Spartan army - Knowledge

1544:) and were sent to what is almost equivalent to present-day military boot camp. This military camp was known as the Agoge. They became inured to hardship, being provided with scant food and clothing; this also encouraged them to steal, and if they were caught, they were punished – not for stealing, but for being caught. There is a characteristic story, told by Plutarch: "The boys make such a serious matter of their stealing, that one of them, as the story goes, who was carrying concealed under his cloak a young fox which he had stolen, suffered the animal to tear out his bowels with its teeth and claws, and died rather than have his theft detected." The boys were encouraged to compete against one another in games and mock fights and to foster an 1107:, because ... they themselves so many , and the Lacedaemonians, whom they followed, so few. ... Agesilaus, wishing to refute their argument with numbers ... ordered all the allies to sit down by themselves promiscuously, the Lacedaemonians apart by themselves. Then his herald called upon the potters to stand up first, and after them the smiths, next, the carpenters in their turn, and the builders, and so on through all the handicrafts. In response, almost all the allies rose up, but not a man of the Lacedaemonians; for they were forbidden to learn or practice a manual art. Then Agesilaus said with a laugh: 'You see, O men, how many more soldiers than you we are sending out.'" 1913: 1979: 641: 2027: 124: 760: 897: 22: 185: 1629: 2881: 637:. Subjected to military drills since early manhood, the Spartans became one of the most feared and formidable military forces in the Greek world, attaining legendary status in their wars against Persia. At the height of Sparta's power – between the 6th and 4th centuries BC – other Greeks commonly accepted that "one Spartan was worth several men of any other state." 2010:. Spartans regarded those who fight, while still wishing to live, as more valorous than those who don't care if they die. They believed that a warrior must not fight with raging anger but with calm determination. Spartans must walk without any noise and speak only with few words by the laconic way of life. Other ways for Spartans to be dishonored include dropping the shield ( 1884:, Spartan hoplites started abandoning body armour. Eventually, they wore almost no armour apart from a shield, leg greaves, bracelets, helmet and a robe. Spartans did start to readopt armour in later periods, but on a much lesser scale than during the Archaic period. Finally, during 227 BC, Cleomenes' reforms introduced updated equipment to Sparta, including the Macedonian 1722:), as well as long hair, which the Spartans retained to a far later date than most Greeks. To the Spartans, long hair kept its older Archaic meaning as the symbol of a free man; to the other Greeks, by the 5th century, the hairstyle's peculiar association with the Spartans had come to signify pro-Spartan sympathies. 1754:

tactics. They were of such great importance in the Spartan army that while losing a sword and a spear was an exception, to lose a shield was a sign of disgrace. Not only did a shield protect the user, but it also protected the whole phalanx formation. To come home without the shield was the mark of a

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of 32 men, giving a total of 3,584 men for the main Spartan army. By the end of the Peloponnesian War, the structure of the army had evolved further, to address the shortages in manpower and create a more flexible system which allowed the Spartans to send smaller detachments on campaigns or garrisons

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warfare, but their constant drill and superb discipline made their phalanx much more cohesive and effective. The Spartans employed the phalanx in the classical style in a single line, uniformly deep in files of 8 to 12 men. When fighting alongside their allies, the Spartans would normally occupy the

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as a secondary weapon. Among most Greek warriors, this weapon had an iron blade of about 60 centimeters; however, the Spartan version was typically only 30–45 centimetres in length. The Spartans' shorter weapon proved deadly in the crush caused by colliding phalanxes formations – it was capable of

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continued to be subject to a training regime so strict that, as Plutarch says, "... they were the only men in the world with whom war brought a respite in the training for war." Bravery was the ultimate virtue for the Spartans: Spartan mothers would give their sons the shield with the words "

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with the Persians and their unwillingness to campaign too far from home, the Spartans withdrew into relative isolation. The power vacuum resulted in Athens' rise to power, who became the lead in the continued effort against the Persians. This isolationist tendency was further reinforced by some of

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In a battle, each opposing army would try to fight through the other line on the right (strong or deep) side and then turn left; wherefore they would be able to attack the vulnerable flank. When this happened, as a rule, it would cause the army to be routed. The fleeing enemy was put to the sword

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were used by the elite, but unlike their counterparts in the Middle East, they appear to have been used for transport, with the warrior dismounting to fight on foot and then remounting to withdraw from combat. However, some accounts show warriors throwing their spear from the chariot before

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are unique in the history of slavery in that, unlike traditional slaves, they were allowed to keep and gain wealth. For example, they could keep half of their agricultural produce and presumably could also accumulate wealth by selling them. There are known to have been occasions that a

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only as far as the field of the battle extended. The outcome of this one battle would determine the outcome of a particular issue. In the Golden Age of War, defeated armies were not massacred; they fled back to their city and conceded the victors' superiority. It wasn't until after the

1029:. Failure to pay became such an increasingly severe problem because commercial activities had started to develop in Sparta. However, commerce had become uncontrollable, leading to the complete ban of commerce in Sparta, resulting in fewer ways of earning income. Consequently, some 1220:

population was subdivided into age groups. They considered the youngest, those who were 20 years old, as weaker due to their lack of experience. They would only call the oldest, men who were up to 60 years old; or during a crisis, those who were 65 years old, to defend the

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subdued, it would require the constant war footing of the Spartan society. One of the major problems of the later Spartan society was the steady decline in its fully enfranchised citizens, which also meant a decline in available military manpower: the number of

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when a Spartan was asked why his sword was so short he replied, "So that we may get close to the enemy." In another, a Spartan complained to his mother that the sword was short, to which she simply told him to step closer to the enemy. As an alternative to the

1658:, battle engagements became more fluid, light troops became increasingly used, and tactics evolved to meet them. However, in direct confrontations between the two opposing phalanxes, stamina and "pushing ability" were what counted. It was only when the 1955:(mindless obedience), was the goal of Spartan education. Sparta placed the values of liberty, equality, and fraternity at the center of their ethical system. These values applied to every full Spartan citizen, immigrant, merchant, and even to the 1699:

marched and camped separately, with its baggage train. The army gave sacrifice every morning as well as before battle by the king and the officers; if the omens were not favourable, a pious leader might refuse to march or engage with the enemy.

2006:. No soldier was considered superior to another. Suicidal recklessness, misbehavior, and rage were prohibited in the Spartan army, as those behaviours endangered the phalanx. Recklessness could also lead to dishonor, as in the case of 1746:, was first adopted in 420s BC and quickly became a widely known Spartan symbol. Military families passed on their shields to each generation as family heirlooms. The Spartan shields' technical evolution and design evolved from 1694:

and cavalry detachments acting as an advance guard and scouting parties. The necessary provisions (barley, cheese, onions and salted meat) were carried along with the army, and a helot manservant accompanied each Spartan. Each

1554:, that celebrated Spartan exploits in the Second Messenian War. They learned to read and write not for cultural reasons, but so they could be able to read military maps. At the age of twelve, a boy was classed as a "youth" ( 1248:

Little is known of the earlier organization, and much is left open to speculation. The earliest form of social and military organization (during the 7th century BC) seems to have been set in accordance with the three tribes

1791:. During the later 5th century BC, when warfare had become more flexible, and full-scale phalanx confrontations became rarer, the Greeks abandoned most forms of body armor. The Lacedaemonians also adopted a new tunic, the 1194:) and provided the hoplites in the army. Indeed, they were supposed to be soldiers and nothing else, being forbidden to learn and exercise any other trade. To a large degree, in order to keep the vastly more numerous 1421:

would typically lead the full army in battles. Initially, both would go on campaign at the same time, but after the 6th century BC, only one would do so, with the other remaining in Sparta. Unlike other

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Spartan hoplites were often depicted bearing a transverse horsehair crest on their helmet, which was possibly used to identify officers. During the Archaic period, Spartans were armored with flanged

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regimes during this period throughout Greece also considerably raised the Spartans' prestige. By the early 5th century, Sparta was the unchallenged master in southern Greece, as the leading power (

1759:, or "dropping the shield," was a synonym for desertion in the field. Mothers bidding farewell to their sons would encourage them to come back with their shields, often saying goodbyes such as 2119:. This position was seemingly independent of the one-year term clause because it was used in 405 BC to give Lysander command of the fleet after he was already an admiral for a couple years. 2092:

of 394 BC, the Spartan navy was decisively defeated by a joint Athenian-Persian fleet, marking the end of Sparta's brief naval supremacy. The final blow would be given 20 years later, at the

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The term "Spartan" became in modern times synonymous with simplicity by design. During classical times, "Lacedaemonian" or "Laconian" was used for attribution, referring to the region of the

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being thrust through gaps in the enemy's shield wall and armor, where there was no room for the longer weapons. The groin and throat were among the favorite targets. According to

939:, Sparta was assigned the overall leadership of Greek forces on both land and sea. The Spartans played a crucial role in the repulsion of the invasion, notably at the battles of 1560:). His physical education was intensified, discipline became much harsher, and the boys were loaded with extra tasks. The youths had to go barefoot, and were dressed only in a 1577:. If they survived the two years in the countryside they would become full blown soldiers. At 20, Spartans became eligible for military service and joined one of the messes ( 1519:. However, from the 6th century onwards, the military character of the state became more pronounced, and education was totally subordinated to the needs of the military. 656:

first founded the iconic army. Referring to Sparta as having a "wall of men, instead of bricks," he proposed reforming the Spartan society to develop a military-focused

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for girls and boys, and consequently, the literacy rate was higher in Sparta than in other Greek city-states. In education, the Spartans gave sports the most emphasis.

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said the "most ancient and fertile homes of philosophy among the Greeks are Crete and Sparta, where are found more sophists than anywhere on earth." The state provided

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would first mobilize the army. After a series of religious ceremonies and sacrifices, the army assembled and set out. The army proceeding was led by the king, with the

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and were the Spartan army's elite, being deployed on the honorary right side of the battle line. They were selected every year by specially commissioned officials, the

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in 376 BC. The Spartans periodically maintained a small fleet after that, but its effectiveness was limited. The last revival of the Spartan naval power was under

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helmet had become almost standard within the Spartan army, being in use by the Spartans until the end of the Classical era. Also, after the "Iphicratean reforms,"

1163:(the "dwellers nearby"), who were free non-citizens. They were generally merchants, craftsmen and sailors, and served as light infantry and auxiliary on campaigns. 1605:), that is to say, either victorious or dead, since in battle, the heavy hoplite shield would be the first thing a fleeing soldier would be tempted to abandon –- 1053:

that destroyed Sparta's reputation as the protector of Greek city-states' independence. At the same time, Spartan military prestige suffered a severe blow when a

2014:), failing to complete the training, and deserting in battles. Dishonored Spartans were labelled as outcasts and would be forced to wear different clothing for 3655: 336: 1763:(Ἢ τὰν ἢ ἐπὶ τᾶς). This saying implied that they should return only in victory, a controlled retreat, or dead, with their body carried upon their shield. 971:), which devastated Greece. Sparta suffered several defeats during these wars, including, for the first time, the surrender of an entire Spartan unit at 1651:

honorary right flank. If, as usually happened, the Spartans achieved victory on their side, they would then wheel left and roll up the enemy formation.

854:. This internal conflict tied down the Spartan army for almost 20 years. However, over the course of the 6th century, Sparta secured her control of the 2113:, who were appointed for a strictly one-year term, and apparently could not be reappointed. The admirals were subordinated to the vice-admiral, called 1591:

with their unit. Military duty lasted until the 60th year, but there are recorded cases of older people participating in campaigns in times of crisis.

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to die since the Spartan society was no place for those who could not fend for themselves. (The practice of discarding children at birth took place in

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regime at the age of seven, undergoing intense and rigorous military training. Their education focused primarily on fostering cunningness, practicing

2933: 3431: 1583:), which included 15 men of various ages. Those who were rejected retained a lesser form of citizenship, as only the soldiers were ranked among the 736:, equipped with short swords, spears, and Dipylon-type shields ("8"-shaped simple round bronze shields). This period was the Golden Age of Warfare. 2018:. In battles, the Spartans told stories of valor to inspire the troops and, before a major confrontation, they sang soft songs to calm the nerves. 802:. However, in the early 8th century BC, Spartan society transformed. Later traditions ascribed the reforms to the possibly mythical figure of 3257: 3342: 1844:

was a hacking weapon in the form of a thick, curved iron sword. The Spartans retained the traditional hoplite phalanx until the reforms of

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Athens' parallel rise as a significant power in Greece led to friction between herself with Sparta and two large-scale conflicts (the

909: 604: 3011: 3212: 1938:, trained the mind as well as the body. Spartans were not only literate but admired for their intellectual culture and poetry. 1785:. However, it seems likely they either continued to wear bronze cuirasses of a more sculptured type or instead had adopted the 975:

in 425 BC. Still, it ultimately emerged victorious, primarily through the aid it received from the Persians. Under its admiral

1587:. However, even after that, and even during marriage and until about the age of 30, they would spend most of their day in the 983:

forced Athens to capitulate. The Athenian defeat established Sparta and its military forces in a dominant position in Greece.

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11–13, trans. E. C. Marchant and G. W. Bowersock, Loeb Classical Library 183 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925).

3372: 3096: 1466:, drafted from experienced men who already had sons as heirs. This was to ensure that their line would be able to continue. 1001:, and its conservative and narrow mentality alienated many of its former allies. At the same time, its military class – the 1241:

offers a detailed overview of the Spartan state and society at the beginning of the 4th century BC. Other authors, notably

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established an alliance with the Spartans, and later, the Greek cities of Asia Minor appealed to them for help during the

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remained virtually unchanged for five centuries. From c. 750 BC, Sparta embarked on a steady expansion, first by subduing

664:" such as equality for the male citizens, austerity, strength, and fitness. Spartan boys deemed strong enough entered the 1273:), of which 27, or nine per tribe, are recorded. Eventually, this system was replaced by five territorial divisions, the 58: 1033:

had to sell the land from which they made their livelihood. As the constitution made no provisions for promotion to the

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were required to marry late, birth rates also remained low, making it difficult to replace their losses from battles.

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in 407 BC, was able to master a strong navy and successfully challenged and destroyed Athenian predominance in the

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became a much more common sight on the Greek battlefield, and themselves became more heavily armed. In response to

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broke out, the Spartans were supreme on land, but the Athenians excelled at sea. The Spartans repeatedly ravaged

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Spartan ascendancy did not last long. By the end of the 5th century BC, Sparta had suffered severe casualties in

771: 979:, the Persian-funded Peloponnesian fleet captured the Athenian alliance cities, and a decisive naval victory at 1571:) initially served as a trainer for the boys. At the same time, the most promising youths were included in the 43: 3232:

Until the late 5th century, however, each file seems to have had a depth of only 8 men. Connolly (2006), p. 40

72: 2084:. However, the Spartan engagement with the sea would be short-lived, and did not survive the turmoils of the 1921: 39: 1640:

Like the other Greek city-states' armies, the Spartan army was an infantry-based army that fought using the

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and provided the overall fleet commander. Nevertheless, they largely relied on their allies, primarily the

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instead of one of the decentralized settlements called Sparta. From this derives the already ancient term "

597: 888:(which was more characteristically known to its contemporaries as "the Lacedaemonians and their allies"). 678:, and also included learning about poetry, music, academics, and sometimes politics. Those who passed the 2992: 2647: 2365: 2335: 1313: 508: 486: 54: 1797:, which could be arranged to leave the right arm and shoulder uncovered and free for action in combats. 1714:

equipment as their other Greek neighbors; the only distinctive Spartan features were the crimson tunic (

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status for several reasons, such as cowardice in battle or the inability to pay for membership in the

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as well.) Both boys and girls were brought up by the city women until the age of seven, when boys (

1245:, also provide information, but they are not always as reliable as Xenophon's first-hand accounts. 953: 859: 744:

that battles countenanced indiscriminate slaughter, enslavement and depredations among the Greeks.

3509: 2997: 2724: 1438:("cavalrymen"), accompanied the kings. Despite their title, they were infantry hoplites like all 964: 590: 455: 326: 245: 32: 3397: 2928: 1644:. The Spartans themselves did not introduce any significant changes or tactical innovations in 1012:

Firstly, the population declined due to Sparta's frequent wars in the late 5th century. Since

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with their navy. Eventually, it was the creation of a navy that enabled Sparta to overcome

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The Ancient Greeks: Armies of Classical Greece, 5th and 4th Centuries BC (Elite Series #7)

79: 8: 3364: 3358: 2923: 2442: 2400: 2380: 2370: 2330: 2155: 1050: 948: 819: 806:, who created new institutions and established the Spartan state's military nature. This 1511:

At first, in the archaic period of 700–600 BC, education for both sexes was, as in most

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decreased from 6,000 in 640 BC to 1,000 in 330 BC. The Spartans therefore had to use

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in 223/2 BC allowed Helots to become free by paying 500 drachmas; 6000 helots paid.

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The letter Lambda (Λ) was the symbol that the Spartans carried on their shields.

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civilization and ushered in the so-called "Greek Dark Ages." During this time,

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style. It was also at that time Sparta adopted its own cavalry and archers.

2658: 2571: 2264: 2026: 2003: 1802: 1747: 1550:. In addition, they were taught to read and write and learned the songs of 1104: 1071:. Spartan authority finally collapsed after their disastrous defeat at the 932: 700: 568: 280: 2100:, who created a fleet to control the Laconian coastline with aid from his 1207:

as hoplites, and occasionally they freed some of the Laconian helots, the

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By the late 6th century BC, Sparta was recognized as the preeminent Greek

123: 3014:: "Showing or characterized by austerity or a lack of comfort or luxury". 2974: 2065: 1751: 1663: 1402: 1076: 905: 901: 867: 855: 837: 831: 747: 630: 542: 1515:, centred on the arts, with the male citizen population later receiving 759: 3203: 2081: 1917: 1877: 1787: 1739: 1242: 1209: 1139: 1130: 1068: 791: 547: 476: 414: 389: 1781:

type. It is often disputed which torso armor the Spartans wore during

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A Spartan male's involvement with the army began in infancy when the

1504:, Epitaph on the burial mound of the Spartans who fell at Thermopylae 1377: 1288: 1002: 896: 521: 471: 450: 409: 394: 374: 298: 956:

in 464, which was followed by a large scale revolt of the Messenian

21: 3334: 3316: 3280: 2856: 2184: 2163: 2073: 1939: 1873: 1822: 1683: 1609:, "dropping the shield", was a synonym for desertion in the field. 1588: 1579: 1573: 1551: 1524: 1387: 1330: 1234: 1159: 1113: 1060: 1025: 976: 823: 733: 552: 503: 498: 445: 435: 404: 379: 343: 288: 1528:

first inspected him. Any baby judged weak or deformed was left at

2918: 2913: 2885: 2880: 2852: 2799: 2671: 2629: 2479: 2077: 2053: 2047: 1995: 1886: 1850: 1770: 1735: 1710: 1659: 1646: 1623: 1540:) were taken from their mothers and grouped together in "packs" ( 1443: 1434: 1406: 1188:

were the Spartan army's core: they participated in the Assembly (

880: 875: 863: 826:. By the beginning of the 7th century BC, Sparta was, along with 815: 811: 799: 795: 767: 692: 537: 493: 303: 184: 168:"Military history of Sparta" redirects here. For other uses, see 3089:

Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West

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Hodkinson, Stephen (1996). "Agoge". In Hornblower, Simon (ed.).

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depicting the great lawgivers of history, at the chamber of the

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Throughout their history, the Spartans were a land-based force

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with enough money could purchase their freedom from the state.

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composed the Spartan army on campaign, to which were added the

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of about 1,000 men each. This system was still used during the

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collided. Initial Argive successes, such as the victory at the

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Adulthood was reached at the age of 18, and the young adult (

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The principal source on the Spartan Army's organization is

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Tradition states that the semi-mythical Spartan legislator

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The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian

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The Spartan philosopher Lycurgus, from a series of marble

1269:(685–668 BC). A further subdivision was the "fraternity" ( 778:

Like much of Greece, Mycenaean Sparta was engulfed in the

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were not documented. Still, according to Thucydides, at

1493:"Go tell the Spartans, thou that passest by, that here, 1381:, the Spartan army's largest single tactical unit. Six 794:) was merely a Doric village on the banks of the River 3082: 3080: 1045:

also repeatedly challenged its authority. The ensuing

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Establishment of Spartan hegemony over the Peloponnese

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The first reference to the Spartans at war is in the

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by the age of 30 achieved full Spartan citizenship.

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that caused the Spartan phalanx formation to break.

1432:. A select group of 300 men as royal guards, termed 1324:

of 128 men, which were further subdivided into four

3077: 1172:, state-owned serfs enslaved to farm the Spartiate 1147:("equals" or peers), who received a grant of land ( 46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3500:Sekunda (1998), p. 27; disputed by Campbell (2012) 2989: 2056:, for naval power. This fact meant that, when the 2934:Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece 1901: 891: 3801: 1986:(550–540 BC) by the Spartan artist known as the 1337:, with 36 men in three files of twelve under an 3521:History of the Spartan Shield (ERRONEOUS LINK?) 3125: 1848:when they were re-equipped with the Macedonian 1180:, too, were used as light troops in skirmishes. 1079:in 371 BC. The battle killed a large number of 1806:spear. For long-range attacks, they carried a 732:armies, it was depicted as composed mainly of 165:Army of the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta 3762:Kayamanan III: History of the World (2005 Ed) 3390: 3240: 3238: 3190: 3188: 3112: 3110: 3108: 598: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3551:"Plutarch • Sayings of Spartans — Anonymous" 3262: 3169: 3167: 3086: 3070: 3068: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 1703: 1394: 754: 170:Military history of Sparta (disambiguation) 3235: 3185: 3105: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3033: 3031: 3029: 1486:Ὦ ξεῖν’, ἀγγέλλειν Λακεδαιμονίοις ὅτι τῇδε 1237:, an admirer of the Spartans himself. His 1166:The third and most numerous class was the 1133:") divided themselves into three classes: 1083:, and resulted in the loss of the fertile 1063:(light infantry) under the command of the 695:," and is related to expressions such as " 633:trained in the disciplines and honor of a 605: 591: 3577: 3217: 3176: 3164: 3065: 2945: 1932:The Spartan public education system, the 1894:never outnumbered troops equipped in the 1890:(pike). However, pike-men armed with the 1442:. Indeed, the Spartans did not utilize a 862:into recognizing their power; Argos lost 106:Learn how and when to remove this message 3672: 3646: 3612: 3610: 2879: 2025: 1977: 1973: 1911: 1627: 1401: 1019:Secondly, one could be demoted from the 910:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 900:Greek hoplite besting a Persian, on the 895: 822:, they conquered the fertile country of 758: 639: 3759: 3737: 3715: 3696: 3119: 3049: 3026: 2939: 1612: 1075:by the Thebans under the leadership of 3802: 3356: 2046:, they contributed a small navy of 20 1836:as their secondary weapon. Unlike the 1488:κείμεθα, τοῖς κείνων ῥήμασι πειθόμενοι 1391:and the contingents of allied states. 1333:, the basic Spartan unit remained the 1304:The changes that occurred between the 1008:– was in decline for several reasons: 3778: 3652:Spartan Warrior (Warrior Series #163) 3607: 2875: 2693: 2411: 1857: 1742:, which was painted on the Spartans' 1329:outside their homeland. According to 1228: 874:in 494. Repeated expeditions against 770:(5th century BC), possibly Leonidas ( 3363:. Harvard University Press. p. 2810: 2302: 1927: 1840:, which was a thrusting weapon, the 1670:of a part of their formation at the 1155:, "lot") for their military service. 1090: 117: 44:adding citations to reliable sources 15: 3743:The Spartan Army (Elite Series #60) 3434:Constitution of the Lacedaimonians, 3126:Lane Fox, Robin (30 October 2006). 2686: 2569: 2122: 1725: 1708:The Spartans used the same typical 1320:present, each subdivided into four 1095: 13: 2195: 2030:Model of a Greek trireme from the 1854:and trained in the phalanx style. 1800:The Spartan's main weapon was the 1761:"Son, either with this or on this" 1594:Throughout their adult lives, the 1041:As Sparta's military power waned, 1037:caste, numbers gradually dwindled. 986: 14: 3826: 2127: 1495:obedient to their laws, we lie." 1446:of their own until late into the 644:Spartan helmet on display at the 3785:. University of Oklahoma Press. 3464:Connolly (2006), pp. 46–47. 3209:History of the Peloponnesian War 1479: 1099: 711: 183: 122: 20: 3634:Soriano (2005), pp. 90–91. 3628: 3619: 3595: 3568: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3514: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3425: 3416: 3381: 3350: 3328: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3274: 3247: 3226: 3197: 3161:Connolly (2006), pp. 38–39 3155: 3146: 2888:during the DragonCon Parade in 2263: 2021: 1677: 1277:("villages"), which supplied a 858:peninsula. The Spartans forced 818:settlements. Later, during the 772:Archaeological Museum of Sparta 31:needs additional citations for 3782:Warfare in the Classical World 3625:Soriano (2005), pp. 87–89 3298:Sekunda (1998), pp. 10–11 3152:Sekunda (1998), pp. 16–17 3040: 3017: 3004: 2983: 2963: 1902:Education and the Spartan code 1814:were also always armed with a 1564:both in summer and in winter. 892:Persian and Peloponnesian Wars 1: 3531:Sekunda (1986), pp.3 & 6. 3023:Warry (2004), pp. 14–15. 2979:The Internet Classics Archive 1922:U.S. House of Representatives 1882:victory over Sparta in 392 BC 1830:, some Spartans selected the 1777:, and a helmet, often of the 1176:. By the 5th century BC, the 3574:Plato, Protagoras, 343b:366. 3357:Miller, William Ian (2002). 3046:Sekunda (1998), pp. 6–7 2115: 2109: 1982:Mythological scene inside a 1556: 1409:, a Spartan king during the 1316:in 418 BC, there were seven 1291:had made references to the " 1137:Full citizens, known as the 7: 3701:. Aris & Phillips Ltd. 2993:Oxford Classical Dictionary 2902: 2107:The fleet was commanded by 1632:Modern reconstruction of a 1469: 1059:of 600 men was defeated by 884:) of the newly established 135:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 3831: 3640: 2895: 1961:, but not the dishonored. 1905: 1621: 1617: 1601: 1485: 1473: 990: 952:her allies' revolts and a 715: 706: 167: 2898:Sparta in popular culture 2648:Second Battle of Mantinea 1704:Clothing, arms, and armor 1636:advancing in close ranks. 969:Second Peloponnesian Wars 908:from the 5th century BC ( 755:Archaic Age and expansion 239: 234: 224: 214: 204: 194: 182: 177: 3344:Sayings of Spartan Women 1413:, on a coin (310–266 BC) 852:the Messenians' uprising 148:may contain suggestions. 133:may need to be rewritten 3760:Soriano, Celia (2005). 3745:. Osprey Publications. 3723:. Osprey Publications. 3473:Connolly (2006), p. 47. 3455:Connolly (2006), p. 44. 3269:Encyclopædia Britannica 3244:Connolly (2006), p. 40. 3194:Connolly (2006), p. 41. 3074:Connolly (2006), p. 11. 2998:Oxford University Press 2725:Battle of Mount Lycaeum 1265:), who appeared in the 1049:led to the humiliating 842:Inevitably, Sparta and 327:List of Kings of Sparta 3764:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 3697:Lazenby, John (1985). 3679:Greece and Rome at War 3592:Soriano (2005), p. 85. 3540:Sekunda (1998), p. 21. 3491:Sekunda (1998), p. 24. 3422:Sekunda (1998), p. 17. 3387:Sekunda (1998), p. 19. 3360:The mystery of courage 3223:Sekunda (1998), p. 15. 3173:Sekunda (1998), p. 13. 3116:Connolly (2006), p. 39 2960:Connolly (2006), p. 38 2929:Xanthippus of Carthage 2893: 2224:First Battle of Hysiae 2035: 1990: 1924: 1637: 1458:belonged to the first 1414: 1310:the Peloponnesian Wars 1239:Constitution of Sparta 999:the Peloponnesian Wars 913: 775: 649: 3555:penelope.uchicago.edu 3482:Sekunda (1998), p. 20 3446:Sekunda (1998), p. 18 3307:Sekunda (1998), p. 12 3182:Sekunda (1998), p. 14 3087:Holland, Tom (2007). 3062:Sekunda (1998), p. 7. 3037:Sekunda (1998), p. 4. 2909:List of Spartan kings 2883: 2072:. With Persian gold, 2029: 1981: 1974:Spartan code of honor 1949:Self-discipline, not 1915: 1906:Further information: 1656:the Peloponnesian War 1631: 1622:Further information: 1599:With it or on it!" ( 1474:Further information: 1405: 1119:The Life of Agesilaus 991:Further information: 899: 762: 716:Further information: 643: 3779:Warry, John (2004). 3322:The Life of Lycurgus 3286:The Life of Lycurgus 2973:(written 75, trans. 2971:The Life of Lycurgus 2940:Notes and references 2177:Second Messenian War 1613:The army on campaign 1357:were grouped into a 1267:Second Messenian War 931:. During the second 886:Peloponnesian League 808:Spartan Constitution 272:Spartan Constitution 40:improve this article 3682:. Greenhill Books. 3656:Osprey Publications 3648:Campbell, Duncan B. 3616:Schmitz vol 1. p304 2924:Clearchus of Sparta 2443:Battle of Haliartus 2371:Sicilian Expedition 2156:First Messenian War 1668:increased the depth 1375:of 576 men under a 1361:of 144 men under a 1129:The Spartans (the " 1051:Peace of Antalcidas 834:'s dominant power. 820:First Messenian War 766:statue of a helmed 259:Part of a series on 2894: 2876:In popular culture 2788:Battle of Sellasia 2746:Battle of Ladoceia 2551:Battle of Lechaeum 2036: 2016:public humiliation 1999:followed a strict 1991: 1925: 1864:Hellenistic period 1858:Hellenistic period 1734:(Λ), standing for 1638: 1517:military education 1415: 1395:The kings and the 1349:of 72 men under a 1229:Tactical structure 914: 906:kylix drinking cup 850:in 669 BC, led to 782:, which ended the 776: 660:following "proper 650: 621:was the principle 3739:Sekunda, Nicholas 3717:Sekunda, Nicholas 3689:978-1-85367-303-0 3665:978-1-84908-700-1 3374:978-0-674-00826-7 3098:978-0-307-27948-4 3012:Oxford Dictionary 2873: 2872: 2841:Battle of Gythium 2812:War against Nabis 2808: 2807: 2684: 2683: 2622:Battle of Leuctra 2567: 2566: 2522:Battle of Coronea 2509:Achaemenid Empire 2304:Peloponnesian War 2261: 2260: 2193: 2192: 2058:Peloponnesian War 1928:Spartan education 1672:Battle of Leuctra 1642:phalanx formation 1509: 1508: 1502:Simonides of Ceos 1448:Peloponnesian War 1225:in an emergency. 1127: 1126: 1091:Army organization 1073:Battle of Leuctra 935:of Greece, under 742:Peloponnesian War 615: 614: 251: 250: 163: 162: 137:quality standards 116: 115: 108: 90: 3822: 3796: 3775: 3756: 3734: 3712: 3699:The Spartan Army 3693: 3669: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3518: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3354: 3348: 3332: 3326: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3103: 3102: 3084: 3075: 3072: 3063: 3060: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2987: 2981: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2817: 2816: 2779:Spartan Victory 2758:Spartan Victory 2737:Spartan Victory 2701: 2700: 2688:Chremonidean War 2663:Mantineia League 2577: 2576: 2542:Spartan Victory 2497:Battle of Cnidus 2488:Spartan Victory 2419: 2418: 2257:Spartan Victory 2245:Battle of Sepeia 2200: 2199: 2189:Spartan Victory 2168:Spartan Victory 2132: 2131: 2123:Wars and battles 2118: 2112: 2090:Battle of Cnidus 2044:the Persian Wars 2032:Deutsches Museum 1984:black-figure cup 1944:public education 1783:the Persian Wars 1726:Classical period 1604: 1603: 1559: 1490: 1489: 1480: 1411:Chremonidean War 1100: 1096:Social structure 993:Spartan hegemony 954:great earthquake 933:Persian invasion 925:Croesus of Lydia 872:Battle of Sepeia 848:Battle of Hysiae 780:Dorian invasions 718:Mycenaean Greece 607: 600: 593: 256: 255: 187: 175: 174: 158: 155: 149: 126: 118: 111: 104: 100: 97: 91: 89: 48: 24: 16: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3800: 3799: 3793: 3772: 3753: 3731: 3709: 3690: 3674:Connolly, Peter 3666: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3404:. July 16, 2012 3398:"Spartan armor" 3396: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3355: 3351: 3333: 3329: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3132:. Basic Books. 3124: 3120: 3115: 3106: 3099: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3061: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3005: 2988: 2984: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2946: 2942: 2905: 2900: 2878: 2869:Spartan Defeat 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2815: 2804:Spartan Defeat 2798: 2699: 2691: 2680:Spartan Defeat 2674: 2672:Boeotian League 2670: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2639:Spartan Defeat 2630:Boeotian League 2613:Spartan Defeat 2601:Battle of Naxos 2575: 2563:Spartan Defeat 2536: 2527: 2513:Spartan Defeat 2507: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2464:Battle of Nemea 2455:Spartan Defeat 2417: 2307: 2268: 2236:Spartan Defeat 2220:669 BC – 668 BC 2198: 2196:Wars with Argos 2173:685 BC – 668 BC 2152:743 BC – 724 BC 2130: 2125: 2094:Battle of Naxos 2024: 1976: 1952:kadavergehorsam 1930: 1910: 1904: 1860: 1728: 1706: 1680: 1626: 1620: 1615: 1602:Ἢ τὰν ἢ ἐπὶ τᾶς 1547:esprit de corps 1494: 1492: 1487: 1478: 1472: 1400: 1231: 1098: 1093: 1085:Messenia region 995: 989: 987:End of Hegemony 894: 840: 757: 720: 714: 709: 635:warrior society 611: 254: 246:Kings of Sparta 241: 190: 173: 166: 159: 153: 150: 140: 127: 112: 101: 95: 92: 49: 47: 37: 25: 12: 11: 5: 3828: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3776: 3770: 3757: 3751: 3735: 3729: 3713: 3707: 3694: 3688: 3670: 3664: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3576: 3567: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3513: 3510:Spartan Quotes 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3424: 3415: 3389: 3380: 3373: 3349: 3327: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3273: 3261: 3246: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3196: 3184: 3175: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3138: 3118: 3104: 3097: 3076: 3064: 3048: 3039: 3025: 3016: 3003: 2982: 2962: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2904: 2901: 2896:Main article: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2849:Achaean League 2846: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2796:Achaean League 2793: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2775:Achaean League 2772: 2769: 2767:Battle of Dyme 2764: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2754:Achaean League 2751: 2748: 2743: 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Anchor. 2996:. Oxford: 2969:Plutarch, 2884:A Spartan 2529:Orchomenus 2361:Amphipolis 2356:Sphacteria 2277:Artemisium 2116:epistoleus 2082:Aegean Sea 2012:rhipsaspia 1878:Iphicrates 1812:Spartiates 1788:linothōrax 1779:Corinthian 1757:rhipsaspia 1755:deserter; 1740:Lacedaemon 1607:rhipsaspia 1596:Spartiates 1440:Spartiatai 1353:, and two 1243:Thucydides 1201:Spartiates 1186:Spartiates 1140:Spartiates 1081:Spartiates 1069:Iphicrates 1031:Spartiates 1014:Spartiates 973:Sphacteria 876:tyrannical 792:Lacedaemon 548:Hyacinthia 477:Ambologera 415:Partheniae 390:Neodamodes 375:Spartiates 319:Government 242:commanders 235:Commanders 66:newspapers 3254:Herodotus 3010:Compare: 2829:Opponents 2713:Opponents 2589:Opponents 2431:Opponents 2401:Arginusae 2381:Cynossema 2331:Naupactus 2212:Opponents 2144:Opponents 2088:. In the 2042:. 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