818:
4812:Doric Hexapolis
4802:
4793:
4789:Seleucid Empire
4732:
4625:
4624:
4588:
4495:
4471:Greek Dark Ages
4440:
4439:
4416:
4403:
4398:
4368:
4363:
4297:
4286:
4285:Greek lawgivers
4283:
4253:
4248:
4231:
4195:
4182:Aemilius Paulus
3954:
3950:Pseudo-Plutarch
3908:
3902:
3865:
3863:
3851:
3846:
3831:
3830:
3754:(70): 340–345.
3690:10.2307/1086717
3669:
3640:
3638:Further reading
3635:
3629:
3571:
3569:Primary sources
3566:
3479:
3452:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3336:
3317:
3286:
3252:
3188:
3167:
3148:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2937:, Laws, citing
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2754:
2750:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2711:
2707:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2653:
2649:
2637:
2633:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2532:
2528:
2509:
2505:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2330:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2238:
2234:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2124:
2120:
2106:
2102:
2094:, p. 163;
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2026:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1930:, 5.1–2, 5.8–9.
1919:
1915:
1900:
1896:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1850:
1846:
1834:
1830:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1770:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1738:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:, p. 104;
1666:
1662:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1622:communis opinio
1616:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1569:
1565:
1557:, p. 103;
1553:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1364:
1344:First World War
1272:collective good
1229:
1148:
1115:
1070:
1063:
1007:
911:
787:
769:
656:
639:
629:Disc of Iphitos
617:
593:
569:
545:
544:
543:
540:
539:
537:
531:
526:
496:
489:
470:
467:
464:
406:
402:
392:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7322:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7260:
7250:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7029:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6906:
6904:
6895:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6822:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6744:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6701:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6648:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6590:Megara Hyblaea
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6570:Hybla Gereatis
6567:
6562:
6560:Heraclea Minoa
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6506:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6347:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6326:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6304:Attic numerals
6301:
6299:Greek numerals
6296:
6294:Greek alphabet
6291:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6128:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5948:Musical system
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5907:
5905:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5380:Mathematicians
5377:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5289:Kings of Argos
5285:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5264:
5263:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5147:Cretan archers
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4946:Achaean League
4943:
4940:Euboean League
4937:
4931:
4928:Epirote League
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4876:(c. 500–31 BC)
4871:
4858:
4845:
4839:
4826:
4808:
4806:
4804:Confederations
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4728:Lissus (Crete)
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Archaic Greece
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:Ancient Greece
4397:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:Four unpaired
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4173:Gaius Gracchus
4158:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4012:Cato the Elder
4005:
3988:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3924:
3921:Parallel Lives
3916:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3850:
3849:External links
3847:
3845:
3844:
3812:(4): 616–634.
3801:
3783:(3): 257–272.
3772:
3743:
3731:10.1086/364695
3725:(3): 161–166.
3710:
3684:(3): 157–179.
3673:
3667:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3611:
3599:Parallel Lives
3587:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3477:
3464:
3450:
3434:
3405:
3393:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3357:
3334:
3321:
3315:
3298:
3284:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3250:
3229:
3209:10.2307/629291
3192:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3152:
3146:
3130:
3128:
3127:Modern sources
3125:
3123:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3082:
3080:, p. 691.
3070:
3068:, p. 682.
3058:
3046:
3030:
3028:, p. 678.
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2956:, p. 665.
2946:
2927:
2915:
2913:, p. 408.
2875:
2863:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2797:, p. 258.
2787:
2775:
2763:
2748:
2744:Cartledge 2001
2732:
2728:Cartledge 2001
2720:
2705:
2686:
2682:van Wees 2018a
2674:
2670:van Wees 2018a
2662:
2647:
2639:van Wees 2018a
2631:
2620:van Wees 2018a
2612:
2608:van Wees 2018a
2600:
2589:van Wees 2018a
2581:
2577:van Wees 2018a
2569:
2567:, p. 215.
2565:van Wees 2018a
2557:
2555:, p. 214.
2553:van Wees 2018a
2545:
2534:van Wees 2018a
2526:
2511:van Wees 2018a
2503:
2492:van Wees 2018a
2484:
2482:, p. 242.
2480:van Wees 2018b
2472:
2470:, p. 213.
2468:van Wees 2018a
2460:
2449:van Wees 2018a
2441:
2437:van Wees 2018a
2429:
2418:van Wees 2018a
2410:
2408:, p. 208.
2406:van Wees 2018a
2398:
2396:, p. 210.
2394:van Wees 2018a
2381:
2377:van Wees 2018a
2369:
2365:van Wees 2018a
2357:
2350:
2324:
2322:, p. 110.
2316:van Wees 2018a
2314:, p. 68;
2304:
2300:van Wees 2018a
2289:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2256:
2232:
2216:
2205:van Wees 2018b
2197:
2195:, p. 239.
2193:van Wees 2018b
2185:
2183:, p. 238.
2181:van Wees 2018b
2173:
2169:van Wees 2018b
2161:
2159:, p. 237.
2157:van Wees 2018b
2149:
2147:, p. 126.
2137:
2118:
2100:
2098:, p. 126.
2084:
2082:, p. 226.
2080:van Wees 2018a
2072:
2068:van Wees 2018a
2060:
2058:, p. 227.
2056:van Wees 2018a
2048:
2036:
2024:
2006:
1994:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1932:
1913:
1894:
1875:
1873:, p. 106.
1863:
1844:
1828:
1812:
1797:
1790:
1764:
1748:
1740:Hodkinson 2012
1732:
1716:
1704:
1688:
1676:
1660:
1645:
1633:
1610:
1594:
1592:, p. 162.
1582:
1563:
1544:
1532:
1512:
1497:
1485:
1469:
1452:
1450:, 1.65.2–66.1.
1436:
1424:
1405:
1401:Hodkinson 2012
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1264:Charles Rollin
1228:
1225:
1191:Achaean League
1156:par excellence
1147:
1144:
1114:
1111:
1019:British Museum
1006:
1003:
915:Spartan mirage
910:
907:
786:
783:
768:
765:
684:, depicted in
655:
652:
541:
535:
534:
533:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
475:Delphic oracle
394:
393:
391:
390:
383:
376:
368:
365:
364:
363:
362:
360:Spartan mirage
357:
352:
344:
343:
339:
338:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
313:
312:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
294:
293:
287:
282:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
247:
246:
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
206:
205:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
150:
149:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
121:
120:
115:
102:
101:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
64:
56:
55:
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7321:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7269:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7249:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7181:
7177:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6768:Hemeroscopion
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6345:Magna Graecia
6342:
6338:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6219:Arcadocypriot
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6173:
6172:Zeus, Olympia
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6157:Hera, Olympia
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6060:Mount Olympus
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:Sacred places
6026:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5852:Olympic Games
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5842:Homosexuality
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5212:Seleucid army
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4886:Delian League
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4862:
4859:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4842:Ionian League
4840:
4830:
4827:
4823: 560 BC
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:Magna Graecia
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Jacques Amyot
4205:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3979:Julius Caesar
3976:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3628:3-11-017466-9
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3559:
3558:Powell (2018)
3554:
3550:
3549:Powell (2018)
3545:
3541:
3540:Powell (2018)
3536:
3532:
3531:Powell (2018)
3527:
3523:
3522:Powell (2018)
3518:
3514:
3513:Powell (2018)
3509:
3505:
3504:Powell (2018)
3500:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3416:(75): 45–60.
3415:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3316:3-11-017466-9
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3166:90-5867-239-5
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3118:Rebenich 2018
3114:
3107:
3106:Rebenich 2018
3102:
3095:
3091:
3090:Rebenich 2018
3086:
3079:
3078:Rebenich 2018
3074:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2923:Desideri 2002
2919:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2897:and then the
2896:
2892:
2886:
2885:Powell (2018)
2879:
2872:
2871:Desideri 2002
2867:
2860:
2856:
2855:Desideri 2002
2851:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2809:, p. 94.
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2773:, p. 35.
2772:
2767:
2759:
2758:Powell (2018)
2752:
2746:, p. 88.
2745:
2741:
2736:
2730:, p. 88.
2729:
2724:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2255:as the first.
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1826:, p. 96.
1825:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1768:
1762:, p. 35.
1761:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1674:, p. 50.
1673:
1669:
1664:
1658:, p. 97.
1657:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1629: 736–16
1623:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1510:, p. 98.
1509:
1504:
1502:
1495:, p. 93.
1494:
1489:
1483:, p. 94.
1482:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1434:, p. 97.
1433:
1428:
1422:, p. 95.
1421:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:Nazi ideology
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:(number 63).
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:James Madison
1317:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1203:as a form of
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1184:Cleomenes III
1181:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1035:bride capture
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1002:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
982:
980:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:Cleomenes III
932:
928:
922:
920:
916:
906:
902:
897:
892:
889:
883:
877:
871:
870:Cleomenes III
867:
862:
856:
850:
848:
844:
838:
835:
834:
827:
826:
819:
815:and creating
813:
806:
804:
800:
791:
782:
779:
773:
764:
761:
760:Cleomenes III
757:
752:
747:
744:
741:occupies the
738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
718:
716:
711:
707:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
671:
667:
666:
660:
651:
647:
645:
634:
633:Olympic Games
630:
625:
623:
612:
608:
603:
599:
588:
583:
578:
573:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
521:
518:
517:Cleomenes III
514:
508:
506:
500:
484:
478:
476:
461:
456:
451:
445:
439:
433:
400:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
369:
367:
366:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
341:
340:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
314:
310:
309:
304:
301:
299:
296:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:
244:
243:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
203:
202:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
148:Social groups
147:
146:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:
99:
98:
91:
90:Cleomenes III
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
51:
50:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
7063:Dionysopolis
7033:Abonoteichos
6985:Pantikapaion
6575:Hybla Heraea
5911:Architecture
5867:Prostitution
5556:Aristophanes
5415:Philosophers
5385:Philosophers
5217:Spartan army
4948:(280–146 BC)
4936:(338–322 BC)
4930:(370–168 BC)
4918:(374–196 BC)
4912:(378–355 BC)
4894:(430–348 BC)
4888:(478–404 BC)
4882:(499–449 BC)
4569:Peloponnesus
4491:Roman Greece
4343:
4243:
4227:Thomas North
4187:Themistocles
4138:Gaius Marius
4083:
3982:
3926:
3919:
3864:. Retrieved
3860:
3834:cite journal
3809:
3805:
3780:
3776:
3751:
3747:
3722:
3718:
3681:
3677:
3650:
3618:
3598:
3581:
3579:(1920–25) .
3468:
3441:
3413:
3409:
3398:. Retrieved
3376:
3325:
3302:
3275:
3233:
3200:
3196:
3176:
3156:
3136:
3113:
3101:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2940:
2935:Nafissi 2019
2930:
2918:
2878:
2866:
2861:, 1337a10ff.
2858:
2850:
2843:Nafissi 2019
2838:
2831:Nafissi 2018
2826:
2819:Nafissi 2018
2814:
2807:Nafissi 2018
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2751:
2735:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2699:
2694:Hammond 1950
2689:
2677:
2665:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2625:
2615:
2603:
2594:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2539:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2506:
2501:, 24.3–25.1.
2497:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2454:
2444:
2432:
2423:
2413:
2401:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2333:
2327:
2320:Nafissi 2018
2307:
2285:Nafissi 2009
2280:
2266:, 779E, for
2263:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2224:Nafissi 2009
2219:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2145:Nafissi 2009
2140:
2131:
2121:
2108:Nafissi 2009
2103:
2096:Nafissi 2009
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2015:
2009:
2002:Nafissi 2019
1997:
1988:
1983:Nafissi 2018
1978:
1971:Nafissi 2018
1966:
1959:Nafissi 2018
1954:
1945:
1940:Nafissi 2018
1935:
1926:
1921:Nafissi 2018
1916:
1907:
1902:Nafissi 2018
1897:
1888:
1883:Nafissi 2018
1878:
1871:Nafissi 2018
1866:
1857:
1852:Nafissi 2018
1847:
1836:Nafissi 2018
1831:
1824:Nafissi 2018
1820:Nafissi 2019
1815:
1806:
1800:
1775:
1767:
1756:Nafissi 2019
1751:
1735:
1719:
1712:Nafissi 2018
1707:
1696:Nafissi 2018
1691:
1684:Nafissi 2019
1679:
1668:Nafissi 2018
1663:
1656:Nafissi 2018
1641:Nafissi 2009
1636:
1621:
1613:
1602:Nafissi 2018
1597:
1585:
1576:
1571:Nafissi 2018
1566:
1555:Nafissi 2018
1540:Nafissi 2018
1535:
1527:
1523:
1520:Nafissi 2019
1515:
1508:Nafissi 2018
1493:Nafissi 2018
1488:
1481:Nafissi 2018
1477:Nafissi 2019
1472:
1465:Nafissi 2019
1444:Nafissi 2019
1439:
1432:Nafissi 2019
1427:
1420:Nafissi 2018
1330:
1323:
1313:
1297:Encyclopédie
1286:Encyclopédie
1276:general will
1262:
1251:
1230:
1213:paired lives
1210:
1195:Roman Empire
1188:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1087:
1079:
1057:
1044:
1032:
995:
983:
963:
958:
923:
912:
893:
851:
846:
840:
808:
799:Great Rhetra
796:
774:
770:
748:
739:
735:
719:
709:
703:
663:
648:
626:
601:
576:
574:
564:
558:
546:
509:
501:
479:
398:
397:
350:Laconophilia
222:Spartan army
69:
66:Legislators
62:Great Rhetra
7211:Place names
7123:Salmydessus
6945:Kalos Limen
6925:Chersonesus
6915:Borysthenes
6620:Tauromenion
6432:Metapontion
6194:Proto-Greek
6147:Erechtheion
6142:Athena Nike
6104:Philippeion
5933:Mathematics
5904:and science
5787:Agriculture
5651:Stesichorus
5561:Bacchylides
5551:Archilochus
5438:Antisthenes
5428:Anaximander
5400:Seven Sages
5390:Playwrights
5370:Geographers
5365:Astronomers
5192:Pezhetairos
4819: 1100
4799:Federations
4698:Megalopolis
4635:City states
4610:City states
4319:Cleisthenes
4217:John Dryden
4098:Philopoemen
4035:Demosthenes
3054:Jensen 2018
2911:Lafond 2018
2901:liberatores
2740:Richer 2018
2312:Morris 2009
2268:Theopompian
1842:, 1.64.4–5.
1724:Parker 1993
1672:Parker 1993
1618:Parker 1993
1336:Nazi regime
1332:Nationalist
1302:philosophes
1244:Renaissance
1053:pronatalist
613:, dated to
607:Eurysthenes
602:Archaeology
554:Eurypontids
324:Gymnopaedia
118:Eurypontids
7283:Categories
7113:Polemonion
6990:Phanagoria
6960:Kimmerikon
6955:Kerkinitis
6940:Hermonassa
6930:Dioscurias
6826:Aspalathos
6773:Kalathousa
6748:Akra Leuke
6677:Phoenicusa
6462:Scylletium
6447:Poseidonia
6367:Brentesion
6254:Pamphylian
6249:Macedonian
6167:Samothrace
6152:Hephaestus
6099:Long Walls
6078:Structures
6019:Underworld
5965:Technology
5928:Literature
5862:Philosophy
5827:Euergetism
5716:By culture
5661:Thucydides
5503:Pythagoras
5498:Protagoras
5488:Parmenides
5473:Heraclitus
5458:Empedocles
5448:Democritus
5433:Anaximenes
5423:Anaxagoras
5375:Historians
4868: 595
4855: 550
4836: 800
4821: – c.
4749:Cappadocia
4554:Ionian Sea
4544:Hellespont
4509:Aegean Sea
4102:Flamininus
3995:Artaxerxes
3970:Coriolanus
3966:Alcibiades
3866:2024-05-31
3487:2017011675
3460:2016059031
3400:2023-03-22
3344:2008046992
3066:Mason 2018
3038:Mason 2018
3026:Mason 2018
3014:Mason 2018
2990:Mason 2018
2978:Mason 2018
2966:Mason 2018
2954:Mason 2018
2891:Caesarians
2795:Gatto 2024
2783:Gatto 2024
2771:Lipka 2002
2032:Lipka 2002
1892:, 5.10–12.
1760:Lipka 2002
1700:Theopompus
1606:Lipka 2002
1559:Lipka 2002
1381:References
1306:John Adams
1139:Law Courts
1123:bas relief
999:Thucydides
987:spartiates
598:Thucydides
483:Xenophonic
468:good order
329:Hyacinthia
258:Ambologera
196:Partheniae
171:Neodamodes
156:Spartiates
100:Government
7199:in Epirus
7148:Trapezous
7093:Mesambria
7078:Eupatoria
7048:Apollonia
7043:Anchialos
7005:Theodosia
6975:Nymphaion
6965:Myrmekion
6935:Gorgippia
6891:Black Sea
6876:Tragurion
6861:Nymphaion
6846:Epidauros
6841:Epidamnos
6831:Apollonia
6808:Zacynthos
6730:Ptolemais
6724:Apollonia
6697:Cyrenaica
6687:Therassía
6682:Strongyle
6662:Ereikousa
6585:Leontinoi
6525:Apollonia
6402:Hipponion
6199:Mycenaean
6162:Parthenon
6094:Lion Gate
5997:Mythology
5960:Sculpture
5923:Astronomy
5857:Pederasty
5832:Festivals
5817:Education
5697:Lawgivers
5666:Timocreon
5646:Sophocles
5641:Simonides
5616:Philocles
5611:Panyassis
5606:Mimnermus
5571:Herodotus
5566:Euripides
5536:Aeschylus
5483:Leucippus
5443:Aristotle
5222:Strategos
5088:Synedrion
5042:Ostracism
5022:Areopagus
4974:Free city
4769:Macedonia
4653:Byzantion
4559:Macedonia
4524:Cyrenaica
4501:Geography
4435:Geography
4349:Nicodorus
4314:Charondas
4165:Cleomenes
4152:Sertorius
4125:Poplicola
4120:Agesilaus
4093:Marcellus
4089:Pelopidas
4026:Demetrius
4008:Aristides
3904:Works of
3818:0018-2311
3789:0018-2311
3768:2192-7669
3739:0009-837X
3698:0031-8299
3593:(1914) .
3582:Histories
3577:Herodotus
3495:981761116
3430:2192-7669
3294:959667246
3217:2041-4099
3203:: 42–64.
2270:ephorate.
2240:Shaw 2009
2030:See also
1746:, 1.65–6.
1742:, citing
1728:Simonides
1530:241, F 2.
1446:, citing
1386:Citations
1164:Pausanias
1160:hero cult
949:with the
876:perioikoi
715:Charilaus
644:Aristotle
524:Biography
450:Lykourgos
444:Λυκοῦργος
311:Festivals
303:Menelaion
253:Aphrodite
232:Xenelasia
191:Epeunacti
176:Trophimoi
80:Epitadeus
7248:Category
7226:Theatres
7153:Tripolis
7088:Kerasous
7083:Heraclea
7015:Tyritake
6970:Nikonion
6881:Thronion
6803:Salauris
6758:Emporion
6715:Berenice
6705:Balagrae
6657:Euonymos
6630:Tyndaris
6615:Syracuse
6610:Selinous
6580:Kamarina
6535:Casmenae
6520:Akrillai
6437:Neápolis
6372:Caulonia
6353:Mainland
6284:Linear B
6279:Linear A
6209:Dialects
6186:Language
5980:Religion
5938:Medicine
5872:Religion
5837:Folklore
5822:Emporium
5797:Clothing
5792:Calendar
5676:Xenophon
5671:Tyrtaeus
5656:Theognis
5631:Polybius
5626:Plutarch
5601:Menander
5581:Hipponax
5508:Socrates
5463:Epicurus
5309:Diadochi
5207:Sciritae
5167:Hetairoi
5142:Ballista
5107:Military
5070:Gerousia
5060:Ekklesia
5027:Ecclesia
5009:Athenian
4957:Politics
4870:–279 BC)
4857:–366 BC)
4838:–389 BC)
4774:Pergamon
4744:Bithynia
4737:Kingdoms
4678:Pergamon
4620:Military
4615:Politics
4412:Timeline
4359:Zaleucus
4344:Lycurgus
4329:Diagoras
4309:Cercidas
4304:Aegimius
4191:Camillus
4178:Timoleon
4084:Lycurgus
4071:Lysander
4062:Lucullus
4057:Pericles
3906:Plutarch
3647:"Sparta"
3617:(2002).
3615:Xenophon
3607:40115288
3591:Plutarch
3307:Xenophon
2893:against
1362:See also
1310:Polybian
1235:syssitia
1168:Eukosmos
1105:crypteia
1094:crypteia
1021:depicts
955:Tyrtaeus
943:Messenia
927:syssitia
909:Economic
888:syssitia
861:phiditia
855:syssitia
825:gerousia
731:syssitia
727:ephorate
725:and the
723:gerousia
706:ephorate
680:The god
561:Tyrtaeus
505:syssitia
399:Lycurgus
355:Laconism
334:Xanthika
298:Hyacinth
280:Caryatis
227:Syssitia
217:Crypteia
186:Sciritae
161:Perioeci
140:Navarchy
135:Ekklesia
130:Ephorate
125:Gerousia
70:Lycurgus
7268:Outline
7221:Temples
7158:Zaliche
7138:Thèrmae
7128:Sesamus
7098:Odessos
7073:Cytorus
7068:Cotyora
6818:Illyria
6783:Mainake
6778:Kypsela
6667:Hycesia
6625:Thermae
6605:Segesta
6595:Messana
6550:Helorus
6530:Calacte
6510:Akragas
6472:Sybaris
6457:Rhegion
6412:Krimisa
6362:Alision
6271:Writing
6244:Locrian
6234:Epirote
6204:Homeric
6137:Artemis
6124:Temples
6065:Olympia
6035:Eleusis
5970:Theatre
5955:Pottery
5882:Warfare
5877:Slavery
5812:Economy
5807:Cuisine
5802:Coinage
5779:Society
5764:Culture
5759:Society
5707:Tyrants
5546:Alcaeus
5528:Authors
5478:Hypatia
5468:Gorgias
5405:Writers
5227:Toxotai
5197:Sarissa
5187:Peltast
5182:Phalanx
5162:Hoplite
5157:Hippeis
5080:Macedon
5052:Spartan
5037:Heliaia
4984:Proxeny
4693:Larissa
4688:Kerkyra
4683:Eretria
4673:Miletus
4668:Ephesus
4663:Corinth
4658:Chalcis
4579:Taurica
4449:Periods
4430:History
4334:Diocles
4324:Demonax
4156:Eumenes
4147:Theseus
4143:Romulus
4134:Pyrrhus
4107:Phocion
4017:Crassus
3928:Moralia
3826:4434324
3797:4434883
3706:1086717
3678:Phoenix
2944:, 31.2.
2845:, Laws.
2718:, 28.4.
2703:, 10.7.
2598:, 11.3.
2524:, 221b.
2427:, 30.1.
2390:pelanor
2258:Arist.
1949:, 8–11.
1784:, 195.
1348:fascist
1322:in the
1318:as did
1292:Diderot
1180:Agis IV
1146:Ancient
1089:paideia
1075:Plataea
1049:dowries
1045:Moralia
1015:archaic
991:homoioi
974:talents
970:drachma
959:Eunomia
947:homoioi
939:Laconia
931:Agis IV
882:andreia
866:Agis IV
756:Agis IV
710:written
611:Procles
587:Procles
513:Agis IV
460:eunomia
319:Carneia
275:Artemis
204:Society
85:Agis IV
7258:Portal
7206:People
7194:Cities
7133:Sinope
7118:Rhizos
7108:Phasis
7058:Bathus
7053:Athina
7038:Amisos
7000:Tanais
6995:Pityus
6920:Charax
6871:Pharos
6866:Orikon
6763:Helike
6753:Alonis
6720:Cyrene
6652:Didyme
6565:Himera
6540:Catana
6502:Sicily
6492:Thurii
6487:Terina
6452:Pixous
6407:Hydrus
6382:Croton
6214:Aeolic
6132:Aphaea
6055:Dodona
6040:Delphi
6009:Temple
5685:Others
5636:Sappho
5621:Pindar
5596:Lucian
5591:Ibycus
5576:Hesiod
5513:Thales
5281:Rulers
5260:People
5237:Xyston
5232:Xiphos
5093:Koinon
4999:Tyrant
4989:Stasis
4979:Koinon
4779:Pontus
4754:Epirus
4723:Sparta
4713:Rhodes
4708:Megara
4703:Thebes
4648:Athens
4574:Pontus
4539:Epirus
4529:Cyprus
4514:Aeolis
4116:Pompey
4053:Fabius
4048:Brutus
4039:Cicero
4030:Antony
4021:Nicias
3824:
3816:
3795:
3787:
3766:
3737:
3704:
3696:
3665:
3625:
3605:
3493:
3485:
3475:
3458:
3448:
3428:
3391:
3342:
3332:
3313:
3292:
3282:
3248:
3225:629291
3223:
3215:
3184:
3163:
3144:
2939:Plut.
2895:Pompey
2713:Plut.
2624:Plut.
2538:Plut.
2515:Plut.
2496:Plut.
2458:, 7.2.
2422:Plut.
2348:
2253:Elatus
2246:Plut.
2130:Plut.
2113:rhetra
2022:
1987:Plut.
1944:Plut.
1925:Plut.
1911:, 8.1.
1887:Plut.
1856:Plut.
1788:
1258:Athens
1227:Modern
1176:reform
1113:Legacy
1040:Alcman
1027:chiton
1005:Social
951:helots
896:ephors
833:apella
812:phylai
803:Pythia
698:Delphi
694:oracle
692:, his
690:Pythia
682:Apollo
582:rhetra
550:Agiads
455:Sparta
342:Legacy
290:Orthia
268:Temple
181:Mothax
166:Helots
113:Agiads
75:Chilon
46:Sparta
7216:Stoae
7184:Lists
7103:Oinòe
7026:coast
7024:South
7010:Tyras
6980:Olbia
6950:Kepoi
6903:coast
6901:North
6894:basin
6836:Aulon
6798:Rhode
6710:Barca
6600:Naxos
6555:Henna
6515:Akrai
6482:Taras
6467:Siris
6427:Medma
6422:Locri
6387:Cumae
6377:Chone
6355:Italy
6261:Koine
6239:Ionic
6229:Doric
6224:Attic
6045:Delos
5943:Music
5586:Homer
5541:Aesop
5493:Plato
5395:Poets
5065:Ephor
5017:Agora
4994:Tagus
4969:Boule
4718:Samos
4643:Argos
4549:Ionia
4534:Doris
4519:Crete
4354:Solon
4339:Draco
4244:Lives
4129:Solon
4075:Sulla
4066:Cimon
3999:Galba
3959:Lives
3913:Works
3822:JSTOR
3793:JSTOR
3702:JSTOR
3305:. By
3221:JSTOR
2698:Xen.
2645:227f.
2629:, 15.
2593:Xen.
2453:Xen.
1992:, 29.
1906:Xen.
1575:Xen.
1374:Solon
1368:Draco
1253:agoge
1221:Plato
1200:agoge
1099:agoge
1083:agoge
1025:in a
1013:This
843:rider
743:agora
438:Greek
285:Isora
263:Areia
245:Cults
237:Women
212:Agoge
7143:Tium
6910:Akra
6851:Issa
6545:Gela
6417:Laüs
6392:Elea
6050:Dion
5902:Arts
5892:Wine
5518:Zeno
5115:Wars
4189:and
4180:and
4167:and
4161:Agis
4154:and
4145:and
4136:and
4127:and
4118:and
4109:and
4100:and
4091:and
4082:and
4080:Numa
4073:and
4064:and
4055:and
4046:and
4044:Dion
4037:and
4028:and
4019:and
4010:and
4003:Otho
3997:and
3984:life
3977:and
3968:and
3840:link
3814:ISSN
3785:ISSN
3764:ISSN
3748:Klio
3735:ISSN
3694:ISSN
3663:ISBN
3623:ISBN
3603:OCLC
3491:OCLC
3483:LCCN
3473:ISBN
3456:LCCN
3446:ISBN
3426:ISSN
3410:Klio
3389:ISBN
3340:LCCN
3330:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3290:OCLC
3280:ISBN
3246:ISBN
3213:ISSN
3182:ISBN
3161:ISBN
3142:ISBN
2941:Lyc.
2859:Pol.
2715:Lyc.
2700:Lac.
2643:Mor.
2626:Lyc.
2595:Lac.
2540:Lyc.
2522:Mor.
2517:Lyc.
2498:Lyc.
2455:Lac.
2424:Lyc.
2346:ISBN
2264:Mor.
2260:Pol.
2248:Lyc.
2228:Hdt.
2135:, 6.
2132:Lyc.
2020:ISBN
1989:Lyc.
1946:Lyc.
1927:Lyc.
1908:Lac.
1889:Lyc.
1861:, 3.
1858:Lyc.
1840:Hdt.
1786:ISBN
1744:Hdt.
1577:Lac.
1528:FGrH
1524:FGrH
1448:Hdt.
1350:and
1217:Numa
1182:and
1102:and
972:and
941:and
933:and
901:pace
868:and
818:obai
758:and
654:Life
609:and
552:and
515:and
5847:Law
3756:doi
3727:doi
3686:doi
3655:doi
3418:doi
3381:doi
3238:doi
3205:doi
2338:doi
1278:".
989:or
858:or
696:at
668:by
572:".
568:him
420:ɜːr
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4852:c.
4833:c.
4816:c.
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3859:.
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