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trained accountant, became finance director (from 1922 until his death in 1955); Frank
Bottomley, an old school friend of Harold, became works manager (retiring from the firm in 1966); and marketing was overseen by E. L. Fletcher, who joined the firm from the advertising agency T. B. Browne, where he
323:
Mackintosh understood the power of marketing and publicity. He began with handbills advertising
Mackintosh's Celebrated Toffee as a weekend treat targeting the Saturday afternoon market, when workers had a half-holiday and their weekly wage payment in hand. By 1896, Mackintosh was calling himself the
389:
Acquisitions were also made in the
British market. In 1927, the purchase of two confectionery retailers, Meeson and Tuckshop, gave the firm direct access to consumers, some control over retail prices and diversification. In 1929, the Anglo-American Chewing Gum Ltd. (later renamed the Anglo-American
291:
Moving from retail to manufacture and wholesale, they first rented a small warehouse in Bond Street, Halifax, and in 1895, they commenced larger-scale production at bigger premises at Hope Street. The firm was converted into a limited liability company, John
Mackintosh Ltd, in 1899 raising £11,000
346:
as John
Mackintosh & Sons Ltd in March 1921. By paying the shareholders of the old company ordinary and preference shares in a sum greater than the issued capital of John Mackintosh Ltd., together with a substantial distribution, they controlled some 93% of the new firm; two of the founders'
283:
with their joint savings of £100 in 1890, the year that they married. Violet, who had been a confectioner's assistant before her marriage, ran the shop and her husband continued to work at a cotton mill. To attract customers, they decided to sell a special toffee. Violet developed a recipe which
306:
The German factory was confiscated and the number of employees fell to 250 during the First World War. In 1917 a new line was developed, a chocolate covered Toffee-De-Luxe, but all chocolate production ceased that year when a wartime conscription tribunal refused an exemption for a key manager.
292:
and borrowing a further £4,000 to build a new works at Queen's Road. When the building was destroyed by fire in 1909, the insurance payout was used to purchase the vacant Albion Mills and the Queen's Road factory was rebuilt and 1912 expanded to begin chocolate manufacture.
385:
The North Kerry
Manufacturing Company was acquired when the firm's sales in the new Irish Free State were affected by import duties in 1924 and, in 1931, they merged their interests, with Rowntree using a holding company: Associated Chocolate and Confectionery Company.
437:
Whilst continuing in their roles at the parent company, Eric
Mackintosh (Harold's younger brother, the managing director of Mackintosh's from 1929) became chairman of Caley's, with Harry Guy taking control of finance and Frank Bottomley as works manager.
288:. The toffee's success enabled Mackintosh to expand the business beyond Halifax by 1894. Indeed, it was so successful that it "ultimately transformed popular understanding of the term 'toffee', previously a description of any sugar or boiled sweet".
422:
acquired the Niger
Company and in 1929, the United Africa Company was formed by a merger of the Niger Company and the African and Eastern Trading Company. In the same year, Unilever was formed when Lever Brothers merged with Dutch Margarine Unie.
381:
Mackintosh re-entered the United States market but by 1931, it entered into an agreement with another
Yorkshire company whose Toronto subsidiary manufactured its toffees on a royalty basis and exported them over the border to the United States.
704:
402:
in 1863. He diversified to produce cocoa (1883), chocolate (1886) and
Christmas crackers (1898). The business was purchased in 1918 by the African and Eastern Trading Company and underwent expansion at Norwich and
324:"Toffee King" and his product "The King of All the Toffees". In 1902 the firm began consumer and coupon competitions and then national press marketing: the firm bought space in the
378:
cartoons of "Toffee Town" began a memorable national newspaper marketing campaign in October 1921. As the headquarters of the growing concern, Halifax became known as "Toffee Town".
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350:
The family ownership was supplemented by some key management appointments: Harold Mackintosh, chairman and managing director, took charge of purchasing; (John) Harry Guy, a
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330:, Britain's most popular mass newspaper, and it used story lines, graphics and cartoons, while his competitors still limited themselves to wordy descriptions.
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sons, Harold and Douglas, controlled over half the ordinary shares. To pay estate duties, the public were offered some preference shares.
415:. Caley's had become overcapitalised and unprofitable, and the new owner sought unsuccessfully to dispose of the business in the 1920s.
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303:, near Düsseldorf. By 1914, operations had been established in Australia and Canada and John Mackintosh Ltd employed some 1000 people.
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Confectionery) expanded their product range and forestalled American entry into the British market with a rival chewing product.
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The firm was founded by John Mackintosh (1868–1920) and his wife, Violet (née Taylor), who bought a pastry shop in
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blended the traditional, brittle English butterscotch with soft, American caramel, and they sold the toffee as
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Robert Fitzgerald, "Markets, Management, and Merger: John Mackintosh & Sons, 1890-1969" (2000) 74 (no. 4)
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is a fanciful listing of flavours, some real and others imagined, in a box of Mackintosh's
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299:, New Jersey which, however, soon failed. Undeterred, a factory was opened in 1906 at
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Albert Jarman Caley had begun selling a range of mineral waters and soft drinks in
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John Mackintosh depicted on a 1906 ad, calling himself "The Toffee King"
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686:. Qld.: National Library of Australia. 19 September 1950. p. 3
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28:
883:
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430:, Harold bought the A.J. Caley chocolate company in Norwich from
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In 1904, Mackintosh established his first overseas factory at
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260:
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Toffee King John Mackintosh, 15 May 2008, Evening Courier.
563:"Mackintosh, John (1868–1920), confectionery manufacturer"
548:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2010
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218:
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After John Mackintosh's death in 1920, his eldest son,
736:"Behind the Song: "Savoy Truffle" by George Harrison"
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227:
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215:
544:Robert Fitzgerald, ‘Mackintosh, John (1868–1920)’,
434:in 1932, giving it access to chocolate production.
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1025:
597:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1064:Food and drink companies disestablished in 1969
454:Mackintosh's went on to develop brands such as
1049:Confectionery companies of the United Kingdom
761:
1044:Food and drink companies established in 1890
571:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
579:. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024
1039:Companies based in Halifax, West Yorkshire
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426:As a result of a lunchtime meeting at the
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568:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
546:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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359:had worked on the Mackintosh account.
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16:Former British confectionery company
683:Cairns Post (Qld. : 1909-1954)
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275:Founders John and Violet Mackintosh
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411:factories in London, Ipswich, and
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1069:1969 disestablishments in England
985:Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery
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481:, which was itself taken over by
479:Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery
473:In 1969, the company merged with
122:Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery
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1059:1890 establishments in England
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334:Postwar restructure and growth
286:Mackintosh's Celebrated Toffee
1:
552:John Mackintosh (1868–1920):
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342:took charge. The company was
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607:UK public library membership
251:, England. It was known for
61:; 134 years ago
7:
662:The Business History Review
561:Fitzgerald, Robert (2004).
94:; 55 years ago
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370:(tin of chocolates), 1950s
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666:accessed 29 January 2011
550:accessed 29 January 2011
450:Toffee Crisp cut in half
507:their self-titled album
249:Halifax, West Yorkshire
133:Halifax, West Yorkshire
577:10.1093/ref:odnb/38422
558:10.1093/ref:odnb/38422
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501:", first recorded by
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954:Henry Isaac Rowntree
709:Norwich Evening News
374:A series of surreal
163:Mackintosh's Toffee
150:Mackintosh's Toffee
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489:In popular culture
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442:Later developments
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311:Power of publicity
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72:Halifax, Yorkshire
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705:The Caley's Story
605:(Subscription or
593:cite encyclopedia
394:Caley acquisition
340:Harold Mackintosh
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84:Violet Mackintosh
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964:Seebohm Rowntree
879:Hot Sam Pretzels
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724:. 16 March 2008.
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243:) was a British
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738:. 2 March 2021.
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722:"Savoy Truffle"
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368:Quality Street
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678:"TOFFEE TOWN"
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980:Mackintosh's
979:
929:Tom's Snacks
889:Laura Secord
867:Polly Waffle
802:subsidiaries
730:
716:
700:
688:. Retrieved
681:
672:
661:
581:. Retrieved
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545:
513:Chocolates.
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492:
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468:Toffee Crisp
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240:-kin-tosh-iz
189:Mackintosh's
188:
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128:Headquarters
110:Merged with
36:Company type
22:Mackintosh's
18:
899:Matchmakers
847:Black Magic
842:After Eight
800:Brands and
503:the Beatles
466:(1959) and
428:Savoy Hotel
297:Asbury Park
1034:Rowntree's
1028:Categories
816:Fruit Gums
777:Rowntree's
690:29 January
609:required.)
583:29 January
517:References
475:Rowntree's
327:Daily Mail
267:Beginnings
253:its toffee
112:Rowntree's
862:Hoadley's
511:Good News
497:'s song "
485:in 1988.
418:In 1920,
118:Successor
74:, England
1003:Category
924:Smarties
664:555-609
477:to form
470:(1963).
462:(1938),
458:(1936),
432:Unilever
263:brands.
255:and the
146:Products
79:Founders
46:Industry
1013:Commons
973:Related
884:Kit Kat
852:Caramac
809:Current
464:Caramac
400:Norwich
344:floated
301:Krefeld
281:Halifax
168:Caramac
97: (
89:Defunct
64: (
56:Founded
40:Private
947:People
934:Yorkie
904:Menier
857:Gale's
830:Former
791:Nestlé
784:Parent
603:
483:Nestlé
413:Banham
354:and a
352:Quaker
156:Brands
409:cider
919:Rolo
909:Polo
894:Lion
837:Aero
692:2011
599:link
585:2011
460:Rolo
407:and
261:Rolo
259:and
178:Rolo
107:Fate
99:1969
92:1969
66:1890
59:1890
573:doi
554:doi
505:on
238:MAH
70:in
1030::
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595:}}
591:{{
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575::
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231:/
228:z
225:ɪ
222:ʃ
219:ɒ
216:t
213:n
210:ɪ
207:k
204:æ
201:m
198:ˈ
195:/
191:(
101:)
68:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
