1377:
509:, King of Macedonia, who decided to go to war against Sparta. Despite numerous attempts to break through the defensive line and reach Lechaeum in the Corinth Isthmus, Antigonus' forces failed and suffered considerable losses. At that time Argos rebelled and Cleomenes had to send 2,000 men to deal with the situation. With this lack of men, Cleomenes abandoned the Isthmus and retreated to Mantinea. At this point, Cleomenes could not avoid retreating and letting the Macedonian army advance through Arcadia.
36:
255:. According to legend, Cleomenes was hunting when his father sent him a message telling him to return immediately to Sparta. When he returned to the city, he saw that it was being decorated for a wedding and when he asked his father who was getting married, his father replied that he, Cleomenes, was. It was reported that Cleomenes was doubtful about the marriage because his father had had Agiatis' husband executed. Nevertheless, the marriage went ahead.
1145:
502:
significant factor behind the campaign successes of the
Spartan king. Indeed, some of the Achaean population wanted to be debt-free and were willing to share their lands for more equity. In reality, Cleomenes did not care that much about the defeated population and chose to negotiate with the oligarchies even if the enmity between Aratus and Cleomenes was too great to enable them to come to an agreement.
336:"Upon this, Cleomenes wrote to him, in a familiar way, desiring to know, "Whether he marched the night before." Aratus answered, "That, understanding his design to fortify Belbina, the intent of his last motion was to prevent that measure." Cleomenes humorously replied, "I am satisfied with the account of your march; but should be glad to know where those torches and ladders were marching."
152:
1099:
430:. He divided up all the land and gave an equal lot to every citizen, a unique achievement. The land was pooled and redistributed in equal portion to some 4,000 citizens (although the first Agis plan projected 4,500 citizens). These citizens were half old citizens, the so called inferiors, and half new citizens who for the most part were
314:
which was being disputed by both cities. Cleomenes seized the fort and improved its fortifications. Meanwhile, the
Achaean League summoned a meeting of its assembly and declared war against Sparta. In retaliation for fortifying Athenaeum, Aratus carried out a night attack on Tegea and Orchomenus but
489:
In 226 BC, the citizens of
Mantinea appealed to Cleomenes to expel the Achaean garrison from the city. One night, he and his troops crept into the city and removed the Achaean garrison before marching off to nearby Tegea. From Tegea, the Spartans advanced into Achaea, where Cleomenes hoped to force
318:
Cleomenes discovered the attempted night attack and sent a message to Aratus asking the purpose of the expedition. Aratus replied that he had come to stop
Cleomenes from fortifying Athenaeum. Cleomenes response was, "if it's all the same to you, write and tell me why you brought along those torches
566:
and right-hand man, who was ordered to make sure everyone was dead before taking his own life. When
Panteus struck Cleomenes' ankle with the tip of his blade, he saw that the king was still alive; he kissed him and sat beside him, waiting for his last breath, and then Panteus embraced him and took
412:
Confident of his strong position, Cleomenes began plotting against the ephors. After gaining the support of his stepfather, he embarked with him on a whirlwind military expedition against his opponents, and when they requested to stay in
Arcadia due to exhaustion he returned to Sparta to carry out
512:
Knowing that
Cleomenes had received the money to pay for his mercenaries from Ptolemy, Antigonus, according to Peter Green, seems to have ceded some territory in Asia Minor to Ptolemy in return for Ptolemy withdrawing his financial support of Sparta. After that, Cleomenes entered Megalopolis and
501:
The oligarchies opposed the
Cleomenian reforms. With Cleomenes' quick victories this opposition increased throughout all the Peloponnese. Cleomenes took Corinth and other strategic places. The Cleomenian reforms, although they were not intended to be applied to the defeated populations, was a
513:
destroyed it as well as raided the territory of Argos. The damage caused by those raids was not so much a factor of military domination for
Cleomenes but rather a break in the unavoidable defeats of the Spartan army, which could not face the Macedonian army in pitched battle. In 222, at the
413:
his reform plans. When he reached the city, he sent some of his loyal followers to kill the ephors. Four of the ephors were killed, while the fifth, Agylaeus, managed to escape and seek sanctuary in a temple. Having removed the ephors, Cleomenes began to implement his reforms.
517:
the
Spartans were defeated during which the Macedonian cavalry overcame the Spartan cavalry. The Spartan phalanx was overwhelmed by the deeper ranks of the Macedonian phalanx and almost destroyed, and only a few Spartans escaped from the battle, with Cleomenes at their side.
464:
centred upon communal living within the framework of the military-minded masses. More significantly, Cleomenes decreed that his new army should follow the model of the Macedonian army, a century after the bitter defeat of the Athenians and Thebans to the Macedonians at
248:, which presented Leonidas with an opportunity to regain his throne. He quickly disposed of Cleombrotus, and went after Agis who had gone to find sanctuary. After holding out for quite some time, Agis was arrested and executed, along with other family members.
421:
After having removed the ephors, who obstructed his political will, Cleomenes used the character of Lycurgus the lawgiver, which allowed him to legitimize the violence, and he began his reforms. He first handed over all his land to the
382:
it. Aratus took advantage of a rumour saying that he had been killed in the battle and seized Mantinea. Aratus' victory at Mantinea reduced the Spartans' desire for war and they began to oppose Cleomenes' war effort.
553:
neglected Cleomenes and eventually put him under house arrest. Together with his friends, he escaped his house arrest in 219 BC and tried to incite a revolt. When he received no support from the population of
567:
his own life over the dead body of Cleomenes. Thus died the man who nearly conquered all of the Peloponnese and is described by William Smith as "the last truly great man of Sparta, and, excepting perhaps
306:
claim that Cleomenes seized these cities by treachery; however the translator of Plutarch on Sparta, Richard Talbert, claims he did so at their own request. Later that year, the
263:
Cleomenes ascended the throne of Sparta in 235 BC, following the death of his father. Cleomenes had been inspired by Agis and followed through on his reforms. Meanwhile, the
386:
Meanwhile, the Eurypontid King of Sparta, Eudamidas III, who was the son of Agis IV and Agiatis, died. Cleomenes recalled his uncle, who had fled after Agis' execution to
1759:
401:. As Cleomenes was besieging the village, an Achaean army under the command of Aratus attacked the Spartans. In the initial attack, the Spartans were repelled. However,
371:. Aratus, who accompanied Aristomachos as an adviser, urged him to retreat. Smith agrees with Aratus' assessment that 20,000 Achaeans were no match for 5,000 Spartans.
660:
405:, the cavalry commander, disobeyed Aratus' order not to pursue the Spartans. When the cavalry scattered while trying to cross some difficult terrain, Cleomenes'
347:
Cleomenes advanced into Arcadia before being called back by the ephors. When Aratus captured Caphyae, the ephors sent him out again. He ravaged the territory of
1113:
251:
Following the execution of Agis, Cleomenes, who was around eighteen at the time, was forced by his father to marry Agis' widow, Agiatis, who was a wealthy
244:. Cleomenes' brother-in-law, Cleombrotus, who was a supporter of Agis, became king. Meanwhile, having started his reforms Agis went on a campaign near the
397:
Having bribed the ephors to allow him to continue campaigning, Cleomenes advanced into the territory of Megalopolis and started to besiege the village of
587:
mostly Spartiates who had lost their citizenship because they could not meet the criteria –the mandatory contribution to the communal mess hall, the
449:
had to surrender to each klaros-holder was specified in absolute quantities rather than as a proportion of the annual yield. Cleomenes trained 4,000
240:
Around 242 BC, Leonidas was exiled from Sparta and forced to seek refuge in the temple of Athena after opposing the reforms of the Eurypontid King,
762:
498:, killing many of the Achaeans and capturing others. Following this victory, Cleomenes captured the city of Lasium and presented it to the Elians.
1769:
1764:
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2312:
473:, a five-meter pike, which performed well over the next two campaigning seasons. Cleomenes completed his reforms by placing his brother,
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managed to defeat them. Encouraged by this counter-attack, the Spartans charged the main body of the Achaean army and routed them.
494:. Cleomenes advanced with his army to Dyme and was met by the entire Achaean army. In the battle, the Spartans routed the Achaean
1084:(1990). Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1070:
Paul Cartledge and Anthony Spawforth (1989). Hellenistic and Roman Sparta : A tales of two cities. London . Rooledge.
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538:. Cleomenes returned to Sparta, advised the citizens to submit to Antigonus, and fled to Alexandria to his ally
2292:
390:, to assume the throne. However, as soon as he returned to Sparta he was assassinated. Cleomenes' part in the
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1108:
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279:, which bordered Achaea. Plutarch says that Aratus made these moves to discover Sparta's inclinations.
1205:
Marasco, G. (1980). "Polibio e i rapporti etolo-spartani durante i regni di Agide IV e Cleomene III,"
374:
This success greatly encouraged Cleomenes, and when he heard that Aratus was attacking Sparta's ally,
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when his supporters inside those cities failed to help, he retreated, hoping to remain undetected.
276:
378:, he set off to confront them. The Spartan army fell upon the Achaean army near Mount Lycaeum and
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2002:
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1010:, translated by Richard Talbert, (1988). Plutarch on Sparta. New York: Penguin Classics.
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granted land for their dedication to Sparta. Those 4,000 citizens enhanced the body of
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and his wife Cratesicleia. The exact year of Cleomenes' birth is unknown but historian
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426:; he was soon followed in this by his stepfather and his friends and the rest of the
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1998:
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442:(Spartan full citizens), which had dwindled drastically (known as oliganthropia).
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is unknown, with Polybius claiming that he ordered it, but Plutarch disagreeing.
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1986:
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1215:
Mendels, D. (1978). "Polybius, Cleomenes III and Sparta's patrios politeia",
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1102: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
275:. Upon hearing of Leonidas' death, Aratus began attacking the cities of
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1749:
1744:
1581:
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1169:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 494.
555:
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478:
439:
91:
298:, who were allied with the Aetolian League, joined Sparta. Historians
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2015:
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466:
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341:
The conversation between Cleomenes and Aratus according to Plutarch.
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sent Cleomenes to seize Athenaeum, a fort on the Spartan border with
252:
1881:
936:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
910:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
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Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
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Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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and restored the ancient Spartan military and social discipline.
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1342:
460:, and the adult citizens had to practise again the old austere
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After this diplomatic failure, Aratus chose to negotiate with
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2006:
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with an army of 5,000 men before being confronted by the new
283:
202:. He is known for his attempts to reform the Spartan state.
195:
151:
2010:
379:
630:
221:. After a failed revolt in 219 BC, he committed suicide.
456:
The citizens' children were required to pass through an
1049:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
469:. This was characterised by the use of the Macedonian
229:
Cleomenes was born in Sparta to the future Agiad king
40:
Kings Agis and Cleomenes, late 17th century engraving.
1114:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
759:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
1262:(2nd ed.). London: Cambridge University Press.
477:, in charge, making him the first Agiad king on the
205:
From 229 to 222 BC, Cleomenes waged war against the
562:. The last to kill himself was Panteus, Cleomenes'
558:, he and his friends avoided capture by committing
549:However, when Ptolemy died, his son and successor,
923:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A Tale of Two Cities
434:who fought with the Spartan army. There were also
163:brandishing a spear and holding a bow, ΛΑ(ΚΩΝΩΝ),
546:, hoping for assistance in regaining his throne.
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852:
850:
848:
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530:by the Achaeans, who received military aid from
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743:
741:
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720:
213:. After being defeated by the Achaeans in the
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1323:
843:
826:
824:
822:
445:For the first time the amount of produce the
16:3rd century BCE King of Sparta, Agiad dynasty
1248:
734:
717:
159:depicting Kleomenes III. Reverse: statue of
1043:Pausanias; W. H. S. Jones (trans.) (1918).
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34:
1222:
992:, translated by Richard Talbert, (1988).
974:, translated by Richard Talbert, (1988).
915:
864:
768:
1155:
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691:
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526:In 222 BC Cleomenes was defeated in the
150:
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617:
604:
2265:
1196:
1911:
1885:
1311:
1107:
1245:. New Rochelle: A. D. Caratzas 1986.
1064:
1337:
1249:Tarn, W.W.; Griffith, G.T. (1952).
636:
237:puts it between 265 BC and 260 BC.
13:
2313:Heads of state who died by suicide
1375:
1225:The Corn King and the Spring Queen
1201:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1174:
965:
359:and his army consisting of 20,000
198:dynasty and succeeded his father,
14:
2329:
2283:3rd-century BC monarchs in Europe
322:
1143:
1097:
332:
928:
921:P. Cartledge and A. Spawforth,
581:
271:was trying to unite all of the
1199:Hellenism and the Rise of Rome
1190:A History of Sparta 950–192 BC
1182:The Spartans: An Epic History,
1180:Paul Cartledge (2nd edn, 2003)
1031:. New York: Penguin Classics.
996:. New York: Penguin Classics.
978:. New York: Penguin Classics.
416:
258:
1:
856:
726:
598:
224:
1029:The Rise of the Roman Empire
490:the League to face him in a
7:
10:
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2318:Suicides in Ancient Greece
2303:Ancient Greek LGBTQ people
1950:On the Malice of Herodotus
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326:
179:
113:Unknown (at least one son)
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1966:
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1349:
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1223:Mitchison, Naomi (1990).
282:In 229 BC, the cities of
194:. He was a member of the
139:
129:
117:
107:
97:
85:
73:
63:
53:
45:
33:
26:
21:
2308:Ancient Spartan generals
1253:. London: Edward Arnold.
1251:Hellenistic Civilization
1241:Piper, Linda J. (1986).
1227:. Edinburgh: Canongate.
574:
2288:3rd-century BC Spartans
2208:Translators and editors
1197:Grimal, Pierre (1968).
1166:Encyclopædia Britannica
522:Defeat, exile and death
485:Macedonian intervention
403:Lydiadas of Megalopolis
355:of the Achaean League,
2298:Ancient Greek generals
1380:
1258:Walbank, F.W. (1984).
1188:Forrest, W.G. (1968).
217:in 222 BC, he fled to
168:
2293:Agiad kings of Sparta
1379:
1260:The Hellenistic world
1046:Description of Greece
796:Description of Greece
357:Aristomachos of Argos
267:under the command of
182:) was one of the two
154:
1587:Cleombrotus (regent)
1290:Agiad King of Sparta
1983:Alexander the Great
1192:. New York: Norton.
532:Antigonus III Doson
507:Antigonus III Doson
2220:Arthur Hugh Clough
1688:Eurypontid dynasty
1637:Cleonymus (regent)
1602:Nicomedes (regent)
1592:Pausanias (regent)
1381:
1219:33 (1978) 161–166.
1217:Parola del passato
1209:6 (1980) 153–180.
663:2018-10-05 at the
571:, of all Greece."
551:Ptolemy Philopator
528:Battle of Sellasia
515:Battle of Sellasia
246:Isthmus of Corinth
215:Battle of Sellasia
169:
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2247:Comparison extant
2177:Tiberius Gracchus
1943:De genio Socratis
1879:
1878:
1306:
1305:
1297:Succeeded by
1130:Missing or empty
1123:cite encyclopedia
1065:Secondary sources
994:Life of Cleomenes
949:Life of Cleomenes
894:Life of Cleomenes
875:Life of Cleomenes
835:Life of Cleomenes
814:Life of Cleomenes
779:Life of Cleomenes
709:Life of Cleomenes
686:Life of Cleomenes
653:Haaran and Poland
540:Ptolemy Euergetes
345:
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304:Sir William Smith
149:
148:
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2230:Philemon Holland
2119:Cato the Younger
1999:Aratus of Sicyon
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1159:, ed. (1911). "
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1157:Chisholm, Hugh
1140:
1111:, ed. (1870).
1109:Smith, William
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329:Cleomenean War
327:Main article:
324:
323:Cleomenean War
321:
319:and ladders."
265:Achaean League
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1987:Julius Caesar
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1840:Eudamidas III
1838:
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1825:Archidamus IV
1823:
1821:
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1667:Cleomenes III
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763:Cleomenes III
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657:Cleomenes III
654:
649:
642:
641:Death of Agis
638:
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176:Ancient Greek
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172:Cleomenes III
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44:
37:
32:
29:
25:
22:Cleomenes III
20:
2251:
2235:Thomas North
2195:Themistocles
2172:
2146:Gaius Marius
1990:
1934:
1927:
1845:Archidamus V
1830:Eudamidas II
1805:Agesilaus II
1755:Archidamus I
1666:
1632:Cleomenes II
1617:Agesipolis I
1597:Pleistarchus
1562:Eurycratides
1288:
1259:
1250:
1242:
1224:
1216:
1211:(in Italian)
1206:
1198:
1189:
1181:
1164:
1132:|title=
1112:
1082:Green, Peter
1045:
1028:
993:
976:Life of Agis
975:
948:
943:
935:
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922:
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909:
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834:
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619:
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346:
317:
281:
262:
250:
239:
228:
204:
171:
170:
164:
27:
2225:John Dryden
2106:Philopoemen
2043:Demosthenes
1820:Eudamidas I
1657:Leonidas II
1607:Pleistoanax
1577:Cleomenes I
1527:Agesilaus I
1512:Echestratus
1502:Eurysthenes
1476:Aristodemus
1294:235–222 BC
1283:Leonidas II
793:Pausanias.
569:Philopoemen
432:mercenaries
417:The reforms
407:skirmishers
312:Megalopolis
273:Peloponnese
259:Early years
235:Peter Green
231:Leonidas II
200:Leonidas II
157:tetradrachm
144:Cratesiclea
134:Leonidas II
58:Leonidas II
54:Predecessor
2267:Categories
2110:Flamininus
2003:Artaxerxes
1978:Coriolanus
1974:Alcibiades
1860:Machanidas
1750:Anaxidamus
1745:Zeuxidamus
1735:Theopompus
1715:Polydectes
1582:Leonidas I
1552:Eurycrates
1394:Lacedaemon
1207:Prometheus
1027:, (1979).
947:Plutarch,
812:Plutarch,
684:Plutarch,
599:References
556:Alexandria
479:Eurypontid
440:Spartiates
369:Pallantium
363:and 1,000
296:Orchomenus
225:Early life
165:of Laconia
92:Alexandria
49:235–222 BC
2173:Cleomenes
2160:Sertorius
2133:Poplicola
2128:Agesilaus
2101:Marcellus
2097:Pelopidas
2034:Demetrius
2016:Aristides
1912:Works of
1871:Laconicus
1785:Demaratus
1775:Agasicles
1725:Charilaus
1686:Heraclids
1672:Eucleidas
1647:Acrotatus
1612:Pausanias
1557:Anaxander
1547:Polydorus
1532:Archelaus
1491:Heraclids
1455:Tisamenus
1429:Hippocoon
1424:Tyndareus
1161:Cleomenes
564:favourite
475:Eucleidas
467:Chaeronea
353:strategos
180:ΚλεομÎνης
64:Successor
2199:Camillus
2186:Timoleon
2092:Lycurgus
2079:Lysander
2070:Lucullus
2065:Pericles
1914:Plutarch
1862:(regent)
1850:Lycurgus
1815:Agis III
1760:Anaxilas
1730:Nicander
1710:Prytanis
1652:Areus II
1542:Alcmenes
1537:Teleclus
1522:Doryssus
1483:(regent)
1445:Menelaus
1414:Perieres
1409:Cynortas
1350:Lelegids
1021:Polybius
1008:Plutarch
990:Plutarch
972:Plutarch
890:Plutarch
871:Plutarch
857:Polybius
831:Plutarch
775:Plutarch
727:Polybius
705:Plutarch
661:Archived
589:Syssitia
481:throne.
451:Hoplites
436:Perioeci
428:citizens
361:infantry
300:Polybius
288:Mantinea
2164:Eumenes
2155:Theseus
2151:Romulus
2142:Pyrrhus
2115:Phocion
2025:Crassus
1936:Moralia
1835:Agis IV
1800:Agis II
1780:Ariston
1720:Eunomus
1705:Eurypon
1695:Procles
1642:Areus I
1517:Labotas
1450:Orestes
1438:Atreids
1419:Oebalus
1404:Argalus
1399:Amyclas
1367:Eurotas
1184:London.
1154::
1106::
961:Sources
934:Green,
908:Green,
757:Smith,
637:Guerber
623:Green,
610:Green,
560:suicide
536:Macedon
496:phalanx
471:sarissa
399:Leuctra
388:Messene
365:cavalry
292:Caphyae
277:Arcadia
253:heiress
242:Agis IV
155:Silver
119:Dynasty
102:Agiatis
98:Consort
2124:Pompey
2061:Fabius
2056:Brutus
2047:Cicero
2038:Antony
2029:Nicias
1855:Pelops
1507:Agis I
1481:Theras
1343:Sparta
1266:
1231:
1148:
1088:
1074:
1053:
1035:
1014:
1000:
982:
938:, 260.
627:, 153.
614:, 255.
462:diaita
447:Helots
380:routed
308:ephors
209:under
192:222 BC
140:Mother
130:Father
89:219 BC
80:Sparta
2252:Lives
2137:Solon
2083:Sulla
2074:Cimon
2007:Galba
1967:Lives
1921:Works
1866:Nabis
1362:Myles
1357:Lelex
1339:Kings
912:, 257
801:2.9.1
575:Notes
544:Egypt
458:agoge
424:state
349:Argos
284:Tegea
196:Agiad
186:from
124:Agiad
109:Issue
46:Reign
2197:and
2188:and
2175:and
2169:Agis
2162:and
2153:and
2144:and
2135:and
2126:and
2117:and
2108:and
2099:and
2090:and
2088:Numa
2081:and
2072:and
2063:and
2054:and
2052:Dion
2045:and
2036:and
2027:and
2018:and
2011:Otho
2005:and
1992:life
1985:and
1976:and
1700:Soos
1567:Leon
1460:Dion
1264:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1136:help
1086:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1012:ISBN
998:ISBN
980:ISBN
953:37.7
860:5.37
730:2.46
376:Elis
302:and
294:and
86:Died
74:Born
1341:of
1163:".
816:, 5
688:, 4
542:of
534:of
367:at
190:to
188:235
2269::
2179:/
2171:/
2009:/
2001:/
1127::
1125:}}
1121:{{
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896:,
892:,
877:,
873:,
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837:,
833:,
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290:,
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1989:(
1952:"
1948:"
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1941:"
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1324:t
1317:v
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1134:(
1117:.
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1059:.
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1004:.
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803:.
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765:"
761:"
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655:"
643:"
639:"
174:(
167:.
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