564:
387:
430:
66:
368:
46:
406:
501:
418:
356:
473:
587:
485:
3194:
74:
461:
82:
3205:
449:
258:, is another equipment option for macro photography. The further the lens is from the film or sensor, the closer the focusing distance, the greater the magnification, and the darker the image given the same aperture. Tubes of various lengths can be stacked, decreasing lens-to-subject distance and increasing magnification. Bellows or tubes shorten the available maximum focus distance and make it impossible to focus to infinity.
318:
length of the normally mounted lens by the focal length of the reversed lens (e.g., when an 18 mm lens is reverse mounted on a 300 mm lens the reproduction ratio is 16:1). The use of automatic focus is not advisable if the first lens is not of the internal-focusing type, as the extra weight of the reverse-mounted lens could damage the autofocus mechanism. Working distance is significantly less than the first lens.
325:, combined with a high powered zoom lens and (optionally) a close-up diopter lens added to the front of the camera lens. The deep depth of field of these cameras is an advantage for macro work. The high pixel density and resolving power of these cameras' sensors enable them to capture very high levels of detail at a lower reproduction ratio than is needed for film or larger DSLR sensors (often at the cost of greater
230:, Laowa 25mm f/2.8 2.5-5X Ultra Macro (a relatively shorter focal length) or Minolta AF 3x-1x 1.7-2.8 Macro, can achieve higher magnification than life size, enabling photography of the structure of small insect eyes, snowflakes, and other minuscule objects. Others, such as the Infinity Photo-Optical's TS-160 can achieve magnifications from 0-18x on sensor, focusing from infinity down to 18 mm from the object.
518:
knowing the size of the smallest object that can fill the frame. To put it simply, 1X magnification means: if the object is 1mm long, it would be exactly 1mm long when projected to the sensor. Let's say you are shooting 1X magnification with a full-frame camera (36X24mm), an object with the size 18x12mm would take 1/4 area of your photo. For example, the 12 megapixel
265:(or close-up "filter") in front of the camera's lens is another option. Inexpensive screw-in or slip-on attachments provide close focusing. The possible quality is less than that of a dedicated macro lens or extension tubes, with some two-element versions being very good while many inexpensive single element lenses exhibit
222:"Macro" lenses specifically designed for close-up work, with a long barrel for close focusing and optimized for high reproduction ratios, are one of the most common tools for macro photography. (Unlike most other lens makers, Nikon designates its macro lenses as "Micro" because of their original use in making
673:
The problem of sufficiently and evenly lighting the subject can be difficult to overcome. Some cameras can focus on subjects so close that they touch the front of the lens. It is difficult to place a light between the camera and a subject that close, making extreme close-up photography impractical. A
567:
35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio: the photograph on the left was taken with a Micro Four Thirds (2× crop) sensor camera and a 50 mm macro lens at 1:2 magnification. The photograph on the right was taken with a full-frame (35 mm) sensor digital SLR camera and a 100 mm macro lens
301:
with the ability to tilt the lens with respect to the film or sensor plane. Lenses such as the Nikon PC-E and Canon TS-E series, the
Hartblei Super-Rotator, the Schneider Super Angulon, several Lensbaby models, the Zoerk Multi Focus System, and various tilt-shift adapters for medium format, allow the
656:
critically on the most important part of the subject, as elements that are even a millimetre closer or farther from the focal plane might be noticeably blurred. Due to this, the use of a microscope stage is highly recommended for precise focus with large magnification, for example when photographing
517:
While a "true" macro lens is defined as a lens having a reproduction ratio of 1:1 on the film or sensor plane, with small sensor format digital cameras an actual reproduction ratio of 1:1 is rarely achieved or needed to take macro photographs. What macro photographers often care about more is simply
317:
which screws into the front filter threads of both lenses. This method allows most cameras to maintain the full function of electronic and mechanical communication with the normally mounted lens, for features such as open-aperture metering. The magnification ratio is calculated by dividing the focal
309:
thread on the front of a lens and makes it possible to attach the lens in reverse. Excellent quality results up to 4x life-size magnification are possible. For cameras with all-electronic communications between the lens and the camera body specialty reversing rings are available which preserve these
665:(LSP) has been used to overcome depth of field limitations. This technique uses a thin slit of light to illuminate an object as it is moved perpendicular through the plane of light to form the image. If the slit of light is narrower than the DOF the entire object will be recorded on film in focus.
504:
35 mm equivalent magnification: The photograph on top was taken with a full-frame (35 mm) sensor digital SLR camera and a 100 mm macro lens at 1:1 magnification. The photograph on the bottom was taken with a Micro Four Thirds (2× crop) sensor camera and a 50 mm macro lens at 1:2
559:
Since digital compact camera sensor sizes come in a wide diversity of sizes and camera manufacturers rarely publish the macro reproduction ratios for these cameras, a good rule of thumb is that whenever a 24 mm vertical object just fits, or is too tall to fit in the camera viewfinder, you are
348:
line, with improved optical performance for photography at the expense of the stereo imaging facility of the stereo microscope; this system came with a range of dedicated stands, objective and supplementary lenses, and illumination systems. Following its discontinuation in 1993, Leica continues to
541:
digital cameras), simply take a photograph of a mm ruler placed vertically in the frame focused at the maximum magnification distance of the lens and measure the height of the frame. Since the object height of a 1.0x magnified 35 mm film image is 24 mm, calculate 35 mm equivalent
509:
35 mm equivalent magnification, or 35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio, is a measure that indicates the apparent magnification achieved with a small sensor format, or "crop sensor" digital camera compared to a 35 mm-based image enlarged to the same print size. The term is useful
187:
with a "true" macro lens, despite having a lower reproduction ratio, making macro photography more widely accessible at a lower cost. In the digital age, a photograph is more practically defined as macro when an object measuring 24 mm or less either matches the frame's height or is larger.
536:
To calculate 35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio, simply multiply the actual maximum magnification of the lens by the 35 mm conversion factor, or "crop factor" of the camera. If the actual magnification and/or crop factor are unknown (such as is the case with many compact or
310:
communications. When used with extension tubes or bellows, a highly versatile, true macro (greater than life size) system can be assembled. Since non-macro lenses are optimized for small reproduction ratios, reversing the lens allows it to be used for reciprocally high ratios.
281:
to the optical power of the lens, decreasing the minimum focusing distance, and allowing the camera to get closer to the subject. They are typically designated by their diopter, and can be stacked (with an additional loss of quality) to achieve the desired magnification.
505:
magnification. The subject height in both images is 24 mm. Photographs taken with these two set-ups will be at practically the same scale at the same print size, lending the photograph on the bottom its 1:1 35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio status.
329:). Despite the fact that many of these cameras come with a "macro mode" which does not qualify as true macro, some photographers are using the advantages of small sensor cameras to create macro images that rival or even surpass those from DSLRs.
349:
offer similar products under the names Z6 APO and Z16 APO. The iPhone 13 Pro series introduced macro photography in the iPhone camera, as well as
Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra, which is also introduced a macro photography in the smartphone camera.
367:
643:
2.8 lens has a 100 mm/2.8 = 35.7 mm entrance-pupil diameter). Because they focus at close subjects, the cone of light from a subject point to the entrance pupil is relatively obtuse (a relatively high subject
610:) is often required to produce acceptable sharpness across a three-dimensional subject. This requires either a slow shutter speed, brilliant lighting, or a high ISO. Auxiliary lighting (such as from a
568:
at 1:1 magnification. The photographs are practically indistinguishable and therefore equivalent. As the images were taken at slightly different angles, the two images can be viewed as a cross-eyed
695:. Homemade flash diffusers made out of white Styrofoam or plastic attached to a camera's built-in flash can also yield surprisingly good results by diffusing and softening the light, eliminating
240:
45–65 mm – product photography, small objects that can be approached closely without causing undesirable influence, and scenes requiring natural background perspective
525:
camera with a 2× crop sensor only requires a 1:2 reproduction ratio to take a picture with the same subject size, resolution, and apparent magnification as a 12 megapixel "full-frame"
678:
macro lenses, typically with focal lengths from about 100 to 200 mm. These are popular as they permit sufficient distance for lighting between the camera and the subject.
142:
is classically a lens capable of reproduction ratios of at least 1:1, although it often refers to any lens with a large reproduction ratio, despite rarely exceeding 1:1.
226:.) Most modern macro lenses can focus continuously to infinity as well and can provide excellent optical quality for normal photography. True macro lenses, such as the
674:
normal-focal-length macro lens (50 mm on a 35 mm camera) can focus so close that lighting remains difficult. To avoid this problem, many photographers use
533:
macro lens like the Laowa 50mm f/2.8 2X Ultra Macro Lens with a maximum image magnification of 2.0x is rated as having a "4.0x 35 mm equivalent magnification".
386:
119:
photography, usually of very small subjects and living organisms like insects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is greater than life-size (though
355:
661:
software which picks out the sharpest parts of every image, artificially increasing the perceived depth of field of the resulting image. For analog film cameras
429:
684:, with flash tubes arranged in a circle around the front of the lens, can be helpful in lighting at close distances. Ring lights have emerged, using white
336:(stereo microscope), making use of the optics of that instrument as the imaging lens for the system. Between approximately 1976 and 1993, the manufacturers
3162:
1314:
932:
123:
also refers to the art of making very large photographs). By the original definition, a macro photograph is one in which the size of the subject on the
1456:
1229:
657:
skin cells. Alternatively, more shots of the same subject can be made with slightly different focusing lengths and joined afterwards with specialized
472:
3104:
688:
to provide a continuous light source for macro photography, however they are not as bright as a ring flash and the white balance is very cool.
313:
Macro photography may also be accomplished by mounting a lens in reverse, in front of a normally mounted lens of greater focal length, using a
417:
3152:
3099:
2879:
293:
to place an object close to the lens in focus, while maintaining selective background focus. This technique requires the use of a
131:
is life-size or greater. In some senses, however, it refers to a finished photograph of a subject that is greater than life-size.
1749:
1045:
484:
200:
was proposed in 1899 by W. H. Walmsley for close-up images with less than 10 diameters magnification, to distinguish from true
602:
is an important consideration in macro photography. Depth of field is extremely small when focusing on close objects. A small
563:
1855:
1607:
890:
838:
808:
780:
907:
715:, are designed to better control this, such as the Laowa 100mm f/2.8 2x Ultra Macro APO and the Sigma APO MACRO 150mm F2.8.
3157:
1364:
302:
use of tilt in cameras with fixed lens mounts. Traditional view cameras permit such adjustment as part of their design.
3094:
2641:
2850:
863:
460:
3235:
2817:
227:
17:
3136:
3114:
2603:
662:
632:# to conventional lenses to provide similar exposure times. Macro lenses also have similar focal lengths, so the
183:
Due to advances in sensor technology, today's small-sensor digital cameras can rival the macro capabilities of a
161:(36×24 mm) film or sensor, a life-size result is possible with a lens having only a 1:4 reproduction ratio.
448:
69:
Headshot of a dragonfly taken with a 100 mm macro lens coupled with a 50 mm lens in reverse at the end
2782:
2270:
2057:
796:
405:
1318:
936:
246:
150–200 mm – insects and other small animals where additional working distance is required
3230:
2691:
2623:
2376:
1903:
134:
The ratio of the subject size on the film plane (or sensor plane) to the actual subject size is known as the
1562:
3124:
3119:
1464:
1237:
214:, born in 1880. He was a British nature documentary filmmaker, and was known for his close-up photographs.
1260:
1121:
1072:
3129:
2401:
1908:
1434:
305:
Ordinary lenses can be used for macro photography by using a "reversing ring". This ring attaches to the
273:
of the resulting image. This method works with cameras that have fixed lenses, and is commonly used with
153:
is the subject of discussion, the finished print or on-screen image more commonly lends a photograph its
2855:
2543:
2446:
1744:
2822:
2772:
2732:
2585:
2471:
2421:
2118:
2062:
1918:
1675:
1600:
1525:
396:
377:
3028:
2618:
2351:
2143:
1168:
298:
1414:
711:, especially when using reversed-lens, extension tube or close-up lens. Some macro lenses, called
2988:
2792:
2696:
2560:
2411:
2248:
2153:
1796:
1685:
1001:
730:
522:
345:
50:
1023:
380:. Note the pen placed through the tube to illustrate that it does not contain any lens elements.
3209:
3048:
3023:
2827:
2812:
2747:
2727:
2633:
2555:
2386:
2310:
2305:
2280:
2208:
2198:
2148:
2138:
2072:
2035:
1963:
1938:
1341:
1143:
748:
742:
321:
Increasingly, macro photography is accomplished using compact digital cameras and small-sensor
243:
90–105 mm – insects, flowers, and small objects from a comfortable distance
146:
124:
65:
986:
828:
145:
Apart from technical photography and film-based processes, where the size of the image on the
3109:
2899:
2807:
2802:
2787:
2777:
2752:
2737:
2598:
2531:
2501:
2461:
2371:
2361:
2203:
2082:
2045:
1968:
880:
770:
552:
392:
290:
255:
237:
Continuously-variable focal length – suitable for virtually all macro subjects
2656:
3198:
2797:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2742:
2396:
2320:
2290:
2243:
2188:
2178:
2103:
1928:
1875:
1593:
1287:
724:
708:
685:
333:
266:
45:
1126:
The
International Annual of Anthony's Photographic Bulletin and American Process Year-book
8:
2894:
2867:
2837:
2491:
2406:
2315:
2193:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2128:
2020:
1933:
1761:
1756:
1215:
1203:
959:
696:
611:
332:
Macro photography can also be carried out by attaching a camera to one optical path of a
306:
745: – Film technique where the frame rate is lower than that used to view the sequence
361:
Canon MP-E 65 mm macro lens. Small front lens elements are typical of macro lenses.
3043:
2701:
2651:
2476:
2336:
2295:
2275:
2213:
2168:
2133:
2108:
1670:
1635:
645:
569:
530:
341:
169:
35:
1539:
1391:
3008:
2944:
2931:
2862:
2526:
2451:
2441:
2416:
2285:
2253:
2113:
1948:
1719:
886:
859:
834:
804:
776:
625:
Like conventional lenses, macro lenses need light, and ideally would provide similar
519:
500:
250:
Extending the distance between the lens and the film or sensor, by inserting either
61:, the on-screen display of the photograph results in a greater than life-size image.
3068:
3013:
2971:
2956:
2939:
2909:
2904:
2548:
2506:
2456:
2223:
2183:
2123:
1978:
286:
173:
165:
3169:
3073:
2976:
2593:
2346:
2228:
1923:
1870:
1865:
1833:
1818:
1776:
882:
The DSLR Field Guide: The
Essential Handbook to Getting the Most from Your Camera
538:
529:
camera, when the images are viewed on screen or printed at the same size. Thus a
39:
1487:
1099:
2845:
2671:
2613:
2381:
2067:
1973:
1958:
1953:
1848:
1660:
1650:
1640:
692:
675:
658:
653:
649:
633:
599:
591:
373:
337:
251:
211:
207:
Development of the photo-micrograph led to the evolution of macro photography.
3224:
2998:
2966:
2951:
2916:
2676:
2521:
2486:
2077:
2050:
2030:
1998:
1943:
322:
274:
262:
2436:
3174:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3003:
2889:
2884:
2538:
2263:
2233:
2015:
2010:
1993:
1838:
1665:
1655:
1645:
636:
diameter is comparable to that of conventional lenses (e.g., a 100 mm
150:
128:
58:
1512:
586:
478:
Optical scheme of macro photography using reversed lens and telephoto lens
3179:
3038:
3033:
2961:
2874:
2711:
2686:
2516:
2511:
2496:
2356:
2238:
2218:
2087:
1988:
1880:
1843:
1813:
1766:
1734:
1729:
1695:
1616:
551:(True reproduction ratio) = (35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio) /
546:(35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio) = 24 / (measured height in mm)
326:
294:
57:
made using a lens at its maximum 1:1 reproduction ratio, and an 18×24mm
2681:
2661:
2575:
2565:
2426:
2391:
2366:
2300:
2040:
2025:
2005:
1887:
1823:
1739:
1690:
1389:
736:
712:
681:
615:
594:, noticeable in the blurring in the foreground and the fly's right wing
542:
reproduction ratio and true reproduction ratio by using the following:
526:
158:
31:
1183:
157:
status. For example, when producing a 6×4-inch (15×10-cm) print using
73:
3078:
3018:
2646:
2608:
2570:
2466:
1828:
1791:
1786:
1771:
1724:
1712:
223:
177:
81:
2666:
2481:
1983:
1913:
1781:
1707:
1702:
607:
603:
511:
270:
116:
1288:"Panasonic Leica DG Macro-Elmarit 45 mm F2.8 ASPH OIS Review"
727: – Art of producing an accurate reproduction of a crime scene
2706:
1860:
1806:
344:
offered a dedicated microscopy system for macro photography, the
278:
1513:"A simplified unit for making deep-field (scanning) Macrographs"
435:
Minolta 100–300mm zoom lens with markings for reproduction ratio
423:
Wide-angle lens used as a reversed lens in front of a macro lens
164:
Reproduction ratios much greater than 10:1 are considered to be
2258:
1680:
1630:
1585:
1206:(plus associated models), information page on www.savazzi.net.
2921:
2341:
1801:
1515:. Journal of Biological Photography, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
233:
Macro lenses of different focal lengths find different uses:
89:
27:
Photography genre and techniques of extreme close-up pictures
1435:"Laowa 50mm f/2.8 2X Ultra Macro APO - LAOWA Camera Lenses"
1415:"Magnification ratio and how to choose the Best macro lens"
184:
86:
1540:"No, I'm not a Dentist: The Joy of Ring Flash Photography"
1390:
Wetpixel: Underwater
Photography Forums (18 March 2004).
1184:"Equipment used to create Panasonic FZ30 macro galleries"
93:
739: – Process for producing pictures with a microscope
707:
Many macro lenses are characterised by a high amount of
490:
Optical scheme of macro photography using extension tube
176:, the art of making very small photographs, such as for
1312:
1285:
210:
One of the earliest pioneers of macro photography was
1526:
Constructing a
Scanning Light Photomacrography System
980:
978:
976:
1457:"OLYMPUS : ZUIKO DIGITAL 35 mm F3.5 Macro"
1560:
1261:"Panasonic LEICA DG MACRO-ELMARIT 45 mm F2.8"
973:
772:Digital Macro and Close-Up Photography For Dummies
652:extraordinarily small. This makes it essential to
1454:
1258:
1227:
926:
924:
510:because many photographers are familiar with the
495:
3222:
908:"Macro photography: Understanding magnification"
984:
878:
590:Housefly on a leaf photographed with a shallow
440:
921:
466:Reversed-lens macro photography optical scheme
172:(photomicrography should not be confused with
1601:
1528:". The McCrone Group (accessed July 7, 2024).
1365:"Zuiko Digital ED 50 mm f2 Macro Review"
1043:
691:Good results can also be obtained by using a
619:
826:
768:
454:Optical scheme of close-up macro photography
3153:Conservation and restoration of photographs
930:
576:
217:
2880:Comparison of digital and film photography
1608:
1594:
1518:
3105:Photographs considered the most important
1362:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1197:
1119:
1066:
1064:
1062:
833:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 269.
648:, to use a microscopy term), making the
585:
562:
499:
80:
72:
64:
44:
1363:Arva-Toth, Zoltan (16 September 2009).
853:
830:The Science of Imaging: An Introduction
822:
820:
795:
702:
14:
3223:
1463:. Olympus Imaging Corp. Archived from
1317:. Outdoor Photographer. Archived from
1236:. Olympus Imaging Corp. Archived from
1086:
1589:
1412:
1059:
1002:"How to take great macro photographs"
858:. Merriam-Webster, Inc. p. 698.
775:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 29.
1230:"Olympus Four Thirds Lenses – Macro"
957:
817:
3100:Museums devoted to one photographer
1561:diyphotography.net (29 July 2009).
1021:
24:
2642:Timeline of photography technology
1488:"Digital Stereo Macro Photography"
1485:
1144:"The History of Macro Photography"
1100:"Digital Stereo Macro Photography"
1097:
699:and providing more even lighting.
25:
3247:
1581:
1537:
1339:
1216:Leica Z6 APO and Z16 APO brochure
1181:
1122:"Photo-micrography for everybody"
1070:
1024:"Macrophotography and your Evolt"
905:
581:
3203:
3193:
3192:
1169:"The Story of Macro Photography"
1046:"Incredible Macro Insect Photos"
999:
483:
471:
459:
447:
428:
416:
404:
385:
366:
354:
340:(Switzerland) and subsequently,
228:Canon MP-E 65mm f/2.8 1-5x Macro
3204:
1615:
1554:
1531:
1505:
1479:
1448:
1427:
1406:
1383:
1356:
1333:
1306:
1279:
1252:
1221:
1209:
1175:
1161:
1136:
1113:
1037:
1015:
993:
803:. UK: ILEX Press. p. 336.
663:light scanning photomicrography
1563:"Introduction To LED Lighting"
1392:"Help with reproduction ratio"
951:
899:
872:
856:Collegiate Dictionary, 10th Ed
847:
789:
762:
496:35 mm equivalent magnification
13:
1:
2692:Painted photography backdrops
2624:Golden triangle (composition)
1904:35 mm equivalent focal length
801:Mastering Digital Photography
755:
254:or a continuously adjustable
1313:Outdoor Photographer Staff.
1294:. Digital Photography Review
1286:Digital Photography Review.
751: – Genre of photography
441:Macro photography techniques
7:
2402:Intentional camera movement
1148:Will Moneymaker Photography
1073:"Extreme macro photography"
885:. Focal Press. p. 30.
718:
668:
560:taking a macro photograph.
376:for extreme macro use with
10:
3252:
3095:Most expensive photographs
2447:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1218:- copy at www.savazzi.net.
733: – Optical microscope
191:
77:Macro photograph of an ant
29:
3188:
3145:
3087:
2987:
2930:
2836:
2720:
2632:
2584:
2329:
2096:
1896:
1623:
854:Webster, Merriam (1996).
285:Photographers may employ
3029:Digital image processing
1511:Root, N. (January 1991)
1344:. Digital Photo Magazine
1120:Walmsley, W. H. (1899).
960:"Canon 50 mm Macro"
879:Michael Freeman (2010).
577:Technical considerations
299:perspective control lens
218:Equipment and techniques
51:common yellow dung fly (
3236:Photographic techniques
3137:Photography periodicals
2697:Photography and the law
731:Macroscope (Wild-Leica)
523:Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1
53:Scathophaga stercoraria
3049:Gelatin silver process
2073:Science of photography
2058:Photographic processes
2036:Perspective distortion
1455:Olympus Imaging Corp.
1267:. Olympus Imaging Corp
1259:Olympus Imaging Corp.
1228:Olympus Imaging Corp.
749:Underwater photography
743:Time-lapse photography
595:
573:
506:
168:, often achieved with
97:
85:Macro photograph of a
78:
70:
62:
49:Macro photograph of a
2502:Schlieren photography
2046:Photographic printing
1969:Exposure compensation
1542:. photomigrations.com
1315:"Choosing Your Macro"
987:"Macro Camera Lenses"
985:Cambridge in Colour.
827:Graham Saxby (2010).
769:Thomas Clark (2011).
589:
566:
503:
411:Typical close-up lens
291:Scheimpflug principle
287:view camera movements
261:Placing an auxiliary
84:
76:
68:
48:
3231:Photography by genre
2291:Straight photography
1929:Chromatic aberration
1565:. diyphotography.net
1413:wayne (2021-03-22).
725:Forensic photography
709:chromatic aberration
703:Chromatic aberration
697:specular reflections
334:binocular microscope
267:chromatic aberration
3163:photographic plates
2838:Digital photography
2021:Hyperfocal distance
1934:Circle of confusion
1467:on 25 February 2021
1371:. Photo 360 Limited
1240:on 25 February 2021
1171:. 30 November 2016.
1044:Super Tight Stuff.
933:"Macro Photography"
713:apochromatic lenses
618:is often used (see
277:. These lenses add
2657:Autochrome Lumière
2652:Analog photography
2477:Pigeon photography
2271:Social documentary
1750:discontinued films
1492:nzphoto.tripod.com
646:numerical aperture
596:
574:
531:Four Thirds system
507:
395:fitted between an
342:Leica Microsystems
170:digital microscope
136:reproduction ratio
98:
79:
71:
63:
3218:
3217:
3009:Collodion process
2945:Chromogenic print
2932:Color photography
2442:Multiple exposure
2417:Lo-fi photography
1949:Color temperature
931:Photography.com.
892:978-0-240-81720-0
840:978-1-4398-1286-0
810:978-1-907579-00-4
782:978-1-118-08920-0
520:Micro Four Thirds
399:and reversed lens
202:photo-micrographs
101:Macro photography
16:(Redirected from
3243:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3069:Print permanence
3014:Cross processing
2972:CMYK color model
2957:Color management
2910:Foveon X3 sensor
2905:Three-CCD camera
2549:Miniature faking
2507:Sabattier effect
2124:Astrophotography
1979:Zebra patterning
1610:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1342:"Intro To Macro"
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
997:
991:
990:
982:
971:
970:
968:
966:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
935:. Archived from
928:
919:
918:
916:
914:
903:
897:
896:
876:
870:
869:
851:
845:
844:
824:
815:
814:
797:Freeman, Michael
793:
787:
786:
766:
642:
640:
631:
629:
614:), preferably a
487:
475:
463:
451:
432:
420:
408:
389:
370:
358:
198:photo-macrograph
174:microphotography
166:photomicrography
121:macrophotography
113:macrophotography
111:, and sometimes
105:photomacrography
40:microphotographs
36:photomicrographs
21:
18:Macrophotography
3251:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3184:
3141:
3083:
3074:Push processing
2990:
2983:
2977:RGB color model
2926:
2832:
2716:
2628:
2594:Diagonal method
2580:
2325:
2229:Photojournalism
2092:
1924:Black-and-white
1892:
1871:Slide projector
1866:Movie projector
1745:available films
1619:
1614:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1461:Four-Thirds.org
1453:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1369:PhotographyBLOG
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1321:on 7 April 2016
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1265:Four-Thirds.org
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1234:Four-Thirds.org
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1204:Wild/Leica M420
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
998:
994:
983:
974:
964:
962:
958:Rockwell, Ken.
956:
952:
942:
940:
929:
922:
912:
910:
904:
900:
893:
877:
873:
866:
852:
848:
841:
825:
818:
811:
794:
790:
783:
767:
763:
758:
721:
705:
671:
638:
637:
627:
626:
584:
579:
539:point-and-shoot
512:35 mm film
498:
491:
488:
479:
476:
467:
464:
455:
452:
443:
436:
433:
424:
421:
412:
409:
400:
390:
381:
374:Extension tubes
371:
362:
359:
252:extension tubes
220:
194:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2846:Digital camera
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Camera obscura
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Rule of thirds
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Harris shutter
2379:
2377:Hand-colouring
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:Red-eye effect
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1974:Exposure value
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Depth of focus
1956:
1954:Depth of field
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1582:External links
1580:
1577:
1576:
1553:
1530:
1517:
1504:
1486:Wattie, John.
1478:
1447:
1426:
1405:
1394:. Wetpixel.com
1382:
1355:
1332:
1305:
1278:
1251:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1174:
1160:
1135:
1112:
1098:Wattie, John.
1085:
1058:
1036:
1014:
992:
972:
950:
920:
898:
891:
871:
864:
846:
839:
816:
809:
788:
781:
760:
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
720:
717:
704:
701:
693:flash diffuser
670:
667:
659:focus stacking
650:depth of field
634:entrance pupil
600:depth of field
592:depth of field
583:
582:Depth of field
580:
578:
575:
557:
556:
548:
547:
497:
494:
493:
492:
489:
482:
480:
477:
470:
468:
465:
458:
456:
453:
446:
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
427:
425:
422:
415:
413:
410:
403:
401:
391:
384:
382:
372:
365:
363:
360:
353:
338:Wild Heerbrugg
323:bridge cameras
275:bridge cameras
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
219:
216:
193:
190:
138:. Likewise, a
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3248:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:Photographers
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:Bleach bypass
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:primary color
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Reversal film
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Image sharing
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:United States
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:Daguerreotype
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Stopping down
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Rephotography
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Long-exposure
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Architectural
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Shutter speed
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Metering mode
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:Color balance
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Angle of view
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:Manufacturers
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1564:
1557:
1541:
1538:Basco, Greg.
1534:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1436:
1430:
1416:
1409:
1393:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1343:
1336:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1047:
1040:
1025:
1018:
1003:
996:
988:
981:
979:
977:
961:
954:
939:on 2008-11-06
938:
934:
927:
925:
909:
906:Marom, Erez.
902:
894:
888:
884:
883:
875:
867:
865:0-87779-711-0
861:
857:
850:
842:
836:
832:
831:
823:
821:
812:
806:
802:
798:
792:
784:
778:
774:
773:
765:
761:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:
716:
714:
710:
700:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
677:
666:
664:
660:
655:
651:
647:
635:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
593:
588:
571:
565:
561:
554:
550:
549:
545:
544:
543:
540:
534:
532:
528:
524:
521:
515:
513:
502:
486:
481:
474:
469:
462:
457:
450:
445:
444:
431:
426:
419:
414:
407:
402:
398:
394:
388:
383:
379:
375:
369:
364:
357:
352:
351:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
319:
316:
315:macro coupler
311:
308:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:close-up lens
259:
257:
253:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
234:
231:
229:
225:
215:
213:
208:
205:
203:
199:
189:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:) is extreme
114:
110:
106:
102:
95:
91:
88:
83:
75:
67:
60:
56:
54:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3175:Polaroid art
3064:K-14 process
3059:Instant film
3054:Gum printing
3004:C-41 process
2989:Photographic
2890:Image sensor
2885:Film scanner
2539:Sun printing
2472:Print toning
2431:
2264:space selfie
2234:Pictorialism
2164:Ethnographic
2144:Conservation
2016:Guide number
2011:Focal length
1567:. Retrieved
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1533:
1524:Clarke, T. "
1520:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:the original
1460:
1450:
1439:. Retrieved
1437:. 2020-08-18
1429:
1418:. Retrieved
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1368:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1340:Pitts, Wes.
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:dpreview.com
1291:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1264:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1233:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1182:Frank, Bob.
1177:
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1150:. 2017-09-20
1147:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1076:. Retrieved
1071:Frank, Bob.
1049:. Retrieved
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
995:
963:. Retrieved
953:
941:. Retrieved
937:the original
911:. Retrieved
901:
881:
874:
855:
849:
829:
800:
791:
771:
764:
706:
690:
682:Ring flashes
680:
672:
624:
597:
558:
535:
516:
508:
331:
320:
314:
312:
304:
284:
269:and reduced
260:
249:
232:
221:
209:
206:
201:
197:
195:
182:
163:
154:
151:image sensor
144:
139:
135:
133:
129:image sensor
120:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:
96:aspect ratio
59:image sensor
52:
3180:Stereoscopy
3039:E-6 process
3034:Dye coupler
2962:color space
2875:Digiscoping
2868:camera back
2783:Philippines
2712:Visual arts
2702:Glass plate
2687:Heliography
2586:Composition
2561:Ultraviolet
2517:Stereoscopy
2512:Slow motion
2497:Scanography
2412:Kite aerial
2357:Contre-jour
2249:Post-mortem
2239:Pornography
2219:Neues Sehen
2154:Documentary
2088:Zone System
2063:Reciprocity
1989:Film format
1919:Backscatter
1897:Terminology
1767:beauty dish
1671:rangefinder
1636:light-field
1617:Photography
1000:Long, Ben.
553:Crop factor
327:image noise
295:view camera
212:Percy Smith
109:macrography
32:macrographs
3225:Categories
3170:Lomography
2991:processing
2940:Print film
2856:comparison
2823:Uzbekistan
2773:Luxembourg
2733:Bangladesh
2682:Dufaycolor
2662:Box camera
2619:Simplicity
2576:Zoom burst
2571:Xerography
2566:Vignetting
2556:Time-lapse
2544:Tilt–shift
2437:Mordançage
2427:Luminogram
2392:Holography
2387:High-speed
2367:Fill flash
2352:Burst mode
2330:Techniques
2311:Vernacular
2306:Underwater
2301:Toy camera
2281:Still life
2209:Monochrome
2199:High-speed
2149:Cloudscape
2139:Conceptual
2041:Photograph
2026:Lens flare
2006:Film speed
1888:Zone plate
1834:wide-angle
1819:long-focus
1441:2021-08-10
1420:2021-08-10
1154:2021-02-25
756:References
737:Micrograph
622:section).
616:ring flash
612:flash unit
570:stereogram
527:Nikon D700
346:macroscope
178:microforms
140:macro lens
3115:Norwegian
3079:Stop bath
3024:Developer
3019:Cyanotype
2647:Ambrotype
2609:Lead room
2532:Slit-scan
2467:Photogram
2462:Panoramic
2372:Fireworks
2204:Landscape
1849:telephoto
1797:reflector
1792:monolight
1787:lens hood
1772:cucoloris
1713:safelight
1624:Equipment
1022:Olympus.
676:telephoto
271:sharpness
224:microform
196:The term
159:35 format
3199:Category
2895:CMOS APS
2793:Slovenia
2721:Regional
2667:Calotype
2604:Headroom
2482:Redscale
2397:Infrared
2347:Brenizer
2321:Wildlife
2244:Portrait
2189:Forensic
2179:Fine-art
2114:Aircraft
2104:Abstract
1984:F-number
1964:Exposure
1939:Clipping
1914:Aperture
1782:hot shoe
1708:enlarger
1703:Darkroom
1132:: 73–90.
799:(2010).
719:See also
669:Lighting
620:Lighting
608:f-number
604:aperture
598:Limited
514:format.
289:and the
279:diopters
147:negative
125:negative
117:close-up
30:Compare
3210:Outline
3146:Related
2828:Vietnam
2813:Ukraine
2748:Denmark
2728:Albania
2707:Tintype
2634:History
2599:Framing
2492:Rollout
2457:Panning
2407:Kirlian
2316:Wedding
2194:Glamour
2174:Fashion
2159:Eclipse
2129:Banquet
2051:Albumen
1861:Monopod
1839:fisheye
1807:softbox
1661:pinhole
1651:instant
1641:digital
1569:21 June
1546:21 June
1398:11 June
1375:11 June
1348:11 June
1325:11 June
1298:11 June
393:Bellows
256:bellows
192:History
3208:
3197:
3125:street
3120:Polish
2808:Turkey
2803:Taiwan
2788:Serbia
2778:Norway
2753:Greece
2738:Canada
2337:Afocal
2296:Street
2276:Sports
2259:Selfie
2214:Nature
2169:Erotic
2134:Candid
2109:Aerial
2097:Genres
1999:medium
1876:Tripod
1844:swivel
1757:Filter
1735:holder
1730:format
1631:Camera
1497:9 June
1471:9 June
1271:9 June
1244:9 June
1189:23 May
1105:20 May
1078:20 May
1051:20 May
1029:20 May
1007:20 May
965:20 May
943:20 May
913:20 May
889:
862:
837:
807:
779:
606:(high
307:filter
92:using
38:, and
3130:women
3088:Lists
3044:Fixer
2922:Pixel
2851:D-SLR
2798:Sudan
2768:Korea
2763:Japan
2758:India
2743:China
2527:Strip
2452:Night
2432:Macro
2342:Bokeh
2286:Stock
2254:Ruins
1994:large
1824:prime
1802:snoot
1762:Flash
1740:stock
1681:still
1666:press
1656:phone
1646:field
654:focus
155:macro
90:sorus
3158:film
2863:MILC
2362:ETTR
2224:Nude
2184:Fire
2083:Sync
1881:head
1829:zoom
1814:Lens
1777:gobo
1725:base
1720:Film
1696:view
1571:2012
1548:2012
1499:2012
1473:2012
1400:2012
1377:2012
1350:2012
1327:2012
1300:2012
1273:2012
1246:2012
1191:2012
1107:2012
1080:2012
1053:2012
1031:2012
1009:2012
967:2012
945:2012
915:2012
887:ISBN
860:ISBN
835:ISBN
805:ISBN
777:ISBN
686:LEDs
378:SLRs
185:DSLR
103:(or
87:fern
2900:CCD
1691:toy
1686:TLR
1676:SLR
397:SLR
297:or
180:).
149:or
127:or
107:or
94:4:3
3227::
1490:.
1459:.
1367:.
1290:.
1263:.
1232:.
1146:.
1130:12
1128:.
1124:.
1088:^
1061:^
975:^
923:^
819:^
204:.
34:,
1609:e
1602:t
1595:v
1573:.
1550:.
1501:.
1475:.
1444:.
1423:.
1402:.
1379:.
1352:.
1329:.
1302:.
1275:.
1248:.
1193:.
1157:.
1109:.
1082:.
1055:.
1033:.
1011:.
989:.
969:.
947:.
917:.
895:.
868:.
843:.
813:.
785:.
641:/
639:f
630:/
628:f
572:.
555:.
55:)
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.