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2928:. Although this had no effect on the trajectory necessary for later orbit insertion, it resulted in the loss of science data and images that were planned for the outbound leg of the fly-by. The spacecraft had fully recovered by about seven hours later. One last deep space maneuver, DSM-5, was executed on November 24, 2009, at 22:45 UTC to provide the required 0.177 kilometres per second (0.110 mi/s) velocity change for the scheduled Mercury orbit insertion on March 18, 2011, marking the beginning of the orbital mission.
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3652:. MESSENGER was 107 million kilometers (66 million miles) from the Earth at the time of the lunar eclipse. The Earth is about 5 pixels across and the Moon is just over 1 pixel across in the field of view of the NAC, with about 40 pixels distance between them. The images are zoomed by a factor of two and the Moon's brightness has been increased by a factor of about 25 to show its disappearance more clearly. This was the first observation of a
2527:
be moved to a later, 15-day launch window beginning July 30, 2004, to allow for further testing of the spacecraft. This change significantly altered the trajectory of the mission and delayed the arrival at
Mercury by two years. The original plan called for three fly-by maneuvers past Venus, with Mercury orbit insertion scheduled for 2009. The trajectory was changed to include one Earth flyby, two Venus flybys, and three Mercury flybys before
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2801:, a period when Earth was on the exact opposite side of the Solar System, with the Sun inhibiting radio contact. For this reason, no scientific observations were conducted during the flyby. Communication with the spacecraft was reestablished in late November and performed a deep space maneuver on December 12, to correct the trajectory to encounter Venus in a second flyby.
3189:, said: "With the beginning today of the primary science phase of the mission, we will be making nearly continuous observations that will allow us to gain the first global perspective on the innermost planet. Moreover, as solar activity steadily increases, we will have a front-row seat on the most dynamic magnetosphereâatmosphere system in the Solar System."
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transmit at 8.4 GHz and receive at 7.2 GHz, and all three antennas operate with right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) radiation. One of each of these antennas was mounted on the front of the probe facing the Sun, and one of each was mounted to the back of the probe facing away from the Sun.
716:
was launched by NASA to make multiple flyby encounters of Venus and
Mercury. Mariner 10 provided the first detailed data of Mercury, mapping 40â45% of the surface. Mariner 10's final flyby of Mercury occurred on March 16, 1975. No subsequent close-range observations of the planet would take place for
3045:
s orbit was highly elliptical, taking it within 200 kilometers (120 mi) of
Mercury's surface and then 15,000 km (9,300 mi) away from it every twelve hours. This orbit was chosen to shield the probe from the heat radiated by Mercury's hot surface. Only a small portion of each orbit was
2687:
team imaged the Earth and Moon using MDIS and checked the status of several other instruments observing the atmospheric and surface compositions and testing the magnetosphere and determining that all instruments tested were working as expected. This calibration period was intended to ensure accurate
2526:
and the magnetic fields of the planet at various distances while still allowing close-up measurements and photographs of the surface and exosphere. The spacecraft was originally scheduled to launch during a 12-day window that beginning May 11, 2004. On March 26, 2004, NASA announced the launch would
2509:
maneuvers at Earth, Venus, and
Mercury to reduce the speed relative to Mercury, then used its large rocket engine to enter into an elliptical orbit around the planet. The multi-flyby process greatly reduced the amount of propellant necessary to slow the spacecraft, but at the cost of prolonging the
691:
achieved 100% mapping of
Mercury on March 6, 2013, and completed its first year-long extended mission on March 17, 2013. The probe's second extended mission lasted for over two years, but as its low orbit degraded, it required reboosts to avoid impact. It conducted its final reboost burns on October
672:
entered orbit around
Mercury on March 18, 2011, becoming the first spacecraft to do so. It successfully completed its primary mission in 2012. Following two mission extensions, the spacecraft used the last of its maneuvering propellant to deorbit, impacting the surface of Mercury on April 30, 2015.
2466:
launch vehicle. The complete burn sequence lasted 57 minutes bringing the spacecraft into a heliocentric orbit, with a final velocity of 10.68 km/s (6.64 miles/s) and sending the probe into a 7.9 billion-kilometer (4.9 billion mi) trajectory that took 6 years, 7 months and 16 days before
3038:
The thruster maneuver to insert the probe into
Mercury's orbit began at 00:45 UTC on March 18, 2011. The 0.9 km/s (0.5 mi./sec.) braking maneuver lasted about 15 minutes, with confirmation that the craft was in Mercury orbit received at 01:10 UTC on March 18 (9:10 PM, March 17
2513:
Several planned thruster firings en route to
Mercury were unnecessary, because these fine course adjustments were performed using solar radiation pressure acting on MESSENGER's solar panels. To further minimize the amount of necessary propellant, the spacecraft orbital insertion targeted a highly
834:
composite panels that supported the propellant tanks, the large velocity adjust (LVA) thruster, attitude monitors and correction thrusters, the antennas, the instrument pallet, and a large ceramic-cloth sunshade, measuring 2.5 m (8.2 ft) tall and 2 m (6.6 ft) wide, for passive
725:
In 1998, a study detailed a proposed mission to send an orbiting spacecraft to
Mercury, as the planet was at that point the least-explored of the inner planets. In the years following the Mariner 10 mission, subsequent mission proposals to revisit Mercury had appeared too costly, requiring large
1027:
1012:
used a software suite called SciBox to simulate its orbit and instruments, in order to "choreograph the complicated process of maximizing the scientific return from the mission and minimizing conflicts between instrument observations, while at the same time meeting all spacecraft constraints on
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and three kinds of antennas: a high gain phased array whose main beam could be electronically steered in one plane, a medium-gain "fan-beam" antenna and a low gain horn with a broad pattern. The high gain antenna was used as transmit-only at 8.4 GHz, the medium-gain and low gain antennas
1507:
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3173:
s orbital insertion, an eighteen-day commissioning phase took place. The supervising personnel switched on and tested the craft's science instruments to ensure they had completed the journey without damage. The commissioning phase "demonstrated that the spacecraft and payload all operating
1037:
cameras, a narrow-angle camera (NAC) and a wide-angle camera (WAC) mounted to a pivoting platform. The camera system provided a complete map of the surface of
Mercury at a resolution of 250 meters/pixel (820 ft/pixel), and images of regions of geologic interest at 20â50 meters/pixel
5224:
Andrews, G. Bruce; Thomas H. Zurbuchen; Barry H. Mauk; Horace Malcom; Lennard A. Fisk; George Gloeckler; George C. Ho; Jeffrey S. Kelley; Patrick L. Koehn; Thomas W. LeFevere; et al. (2007). "The Energetic Particle and Plasma Spectrometer Instrument on the MESSENGER Spacecraft".
3302:
image of Mercury shows previously undetected fault scarpsâ cliff-like landforms resembling stairs that are small enough that scientists believe they are geologically young. This shows that Mercury is still contracting, and that Earth is not the only tectonically active Solar System
2808:
performed a second flyby of Venus at an altitude of 338 km (210 mi), for the greatest velocity reduction of the mission. During the encounter, all instruments were used to observe Venus and prepare for the following Mercury encounters. The encounter provided visible and
4740:
Hawkins, S. Edward; John D. Boldt; Edward H. Darlington; Raymond Espiritu; Robert E. Gold; Bruce Gotwols; Matthew P. Grey; Christopher D. Hash; John R. Hayes; Steven E. Jaskulek; et al. (August 1, 2007). "The Mercury Dual Imaging System on the MESSENGER spacecraft".
2568:
5047:
Cavanaugh, John F.; James C. Smith; Xiaoli Sun; Arlin E. Bartels; Luis Ramos-Izquierdo; Danny J. Krebs; Jan F. McGarry; Raymond Trunzo; Anne Marie Novo-Gradac; Jamie L. Britt; et al. (2007). "The Mercury Laser Altimeter Instrument for the MESSENGER Mission".
4838:
Goldsten, John O.; Edgar A. Rhodes; William V. Boynton; William C. Feldman; David J. Lawrence; Jacob I. Trombka; David M. Smith; Larry G. Evans; Jack White; Norman W. Madden; et al. (November 8, 2007). "The MESSENGER Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer".
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was able to take highly detailed close-up photographs of ice-filled craters and other landforms at Mercury's north pole. After the mission was completed, review of the radio ranging data provided the first measurement of the rate of mass loss from the Sun.
2762:
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3052:
2481:. On a direct course from Earth to Mercury, a spacecraft is constantly accelerated as it falls toward the Sun, and will arrive at Mercury with a velocity too high to achieve orbit without excessive use of fuel. For planets with an atmosphere, such as
4910:
Schlemm, Charles; Richard D. Starr; George C. Ho; Kathryn E. Bechtold; Sarah A. Hamilton; John D. Boldt; William V. Boynton; Walter Bradley; Martin E. Fraeman; Robert E. Gold; et al. (2007). "The X-Ray Spectrometer on the MESSENGER Spacecraft".
2763:
738:
mission by using multiple, consecutive gravity assist, 'swingby' maneuvers around Venus and Mercury, in combination with minor propulsive trajectory corrections, to gradually slow the spacecraft and thereby minimize propellant needs.
3689:(19:26 GMT), at a velocity of 14,080 km/h (8,750 mph), probably creating a crater in the planet's surface approximately 16 m (52 ft) wide. The spacecraft was estimated to have impacted at 54.4° N, 149.9° W on
3672:
entered its expected terminal phase of orbital decay in late 2014. The spacecraft's operation was extended by several weeks by exploiting its remaining supply of helium gas, which was used to pressurize its propellant tanks, as
2760:
2688:
interpretation of data when the spacecraft entered orbit around Mercury. Ensuring that the instruments functioned correctly at such an early stage in the mission allowed opportunity for multiple minor errors to be dealt with.
3511:
9367:
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2733:
1664:
Observe gravitational perturbations from Mercury to investigate the spatial variations of density within the planet's interior, and a time-varying component in Mercury's gravity to quantify the amplitude of Mercury's
2521:
The elongated orbit had two other benefits: It allowed the spacecraft time to cool after the times it was between the hot surface of Mercury and the Sun, and also it allowed the spacecraft to measure the effects of
3344:
and organic compounds in permanently shadowed craters in Mercury's north pole. In February 2013, NASA published the most detailed and accurate 3D map of Mercury to date, assembled from thousands of images taken by
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while in Mercury orbit. Each panel was rotatable and included optical solar reflectors to balance the temperature of the array. Power was stored in a common-pressure-vessel, 23-
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14317:
1513:
Provided detailed information regarding the height of landforms on the surface of Mercury by detecting the light of an infrared laser as the light bounced off the surface.
3146:
5315:
Srinivasan, Dipak K.; Mark E. Perry; Karl B. Fielhauer; David E. Smith; Maria T. Zuber (2007). "The Radio Frequency Subsystem and Radio Science on the MESSENGER Mission".
3118:
2759:
2680:. On December 12, 2005, a 524-second-long burn (Deep-Space Maneuver or DSM-1) of the large thruster adjusted the trajectory for the upcoming Venus flyby by 316 m/s.
873:, developed and manufactured at AMPACâISP's Westcott works, in the United Kingdom. The spacecraft was designed to carry 607.8 kilograms (1,340 lb) of propellant and
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6562:
2887:
6121:
3006:
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During its stay in Mercury orbit, the probe's instruments yielded significant data, including a characterization of Mercury's magnetic field and the discovery of water
11064:
4080:
2871:
1746:
4979:
Anderson, Brian J.; Mario H. Acuña; David A. Lohr; John Scheifele; Asseem Raval; Haje Korth & James A. Slavin (2007). "The Magnetometer Instrument on MESSENGER".
1340:
Determined the hydrogen mineral composition to a depth of 40 cm by detecting low-energy neutrons resulting from the collision of cosmic rays with the minerals.
1312:
Provide surface abundances of Fe, Si, and K, infer alkali depletion from K abundances, and provide abundance limits on H (water ice) and S (if present) at the poles.
734:'s gravity and pass Mercury far too quickly to orbit it. However, using a trajectory designed by Chen-wan Yen in 1985, the study showed it was possible to execute a
1711:
1614:
around Mercury using an energetic particle spectrometer (EPS) and the charged particles that come from the surface using a fast imaging plasma spectrometer (FIPS).
11086:
3442:
2455:
264:
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Anderson, J. D.; Campbell, J. K.; Ekelund, J. E.; Ellis, J.; Jordan, J. F. (2008). "Anomalous orbital-energy changes observed during spacecraft flybys of Earth".
2924:
executed a final flyby on September 29, 2009, further slowing down the spacecraft. Sometime during the closest approach of the last flyby, the spacecraft entered
2695:, where some spacecraft have been observed to have trajectories that differ slightly from those predicted. However no anomaly was observed in MESSENGER's flyby.
3388:
2962:
2537:
9487:
3901:
730:. Moreover, inserting a spacecraft into orbit around Mercury is difficult, because a probe approaching on a direct path from Earth would be accelerated by the
6176:
3697:. The crash occurred at a place not visible from Earth at the time, and thus was not detected by any observers or instruments. NASA confirmed the end of the
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1730:
658:
twice, and Mercury itself three times, allowing it to decelerate relative to Mercury using minimal fuel. During its first flyby of Mercury in January 2008,
8564:
6015:
Sekanina, Zdenek; Kracht, Rainer (May 8, 2014). "Disintegration of Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) Shortly Before Perihelion: Evidence From Independent Data Sets".
3682:
1561:
surrounding Mercury by measuring ultraviolet light emissions, and ascertained the prevalence of iron and titanium minerals on the surface by measuring the
1356:
Outline surface domains at the base of both northern and southern cusps of the magnetosphere where the solar wind can implant hydrogen in surface material.
6525:
5412:
2833:
was also orbiting during the encounter, providing the first opportunity for simultaneous measurement of particle-and-field characteristics of the planet.
11505:
9260:
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4479:
687:
s formal data collection mission began on April 4, 2011. The primary mission was completed on March 17, 2012, having collected close to 100,000 images.
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12378:
8199:
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3099:
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measured 1.85 meters (73 in) tall, 1.42 m (56 in) wide, and 1.27 m (50 in) deep. The bus was primarily constructed with four
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website. The mosaic contained 34 images, acquired by the MDIS instrument during November 2010. All the planets were visible with the exception of
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11197:
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6555:
6264:
3408:
2994:
8514:
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1633:
Determine characteristics of the dynamics of Mercury's magnetosphere and their relationships to external drivers and their internal conditions.
1091:
High-resolution (20â50 meters/pixel (66â164 ft/pixel)) image strips across features representative of major geologic units and structures.
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during its first six terrestrial months in Mercury's orbit were presented in a series of papers at the European Planetary Science Congress in
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Search for polar deposits of volatile material, and determine how are the accumulation of these deposits are related to exospheric processes.
1529:
Detect and quantify the planet's forced physical librations by tracking the motion of large-scale topographic features as a function of time.
74:
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Antonio Genova; Erwan Mazarico; Sander Goossens; Frank G. Lemoine; Gregory A. Neumann; David E. Smith; Maria T. Zuber (January 18, 2018).
4402:
Harmon, J. K.; Slade, M. A.; VĂ©lez, R. A.; Crespo, A.; Dryer, M. J.; Johnson, J. M. (1994). "Radar mapping of Mercury's polar anomalies".
11984:
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751:
mission was designed to study the characteristics and environment of Mercury from orbit. The scientific objectives of the mission were:
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12809:
12663:
12628:
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12511:
11906:
11319:
8635:
8345:
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4520:. Boston, MA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics/American Astronautical Society: 109â115. AIAA-98-4283. Archived from
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11994:
11913:
9881:
8906:
8862:
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4109:
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5126:
McClintock, William; Mark Lankton (2007). "The Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer for the MESSENGER Mission".
4165:
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11989:
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8539:
8534:
7985:
7955:
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2639:
986:
main processor, and a 10 MHz fault protection processor. For redundancy, the spacecraft carried a pair of identical IEMs. For
835:
thermal control. At launch, the spacecraft weighed approximately 1,100 kilograms (2,400 lb) with its full load of propellant.
12915:
are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the â sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
6413:
4239:
3989:
3478:. The probe also constructed the most detailed and accurate maps of Mercury to date, and furthermore discovered carbon-containing
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12944:
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9491:
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made a flyby of Mercury on January 14, 2008 (making its closest approach of 200 km above the surface of Mercury at 19:04:39
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The spacecraft's onboard computer system was contained in an Integrated Electronics Module (IEM), a device that combined core
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1038:(66â164 ft/pixel). Color imaging was possible only with the narrow-band filter wheel attached to the wide-angle camera.
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1315:
Map surface element abundances where possible, and otherwise provide surface-averaged abundances or establish upper limits.
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also provided visual evidence of past volcanic activity on the surface of Mercury, as well as evidence for a liquid iron
1353:
Provide secondary evidence to aid in interpreting GRS measured gamma-ray line strengths in terms of elemental abundances.
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908:
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Launches are separated by dots ( âą ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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9123:
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6505:
3708:
3186:
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3767:, a European-Japanese mission to Mercury which was launched on October 19, 2018, and will enter orbit in November 2026
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9162:
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4806:
Hash, Christopher; Raymond Espiritu; Erick Malaret; Louise Prockter; Scott Murchie; Alan Mick; Jennifer Ward (2007).
3972:
4808:"MESSENGER Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) Experimental Data Record (EDR) Software Interface Specification (SIS)"
3333:
carried out a series of thruster manoeuvres, placing it in an eight-hour orbit to conduct further scans of Mercury.
2489:, spacecraft can minimize their fuel consumption upon arrival by using friction with the atmosphere to enter orbit (
1654:
Measured the gravity of Mercury and the state of the planetary core by utilizing the spacecraft's positioning data.
839:'s total mission cost, including the cost of the spacecraft's construction, was estimated at under US$ 450 million.
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11999:
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11185:
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3329:. Its extended mission began on March 17, 2012, and continued until March 17, 2013. Between April 16 and 20, 2012,
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260:
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completed its first extended mission on March 17, 2013, and its second lasted until April 2015. In November 2013,
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1458:
Measured the magnetic field around Mercury in detail to determine the strength and average position of the field.
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14559:
11460:
9966:
8645:
8328:
5191:
20:
13889:
7753:
6206:
Head, James W.; Chapman, Clark R.; Strom, Robert G.; Fassett1, Caleb I.; Denevi, Brett W. (September 30, 2011).
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3181:
orbiting Mercury once every twelve hours for an intended duration of twelve Earth months, the equivalent of two
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12814:
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11761:
9852:
9185:
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Observe magnetotail dynamics, including phenomena possibly analogous to substorms in the Earth's magnetosphere.
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Investigate the possible presence of water ice within and near permanently shaded craters near the north pole.
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at a low altitude, where the spacecraft was subjected to radiative heating from the hot side of the planet.
14574:
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14258:
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13735:
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6512:â comparison between simulated views of Mercury to the images actually acquired by MESSENGER during flyby 2
6502:â comparison between simulated views of Mercury to the images actually acquired by MESSENGER during flyby 1
3039:
EDT). Mission lead engineer Eric Finnegan indicated that the spacecraft had achieved a near-perfect orbit.
1270:
emissions from the surface of Mercury to determine the planet's composition by detecting certain elements (
924:
9088:
1426:
Characterize the composition of surface elements by measuring the X-ray emissions induced by the incident
628:
for "Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging", and a reference to the messenger god
13761:
12937:
12283:
12230:
12193:
12152:
12046:
11751:
11731:
11646:
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1075:
960:
893:
621:
87:
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2493:), or can briefly fire their rocket engines to enter into orbit followed by a reduction of the orbit by
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24:
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1957:
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thrusters provided spacecraft steering during main thruster burns, and twelve 4.4 N (1.0 lb
727:
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at right), detected via gravity anomalies, provide evidence for subsurface structure and evolution.
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809:
588:
102:
81:
41:
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5993:
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Determine the position of the spacecraft during both the cruise and orbital phases of the mission.
699:
at the planet's north pole, which had long been suspected on the basis of Earth-based radar data.
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8058:
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5192:"Exploring Magnetosphere-Exosphere Coupling At Mercury: A Joint MESSENGER â BepiColombo Workshop"
4196:
900:
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5577:
1532:
Measure the surface reflectivity of Mercury at the MLA operating wavelength of 1,064 nanometers.
14408:
13796:
13789:
13754:
12961:
12930:
12308:
12251:
11773:
11756:
11702:
11665:
11465:
11439:
11394:
11150:
10867:
10740:
10564:
8005:
7995:
7338:
7225:
7085:
6728:
6657:
6064:"Solar system expansion and strong equivalence principle as seen by the NASA MESSENGER mission"
3770:
3105:
2925:
2908:
14485:
14398:
13906:
12343:
12256:
12246:
12188:
12058:
12053:
11894:
11559:
11521:
11490:
11399:
11298:
11280:
11180:
10862:
10581:
10277:
10181:
10002:
9502:
9221:
9113:
8437:
8356:
8315:
8241:
8235:
8175:
Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.
8157:
8132:
8111:
7960:
7867:
7518:
7512:
7425:
7055:
6918:
6851:
6841:
6627:
6258:
3694:
3025:
2498:
1753:
1558:
1034:
885:
4689:
3923:
3648:
took 31 images, taken two minutes apart, of the Earth and the Moon, as the Moon underwent a
2793:
encountered Venus at an altitude of 2,992 kilometers (1,859 mi). During the encounter,
1627:
Determine the composition of the radar-reflective materialmaterials gyms at Mercury's poles.
1385:
Mapped mineral composition within the top millimeter of the surface on Mercury by detecting
1347:
Establish and map the abundance of hydrogen over most of the northern hemisphere of Mercury.
14458:
14441:
13911:
13571:
13485:
12465:
11886:
11389:
11274:
11192:
11160:
11096:
11091:
10904:
10808:
10661:
10520:
10503:
10491:
10479:
10467:
10448:
10241:
9816:
9726:
9231:
8970:
8713:
8487:
8339:
7873:
6891:
6823:
6808:
6687:
6632:
6440:"Press Release: NASA Completes MESSENGER Mission with Expected Impact on Mercury's Surface"
6308:
6222:
6207:
6075:
6061:
5772:
5746:
5656:
5541:
5515:
5324:
5234:
5135:
5057:
4988:
4920:
4848:
4837:
4750:
4717:
4663:
4411:
4323:
4297:
4214:
4142:
3840:
3395:
2798:
2784:
6036:
5950:
5902:
4113:
2510:
trip by many years and to a total distance of 7.9 billion kilometers (4.9 billion miles).
1676:
spacecraft to the surface of Mercury for determining proper altitude mapping with the MLA.
8:
14388:
13809:
13652:
13636:
13151:
13034:
12971:
12872:
12868:
12859:
12604:
12469:
12403:
12392:
12388:
12173:
12139:
11670:
11651:
11240:
11028:
10743:
10702:
10667:
10455:
10364:
9927:
9802:
9673:
9632:
9534:
9475:
8412:
8322:
8228:
7631:
7070:
7027:
6866:
6818:
6786:
6680:
6540:
3739:
3649:
3600:
3466:
team announced that the probe had discovered large amounts of water present in Mercury's
2814:
1526:
Determine topographic profiles across major geologic features in the northern hemisphere.
987:
976:
858:
629:
351:
324:
6226:
6079:
5795:
5660:
5328:
5238:
5139:
5061:
4992:
4924:
4852:
4754:
4739:
4415:
4377:
4264:
14511:
14403:
14355:
13977:
13953:
13715:
13546:
13480:
13163:
13139:
13076:
12773:
12750:
12694:
12439:
12356:
11970:
11548:
11455:
11429:
11369:
11353:
11329:
10827:
10070:
9615:
9517:
9371:
9342:
8152:
8078:
7442:
6871:
6246:
6098:
6063:
6016:
5364:
5340:
5250:
5151:
5083:
5004:
4936:
4864:
4766:
4435:
4170:
3993:
3780:
3753:
3702:
3248:
3200:, France. Among the discoveries presented were the unexpectedly high concentrations of
1370:
928:
866:
617:
93:
5314:
4909:
4211:"MESSENGER Provides New Look at Mercury's Landscape, Metallic Core, and Polar Shadows"
3124:
Charles Bolden congratulates Eric Finnegan following the successful orbital insertion.
819:
as principal investigator, and mission operations were also conducted at JHU/APL. The
14453:
14044:
13927:
13688:
13175:
13064:
13050:
13008:
12984:
11934:
11818:
11778:
11738:
11658:
11618:
11485:
11475:
11223:
10719:
10346:
10291:
10221:
10202:
10189:
9831:
9480:
8808:
8754:
8705:
8584:
8577:
7921:
7810:
7805:
7800:
6948:
6673:
6652:
6587:
6238:
6151:
6103:
5672:
5646:
5599:
5254:
5155:
5008:
4940:
4868:
4427:
3968:
3686:
3429:
2981:
2470:
Traveling to Mercury and entering orbit requires an extremely large velocity change (
1607:
991:
735:
572:
371:
6473:
5344:
5223:
5087:
4770:
14056:
13877:
13674:
13577:
13536:
13040:
12648:
12167:
11808:
11419:
11270:
10998:
10977:
10685:
9741:
8502:
7904:
7790:
7483:
7317:
7229:
6622:
6250:
6230:
6143:
6093:
6083:
5888:
5668:
5664:
5332:
5242:
5143:
5073:
5065:
4996:
4928:
4856:
4758:
4511:"Discovery-class Mercury orbiter trajectory design for the 2005 launch opportunity"
4439:
4419:
4057:
3479:
3325:
mission would be extended by one year, allowing the spacecraft to observe the 2012
3271:
3252:
3090:
3066:
2616:
2515:
1545:
999:
941:
852:
613:
545:
522:
498:
474:
63:
9600:
6977:
6756:
5390:
1630:
Determine the electrical properties of the crust/atmosphere/environment interface.
1523:
Measure the long-wavelength topographic features at mid-to-low northern latitudes.
14332:
13848:
13837:
13541:
13531:
13521:
12527:
12146:
12116:
11579:
11553:
11480:
11404:
11379:
11374:
11334:
11250:
10849:
10696:
10626:
9280:
9196:
8928:
8688:
8682:
8382:
8106:
7820:
7624:
7333:
7194:
6886:
6846:
6617:
6480:
6208:"Flood Volcanism in the Northern High Latitudes of Mercury Revealed by MESSENGER"
5883:
5046:
4978:
4724:
4330:
4110:"Critical Deep-Space Maneuver Targets MESSENGER for Its Second Mercury Encounter"
3775:
3690:
3502:
3399:
3233:
2825:
of the upper atmosphere were also recorded, to characterize the composition. The
2528:
1078:(55°â75°) and 250 meters/pixel (820 ft/pixel) or better sampling resolution.
633:
10340:
5717:"Critical Deep-Space Maneuver Targets MESSENGER for Its First Mercury Encounter"
4805:
3716:
s first (March 29, 2011) and last (April 30, 2015) images from Mercury's orbit (
1572:
Characterize the composition, structure, and temporal behavior of the exosphere.
1488:
Characterize field-aligned currents that link the planet with the magnetosphere.
692:
24, 2014, and January 21, 2015, before crashing into Mercury on April 30, 2015.
14345:
13680:
12589:
12532:
12423:
12303:
12183:
11940:
11626:
11424:
11414:
11260:
11255:
11113:
10567:
10423:
9225:
8950:
8945:
8608:
8591:
8296:
8011:
7368:
7147:
6612:
6088:
3475:
3209:
2956:
Mercury from later in the first flyby, showing many previously unknown features
2940:
The first high-resolution color Wide Angle Camera image of Mercury acquired by
2669:
2506:
1520:
Provide a high-precision topographic map of the high northern latitude regions.
1082:
1048:
Acquisition of near-global coverage at â500 meters/pixel (1,600 ft/pixel).
897:
827:
769:
647:
361:
8068:
6535:
6177:"MESSENGER Scientists 'Astonished' to Find Water in Mercury's Thin Atmosphere"
5336:
5246:
5147:
5069:
5000:
4932:
4860:
4762:
4192:
14548:
14108:
13551:
13526:
13516:
13243:
13216:
12877:
12689:
12563:
12331:
12313:
12208:
12198:
12130:
11975:
11608:
11339:
11118:
10837:
10763:
10735:
10620:
10526:
10103:
10075:
9778:
9710:
9585:
9309:
9191:
8448:
7544:
7456:
6349:
4660:"MESSENGER Completes Primary Mission at Mercury, Settles in for Another Year"
4431:
3674:
3653:
3498:
3449:
3326:
3012:
Lava-flooded craters and large expanses of smooth volcanic plains on Mercury.
2830:
2692:
2672:
one year after launch, on August 2, 2005, with the closest approach at 19:13
1611:
1389:
1051:
848:
831:
823:
762:
10713:
10013:
7477:
6234:
5771:(Press release). Johns Hopkins University. November 24, 2009. Archived from
5078:
14473:
14103:
13898:
12506:
12480:
12178:
11745:
10791:
10673:
10514:
10429:
10353:
10329:
10195:
10156:
10126:
10113:
10108:
9943:
9769:
9705:
9393:
9304:
9236:
8398:
8116:
7185:
Symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned
6941:
6781:
6242:
6107:
5823:
5719:(Press release). Johns Hopkins University. October 17, 2007. Archived from
5676:
4564:
4141:(Press release). Johns Hopkins University. December 4, 2008. Archived from
4083:(Press release). Johns Hopkins University. January 14, 2008. Archived from
3609:
3255:
2822:
2478:
1636:
Measure interplanetary plasma properties in cruise and in Mercury vicinity.
1476:
Characterize the geometry and time variability of the magnetospheric field.
1444:
1413:
904:
816:
566:
5743:"MESSENGER Gains Critical Gravity Assist for Mercury Orbital Observations"
3571:
On February 18, 2011, a portrait of the Solar System was published on the
2968:
View from the second flyby in October 2008, with Kuiper crater near center
14322:
14261:
14248:
14243:
14238:
14233:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14161:
14153:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14118:
14113:
14097:
13989:
13823:
13582:
13319:
13238:
13017:
12899:
12895:
12891:
12767:
12521:
11140:
11016:
10758:
10725:
10263:
10045:
7449:
7279:
5972:"MESSENGER Detects Comets ISON and Encke, Prepares for Closer Encounters"
4662:(Press release). Johns Hopkins University. March 19, 2012. Archived from
4337:
Applied Physics Laboratory. October 5, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
4213:(Press release). Johns Hopkins University. March 21, 2012. Archived from
4112:(Press release). Johns Hopkins University. March 19, 2008. Archived from
4062:
4045:
3763:
3358:
2818:
2494:
2490:
2350:
1562:
1259:
1081:
A 25°-off-nadir mosaic to complement the nadir-looking mosaic for global
1071:
979:
948:
609:
2298:
Start encounter imaging sequence, beacon-only tracking of probe begins.
2212:
Start encounter imaging sequence, beacon-only tracking of probe begins.
14424:
14393:
14383:
14288:
14271:
14211:
14032:
14020:
13941:
13468:
13463:
13453:
13448:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13395:
13390:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13346:
13341:
13278:
13232:
12839:
12684:
12599:
12558:
12548:
12418:
11871:
11573:
11566:
11081:
10441:
10359:
9578:
9565:
9455:
9448:
9314:
9286:
8963:
8956:
8934:
8856:
8625:
8508:
8478:
8431:
8424:
8392:
7840:
7835:
7588:
7243:
6955:
6536:
NASA Solar System 2015-04-27 MESSENGER at Mercury Images of the Mission
3665:
3482:
and water ice inside permanently shadowed craters near the north pole.
3414:
3362:
3225:
2523:
1470:
1427:
1067:
912:
713:
663:
5199:
4324:"MESSENGER Team Presents New Mercury Findings at Planetary Conference"
3470:, which was an unexpected finding. In the later years of its mission,
3457:
3317:
Topography of Mercury based on MDIS (Mercury Dual Imaging System) data
2676:
at an altitude of 2,347 kilometers (1,458 statute miles) over central
1683:
Principal investigator: David Smith / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
1578:
Determine the relationship between exospheric and surface composition.
1495:
Principal investigator: Mario Acuna / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
14304:
14266:
14253:
14123:
14008:
13996:
13965:
13615:
13610:
13605:
13600:
13555:
13475:
13458:
13416:
13400:
13353:
13336:
13331:
13326:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13253:
13248:
13112:
12998:
12288:
12261:
12109:
12021:
11881:
11850:
11843:
11538:
11292:
10752:
10388:
10381:
10335:
10236:
10230:
9971:
9809:
9715:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9469:
9462:
9327:
9320:
9118:
8994:
8987:
8981:
8866:
8694:
8467:
8460:
8418:
8387:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8033:
8028:
7830:
7825:
7815:
7795:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7583:
7568:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7489:
7298:
5769:"Deep-Space Maneuver Positions MESSENGER for Mercury Orbit Insertion"
4423:
4139:"Deep-Space Maneuver Positions MESSENGER for Third Mercury Encounter"
3593:
3467:
3201:
3182:
1773:
1666:
1393:
1291:
1267:
983:
945:
862:
779:
625:
13028:
8214:
1624:
Characterize exosphere neutrals and accelerated magnetospheric ions.
1594:
1550:
903:
was also included. Information for attitude control was provided by
14362:
14342:
14191:
14068:
13862:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13288:
13283:
13273:
13268:
13187:
13100:
13088:
12855:
12851:
12847:
12843:
10558:
10098:
9895:
9888:
9757:
9413:
8976:
8796:
8521:
8454:
8442:
8276:
8271:
8266:
7980:
7879:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7578:
7562:
7523:
7012:
7002:
4199:
from the original on December 12, 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
3681:
continued studying Mercury during its decay period. The spacecraft
3382:
False-color map showing maximum temperatures of north polar region.
2810:
2677:
2463:
1599:
1588:
Principal investigator: William McClintock / University of Colorado
1575:
Investigate the processes that generate and maintain the exosphere.
1409:
1397:
1287:
1026:
1013:
pointing, data downlink rates, and onboard data storage capacity."
995:
972:
643:
249:
6363:"Innovative use of pressurant extends MESSENGER's Mercury mission"
6021:
5170:"Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS)"
1506:
1451:
1377:
792:
19:"Mercury Messenger" redirects here. For the 2003 concept car, see
14327:
13916:
13694:
13263:
13258:
13133:
13128:
13123:
12882:
12804:
12778:
12726:
12722:
12653:
12594:
12485:
11803:
11793:
11696:
11135:
10832:
10815:
10681:
10644:
10186:
10161:
9687:
9424:
9034:
8940:
8923:
8910:
8896:
8870:
8779:
8765:
8614:
8549:
7927:
6798:
6694:
6667:
6637:
6348:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4509:
McAdams, J. V.; J. L. Horsewood; C. L. Yen (August 10â12, 1998).
3580:
3521:
data shows a 10 km vertical range: high (red); low (purple).
3205:
2473:
1405:
1401:
1333:
1299:
1295:
1279:
1275:
581:
13746:
12922:
6483:â official information regarding the mission on the NASA website
3705:
did not detect the spacecraft's reemergence from behind Mercury.
3656:, of Earth's Moon, in history to be viewed from another planet.
1546:
Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS)
1248:
Principal investigator: Scott Murchie / Johns Hopkins University
1088:
Completion of the multispectral mapping begun during the flybys.
616:
between 2011 and 2015, studying Mercury's chemical composition,
14299:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
12886:
12830:
12731:
12716:
12553:
11837:
11768:
11265:
11130:
10650:
10536:
10531:
10151:
10131:
10117:
10093:
9917:
9545:
9540:
9442:
9241:
8849:
8830:
8620:
8573:
8528:
8350:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8094:
7774:
7769:
7748:
7743:
7644:
7618:
7613:
7573:
6464:
4508:
3576:
3197:
3174:
nominally, notwithstanding Mercury's challenging environment."
1363:
Principal investigator: William Boynton / University of Arizona
1322:
Principal investigator: William Boynton / University of Arizona
1271:
956:
874:
869:) large velocity assist (LVA) thruster. The model used was the
119:
6515:
6490:
5925:"New Nasa Photos Show Off Mercury In Brilliant 3D Map (VIDEO)"
3313:
755:
to characterize the chemical composition of Mercury's surface.
646:
rocket in August 2004. Its path involved a complex series of
14490:
14478:
14166:
13566:
12992:
11861:
11634:
11598:
11593:
11384:
10614:
10592:
10208:
9208:
9144:
8650:
7403:
6718:
6662:
3185:
on Mercury. Principal Investigator Sean Solomon, then of the
3000:
An image of part of the previously unseen side of the planet.
2740:
2630:
2602:
2482:
1386:
1063:
870:
655:
651:
446:
418:
390:
341:
331:
5745:. MESSENGER Mission News. September 30, 2009. Archived from
5602:(Press release). Johns Hopkins University. December 12, 2005
5482:(Press release). JHU/APL. September 29, 2009. Archived from
3177:
The primary mission began as planned on April 4, 2011, with
2181:
First of eight Optical Navigation images taken on approach.
13592:
10956:
10880:
9029:
8655:
8333:
6571:
5989:
5693:(Press release). NASA/APL. October 24, 2006. Archived from
5538:"MESSENGER Sails on Sun's Fire for Second Flyby of Mercury"
4607:(Press release). NASA / JHUAPL. August 2004. Archived from
3837:"MESSENGER Completes Its First Extended Mission at Mercury"
3637:
2744:
2486:
2202:
Last of eight Optical Navigation images taken on approach.
1896:
Energetic Particle Spectrometer begins Earth observations.
1283:
952:
606:
7264:
6570:
5974:. USRA.edu. November 15, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
5624:(Press release). NASA/APL. August 26, 2005. Archived from
5600:"MESSENGER Engine Burn Puts Spacecraft on Track for Venus"
5418:(Press release). JHU/APL. January 14, 2008. Archived from
4718:"MESSENGER Kicks Off Yearlong Campaign of Mercury Science"
3632:
A lunar eclipse as viewed from Mercury, captured from the
3587:"family portrait" was intended to be complementary to the
3208:
found on Mercury's nightside, and the fact that Mercury's
8099:
5851:(Press release). NASA/APL. March 18, 2011. Archived from
5558:(Press release). Johns Hopkins University. March 24, 2004
5514:(Press release). NASA/APL. March 17, 2011. Archived from
5450:(Press release). JHU/APL. October 6, 2008. Archived from
4288:
4286:
3341:
2826:
2450:
probe was launched on August 3, 2004, at 06:15:56 UTC by
1479:
Detect wave-particle interactions with the magnetosphere.
731:
696:
12386:
6280:"NASA Mercury Probe Trying to Survive for Another Month"
6205:
4727:. JHU â APL. April 4, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
4265:"Messenger's Mercury trip ends with a bang, and silence"
4193:"Exploring Mercury by Spacecraft: The MESSENGER Mission"
4081:"Countdown to MESSENGER's Closest Approach with Mercury"
4046:"Mercury's secrets revealed by soon-to-crash spacecraft"
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3365:(C/2012 S1). As its orbit began to decay in early 2015,
10925:
6531:
Mercury data collected by both Mariner 10 and MESSENGER
6414:"Mercury Messenger Mission Ends with a Smashing Finale"
6307:(Press release). APL. February 18, 2011. Archived from
5360:"NASA's Messenger Mission Is Set to Crash Into Mercury"
4294:"MESSENGER Surpasses 200,000 Orbital Images of Mercury"
4240:"From Mercury orbit, MESSENGER watches a lunar eclipse"
3701:
mission at 3:40 p.m. EDT (19:40 GMT) after NASA's
3192:
On October 5, 2011, the scientific results obtained by
3136:
The first-ever photograph from Mercury orbit, taken by
1760:. The ceramic-cloth sunshade is prominent in this view.
1621:
Determine the structure of the planet's magnetic field.
6388:"Farewell, MESSENGER! NASA Probe Crashes Into Mercury"
5838:
5125:
4602:"MESSENGER NASA's Mission to Mercury Launch Press Kit"
4401:
4283:
3967:(1st ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 225â245.
3867:"NASA Set to Extend Mercury Mission for Another Month"
761:
to elucidate the nature of the global magnetic field (
6305:"A Solar System Family Portrait, from the Inside Out"
4686:"The Medium-gain Antenna of the MESSENGER Spacecraft"
3946:"Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration"
3820:
3783:, a NASA physicist and key contributor to the mission
3286:
A close snapshot of ridges near Mercury's south pole.
1981:
End MDIS color image sequence for departure "movie".
1485:
Characterize the magnetopause structure and dynamics.
1021:
7111:
6170:
6168:
6136:
4688:. Microwave Journal. October 1, 2005. Archived from
3729:
3591:, which was acquired from the outer Solar System by
1886:
Rotate spacecraft (turning sunshade toward the Sun)
6469:
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
5877:"Messenger settles into new orbit to probe Mercury"
5269:"Energetic Particle and Plasma Spectrometer (EPPS)"
5121:
5119:
3458:
Discovery of water, organic compounds and volcanism
3212:is offset far to the north of the planet's center.
1054:
mapping at â2 kilometers/pixel (1.2 mi/pixel).
7224:
5903:"Mercury's water ice at north pole finally proven"
5219:
5217:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4735:
4733:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
3990:"NASA Chats â MESSENGER Prepares to Orbit Mercury"
3417:streaking across the planet's southern hemisphere.
2920:), followed by a second flyby on October 6, 2008.
1946:Start MDIS color imaging sequence of Amazon Basin
1916:Start MDIS color images of South America (set 2).
1906:Start MDIS color images of South America (set 1).
842:
6165:
5506:
5504:
5042:
5040:
4974:
4972:
4905:
4903:
4234:
4232:
2769:Earth flyby sequence captured on August 3, 2005 (
2543:Exploded diagram of Delta II launch vehicle with
1672:Provide precise measurements of the range of the
1595:Energetic Particle and Plasma Spectrometer (EPPS)
1423:Determine the history of the formation of Mercury
775:to determine the volatile inventory at the poles.
14546:
8215:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
7398:
6382:
6380:
6037:"Best views yet of Mercury's ice-filled craters"
5512:"MESSENGER Begins Historic Orbit around Mercury"
5310:
5308:
5116:
4634:"10 Surprising Facts About NASA's Mercury Probe"
3685:of Mercury on April 30, 2015, at 3:26 p.m.
3617:
3583:, due to their vast distances from the Sun. The
3357:was among the numerous space assets that imaged
1798:
1740:for transfer to a hazardous processing facility.
1501:
998:each. The IBM RAD6000 main processor collected,
5214:
4824:
4730:
4579:
4455:"MESSENGER to test theory of shrinking Mercury"
4395:
4345:
4343:
3962:
3644:On October 8, 2014 from 9:18 UTC to 10:18 UTC,
2501:is far too thin for these maneuvers. Instead,
2477:) because Mercury's orbit is deep in the Sun's
1936:Rotate spacecraft (sunshade away from the Sun)
1254:
6355:
6199:
6014:
6008:
5683:
5501:
5037:
4969:
4900:
4229:
3800:
3798:
2581:trajectory from August 3, 2004, to May 1, 2015
13762:
12938:
12372:
10941:
10043:
10029:
8200:
7384:
7210:
6556:
6377:
5977:
5614:
5469:
5437:
5405:
5305:
4446:
4351:"NASA probe reveals organics, ice on Mercury"
4296:. JHU â APL. February 6, 2014. Archived from
3885:
3640:can be seen falling into the shadow of Earth.
2897:departs after the second flyby of the planet.
1309:Provide surface abundances of major elements.
975:into a single box. The computer featured two
847:Main propulsion was provided by the 645
6271:
5351:
4880:
4878:
4340:
4157:
4013:
4011:
3988:Lee, Jimmy; Galuska, Mike (March 18, 2011).
3963:Domingue, D.L.; Russell, C.T., eds. (2007).
3894:"MESSENGER's Operations at Mercury Extended"
2691:The Earth flyby was used to investigate the
2105:
1995:
1837:
1328:
1006:'s instruments for later playback to Earth.
963:, with 11 vessels and two cells per vessel.
720:
6297:
6263:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6128:. JHU - APL. March 12, 2014. Archived from
5986:"How NASA Space Assets Observed Comet ISON"
5892:. April 24, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
5293:. NASA / National Space Science Data Center
5271:. NASA / National Space Science Data Center
5172:. NASA / National Space Science Data Center
5104:. NASA / National Space Science Data Center
5025:. NASA / National Space Science Data Center
4957:. NASA / National Space Science Data Center
4888:. NASA / National Space Science Data Center
4886:"Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS)"
4531:
4166:"Messenger's Collision Course With Mercury"
3839:. JHU â APL. March 18, 2013. Archived from
3806:"NASA extends spacecraft's Mercury mission"
3795:
3533:
3518:
1369:
940:The space probe was powered by a two-panel
13769:
13755:
12945:
12931:
12379:
12365:
11320:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
10948:
10934:
10036:
10022:
8207:
8193:
7391:
7377:
7217:
7203:
6563:
6549:
6174:
6142:
6029:
5379:
5162:
4502:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4133:
4131:
4104:
4102:
4075:
4073:
3987:
3321:In November 2011, NASA announced that the
2865:on its second flyby of the planet in 2007.
2751:from a distance of 183 million kilometers.
1539:Principal investigator: David Smith / GSFC
565:
92:
40:
12214:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
6917:
6097:
6087:
6020:
5389:. JHU/APL. August 2, 2005. Archived from
5261:
5077:
4875:
4787:. NASA/National Space Science Data Center
4777:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4480:"Finally! NASA Prepares to Orbit Mercury"
4061:
4008:
3926:. NASA's Solar System Exploration website
3860:
3858:
3608:captured a near-complete portrait of the
3069:from March 15, 2011, to December 30, 2014
2849:on its first flyby of the planet in 2006.
2467:its orbital insertion on March 18, 2011.
2047:Venus closest approach at 2,987 km.
1926:Earth closest approach at 2,348 km.
1016:
892:) monopropellant thrusters were used for
808:spacecraft was designed and built at the
8486:
6526:Video from MESSENGER as it departs Earth
5094:
5015:
4947:
4799:
4518:1998 Astrodynamics Specialist Conference
3707:
3627:
3599:
3560:
3312:
2441:
2329:Mercury closest approach at 228 km
2243:Mercury closest approach at 200 km
2157:Mercury closest approach at 200 km
1643:Principal investigator: Barry Mauk / APL
1598:
1549:
1505:
1450:
1376:
1332:
1258:
1025:
966:
790:
14580:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
12299:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
7127:
6933:
5283:
4312:
4259:
4257:
4203:
4128:
4099:
4070:
3956:
3152:A simplified chart showing the path of
2902:
2414:Commencement of second extended mission
2091:Venus closest approach at 313 km.
1465:Investigate the structure of Mercury's
1437:Principal investigator: George Ho / APL
768:to determine the size and state of the
758:to study the planet's geologic history.
14547:
11087:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
5951:"Mercury shows off its colourful side"
5819:"MESSENGER eases into Mercury's orbit"
5796:"Messenger probe enters Mercury orbit"
4704:
4375:
4043:
3891:
3855:
3108:and colleagues wait for news from the
2400:Commencement of first extended mission
1557:Determined the characteristics of the
13750:
13685:(end of mission; Mar 2010 / May 2011)
12926:
12360:
11877:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
10929:
10017:
8188:
7372:
7198:
7110:
6916:
6586:
6585:
6544:
5983:
5816:
5357:
4452:
4378:"Mercury's hidden water-ice revealed"
4242:. Planetary Society. October 10, 2014
4163:
3904:from the original on January 25, 2024
3336:In November 2012, NASA reported that
2988:during the third flyby of the planet.
2412:Completion of first extended mission/
2124:
2014:
1856:
1649:
1443:
1108:
815:. Science operations were managed by
702:
13840:(technology demonstration; Dec 2015)
12339:
6277:
5793:
4785:"Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)"
4254:
3892:Cowing, Keith, ed. (April 3, 2015).
3517:Northern hemisphere topography from
3033:
2121:
2011:
1956:Start MDIS color image sequence for
1853:
896:. For precision attitude control, a
786:
707:
9998:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
8143:List of artificial objects on Venus
5846:"MESSENGER Mercury Orbit Insertion"
5580:. Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab
5540:. September 5, 2008. Archived from
3536:spectral scan of Mercury's surface.
3308:
2789:On October 24, 2006, at 08:34 UTC,
2778:
1826:Spacecraft launched at 06:15:56 UTC
676:
13:
10993:National Aeronautics and Space Act
6506:Mercury Flyby 2 Visualization Tool
6496:Mercury Flyby 1 Visualization Tool
6365:. Astronomy.com. December 29, 2014
6175:Lakdawalla, Emily (July 3, 2008).
4164:Corum, Jonathan (April 30, 2015).
4019:"NASA Spacecraft Circling Mercury"
3864:
3187:Carnegie Institution of Washington
3164:
2881:on the second flyby of the planet.
1785:
1724:s solar panels by APL technicians.
1022:Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)
994:recorders able to store up to one
14:
14596:
13776:
12952:
11947:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
11501:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
10910:List of extraterrestrial orbiters
7176:indicates active current missions
6575:Planetary Missions Program Office
6458:
5794:Amos, Jonathan (March 18, 2011).
5691:"MESSENGER Completes Venus Flyby"
5358:Chang, Kenneth (April 27, 2015).
4539:"MESSENGER â Mission description"
4376:Rincon, Paul (October 16, 2014).
3659:
2645:Interplanetary trajectory of the
918:
778:to study the nature of Mercury's
662:became the second mission, after
14517:
14516:
14505:
14373:
14087:
13888:
13882:
13876:
13812:
13721:
13720:
13709:
13626:
13206:
13039:
13033:
13027:
12974:
12338:
12327:
12326:
12242:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
12000:Space Flight Operations Facility
11186:Operations and Checkout Building
10803:Double Asteroid Redirection Test
7488:
7482:
7476:
7263:
7113:Solar System Exploration program
6976:
6755:
6343:
4453:Malik, Tariq (August 16, 2004).
3746:
3732:
3541:
3526:
3510:
3487:
3441:
3422:
3407:
3387:
3375:
3291:
3279:
3263:
3241:
3217:
3145:
3129:
3117:
3098:
3051:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2933:
2886:
2870:
2854:
2838:
2797:passed behind Venus and entered
2756:
2732:
2716:
2700:
2638:
2567:
2551:
2536:
2460:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
1765:
1745:
1729:
1710:
1694:
140:: 10 years, 8 months and 27 days
12995:(mission to the Moon; Sep 2011)
11461:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
9967:International Lunar Observatory
8778:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
7182:indicate missions yet to launch
6491:NASA's Solar System Exploration
6432:
6406:
6323:
6114:
6055:
5965:
5943:
5917:
5895:
5870:
5810:
5787:
5761:
5735:
5709:
5640:
5592:
5570:
5548:
5530:
5184:
5102:"Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA)"
4678:
4652:
4626:
4553:
4472:
4369:
4185:
4037:
3555:of Mercury's north polar region
3251:crater, with two perpendicular
2877:A more detailed image of Venus
2804:On June 5, 2007, at 23:08 UTC,
1772:A suited worker looks over the
843:Attitude control and propulsion
791:
726:quantities of propellant and a
204:1,107.9 kg (2,443 lb)
21:Mercury Messenger (concept car)
5669:10.1103/physrevlett.100.091102
5556:"MESSENGER Launch Rescheduled"
4561:"Discovery Program: MESSENGER"
3981:
3938:
3916:
2654:
2112:Flyby encounters with Mercury
556:March 18, 2011, 01:00 UTC
346:10,300 km (6,400 mi)
146:: 4 years, 1 month and 14 days
104:
1:
14555:Space probes launched in 2004
13859:(weather satellite; Feb 2015)
13834:(weather satellite; Jan 2015)
9913:High Resolution Stereo Camera
8138:Observations and explorations
8039:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
6278:Wall, Mike (March 29, 2015).
6148:"What are Mercury's hollows?"
5817:Cowen, Ron (March 17, 2011).
5578:"MESSENGER Flyby Information"
3950:NASA Solar System Exploration
3788:
3618:View of a total lunar eclipse
2562:on a Delta II launch vehicle.
2170:Second encounter with Mercury
1502:Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA)
1469:and its interaction with the
1412:, and iron, in the 1â10
990:, the spacecraft carried two
925:small deep space transponders
742:
440:2,990 km (1,860 mi)
412:2,347 km (1,458 mi)
14532:Category:2016 in outer space
14527:Category:2015 in outer space
14522:Category:2014 in outer space
13736:Category:2012 in outer space
13731:Category:2011 in outer space
13726:Category:2010 in outer space
13697:orbital insertion; Jul 2011)
13677:orbital insertion; Apr 2011)
12279:Space program on U.S. stamps
12204:Gemini and Apollo medallions
12154:Solar System Family Portrait
11930:Joint Polar Satellite System
11799:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
11053:Vision for Space Exploration
11023:Space Exploration Initiative
10137:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
8074:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
6331:"Lunar Eclipse From Mercury"
3965:Messenger mission to Mercury
3871:Johns Hopkins University APL
2683:During the Earth flyby, the
2287:Third encounter with Mercury
2146:First encounter with Mercury
2002:Flyby encounters with Venus
1776:fuel supply to be loaded in
1302:) to a depth of 10 cm.
1255:Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS)
951:providing an average of 450
927:for communications with the
7:
13865:(space telescope; Sep 2015)
13648:45P/HondaâMrkosâPajduĆĄĂĄkovĂĄ
13020:(mission to Mars; Nov 2011)
13014:(mission to Mars; Nov 2011)
12989:(Jupiter orbiter; Aug 2011)
12274:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
12231:We choose to go to the Moon
12194:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
11752:International Space Station
11732:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
11471:Great Observatories program
11315:International Space Station
11293:Roscosmos State Corporation
11210:Science Mission Directorate
11156:Manned Space Flight Network
10900:List of Solar System probes
8844:Radiation Budget Instrument
3865:Wu, Brian (April 3, 2015).
3725:
3567:Family Portrait (MESSENGER)
3258:running through its center.
2661:Earth observation satellite
2080:Second encounter with Venus
1844:Flyby encounter with Earth
880:Four 22 N (4.9 lb
666:in 1975, to reach Mercury.
10:
14601:
14493:orbit insertion; Dec 2015)
14469:(end of mission; Apr 2015)
14461:orbit insertion; Mar 2015)
14318:1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5
12091:NASA cameras on spacecraft
11902:James Webb Space Telescope
11814:Solar Dynamics Observatory
11035:U.S. National Space Policy
9170:Infrared Space Observatory
7754:Pioneer Venus Small Probes
7463:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
7359:indicates active missions.
6521:NSSDC Master Catalog entry
6479:December 13, 2020, at the
6089:10.1038/s41467-017-02558-1
5984:Staff (December 6, 2013).
4955:"X-ray Spectrometer (XRS)"
3898:Applied Physics Laboratory
3624:October 2014 lunar eclipse
3621:
3564:
3553:permanently shaded craters
2906:
2813:imaging data of the upper
2782:
2747:(lower left), captured by
2658:
2036:First encounter with Venus
1109:Wide Angle Camera Filters
813:Applied Physics Laboratory
195:Applied Physics Laboratory
25:Messenger (disambiguation)
18:
14500:
14433:
14420:67P/ChuryumovâGerasimenko
14371:
14280:
14083:
13936:Asteroid close approaches
13925:
13897:
13874:
13847:
13822:
13808:
13782:
13704:
13661:
13624:
13591:
13509:
13202:
13059:Asteroid close approaches
13048:
13025:
13001:(Mars orbiter); Nov 2011)
12970:
12958:
12908:
12823:
12792:
12759:
12708:
12672:
12641:
12577:
12541:
12499:
12458:
12432:
12411:
12322:
12222:
12099:
12014:
11959:
11922:
11721:
11531:
11518:
11448:
11362:
11352:
11307:
11233:
11222:
11166:Vehicle Assembly Building
11074:
10973:
10963:
10895:
10781:
10547:
10413:
10402:
10373:
10320:
10255:
10172:
10084:
10063:
10052:
9980:
9957:
9936:
9905:
9874:
9839:
9830:
9750:
9740:
9698:
9666:
9659:
9650:
9624:
9608:
9599:
9526:
9510:
9501:
9435:
9401:
9392:
9350:
9341:
9268:
9259:
9137:
9096:
9087:
9067:
9060:
9053:
9015:
9008:
8880:
8734:
8727:
8674:
8495:
8477:
8305:
8220:
8171:
8125:
8087:
8051:
8021:
7948:
7941:
7914:
7889:
7860:
7853:
7783:
7762:
7696:
7660:
7554:
7504:
7497:
7474:
7435:
7417:
7410:
7352:
7326:
7310:
7291:
7272:
7261:
7236:
7169:
7123:
7119:
7106:
7038:
6992:
6985:
6974:
6929:
6925:
6912:
6834:
6771:
6764:
6753:
6704:
6605:
6598:
6594:
6581:
6487:MESSENGER Mission Profile
6126:MESSENGER Featured Images
6122:"High-resolution Hollows"
5622:"MESSENGER Status Report"
5337:10.1007/s11214-007-9270-7
5247:10.1007/s11214-007-9272-5
5148:10.1007/s11214-007-9264-5
5070:10.1007/s11214-007-9273-4
5001:10.1007/s11214-007-9246-7
4933:10.1007/s11214-007-9248-5
4861:10.1007/s11214-007-9262-7
4763:10.1007/s11214-007-9266-3
4044:Wendel, J. (April 2015).
3452:â high (red); low (blue).
2388:Mercury orbital insertion
2363:Mercury occultation exit
2132:
2116:
2108:
2057:Venus occultation entry.
2022:
2006:
1998:
1864:
1848:
1840:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1792:
1329:Neutron Spectrometer (NS)
1165:Far Red (1, A)
1113:
909:inertial measurement unit
877:pressurizer for the LVA.
728:heavy lift launch vehicle
721:Proposals for the mission
650:â the spacecraft flew by
564:
560:
552:
544:
540:228 km (142 mi)
536:
528:
520:
516:200 km (120 mi)
512:
504:
496:
492:200 km (120 mi)
488:
480:
472:
468:337 km (209 mi)
464:
456:
444:
436:
428:
416:
408:
400:
388:
384:
380:
370:
360:
350:
340:
336:200 km (120 mi)
330:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:April 30, 2015, 19:26 UTC
299:
291:
286:
282:
278:
270:
256:
245:
229:
224:
220:
216:
208:
200:
190:
185:
181:
177:
130:
114:
101:
80:
70:
59:
55:
39:
14313:WISE J224607.57â052635.0
12237:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
12161:The Day the Earth Smiled
11496:Solar Terrestrial Probes
10955:
10915:List of space telescopes
9993:Inertial Stellar Compass
9358:Raman Laser Spectrometer
7688:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
5953:. BBC. February 16, 2013
5905:. BBC. November 30, 2012
4335:Johns Hopkins University
3808:. UPI. November 15, 2011
3683:crashed onto the surface
3668:for course adjustments,
2456:Space Launch Complex 17B
2067:Venus occultation exit.
1690:Images of the spacecraft
935:
810:Johns Hopkins University
797:Interactive 3D model of
612:that orbited the planet
233:August 3, 2004, 06:15:56
13005:Mars Science Laboratory
12294:Other primates in space
12006:Deep Space Atomic Clock
11826:Mars Science Laboratory
11614:Spitzer Space Telescope
11203:Lunar Sample Laboratory
11146:Launch Services Program
9988:Deep Space Atomic Clock
9247:Venus Emissivity Mapper
8059:European Venus Explorer
6516:MESSENGER Image Gallery
6510:Mercury Flyby 2 Actuals
6500:Mercury Flyby 1 Actuals
6235:10.1126/science.1211997
5882:April 26, 2012, at the
5649:Physical Review Letters
4723:April 12, 2013, at the
3589:Voyager family portrait
2727:during its Earth flyby.
2711:during its Earth flyby.
2497:. However, the tenuous
2373:Start playback of data
2274:Start playback of data
1793:Timeline of key events
1002:, and stored data from
961:nickelâhydrogen battery
923:The probe included two
901:attitude control system
16:NASA mission to Mercury
14585:Orbiters (space probe)
14560:Destroyed space probes
14512:Outer space portal
14449:; Nov 2014 / Mar 2015)
14354:(first observation of
13716:Outer space portal
12309:National Astronaut Day
12252:The Astronaut Monument
12074:Space Shuttle missions
11774:Mars Exploration Rover
11757:Hubble Space Telescope
11666:Kepler space telescope
11466:Earth Observing System
11440:Mars Exploration Rover
11151:Mercury Control Center
6729:Moon Mineralogy Mapper
6474:MESSENGER Mission Page
6442:. NASA. April 30, 2015
5387:"Earth Flyby Timeline"
4563:. NASA. Archived from
4486:. NASA. Archived from
3992:. NASA. Archived from
3771:Exploration of Mercury
3722:
3641:
3614:
3597:on February 14, 1990.
3432:in the wall of crater
3318:
3228:image of Mercury from
2909:Exploration of Mercury
2893:Sequence of images as
1603:
1554:
1510:
1455:
1382:
1337:
1263:
1030:
1017:Scientific instruments
801:
642:was launched aboard a
237:2004-08-03UTC06:15:56Z
46:Artist's rendering of
23:. For other uses, see
14399:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
13907:2015 Kerala meteoroid
12257:Lunar sample displays
12247:Space Mirror Memorial
12189:Voyager Golden Record
12081:United States rockets
11273: (with the
11181:Launch Control Center
10863:Peregrine Mission One
10407:(by termination date)
10182:Emirates Mars Mission
10057:(deep space missions)
10003:Plasma Wave Subsystem
9114:Multispectral Scanner
8438:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
8242:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
7868:Venus Orbiter Mission
7519:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
6919:New Frontiers program
6842:Enceladus Life Finder
6181:The Planetary Society
6146:(February 18, 2014).
6068:Nature Communications
5317:Space Science Reviews
5227:Space Science Reviews
5128:Space Science Reviews
5050:Space Science Reviews
4981:Space Science Reviews
4913:Space Science Reviews
4841:Space Science Reviews
4743:Space Science Reviews
4329:May 13, 2013, at the
3912:– via SpaceRef.
3711:
3664:After running out of
3631:
3612:during November 2010.
3603:
3561:Solar System portrait
3462:On July 3, 2008, the
3316:
2723:A view of Earth from
2707:A view of Earth from
2499:atmosphere of Mercury
2462:in Florida, aboard a
2442:Launch and trajectory
2319:Mercury shadow entry
2233:Mercury shadow entry
1602:
1553:
1509:
1454:
1380:
1336:
1262:
1029:
967:Computer and software
796:
321:Reference system
186:Spacecraft properties
13912:2015 Thailand bolide
13810:Space probe launches
12972:Space probe launches
12395:Orbital launches in
11275:Soviet space program
11193:Johnson Space Center
11161:Kennedy Space Center
11124:spinoff technologies
10905:List of lunar probes
10492:Mars Global Surveyor
10404:Completed after 2000
8971:Mars Climate Orbiter
8613:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
8052:Cancelled / concepts
5291:"Radio Science (RS)"
5023:"Magnetometer (MAG)"
4063:10.1029/2015EO029165
3448:Perspective view of
3340:had discovered both
3159:s orbital insertion.
2903:Three Mercury flybys
2799:superior conjunction
2785:Exploration of Venus
2339:Mercury shadow exit
2253:Mercury shadow exit
1736:Technicians prepare
717:more than 30 years.
332:Perihermion altitude
295:Crashed into Mercury
14575:Missions to Mercury
14389:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
14356:gravitational waves
14338:541132 LeleÄkĆ«honua
13849:Space observatories
13653:C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)
13572:SDSS J102915+172927
12284:Apollo 17 Moon mice
12140:Pillars of Creation
12047:Space Shuttle crews
11525:(human and robotic)
11519:Individual featured
11102:Ranks and positions
10054:Active space probes
9928:Mars Orbiter Camera
7400:Spacecraft missions
7226:Spacecraft missions
6819:Io Volcano Observer
6787:Titan Mare Explorer
6467:â official site at
6227:2011Sci...333.1853H
6221:(6051): 1853â1856.
6080:2018NatCo...9..289G
5996:on February 2, 2014
5931:. February 16, 2013
5723:on December 1, 2008
5661:2008PhRvL.100i1102A
5329:2007SSRv..131..557S
5239:2007SSRv..131..523A
5140:2007SSRv..131..481M
5062:2007SSRv..131..451C
4993:2007SSRv..131..417A
4925:2007SSRv..131..393S
4853:2007SSRv..131..339G
4755:2007SSRv..131..247H
4692:on November 1, 2010
4416:1994Natur.369..213H
4357:. November 29, 2012
3873:. The Science Times
3740:Solar system portal
3650:total lunar eclipse
3495:Mass concentrations
3026:Rachmaninoff crater
2815:atmosphere of Venus
2668:performed an Earth
2531:on March 18, 2011.
1565:of infrared light.
610:robotic space probe
342:Apohermion altitude
36:
14404:C/2015 G2 (MASTER)
13481:MOA-2009-BLG-387Lb
12086:NASA cancellations
11981:Deep Space Network
11971:Near Earth Network
11456:Living With a Star
11430:Project Prometheus
11410:Planetary Observer
10828:Hakuto-R Mission 1
10374:Interstellar space
10071:Parker Solar Probe
9906:Imagers/telescopes
9054:Spectrophotometers
8153:Manned Venus flyby
7443:Parker Solar Probe
6872:Mars Geyser Hopper
6815:Mission 15 and 16
6132:on March 14, 2014.
5365:The New York Times
4614:on August 24, 2007
4171:The New York Times
4023:The New York Times
3781:Stamatios Krimigis
3754:Spaceflight portal
3723:
3703:Deep Space Network
3693:, near the crater
3642:
3615:
3402:radiating from it.
3319:
3140:on March 29, 2011.
3065:trajectory around
3028:, from third flyby
2305:September 29, 2009
2281:September 28, 2009
1752:Attachment of the
1650:Radio Science (RS)
1604:
1559:tenuous atmosphere
1555:
1511:
1456:
1383:
1381:X-Ray spectrometer
1371:X-Ray Spectrometer
1338:
1264:
1074:at moderate solar
1031:
977:radiation-hardened
929:Deep Space Network
867:nitrogen tetroxide
802:
703:Mission background
532:September 29, 2009
316:Orbital parameters
32:
14570:NASA space probes
14565:Discovery Program
14540:
14539:
14434:Space exploration
13872:
13871:
13744:
13743:
13662:Space exploration
12920:
12919:
12354:
12353:
12267:stolen or missing
12064:uncrewed missions
12042:Apollo astronauts
12037:Gemini astronauts
11955:
11954:
11739:2001 Mars Odyssey
11514:
11513:
11390:Mars Surveyor '98
11348:
11347:
11291: (with
11224:Human spaceflight
11218:
11217:
11176:Launch Complex 48
11171:Launch Complex 39
10923:
10922:
10891:
10890:
10398:
10397:
10203:2001 Mars Odyssey
10011:
10010:
9948:Rosalind Franklin
9870:
9869:
9866:
9865:
9857:Rosalind Franklin
9832:Mass spectrometer
9826:
9825:
9762:Rosalind Franklin
9736:
9735:
9646:
9645:
9642:
9641:
9595:
9594:
9503:Triaxial fluxgate
9388:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9362:Rosalind Franklin
9337:
9336:
9261:UV-visible (UVVS)
9255:
9254:
9151:Rosalind Franklin
9089:Visible-IR (VIRS)
9083:
9082:
9049:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9004:
9003:
8723:
8722:
8535:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
8182:
8181:
8088:Program overviews
8047:
8046:
7942:Proposed missions
7937:
7936:
7922:Venus Life Finder
7849:
7848:
7472:
7471:
7366:
7365:
7303:
7284:
7256:
7248:
7192:
7191:
7165:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7141:JUICE instruments
7102:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7093:
6972:
6971:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6794:Mission 13 and 14
6751:
6750:
6588:Discovery program
6152:Planetary Society
5518:on April 12, 2013
5477:"Mercury Flyby 3"
5445:"Mercury Flyby 2"
5413:"Mercury Flyby 1"
5196:lasp.colorado.edu
4820:on July 21, 2011.
4490:on March 25, 2023
4410:(6477): 213â215.
4300:on April 15, 2014
3896:(Press release).
3480:organic compounds
3034:Orbital insertion
2982:Borealis Planitia
2980:Smooth plains of
2764:
2505:extensively used
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2377:
2376:
2095:
2094:
1985:
1984:
1958:departure "movie"
1685:
1645:
1608:charged particles
1590:
1541:
1497:
1439:
1365:
1324:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1232:975â1045 nm
1221:980â1010 nm
1128:400â1000 nm
787:Spacecraft design
708:Previous missions
624:. The name is a
598:
597:
573:Discovery program
553:Orbital insertion
14592:
14520:
14519:
14510:
14509:
14508:
14414:
14377:
14359:
14309:
14296:
14294:
14293:
14091:
14076:
14074:
14073:
14064:
14062:
14061:
14052:
14050:
14049:
14040:
14038:
14037:
14028:
14026:
14025:
14016:
14014:
14013:
14004:
14002:
14001:
13992:
13985:
13983:
13982:
13978:(523775) 2014 YB
13973:
13971:
13970:
13961:
13959:
13958:
13954:(357439) 2004 BL
13949:
13947:
13946:
13892:
13886:
13880:
13820:
13819:
13816:
13799:
13792:
13771:
13764:
13757:
13748:
13747:
13724:
13723:
13714:
13713:
13712:
13642:
13630:
13578:moons of Jupiter
13563:
13561:
13560:
13486:PSR J1719â1438 b
13237:habitability of
13210:
13195:
13193:
13192:
13183:
13181:
13180:
13176:(549948) 2011 WL
13171:
13169:
13168:
13164:(308635) 2005 YU
13159:
13157:
13156:
13152:(436724) 2011 UW
13147:
13145:
13144:
13140:(415029) 2011 UL
13120:
13118:
13117:
13108:
13106:
13105:
13096:
13094:
13093:
13084:
13082:
13081:
13077:(471240) 2011 BT
13072:
13070:
13069:
13065:(367789) 2011 AG
13043:
13037:
13031:
12978:
12947:
12940:
12933:
12924:
12923:
12419:Estrela do Sul 1
12400:
12399:
12398:
12381:
12374:
12367:
12358:
12357:
12342:
12341:
12330:
12329:
12168:Fallen Astronaut
11809:Van Allen Probes
11529:
11528:
11435:Mars Exploration
11360:
11359:
11231:
11230:
10999:Space Task Group
10971:
10970:
10950:
10943:
10936:
10927:
10926:
10411:
10410:
10061:
10060:
10038:
10031:
10024:
10015:
10014:
9849:(Europa Clipper)
9837:
9836:
9798:(on ExoMars TGO)
9748:
9747:
9742:Neutral particle
9664:
9663:
9657:
9656:
9606:
9605:
9508:
9507:
9494:(Europa Clipper)
9399:
9398:
9348:
9347:
9266:
9265:
9094:
9093:
9065:
9064:
9058:
9057:
9013:
9012:
9009:Ultraviolet (UV)
8732:
8731:
8728:Infrared-visible
8493:
8492:
8484:
8483:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8186:
8185:
8148:List of missions
8064:Inspiration Mars
7946:
7945:
7858:
7857:
7854:Planned missions
7791:Tyazhely Sputnik
7502:
7501:
7492:
7486:
7480:
7415:
7414:
7393:
7386:
7379:
7370:
7369:
7318:Mercury Observer
7301:
7282:
7267:
7254:
7246:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7196:
7195:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7108:
7107:
6990:
6989:
6980:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6914:
6913:
6769:
6768:
6759:
6623:Lunar Prospector
6603:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6583:
6582:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6542:
6541:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6420:. April 30, 2015
6410:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6394:. April 30, 2015
6384:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6262:
6254:
6212:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6183:. Archived from
6172:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6101:
6091:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6043:. March 17, 2015
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6012:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5992:. Archived from
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5899:
5893:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5857:
5850:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5544:on May 14, 2013.
5534:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5488:
5481:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5312:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5198:. Archived from
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5081:
5079:2060/20060020062
5044:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5019:
5013:
5012:
4976:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4847:(1â4): 339â391.
4835:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4813:. Archived from
4812:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4749:(1â4): 247â338.
4737:
4728:
4715:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4640:. March 16, 2011
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4527:on May 13, 2013.
4526:
4515:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4424:10.1038/369213a0
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4347:
4338:
4321:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4290:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4271:. April 30, 2015
4261:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4195:. May 24, 2011.
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4077:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4025:. March 17, 2011
4015:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3843:on July 29, 2013
3833:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3802:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3636:spacecraft. The
3545:
3530:
3514:
3491:
3445:
3426:
3411:
3391:
3379:
3309:Extended mission
3295:
3283:
3272:polar projection
3267:
3245:
3221:
3158:
3149:
3133:
3121:
3102:
3093:
3088:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3055:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2937:
2890:
2874:
2861:Venus imaged by
2858:
2845:Venus imaged by
2842:
2779:Two Venus flybys
2766:
2765:
2736:
2720:
2704:
2642:
2633:
2628:
2619:
2614:
2605:
2600:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2571:
2555:
2540:
2518:around Mercury.
2516:elliptical orbit
2140:January 14, 2008
2128:
2111:
2106:
2101:January 14, 2008
2030:October 24, 2006
2018:
2001:
1996:
1991:October 24, 2006
1860:
1843:
1838:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1769:
1749:
1733:
1723:
1717:The assembly of
1714:
1698:
1681:
1641:
1586:
1537:
1493:
1435:
1361:
1320:
1246:
1210:945â950 nm
1199:895â905 nm
1188:825â835 nm
1178:745â755 nm
1168:695â705 nm
1158:555â565 nm
1148:465â485 nm
1138:420â440 nm
1106:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1076:incidence angles
942:gallium arsenide
894:attitude control
795:
686:
677:Mission overview
569:
529:Closest approach
505:Closest approach
484:January 14, 2008
481:Closest approach
457:Closest approach
452:
451:(gravity assist)
432:October 24, 2006
429:Closest approach
424:
423:(gravity assist)
401:Closest approach
396:
395:(gravity assist)
240:
238:
225:Start of mission
168:Second extension
131:Mission duration
126:
123:
121:
106:
97:
96:
90:
50:orbiting Mercury
44:
37:
31:
14600:
14599:
14595:
14594:
14593:
14591:
14590:
14589:
14545:
14544:
14541:
14536:
14506:
14504:
14496:
14429:
14413:
14409:
14367:
14353:
14307:
14291:
14290:
14287:
14276:
14102:evaporation of
14079:
14071:
14070:
14067:
14059:
14058:
14057:(85989) 1999 JD
14055:
14047:
14046:
14045:(33342) 1998 WT
14043:
14035:
14034:
14031:
14023:
14022:
14019:
14011:
14010:
14007:
13999:
13998:
13995:
13988:
13980:
13979:
13976:
13968:
13967:
13964:
13956:
13955:
13952:
13944:
13943:
13940:
13921:
13893:
13887:
13881:
13868:
13843:
13838:LISA Pathfinder
13804:
13801:
13795:
13793:
13788:
13778:
13775:
13745:
13740:
13710:
13708:
13700:
13657:
13641:
13637:
13620:
13587:
13558:
13557:
13554:
13542:Kerberos (moon)
13537:ULAS J1120+0641
13505:
13198:
13190:
13189:
13186:
13178:
13177:
13174:
13166:
13165:
13162:
13154:
13153:
13150:
13142:
13141:
13138:
13115:
13114:
13111:
13103:
13102:
13099:
13091:
13090:
13087:
13079:
13078:
13075:
13067:
13066:
13063:
13044:
13038:
13032:
13023:
12966:
12965:
12954:
12951:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12904:
12819:
12788:
12755:
12732:GSAT-3 / EDUSAT
12704:
12668:
12637:
12573:
12537:
12528:Gravity Probe B
12495:
12454:
12450:Molniya-1 No.93
12428:
12407:
12406:
12396:
12394:
12393:
12391:
12385:
12355:
12350:
12318:
12218:
12209:Mission patches
12184:Pioneer plaques
12147:Mystic Mountain
12124:Family Portrait
12117:The Blue Marble
12101:
12095:
12069:Apollo missions
12010:
11962:
11951:
11918:
11723:
11717:
11554:Mercury-Atlas 6
11524:
11520:
11510:
11444:
11380:Mariner Mark II
11344:
11325:Commercial Crew
11303:
11226:
11214:
11198:Mission Control
11097:Astronaut Corps
11092:Chief Scientist
11070:
10975:
10959:
10954:
10924:
10919:
10887:
10777:
10697:LISA Pathfinder
10543:
10406:
10394:
10369:
10316:
10251:
10168:
10080:
10056:
10048:
10042:
10012:
10007:
9976:
9959:
9953:
9932:
9901:
9862:
9822:
9732:
9694:
9652:
9638:
9633:CassiniâHuygens
9620:
9591:
9535:CassiniâHuygens
9522:
9497:
9431:
9380:
9333:
9281:Mariner 6 and 7
9251:
9197:Mariner 6 and 7
9133:
9079:
9061:Long wavelength
9041:
9000:
8929:Mariner 6 and 7
8876:
8805:MESSR and VTIR
8719:
8689:Electra (radio)
8683:Cassini-Huygens
8670:
8473:
8323:CassiniâHuygens
8301:
8229:CassiniâHuygens
8216:
8213:
8183:
8178:
8167:
8121:
8083:
8043:
8017:
7933:
7910:
7885:
7845:
7784:Failed launches
7779:
7758:
7692:
7656:
7632:CassiniâHuygens
7550:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7468:
7431:
7411:Active missions
7406:
7397:
7367:
7362:
7348:
7334:Mariner program
7322:
7306:
7287:
7268:
7259:
7232:
7223:
7193:
7188:
7153:
7115:
7090:
7034:
6981:
6968:
6921:
6896:
6887:Phobos Surveyor
6847:Icebreaker Life
6830:
6760:
6747:
6700:
6618:Mars Pathfinder
6590:
6577:
6569:
6481:Wayback Machine
6465:JHUAPL homepage
6461:
6456:
6455:
6445:
6443:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6397:
6395:
6386:
6385:
6378:
6368:
6366:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6344:
6336:
6334:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6314:
6312:
6311:on May 12, 2013
6303:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6276:
6272:
6256:
6255:
6210:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6187:on July 7, 2008
6173:
6166:
6156:
6154:
6141:
6137:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6044:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6013:
6009:
5999:
5997:
5982:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5956:
5954:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5934:
5932:
5929:Huffington Post
5923:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5884:Wayback Machine
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5858:on May 13, 2013
5855:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5829:
5827:
5815:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5792:
5788:
5778:
5776:
5775:on May 13, 2013
5767:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5749:on May 10, 2013
5741:
5740:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5700:
5698:
5697:on May 13, 2013
5689:
5688:
5684:
5645:
5641:
5631:
5629:
5628:on May 13, 2013
5620:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5561:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5521:
5519:
5510:
5509:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5489:on May 13, 2013
5486:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5458:
5457:on May 13, 2013
5454:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5428:
5426:
5425:on May 13, 2013
5422:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5393:on May 13, 2013
5385:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5356:
5352:
5313:
5306:
5296:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5274:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5222:
5215:
5205:
5203:
5202:on May 11, 2017
5190:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5124:
5117:
5107:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5045:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5016:
4977:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4908:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4836:
4825:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4738:
4731:
4725:Wayback Machine
4716:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4666:on May 13, 2013
4658:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4567:on June 3, 2013
4559:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4513:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4491:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4451:
4447:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4331:Wayback Machine
4322:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4217:on May 13, 2013
4209:
4208:
4204:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4145:on May 13, 2013
4137:
4136:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4116:on May 13, 2013
4108:
4107:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4087:on May 13, 2013
4079:
4078:
4071:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3996:on June 7, 2011
3986:
3982:
3975:
3961:
3957:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3863:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3776:Mariner program
3752:
3747:
3745:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3721:
3691:Suisei Planitia
3662:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3569:
3563:
3556:
3546:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3515:
3506:
3503:Sobkou Planitia
3492:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3437:
3434:Sholem Aleichem
3427:
3418:
3412:
3403:
3400:Pantheon Fossae
3392:
3383:
3380:
3361:(2P/Encke) and
3311:
3304:
3296:
3287:
3284:
3275:
3268:
3259:
3246:
3237:
3222:
3167:
3165:Primary science
3160:
3156:
3150:
3141:
3134:
3125:
3122:
3113:
3103:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3056:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3013:
3010:
3001:
2998:
2989:
2978:
2969:
2966:
2957:
2954:
2945:
2938:
2911:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2882:
2875:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2843:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2771:Full-size video
2767:
2757:
2752:
2737:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2705:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2612:
2611:
2598:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2556:
2547:
2541:
2529:orbit insertion
2444:
2431:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2370:
2360:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2316:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2262:
2260:October 7, 2010
2250:
2240:
2230:
2221:
2219:October 6, 2008
2209:
2199:
2190:
2188:October 5, 2008
2178:
2166:
2164:October 2, 2008
2154:
2142:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2109:
2102:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2054:
2044:
2032:
2023:
2016:
2007:
1999:
1992:
1978:
1969:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1802:
1788:
1786:Mission profile
1781:
1770:
1761:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1699:
1652:
1597:
1548:
1504:
1449:
1375:
1331:
1257:
1059:Orbital Phase:
1024:
1019:
969:
938:
921:
891:
883:
856:
845:
789:
745:
736:Discovery-class
723:
710:
705:
684:
679:
634:Roman mythology
594:
593:
585:
576:
508:October 6, 2008
450:
422:
394:
376:January 1, 2000
271:Entered service
236:
234:
173:
162:First extension
156:Primary mission
118:
91:
86:
51:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14598:
14588:
14587:
14582:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14562:
14557:
14538:
14537:
14535:
14534:
14514:
14501:
14498:
14497:
14495:
14494:
14482:
14470:
14462:
14450:
14437:
14435:
14431:
14430:
14428:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14380:
14378:
14369:
14368:
14366:
14365:
14360:
14348:
14346:contact binary
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14302:
14297:
14284:
14282:
14278:
14277:
14275:
14274:
14269:
14264:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14236:
14231:
14230:
14229:
14226:
14223:
14220:
14217:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14174:
14169:
14164:
14159:
14158:
14157:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14100:
14094:
14092:
14081:
14080:
14078:
14077:
14065:
14053:
14041:
14029:
14017:
14005:
13993:
13986:
13974:
13962:
13950:
13938:
13932:
13930:
13923:
13922:
13920:
13919:
13917:WT1190F impact
13914:
13909:
13903:
13901:
13895:
13894:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13869:
13867:
13866:
13860:
13853:
13851:
13845:
13844:
13842:
13841:
13835:
13828:
13826:
13817:
13806:
13805:
13803:
13802:
13794:
13786:
13783:
13780:
13779:
13774:
13773:
13766:
13759:
13751:
13742:
13741:
13739:
13738:
13718:
13705:
13702:
13701:
13699:
13698:
13686:
13678:
13665:
13663:
13659:
13658:
13656:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13639:
13633:
13631:
13622:
13621:
13619:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13597:
13595:
13589:
13588:
13586:
13585:
13580:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13549:
13547:PSR J1719â1438
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13522:Swift J1644+57
13519:
13513:
13511:
13507:
13506:
13504:
13503:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13472:
13471:
13466:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13445:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13414:
13413:
13412:
13409:
13406:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13387:
13386:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13351:
13350:
13349:
13344:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13323:
13322:
13317:
13314:
13306:
13301:
13296:
13291:
13286:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13266:
13261:
13256:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13235:
13230:
13229:
13228:
13225:
13222:
13213:
13211:
13200:
13199:
13197:
13196:
13184:
13172:
13160:
13148:
13136:
13131:
13126:
13121:
13109:
13097:
13085:
13073:
13061:
13055:
13053:
13046:
13045:
13026:
13024:
13022:
13021:
13015:
13002:
12996:
12990:
12981:
12979:
12968:
12967:
12960:
12959:
12956:
12955:
12950:
12949:
12942:
12935:
12927:
12918:
12917:
12913:Crewed flights
12909:
12906:
12905:
12903:
12902:
12889:
12880:
12875:
12862:
12833:
12827:
12825:
12821:
12820:
12818:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12796:
12794:
12790:
12789:
12787:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12763:
12761:
12757:
12756:
12754:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12734:
12729:
12720:
12712:
12710:
12706:
12705:
12703:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12676:
12674:
12670:
12669:
12667:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12645:
12643:
12639:
12638:
12636:
12635:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12590:Intelsat 10-02
12587:
12581:
12579:
12575:
12574:
12572:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12545:
12543:
12539:
12538:
12536:
12535:
12533:Ekspress AM-11
12530:
12525:
12518:
12509:
12503:
12501:
12497:
12496:
12494:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12462:
12460:
12456:
12455:
12453:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12436:
12434:
12430:
12429:
12427:
12426:
12424:Progress M1-11
12421:
12415:
12413:
12409:
12408:
12402:
12387:
12384:
12383:
12376:
12369:
12361:
12352:
12351:
12349:
12348:
12336:
12323:
12320:
12319:
12317:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12304:Astronauts Day
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12270:
12269:
12264:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12226:
12224:
12220:
12219:
12217:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12164:
12157:
12150:
12143:
12136:
12135:
12134:
12120:
12113:
12105:
12103:
12097:
12096:
12094:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12077:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12056:
12051:
12050:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12018:
12016:
12012:
12011:
12009:
12008:
12003:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11978:
11973:
11967:
11965:
11963:and navigation
11961:Communications
11957:
11956:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11949:
11944:
11941:Europa Clipper
11937:
11932:
11926:
11924:
11920:
11919:
11917:
11916:
11911:
11910:
11909:
11899:
11898:
11897:
11892:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11847:
11840:
11835:
11834:
11833:
11823:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11790:
11789:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11742:
11735:
11727:
11725:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11715:
11714:
11713:
11700:
11693:
11688:
11687:
11686:
11681:
11668:
11663:
11656:
11649:
11644:
11637:
11632:
11624:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11590:
11589:
11577:
11570:
11563:
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11407:
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11397:
11395:New Millennium
11392:
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10473:
10472:
10471:
10461:
10460:
10459:
10452:
10445:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10426:
10424:NEAR Shoemaker
10417:
10415:
10408:
10400:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10392:
10385:
10377:
10375:
10371:
10370:
10368:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10350:
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10318:
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10154:
10152:Tiandu 1 and 2
10149:
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9868:
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9841:
9840:Interplanetary
9834:
9828:
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9823:
9821:
9820:
9813:
9806:
9799:
9793:
9783:
9774:
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9751:Interplanetary
9745:
9738:
9737:
9734:
9733:
9731:
9730:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9702:
9700:
9699:Interplanetary
9696:
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9676:
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9661:
9654:
9648:
9647:
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9625:Interplanetary
9622:
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9610:
9603:
9597:
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9575:
9568:
9563:
9558:
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9543:
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9527:Interplanetary
9524:
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9521:
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9512:
9505:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9495:
9485:
9473:
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9445:
9439:
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9436:Interplanetary
9433:
9432:
9430:
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9427:
9417:
9411:
9405:
9403:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9386:
9385:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9378:
9365:
9354:
9352:
9351:Interplanetary
9345:
9339:
9338:
9335:
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9332:
9331:
9324:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9290:
9283:
9278:
9272:
9270:
9269:Interplanetary
9263:
9257:
9256:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9226:Europa Clipper
9211:
9206:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9183:
9172:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9160:
9147:
9141:
9139:
9138:Interplanetary
9135:
9134:
9132:
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9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9100:
9098:
9091:
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9068:Interplanetary
9062:
9055:
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8881:Interplanetary
8878:
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8675:Interplanetary
8672:
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8658:
8653:
8648:
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8638:
8633:
8628:
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8365:
8360:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8336:
8334:ExoMars lander
8331:
8326:
8319:
8311:
8309:
8303:
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8300:
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8294:
8289:
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7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7952:
7950:
7949:Venus missions
7943:
7939:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7925:
7918:
7916:
7915:Descent probes
7912:
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7909:
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7877:
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7798:
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7766:
7764:
7763:Balloon probes
7760:
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7751:
7746:
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7736:
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7698:
7694:
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7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7664:
7662:
7661:Descent probes
7658:
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7642:
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7295:
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7285:
7283:(2018âpresent)
7276:
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7260:
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7151:
7148:Europa Clipper
7144:
7137:
7131:
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7117:
7116:
7104:
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6613:NEAR Shoemaker
6609:
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6460:
6459:External links
6457:
6454:
6453:
6431:
6418:Universe Today
6405:
6376:
6354:
6322:
6296:
6270:
6198:
6164:
6144:Lakdawalla, E.
6135:
6113:
6054:
6028:
6007:
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5942:
5916:
5894:
5869:
5837:
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5682:
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5613:
5591:
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5404:
5378:
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5323:(1): 557â571.
5304:
5282:
5260:
5233:(1): 523â556.
5213:
5183:
5161:
5134:(1): 481â521.
5115:
5093:
5056:(1): 451â479.
5036:
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4987:(1): 417â450.
4968:
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3727:
3724:
3718:impact details
3712:
3661:
3660:End of mission
3658:
3622:Main article:
3619:
3616:
3604:
3565:Main article:
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3476:planetary core
3459:
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3223:
3216:
3210:magnetic field
3166:
3163:
3162:
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3151:
3144:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3116:
3114:
3106:Charles Bolden
3104:
3097:
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2907:Main article:
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2783:Main article:
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2659:Main article:
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2644:
2637:
2635:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2558:The launch of
2557:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2507:gravity assist
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:End of mission
2427:
2425:
2422:April 30, 2015
2420:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2407:March 17, 2013
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2395:March 17, 2012
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
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2383:March 18, 2011
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2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1967:August 3, 2005
1965:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1872:August 2, 2005
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1833:August 2, 2005
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1821:August 3, 2004
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1467:magnetic field
1448:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1390:spectral lines
1374:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:Violet (6, F)
1132:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:stereo mapping
1079:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
968:
965:
937:
934:
920:
919:Communications
917:
898:reaction wheel
889:
886:monopropellant
881:
854:
844:
841:
828:graphite fiber
788:
785:
784:
783:
776:
773:
766:
759:
756:
744:
741:
722:
719:
709:
706:
704:
701:
678:
675:
622:magnetic field
596:
595:
586:
578:
577:
570:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
550:
549:
542:
541:
538:
534:
533:
530:
526:
525:
518:
517:
514:
510:
509:
506:
502:
501:
494:
493:
490:
486:
485:
482:
478:
477:
470:
469:
466:
462:
461:
458:
454:
453:
442:
441:
438:
434:
433:
430:
426:
425:
414:
413:
410:
406:
405:
404:August 2, 2005
402:
398:
397:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
368:
367:
364:
358:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
334:
328:
327:
322:
318:
317:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
287:End of mission
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
268:
267:
261:Cape Canaveral
258:
254:
253:
247:
243:
242:
231:
227:
226:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
212:450 watts
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
172:
171:
165:
159:
153:
147:
141:
134:
132:
128:
127:
116:
112:
111:
108:
99:
98:
84:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
61:
57:
56:
53:
52:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14597:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14552:
14550:
14543:
14533:
14529:
14528:
14523:
14515:
14513:
14503:
14502:
14499:
14492:
14488:
14487:
14483:
14480:
14476:
14475:
14471:
14468:
14467:
14463:
14460:
14456:
14455:
14451:
14448:
14444:
14443:
14439:
14438:
14436:
14432:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14370:
14364:
14361:
14357:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14295:
14286:
14285:
14283:
14279:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14227:
14224:
14221:
14218:
14215:
14214:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14126:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14109:Gliese 1132 b
14107:
14105:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14086:
14082:
14075:
14066:
14063:
14054:
14051:
14042:
14039:
14030:
14027:
14018:
14015:
14006:
14003:
13994:
13991:
13987:
13984:
13975:
13972:
13963:
13960:
13951:
13948:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13933:
13931:
13929:
13924:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13900:
13899:Impact events
13896:
13891:
13885:
13879:
13864:
13861:
13858:
13855:
13854:
13852:
13850:
13846:
13839:
13836:
13833:
13830:
13829:
13827:
13825:
13821:
13818:
13815:
13811:
13807:
13798:
13791:
13785:
13784:
13781:
13777:2015 in space
13772:
13767:
13765:
13760:
13758:
13753:
13752:
13749:
13737:
13733:
13732:
13727:
13719:
13717:
13707:
13706:
13703:
13696:
13692:
13691:
13687:
13684:
13683:
13679:
13676:
13672:
13671:
13667:
13666:
13664:
13660:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13635:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13623:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13598:
13596:
13594:
13590:
13584:
13581:
13579:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13562:
13553:
13552:Uranus trojan
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13527:Kronberger 61
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13517:UDFj-39546284
13515:
13514:
13512:
13508:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13461:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13419:
13418:
13415:
13410:
13407:
13404:
13403:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13356:
13355:
13352:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13339:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13321:
13318:
13315:
13312:
13311:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13244:Gliese 3634 b
13242:
13240:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13226:
13223:
13220:
13219:
13218:
13217:82 G. Eridani
13215:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13205:
13201:
13194:
13185:
13182:
13173:
13170:
13161:
13158:
13149:
13146:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13122:
13119:
13110:
13107:
13098:
13095:
13086:
13083:
13074:
13071:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13056:
13054:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13036:
13030:
13019:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13006:
13003:
13000:
12997:
12994:
12991:
12988:
12987:
12983:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12963:
12957:
12953:2011 in space
12948:
12943:
12941:
12936:
12934:
12929:
12928:
12925:
12914:
12907:
12901:
12897:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12878:Progress M-51
12876:
12874:
12870:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12857:
12853:
12849:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12828:
12826:
12822:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12797:
12795:
12791:
12785:
12784:Ekspress AM-1
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12769:
12765:
12764:
12762:
12758:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12718:
12714:
12713:
12711:
12707:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12690:Progress M-50
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12677:
12675:
12671:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12646:
12644:
12640:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12625:SaudiComsat-2
12622:
12621:SaudiComsat-1
12618:
12614:
12610:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12582:
12580:
12576:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12564:Progress M-49
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12546:
12544:
12540:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12523:
12519:
12517:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12504:
12502:
12498:
12492:
12491:Globus No.17L
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12471:
12467:
12464:
12463:
12461:
12457:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12437:
12435:
12431:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12416:
12414:
12410:
12405:
12401:
12390:
12382:
12377:
12375:
12370:
12368:
12363:
12362:
12359:
12347:
12346:
12337:
12335:
12334:
12325:
12324:
12321:
12315:
12314:Nikon NASA F4
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12259:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12232:
12228:
12227:
12225:
12221:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12199:NASA insignia
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12179:Lunar plaques
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12169:
12165:
12163:
12162:
12158:
12156:
12155:
12151:
12149:
12148:
12144:
12142:
12141:
12137:
12133:
12132:
12131:Pale Blue Dot
12128:
12127:
12126:
12125:
12121:
12119:
12118:
12114:
12112:
12111:
12107:
12106:
12104:
12098:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12061:
12060:
12059:NASA missions
12057:
12055:
12054:NASA aircraft
12052:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12023:
12020:
12019:
12017:
12013:
12007:
12004:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11976:Space Network
11974:
11972:
11969:
11968:
11966:
11964:
11958:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11942:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11927:
11925:
11921:
11915:
11912:
11908:
11905:
11904:
11903:
11900:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11889:
11885:
11884:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11852:
11848:
11846:
11845:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11832:
11829:
11828:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11821:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11788:
11785:
11784:
11783:
11781:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11764:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11747:
11743:
11741:
11740:
11736:
11734:
11733:
11729:
11728:
11726:
11720:
11712:
11709:
11708:
11707:
11705:
11701:
11699:
11698:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11676:
11675:
11673:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11661:
11657:
11655:
11654:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11642:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11629:
11625:
11623:
11621:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11609:Space Shuttle
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11588:
11585:
11584:
11583:
11582:
11578:
11576:
11575:
11571:
11569:
11568:
11564:
11562:
11561:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11534:
11530:
11527:
11523:
11517:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11491:New Frontiers
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11447:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11400:Lunar Orbiter
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11361:
11358:
11355:
11351:
11341:
11340:Lunar Gateway
11338:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11312:
11310:
11306:
11300:
11299:Constellation
11297:
11294:
11290:
11289:
11284:
11282:
11281:Space Shuttle
11279:
11276:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11246:
11242:
11239:
11238:
11236:
11232:
11229:
11225:
11221:
11211:
11208:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11195:
11194:
11191:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11163:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11125:
11122:
11121:
11120:
11119:NASA research
11117:
11115:
11112:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11079:
11077:
11073:
11066:
11063:
11060:
11057:
11054:
11051:
11048:
11045:
11042:
11039:
11036:
11033:
11030:
11027:
11024:
11021:
11018:
11015:
11012:
11009:
11006:
11003:
11000:
10997:
10994:
10991:
10988:
10985:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10972:
10969:
10966:
10962:
10958:
10951:
10946:
10944:
10939:
10937:
10932:
10931:
10928:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10897:
10894:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10870:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10854:
10852:
10848:
10846:
10844:
10839:
10838:Chandrayaan-3
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10825:
10823:
10819:
10818:
10814:
10812:
10811:
10807:
10805:
10804:
10800:
10799:
10797:
10793:
10790:
10789:
10787:
10786:
10784:
10780:
10772:
10770:
10765:
10764:Chandrayaan-2
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10750:
10748:
10746:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10721:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10711:
10709:
10705:
10704:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10688:
10687:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10676:
10672:
10670:
10669:
10664:
10663:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10646:
10642:
10640:
10639:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10622:
10621:Venus Express
10618:
10616:
10613:
10612:
10610:
10606:
10605:
10601:
10600:
10598:
10594:
10591:
10590:
10588:
10584:
10583:
10579:
10578:
10576:
10572:
10570:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10560:
10556:
10555:
10553:
10552:
10550:
10546:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10527:Chandrayaan-1
10525:
10523:
10522:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10512:
10510:
10506:
10505:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10494:
10493:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10482:
10481:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10470:
10469:
10465:
10464:
10462:
10458:
10457:
10453:
10451:
10450:
10446:
10444:
10443:
10439:
10438:
10436:
10432:
10431:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10418:
10416:
10412:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10391:
10390:
10386:
10384:
10383:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10372:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10355:
10351:
10349:
10348:
10344:
10342:
10338:
10337:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10323:
10322:Minor planets
10319:
10310:
10309:
10308:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10293:
10289:
10285:
10282:
10281:
10280:
10279:
10275:
10271:
10268:
10267:
10266:
10265:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10256:Other planets
10254:
10246:
10244:
10240:
10239:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10232:
10228:
10226:
10224:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10204:
10200:
10198:
10197:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10179:
10177:
10175:
10171:
10163:
10160:
10159:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10104:Chandrayaan-2
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10076:Solar Orbiter
10074:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10044:21st-century
10039:
10034:
10032:
10027:
10025:
10020:
10019:
10016:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9985:
9983:
9979:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9964:
9962:
9956:
9949:
9945:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9935:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9904:
9898:
9897:
9893:
9891:
9890:
9886:
9883:
9880:
9879:
9877:
9873:
9858:
9854:
9851:
9848:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9829:
9819:
9818:
9814:
9811:
9807:
9805:
9804:
9800:
9797:
9794:
9791:
9787:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9779:Venus Express
9776:ASPERA-4 (on
9775:
9772:
9771:
9767:ASPERA-3 (on
9766:
9763:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9753:
9749:
9746:
9743:
9739:
9729:
9728:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9697:
9689:
9686:
9685:
9684:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9665:
9662:
9660:Ion detectors
9658:
9655:
9649:
9635:
9634:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9623:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9598:
9588:
9587:
9586:Venus Express
9583:
9581:
9580:
9576:
9574:
9573:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9536:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9525:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9500:
9493:
9489:
9486:
9483:
9482:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9471:
9467:
9465:
9464:
9460:
9458:
9457:
9453:
9451:
9450:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9434:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9421:
9418:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9376:
9374:
9369:
9366:
9363:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9340:
9330:
9329:
9325:
9323:
9322:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9295:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9258:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9204:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9187:
9184:
9181:
9177:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9136:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9066:
9063:
9059:
9056:
9052:
9036:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9014:
9011:
9007:
8997:
8996:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8972:
8968:
8966:
8965:
8961:
8959:
8958:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8936:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8898:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8879:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8861:
8858:
8854:
8851:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8828:
8826:(Terra, Aqua)
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8798:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8781:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8733:
8730:
8726:
8716:
8715:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8696:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8684:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8673:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8582:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8540:DMSP 5D-2/F16
8538:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8523:
8519:
8516:
8513:
8510:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8498:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8465:
8463:
8462:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8449:Venus Express
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8320:
8318:
8317:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8307:Radio science
8304:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8237:
8233:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8210:
8205:
8203:
8198:
8196:
8191:
8190:
8187:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8112:Pioneer Venus
8110:
8108:
8105:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7947:
7944:
7940:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7913:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7856:
7852:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7695:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7545:Venus Express
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7500:
7498:Past missions
7496:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7457:Solar Orbiter
7455:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7394:
7389:
7387:
7382:
7380:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7309:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7290:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7253:
7250:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7220:
7215:
7213:
7208:
7206:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7109:
7105:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6984:
6979:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6915:
6911:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6758:
6744:
6743:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6566:
6561:
6559:
6554:
6552:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6441:
6435:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6381:
6364:
6358:
6351:
6350:public domain
6332:
6326:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6266:
6260:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6171:
6169:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6058:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6023:
6018:
6011:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5968:
5952:
5946:
5930:
5926:
5920:
5904:
5898:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5873:
5854:
5847:
5841:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5813:
5797:
5790:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5753:September 30,
5748:
5744:
5738:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5655:(9): 091102.
5654:
5650:
5643:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5601:
5595:
5579:
5573:
5557:
5551:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5485:
5478:
5472:
5453:
5446:
5440:
5421:
5414:
5408:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5309:
5292:
5286:
5270:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5220:
5218:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5171:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5120:
5103:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5041:
5024:
5018:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4973:
4956:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4904:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4786:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4610:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4540:
4534:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4160:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4012:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3974:9780387772141
3970:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3925:
3919:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3744:
3741:
3730:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3675:reaction mass
3671:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3654:lunar eclipse
3651:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:Caloris Basin
3496:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3451:
3450:Caloris Basin
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:solar maximum
3324:
3315:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3256:crater chains
3254:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3061:
3058:Animation of
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:Venus Express
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:near-infrared
2807:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2772:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:flyby anomaly
2689:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2648:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2618:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2590:
2577:
2574:Animation of
2570:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2464:Delta II 7925
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1852:
1847:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:magnetosphere
1609:
1606:Measured the
1601:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1231:
1229:N-IR (11, K)
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:N-IR (10, J)
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:N-IR (12, L)
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:Green (4, D)
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:Clear (2, B)
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:Multispectral
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:Flyby Phase:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:Included two
1028:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
943:
933:
930:
926:
916:
914:
910:
906:
905:star trackers
902:
899:
895:
887:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
850:
840:
838:
833:
832:cyanate ester
829:
825:
822:
818:
814:
811:
807:
800:
794:
781:
777:
774:
771:
767:
764:
763:magnetosphere
760:
757:
754:
753:
752:
750:
740:
737:
733:
729:
718:
715:
700:
698:
693:
690:
683:
674:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
604:
603:
592: →
591:
590:
584:
583:
579:←
575:
574:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
373:
369:
365:
363:
359:
355:
353:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
333:
329:
326:
325:Hermiocentric
323:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
277:
274:April 4, 2011
273:
269:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
184:
180:
176:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
133:
129:
125:
117:
113:
109:
107:
100:
95:
89:
85:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
35:
30:
26:
22:
14542:
14525:
14484:
14474:New Horizons
14472:
14465:
14464:
14452:
14440:
14333:Tabby's Star
14104:Gliese 436 b
13824:Space probes
13729:
13689:
13681:
13669:
13668:
13233:Gliese 433 b
13009:
12985:
12912:
12766:
12715:
12679:
12520:
12507:Superbird-A2
12481:Eutelsat W3A
12344:
12332:
12166:
12159:
12153:
12145:
12138:
12129:
12122:
12115:
12108:
11939:
11888:Perseverance
11887:
11849:
11842:
11819:
11779:
11762:
11746:New Horizons
11744:
11737:
11730:
11703:
11695:
11671:
11659:
11652:
11640:
11639:
11627:
11619:
11580:
11572:
11565:
11558:
11287:
11271:ApolloâSoyuz
10868:
10850:
10842:
10816:
10809:
10802:
10768:
10751:
10744:
10718:
10701:
10686:Schiaparelli
10684:
10674:
10666:
10660:
10643:
10637:
10636:
10627:Chang'e 5-T1
10619:
10602:
10580:
10568:
10557:
10519:
10502:
10490:
10478:
10466:
10454:
10447:
10440:
10430:Deep Space 1
10428:
10387:
10380:
10354:New Horizons
10352:
10345:
10334:
10304:
10290:
10276:
10262:
10243:Perseverance
10242:
10229:
10222:
10201:
10196:Mars Express
10194:
10118:
10046:space probes
9958:Astronomical
9947:
9944:MicrOmega-IR
9894:
9887:
9884:(on InSight)
9875:Seismometers
9856:
9815:
9801:
9789:
9777:
9770:Mars Express
9768:
9761:
9725:
9631:
9601:Helium vapor
9584:
9577:
9571:
9570:
9533:
9479:
9468:
9461:
9454:
9447:
9394:Magnetometer
9373:Perseverance
9372:
9361:
9326:
9319:
9293:
9292:
9285:
9202:
9201:
9179:
9175:
9150:
8993:
8986:
8962:
8955:
8933:
8890:Schiaparelli
8888:
8887:COMARS+ (on
8802:Kanopus-V-IK
8712:
8704:
8693:
8681:
8466:
8459:
8447:
8430:
8423:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8399:Mars Express
8397:
8355:
8338:
8321:
8314:
8234:
8227:
8158:Terraforming
8133:Colonization
8010:
7905:MBR Explorer
7896:
7649:
7638:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7561:
7543:
7511:
7448:
7424:
7356:
7344:Colonization
7251:
7179:
7173:
7146:
7139:
6961:
6954:
6947:
6942:New Horizons
6940:
6782:Comet Hopper
6740:
6733:
6711:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6672:
6642:
6444:. Retrieved
6434:
6422:. Retrieved
6417:
6408:
6396:. Retrieved
6391:
6367:. Retrieved
6357:
6335:. Retrieved
6325:
6315:February 18,
6313:. Retrieved
6309:the original
6299:
6287:. Retrieved
6283:
6273:
6259:cite journal
6218:
6214:
6201:
6189:. Retrieved
6185:the original
6180:
6155:. Retrieved
6138:
6130:the original
6125:
6116:
6074:(289): 289.
6071:
6067:
6057:
6045:. Retrieved
6040:
6031:
6010:
5998:. Retrieved
5994:the original
5979:
5967:
5957:February 16,
5955:. Retrieved
5945:
5935:February 16,
5933:. Retrieved
5928:
5919:
5909:November 30,
5907:. Retrieved
5897:
5887:
5872:
5860:. Retrieved
5853:the original
5840:
5828:. Retrieved
5824:Science News
5822:
5812:
5800:. Retrieved
5789:
5777:. Retrieved
5773:the original
5763:
5751:. Retrieved
5747:the original
5737:
5725:. Retrieved
5721:the original
5711:
5699:. Retrieved
5695:the original
5685:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5630:. Retrieved
5626:the original
5616:
5604:. Retrieved
5594:
5582:. Retrieved
5572:
5560:. Retrieved
5550:
5542:the original
5532:
5520:. Retrieved
5516:the original
5491:. Retrieved
5484:the original
5471:
5459:. Retrieved
5452:the original
5439:
5427:. Retrieved
5420:the original
5407:
5395:. Retrieved
5391:the original
5381:
5369:. Retrieved
5363:
5353:
5320:
5316:
5297:February 19,
5295:. Retrieved
5285:
5275:February 19,
5273:. Retrieved
5263:
5230:
5226:
5204:. Retrieved
5200:the original
5195:
5186:
5176:February 19,
5174:. Retrieved
5164:
5131:
5127:
5108:February 19,
5106:. Retrieved
5096:
5053:
5049:
5029:February 19,
5027:. Retrieved
5017:
4984:
4980:
4961:February 19,
4959:. Retrieved
4949:
4916:
4912:
4892:February 19,
4890:. Retrieved
4844:
4840:
4815:the original
4801:
4791:February 19,
4789:. Retrieved
4779:
4746:
4742:
4694:. Retrieved
4690:the original
4680:
4668:. Retrieved
4664:the original
4654:
4642:. Retrieved
4637:
4628:
4618:February 19,
4616:. Retrieved
4609:the original
4569:. Retrieved
4565:the original
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4533:
4522:the original
4517:
4504:
4492:. Retrieved
4488:the original
4484:Science NASA
4483:
4474:
4462:. Retrieved
4458:
4448:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4381:
4371:
4361:November 29,
4359:. Retrieved
4354:
4302:. Retrieved
4298:the original
4273:. Retrieved
4268:
4244:. Retrieved
4219:. Retrieved
4215:the original
4205:
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4169:
4159:
4147:. Retrieved
4143:the original
4118:. Retrieved
4114:the original
4089:. Retrieved
4085:the original
4053:
4049:
4039:
4027:. Retrieved
4022:
3998:. Retrieved
3994:the original
3983:
3964:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3918:
3906:. Retrieved
3887:
3875:. Retrieved
3870:
3845:. Retrieved
3841:the original
3812:December 20,
3810:. Retrieved
3762:
3713:
3698:
3678:
3669:
3663:
3645:
3643:
3633:
3610:Solar System
3605:
3592:
3584:
3572:
3570:
3551:(yellow) in
3471:
3463:
3461:
3366:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3322:
3320:
3299:
3229:
3193:
3191:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3137:
3109:
3081:
3076:
3059:
3042:
3041:
3037:
2985:
2941:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2894:
2878:
2862:
2846:
2823:spectrometry
2805:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2748:
2724:
2708:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2665:
2664:
2646:
2621:
2607:
2593:
2588:
2575:
2559:
2544:
2520:
2512:
2502:
2479:gravity well
2471:
2469:
2447:
2445:
2428:
2421:
2304:
2286:
2280:
2259:
2218:
2187:
2169:
2163:
2145:
2139:
2079:
2074:June 5, 2007
2073:
2035:
2029:
1966:
1871:
1777:
1757:
1737:
1718:
1702:
1682:
1673:
1657:Objectives:
1656:
1653:
1642:
1617:Objectives:
1616:
1605:
1587:
1568:Objectives:
1567:
1556:
1538:
1516:Objectives:
1515:
1512:
1494:
1461:Objectives:
1460:
1457:
1445:Magnetometer
1436:
1419:Objectives:
1418:
1384:
1362:
1343:Objectives:
1342:
1339:
1321:
1305:Objectives:
1304:
1265:
1247:
1218:N-IR (9, I)
1207:N-IR (8, H)
1175:N-IR (7, G)
1145:Blue (3, C)
1120:Sensitivity
1041:Objectives:
1040:
1032:
1009:
1008:
1003:
988:data storage
982:, a 25
980:IBM RAD6000s
970:
939:
922:
879:
859:bipropellant
846:
836:
820:
817:Sean Solomon
805:
803:
798:
748:
746:
724:
711:
694:
688:
681:
680:
669:
668:
659:
639:
638:
601:
600:
599:
587:
580:
571:
460:June 5, 2007
191:Manufacturer
167:
161:
155:
149:
143:
137:
60:Mission type
47:
33:
29:
14481:; Jul 2015)
14323:ASASSN-15lh
14308:(announced)
14281:Discoveries
14262:51 Pegasi b
14259:spectrum of
14249:KOI-4878.01
14244:Kepler-453b
14239:Kepler-452b
14234:Kepler-451b
14207:Kepler-442b
14202:Kepler-440b
14197:Kepler-438b
14162:HIP 11915 b
14119:HD 164595 b
14114:HD 155233 b
14098:Aldebaran b
13990:1566 Icarus
13583:GRB 111209A
13532:WD 0806â661
13510:Discoveries
13304:HD 137388 b
13299:HD 131496 b
13294:HD 100655 b
13239:Gliese 581d
13018:Fobos-Grunt
12900:Kosmos 2413
12896:Kosmos 2412
12892:Kosmos 2411
12768:Soyuz TMA-5
12746:Kosmos 2410
12741:Kosmos 2409
12737:Kosmos 2408
12659:Kosmos 2407
12613:AprizeSat-2
12609:AprizeSat-1
12585:Kosmos 2406
12569:Kosmos 2405
12522:Soyuz TMA-4
12174:Deep fields
12102:and artwork
12100:NASA images
11672:Opportunity
11141:NASA Social
10967:and history
10759:Longjiang-2
10745:Opportunity
10726:Longjiang-1
10604:Deep Impact
10264:BepiColombo
9960:instruments
9937:Microscopes
8603:Meteor-M2-1
8592:Meteor-3M-1
7930:(2031â2032)
7450:BepiColombo
7339:Exploration
7280:BepiColombo
7255:(2004â2015)
7247:(1973â1975)
6778:Mission 12
6705:Opportunity
6648:Deep Impact
6369:January 22,
5493:January 24,
5461:January 24,
5429:January 24,
5397:January 24,
5206:January 27,
4387:October 17,
4246:January 23,
3930:December 1,
3924:"MESSENGER"
3764:BepiColombo
3501:at center,
3415:Crater rays
3398:, with the
3396:Apollodorus
3359:Comet Encke
3274:of Mercury.
2819:Ultraviolet
2655:Earth flyby
2495:aerobraking
2491:aerocapture
2351:occultation
1701:Diagram of
1563:reflectance
1117:Wavelength
1114:Name (pos)
1072:photomosaic
992:solid-state
949:solar array
913:Sun sensors
851:, 317 sec.
589:Deep Impact
352:Inclination
257:Launch site
230:Launch date
201:Launch mass
14549:Categories
14477:(flyby of
14445:(orbiting
14425:10P/Tempel
14415:(Catalina)
14394:88P/Howell
14384:15P/Finlay
14272:Wolf 1061c
14212:Kepler-444
14085:Exoplanets
13454:Kepler-39b
13449:Kepler-22b
13396:Kepler-16b
13391:Kepler-14b
13289:HD 98219 b
13284:HD 96063 b
13279:HD 85512 b
13274:HD 82886 b
13269:HD 30856 b
13204:Exoplanets
12840:Nanosat 01
12836:Helios IIA
12800:Zi Yuan 2C
12779:Fengyun 2C
12727:Shijian 6B
12723:Shijian 6A
12685:Amazonas 1
12633:AMSAT-Echo
12617:Saudisat-2
12600:Telstar 18
12559:Formosat-2
12549:DirecTV-7S
12262:Moon rocks
12022:Astronauts
12015:NASA lists
11872:OSIRIS-REx
11706:helicopter
11574:Pioneer 11
11567:Pioneer 10
11370:Hitchhiker
11245:suborbital
11082:Space Race
10871:helicopter
10810:Mangalyaan
10442:Pioneer 10
10360:OSIRIS-REx
10341:MINERVA-II
9667:Near-Earth
9609:Near-Earth
9579:Pioneer 11
9511:Near-Earth
9449:Pioneer 10
9402:Near-Earth
9287:Mariner 10
9097:Near-Earth
9016:Near-Earth
8969:PMIRR (on
8957:Pioneer 10
8935:Mariner 10
8857:Sentinel-3
8735:Near-Earth
8626:Sentinel-3
8597:MTVZA-GYa
8560:Kanopus-ST
8509:Sentinel-6
8496:Near-Earth
8479:Radiometer
8329:Europa-UVS
7821:3MV-1 No.2
7811:2MV-2 No.1
7806:2MV-1 No.2
7801:2MV-1 No.1
7465:(en route)
7459:(en route)
7453:(en route)
7445:(en route)
7244:Mariner 10
7039:Candidates
7024:Mission 4
7009:Mission 3
6999:Mission 2
6956:OSIRIS-REx
6877:Moon Diver
6835:Candidates
3789:References
3714:MESSENGER'
3666:propellant
3363:Comet ISON
3236:at center.
3226:monochrome
3183:solar days
3171:MESSENGER'
3043:MESSENGER'
3024:View with
2984:imaged by
2821:and X-ray
2524:solar wind
1471:solar wind
1428:solar flux
1068:monochrome
1000:compressed
743:Objectives
714:Mariner 10
664:Mariner 10
144:At Mercury
14466:MESSENGER
14447:comet 67P
14410:C/2013 US
14305:EGS-zs8-1
14267:WASP-121b
14254:LkCa 15 b
14124:HD 219134
13926:Selected
13670:MESSENGER
13638:P/2011 NO
13616:SN 2011fe
13611:SN 2011dh
13606:SN 2011by
13601:SN 2010lt
13476:LkCa 15 b
13459:Kepler-70
13417:Kepler-20
13401:Kepler-18
13354:Kepler-11
13337:Kepler-10
13332:Kepler-9d
13327:HR 7722 c
13309:HIP 57274
13264:HD 7199 b
13259:HD 1502 b
13254:HAT-P-33b
13249:HAT-P-32b
13049:Selected
13010:Curiosity
12999:Yinghuo-1
12709:September
12680:MESSENGER
12289:Moon tree
12110:Earthrise
11985:Goldstone
11882:Mars 2020
11851:Voyager 2
11844:Voyager 1
11780:Curiosity
11724:operating
11722:Currently
11704:Ingenuity
11641:MESSENGER
11620:Sojourner
11549:Mercury 3
11539:Apollo 11
11486:Discovery
11476:Explorers
11065:Augustine
11029:Augustine
10869:Ingenuity
10792:Chang'e 5
10753:Beresheet
10638:MESSENGER
10515:Chang'e 1
10389:Voyager 2
10382:Voyager 1
10336:Hayabusa2
10330:Chang'e 2
10237:Mars 2020
10231:Tianwen-1
10223:Curiosity
10157:Chang'e 6
10147:Queqiao 2
10127:Chang'e 5
10114:Chang'e 4
10109:Chang'e 3
9972:MoonLIGHT
9810:Mariner 2
9790:Curiosity
9716:Mariner 2
9653:detectors
9572:MESSENGER
9551:Mariner 2
9463:Voyager 1
9321:Voyager 1
9294:MESSENGER
9203:MESSENGER
9188:(on Juno)
9176:Voyager 1
9119:SCIAMACHY
8988:Voyager 1
8951:2M No.522
8946:2M No.521
8867:Suomi NPP
8695:Mariner 2
8600:Meteor-M2
8587:, MOS-1b)
8488:Microwave
8461:Voyager 1
8419:Pioneer 7
8406:MESSENGER
8363:Mariner 2
8034:Laplace-P
8029:Mercury-P
7898:Dragonfly
7826:Kosmos 27
7816:Kosmos 21
7796:Mariner 1
7639:MESSENGER
7594:Venera 11
7584:Mariner 5
7569:Mariner 2
7311:Cancelled
7299:Mercury-P
7252:MESSENGER
7174:Underline
6993:Finalists
6986:Proposals
6963:Dragonfly
6772:Finalists
6765:Proposals
6643:MESSENGER
6392:Space.com
6337:April 20,
6284:Space.com
6047:March 18,
6022:1404.5968
5862:March 17,
5830:March 18,
5802:April 30,
5779:April 20,
5701:March 17,
5632:March 17,
5584:April 30,
5522:March 18,
5371:April 27,
5255:121878222
5156:120664503
5009:120953343
4941:123515990
4869:120008625
4696:March 19,
4670:April 10,
4638:Space.com
4494:March 26,
4459:USA Today
4432:0028-0836
4304:April 14,
4221:March 22,
4177:April 30,
4149:April 20,
4120:April 20,
4000:March 18,
3699:MESSENGER
3679:MESSENGER
3670:MESSENGER
3646:MESSENGER
3634:MESSENGER
3606:MESSENGER
3594:Voyager 1
3585:MESSENGER
3573:MESSENGER
3549:Water ice
3472:MESSENGER
3468:exosphere
3464:MESSENGER
3367:MESSENGER
3355:MESSENGER
3351:MESSENGER
3347:MESSENGER
3342:water ice
3338:MESSENGER
3331:MESSENGER
3323:MESSENGER
3300:MESSENGER
3253:secondary
3249:Stevenson
3230:MESSENGER
3202:magnesium
3194:MESSENGER
3179:MESSENGER
3154:MESSENGER
3138:MESSENGER
3110:MESSENGER
3077:MESSENGER
3060:MESSENGER
2986:MESSENGER
2942:MESSENGER
2926:safe mode
2922:MESSENGER
2914:MESSENGER
2895:MESSENGER
2879:MESSENGER
2863:MESSENGER
2847:MESSENGER
2806:MESSENGER
2795:MESSENGER
2791:MESSENGER
2749:MESSENGER
2725:MESSENGER
2709:MESSENGER
2685:MESSENGER
2666:MESSENGER
2647:MESSENGER
2589:MESSENGER
2576:MESSENGER
2560:MESSENGER
2545:MESSENGER
2503:MESSENGER
2448:MESSENGER
1778:MESSENGER
1774:hydrazine
1758:MESSENGER
1738:MESSENGER
1719:MESSENGER
1703:MESSENGER
1674:MESSENGER
1667:libration
1394:magnesium
1292:potassium
1268:gamma-ray
1266:Measured
1066:-looking
1010:MESSENGER
1004:MESSENGER
984:megahertz
946:germanium
863:hydrazine
837:MESSENGER
821:MESSENGER
806:MESSENGER
799:MESSENGER
780:exosphere
749:MESSENGER
712:In 1973,
689:MESSENGER
682:MESSENGER
670:MESSENGER
660:MESSENGER
640:MESSENGER
626:backronym
602:MESSENGER
521:Flyby of
497:Flyby of
473:Flyby of
445:Flyby of
417:Flyby of
389:Flyby of
300:Destroyed
252:7925H-9.5
241: UTC
170:: 2 years
152:: 7 years
120:messenger
88:2004-030A
82:COSPAR ID
48:MESSENGER
34:MESSENGER
14486:Akatsuki
14363:GW151226
14351:GW150914
14343:VFTS 352
14192:KELT-4Ab
13863:Astrosat
13800: »
13643:(Elenin)
13501:WASP-44b
13496:WASP-43b
13491:WASP-39b
12964: »
12865:HLVOLSDP
12856:Essaim 4
12852:Essaim 3
12848:Essaim 2
12844:Essaim 1
12824:December
12810:Tansuo 2
12793:November
12664:Tan Ce 2
12629:UniSat-3
12516:Naxing 1
12512:Tansuo 1
12433:February
12333:Category
11995:Canberra
11907:timeline
11895:timeline
11831:timeline
11787:timeline
11684:observed
11679:timeline
11647:Aquarius
11587:timeline
11560:Magellan
11522:missions
11420:Surveyor
11356:programs
11286:Shuttleâ
11227:programs
11059:Aldridge
10978:creation
10582:Stardust
10559:Hayabusa
10278:Akatsuki
10099:CAPSTONE
9889:Viking 1
9808:SPS (on
9758:ADRON-RM
9744:detector
9711:ASPERA-4
9706:ASPERA-3
9651:Particle
9414:QuakeSat
9214:E-THEMIS
8977:Venera 9
8819:Meteor-2
8797:ADEOS II
8609:Nimbus 7
8555:GPM Core
8522:ADEOS II
8455:Venera 9
8443:Sakigake
8357:Magellan
8316:Akatsuki
8267:Venera 4
8236:Magellan
8069:TMK-Mavr
7981:Venera-D
7880:EnVision
7861:Orbiters
7704:Venera 7
7668:Venera 3
7579:Venera 2
7563:Venera 1
7524:Venera 9
7513:Magellan
7505:Orbiters
7426:Akatsuki
7418:Orbiters
7327:See also
7128:Missions
7013:MoonRise
7003:MoonRise
6934:Missions
6852:ISOCHRON
6713:ASPERA-3
6628:Stardust
6599:Missions
6477:Archived
6289:April 4,
6243:21960625
6108:29348613
6041:BBC News
5889:Wired UK
5880:Archived
5677:18352689
5345:53327655
5088:18848880
4771:36163654
4721:Archived
4382:BBC News
4327:Archived
4269:BBC News
4197:Archived
3908:April 4,
3902:Archived
3877:April 4,
3726:See also
3270:A south
2678:Mongolia
2649:orbiter.
2369:03:32:00
2359:22:54:00
2349:Mercury
2345:22:03:00
2335:21:59:00
2325:21:55:00
2315:21:41:00
2294:14:24:00
2270:05:43:00
2249:08:42:00
2239:08:40:00
2229:08:25:00
2208:22:25:00
2198:18:00:00
2177:03:30:00
2153:19:04:39
2087:23:08:00
2063:14:15:00
2053:08:52:00
2043:08:34:00
1977:23:38:00
1952:22:16:00
1942:20:20:00
1932:20:20:00
1922:19:13:08
1912:16:55:00
1902:13:38:00
1892:13:16:00
1882:13:00:00
1410:titanium
1398:aluminum
1288:hydrogen
1100:Filters
996:gigabyte
973:avionics
911:and six
871:LEROS 1b
644:Delta II
537:Distance
513:Distance
489:Distance
465:Distance
437:Distance
409:Distance
366:12 hours
292:Disposal
250:Delta II
164:: 1 year
158:: 1 year
150:En route
71:Operator
14442:Rosetta
14372:Comets
14328:EGSY8p7
14289:2015 BP
14069:2015 SO
14033:2007 VE
14021:2015 TB
14009:2015 TC
13997:2015 HM
13966:2015 AZ
13942:2015 BP
13787:«
13675:Mercury
13625:Comets
13556:2011 QF
13188:2011 XC
13134:2011 MD
13129:2009 BD
13124:2011 GA
13113:2011 EO
13101:2011 ES
13089:2011 CQ
12883:Sich-1M
12873:Ralphie
12869:Sparkie
12860:Parasol
12805:USA-180
12760:October
12751:FSW-3 2
12700:USA-179
12654:Anik F2
12605:Demeter
12595:USA-178
12486:USA-177
12466:Rosetta
12445:USA-176
12412:January
12345:Commons
12223:Related
12032:by year
12027:by name
11804:GOES 15
11794:GOES 14
11711:flights
11697:InSight
11653:Cassini
11581:Galileo
11506:SIMPLEx
11481:Voyager
11449:Current
11405:Pioneer
11375:Mariner
11354:Robotic
11335:Artemis
11308:Current
11251:Mercury
11243: (
11136:NASA TV
11075:General
10974:History
10851:Zhurong
10843:Pragyan
10833:Luna 25
10817:InSight
10769:Pragyan
10703:Cassini
10682:ExoMars
10662:Rosetta
10645:PROCYON
10521:Ulysses
10504:Phoenix
10480:Huygens
10468:Genesis
10449:Galileo
10311:Jupiter
10298:Jupiter
10270:Mercury
10187:ExoMars
10162:ICUBE-Q
10142:Queqiao
10094:ARTEMIS
9817:Ulysses
9727:Ulysses
9688:Proba-2
9674:DEMETER
9425:Proba-2
9416:1 and 2
9368:SHERLOC
9158:MA-MISS
9035:Proba-2
8941:Mars 96
8924:Luna 13
8911:InSight
8897:Diviner
8871:NOAA-21
8855:SLSTR (
8780:NOAA-20
8771:AVNIR-2
8714:Rosetta
8666:Zond-PP
8615:Sich-1M
8590:MTVZA (
8550:Envisat
8529:Shizuku
8527:AMSR2 (
8507:AMR-C (
8346:InSight
8340:Galileo
8126:Related
8107:Mariner
7928:DAVINCI
7874:VERITAS
7697:Landers
7651:Shin-en
7625:Galileo
7357:Italics
7302:(~2031)
7292:Planned
7273:Current
7230:Mercury
7180:Italics
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