57:
200:. During the middle part of the 13th century, the kingdom was ruled by many princes of the royal line. This practice of shared rule with one prince asserting primacy was common in the Pandyan Kingdom. The other princes of the royal family with whom he shared his rule were Jatavarman Vira Pandyan I (1253-1275 CE), his brother Maravarman Vikkiraman III (acceded 1283 CE) and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan II (acceded 1277 CE).
358:. Marco Polo describes the Pandyan port city of Kulasekharapatnam as "it is at this city that all the ships touch that come from the west, as from Hormos and from Kis and from Aden, and all Arabia, laden with horses and with other things for sale." Lighthouses can still be seen along the shore which were used to direct ships. In Kulsekarapatnam, small ships known as
339:
say he ruled for "forty and odd" years, "during which time neither any foreign enemy entered his country, nor any severe malady confined him to bed" and that the treasury of the city of Mardi (Madurai) had "1,200 crores of gold not counting the accumulation of precious stones such as pearls, rubies,
312:
describes the country under
Kulasekaran as the most agreeable abode on earth and the most pleasant quarter of the world. He also claims that an Arab Muslim named Takiuddin Abdur Rahman, son of Muhammadut Tibi, was appointed by Kulasekara Pandyan as the prime minister and adviser. He was also bestowed
459:
The death of
Kulasekara Pandyan I occurred in 1308 CE, a conflict stemming from succession disputes amongst his sons, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III, the legitimate and younger son and Jatavarman Veera Pandyan II, the illegitimate older son who was favoured by the king. Accounts from Muslim
340:
turquoises, and emeralds." The term "crore" here means a "hundred thousand" as per the now-defunct
Persian number system. It must be mentioned that Wassaf himself never visited any part of India and is generally considered an unreliable source by scholars. The
304:
Kulasekaran's long rule of about four decades was one of peace and prosperity according to the foreign travelers who visited the
Pandyan country during his reign. The Persian historian
588:
344:, while describing the Pandyan plunder of the tooth relic, describes Kulasekaran as "like a sun expanding the lotus-like race of the great Pandyan kings."
172:
between 1268–1308 CE, though history professor
Sailendra Sen states he ruled until 1310. In 1279 CE, Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan ended the rule of
17:
350:
visited the
Pandyan country during his reign and wrote about the wealth and social customs of Pandyan people. His accounts refer to Kulasekaran as
296:
for the next twenty years and only regained its independence during the
Pandyan Civil war of 1308-1323 that followed Kulasekaran's death.
718:
433:) meaning "King without equal". Except for the Alwar Thirunagari inscription, all of Kulasekaran's inscriptions do not contain any
390:
910:
905:
784:
499:
324:
He gifted a piece of land from his leisure park (Vasantha mandapam) to Kazi Syed
Tajuddeen who came from Oman and settled in
464:
say he was killed by
Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III in 1310 CE. This led to the protracted Pandyan Civil War of 1308–1323.
217:
Kulasekara
Pandyan presided over the second Pandyan empire at its height of power and extension. He warred against the
842:
807:
756:
285:
277:
281:
185:
233:
rule. The defeat of Ramanatha ended the Hoysala control of Tamil Nadu. He also fought a war in the kingdom of
920:
915:
857:
197:
46:
332:
which is still in existence and has been managed by his male descendants continuously for 7 centuries.
145:
94:
819:
665:
258:
925:
895:
890:
900:
437:. The Alwar Thirunagari inscription from his fourth year of reign (1272 CE) praises him as
8:
288:
went on a personal embassy to Kulasekaran's court and persuaded him to return the relic.
196:
Kulasekara Pandyan I acceded to the Pandyan throne in the year 1268 CE after his father
329:
226:
838:
803:
780:
752:
622:
495:
314:
289:
113:
366:, leading to the conclusion that the place Marco Polo mentioned is Kulasekharapatnam
614:
371:
67:
823:
444:
426:
408:
269:
265:
261:
181:
157:
884:
626:
394:
318:
173:
461:
398:
177:
56:
386:
a section of Muslim called like that their cavalry and trade with horses.
799:
719:"The Paravars: Chapter 6 – The Muhammadan Invasion of the Pandya Kingdom"
169:
434:
347:
293:
201:
835:
Muslim Identity, Print Culture and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu
341:
254:
362:
operated until 1965. Kulasekharapatnam still has a light house near
229:. He defeated them both in 1279 CE and ended the three century long
375:
273:
383:
379:
363:
325:
280:. This expedition took place near the end of the Sri Lankan king
218:
165:
135:
130:
864:
416:
309:
305:
242:
238:
61:
Pandyan Empire at its peak under Maravarman Kulasekara Pandya I
768:
The imperial Pandyas: Mathematics reconstructs the chronology
234:
230:
222:
802:: Dynasty of Jaffna King's Historical Society. p. 122.
440:
Sri Ko Maravanman Thiribhuvana Chakravarthi Sri Kulasekaran
42:
449:ஸ்ரீ கோ மாறவன்மரான திரிபுவன சக்கரவர்த்திகள் ஸ்ரீ குலசேகரன்
272:. This expedition plundered the fortress of Subhagiri (
751:(Paperback ed.). India: Oxford University Press.
370:
He also wrote about the pearl fisheries, horse trade,
321:, Fitan and Mali Fitan for his services to the crown.
284:'s reign (1272-1285 CE). Bhuvanaika Bahu's successor
204:
refers to him as the "eldest of five brother kings".
212:
779:(Hardback ed.). India: Palaniappa Brothers.
328:. Kazi Syed Tajuddeen constructed a mosque named
882:
335:Wassaf's accounts which refer to Kulasekaran as
401:Nellaiappar temple. He was given the titles of
27:Pandyan king, who ruled regions of South India
612:
378:. Also in Kulasekharapatnam now even called
299:
191:
438:
420:
402:
765:
389:Kulasekaran built the Manivanneswaram aka
55:
774:
670:. Director of Stationery and Print. 2007.
586:
253:Kulasekara Pandyan sent an expedition to
793:
248:
825:South India and her Muhammadan Invaders
589:"When coffers were replete with wealth"
41:Kollamkonda Pandya, Konerinmaikondaan,
14:
883:
777:Aalavaai: Madurai Maanagarathin Kadhai
746:
716:
667:Tamil Nadu State: Thoothukudi District
454:
397:. He also built the outer wall of the
619:Islamic Culture: An English Quarterly
492:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
268:, a tributary to the Pandyans on the
207:
621:(v. 2). Islamic Culture Board: 531.
489:
483:
162:முதலாம் மாறவர்மன் குலசேகர பாண்டியன்
24:
613:Pickthall, M.W.; Asad, M. (1928).
25:
18:Maaravaramban Kulasekara Pandyan I
937:
587:Annamalai, S. (24 October 2012).
820:Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami
494:. Primus Books. pp. 45–46.
278:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha
213:Wars against Cholas and Hoysalas
710:
701:
692:
683:
674:
658:
649:
640:
606:
580:
571:
154:Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I
35:Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I
874:Pandyan Civil war of 1308-1323
747:Sastri, KA Nilakanta (2005) .
562:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
508:
474:
13:
1:
818:
740:
264:in the late 1270s, defeating
168:emperor who ruled regions of
77:
911:14th-century Indian monarchs
906:13th-century Indian monarchs
858:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I
832:
198:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I
7:
833:More, JB Prashanth (2004).
439:
421:
403:
382:Palayam that a part of it,
313:with the coastal cities of
180:of Cholas and Ramanatha of
45:Ko Maravarman Thiribhuvana
10:
942:
828:. Oxford University Press.
300:Rule, titles and patronage
146:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan
95:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan
871:
862:
854:
559:KA Nilakanta Sastri, p197
541:KA Nilakanta Sastri, p197
514:KA Nilakanta Sastri, p196
448:
430:
412:
192:Accession and shared rule
161:
141:
129:
112:
108:
100:
90:
73:
66:
54:
39:
34:
749:A History of South India
717:tvaraj (24 March 2018).
467:
415:) meaning "Conqueror of
276:) and returned with the
221:under Ramanatha and the
490:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
259:Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan
766:Sethuraman, N (1978).
460:historians Wassaf and
431:கோ நேர் இன்மை கொண்டான்
184:His death lead to the
249:Invasion of Sri Lanka
794:Kunarasa, K (2003).
770:. India: Kumbakonam.
921:14th-century Hindus
916:13th-century Hindus
698:Aiyangar, P.222-223
455:Death and civil war
257:under his minister
837:. Orient Longman.
796:The Jaffna Dynasty
775:Narasayya (2009).
568:Prashant More, p.9
330:Kazimar Big Mosque
292:was under Pandyan
227:Rajendra Chola III
208:Military conquests
879:
878:
872:Succeeded by
786:978-81-8379-517-3
615:"Islamic Culture"
501:978-9-38060-734-4
315:Kulasekharapatnam
286:Parâkkamabâhu III
186:Pandyan Civil War
151:
150:
16:(Redirected from
933:
869:1268–1308
855:Preceded by
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851:
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480:Sethuraman, p124
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442:
432:
424:
422:Konerinmaikondan
414:
413:கொல்லம் கொண்டான்
406:
391:Masilamaninathar
282:Bhuvanaikabâhu I
237:in southernmost
163:
86:
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59:
32:
31:
21:
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457:
302:
251:
241:, and captured
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194:
120:Sundara Pandyan
84:
80:
68:Pandyan Emperor
62:
49:Sri Kulasekaran
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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757:
742:
739:
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735:
709:
707:Aiyangar, p.97
700:
691:
682:
680:Narasayya, p44
673:
657:
655:Aiyangar, P.55
648:
646:Aiyangar, P.58
639:
605:
579:
577:Aiyangar, P.96
570:
561:
552:
550:Kunarasa, p.66
543:
534:
532:Aiyangar, P.65
525:
523:Narasayya, p41
516:
507:
500:
482:
472:
471:
469:
466:
456:
453:
306:Abdulla Wassaf
301:
298:
290:Jaffna kingdom
270:Jaffna kingdom
266:Savakanmaindan
262:Aryacakravarti
250:
247:
214:
211:
209:
206:
193:
190:
188:in 1308–1323.
149:
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125:
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121:
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88:
87:
85: 1308 CE
75:
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63:
60:
52:
51:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
938:
927:
926:Tamil Muslims
924:
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917:
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909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
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896:Tamil history
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892:
891:Pandyan kings
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888:
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844:81-250-2632-0
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809:955-8455-00-8
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760:
758:0-19-560686-8
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750:
745:
744:
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704:
695:
689:Aiyangar P.56
686:
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395:Tharangambadi
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365:
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353:
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345:
343:
338:
333:
331:
327:
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319:Kayalpattinam
316:
311:
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246:
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199:
189:
187:
183:
179:
176:by defeating
175:
174:Chola dynasty
171:
167:
159:
155:
147:
144:
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137:
134:
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128:
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72:
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53:
50:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
19:
863:
834:
824:
795:
776:
767:
748:
726:. Retrieved
722:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
666:
660:
651:
642:
630:. Retrieved
618:
608:
596:. Retrieved
592:
582:
573:
564:
555:
546:
537:
528:
519:
510:
491:
485:
476:
462:Amir Khusrow
458:
404:Kollamkondan
399:Thirunelveli
388:
367:
359:
355:
351:
346:
336:
334:
323:
303:
252:
216:
195:
178:Rajendra III
153:
152:
123:Vira Pandyan
104:Vira Pandyan
47:Chakravarthi
40:
29:
901:1308 deaths
800:Johor Bahru
723:Impressions
337:Kales Dewar
170:South India
91:Predecessor
81: 1268
885:Categories
741:References
435:Meikeerthi
393:temple in
348:Marco Polo
294:suzerainty
202:Marco Polo
83: – c.
632:9 October
627:0021-1834
598:9 October
593:The Hindu
376:devadasis
342:Mahavamsa
255:Sri Lanka
182:Hoysalas.
101:Successor
822:(1921).
728:19 March
384:Rowthers
274:Yapahuwa
219:Hoysalas
164:) was a
380:Rowther
364:Manapad
326:Madurai
166:Pandyan
136:Pandyan
131:Dynasty
865:Pandya
841:
806:
783:
755:
625:
498:
419:" and
417:Kollam
356:Ashcar
352:Asciar
310:Shiraz
243:Kollam
239:Kerala
225:under
223:Cholas
142:Father
468:Notes
445:Tamil
427:Tamil
409:Tamil
360:dhoni
235:Venad
231:Chola
158:Tamil
114:Issue
74:Reign
839:ISBN
804:ISBN
781:ISBN
753:ISBN
730:2024
634:2021
623:ISSN
600:2021
496:ISBN
374:and
372:sati
451:).
354:or
308:of
43:Sri
887::
798:.
721:.
617:.
591:.
447::
429::
411::
368:.
317:,
245:.
160::
78:c.
847:.
812:.
789:.
761:.
732:.
636:.
602:.
504:.
443:(
425:(
407:(
156:(
20:)
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