1130:
930:
906:
1765:
2355:
1733:
1694:
1609:
1797:
918:
2174:
1506:
1781:
2156:
1145:
1016:
92:
756:
33:
5023:
2186:
2258:
1597:
2246:
1009:
1538:
1518:
2201:
528:
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5017:
1816:
1115:
2068:
7126:
4883:
1490:
804:
4893:
2216:
1585:
5029:
1989:
2447:
402:
7138:
2275:
779:(20,000 lbf) shortly after firing; therefore, even a 0.5% SRM alignment error could generate side forces of 445 N (100 lbf). Final conservative estimates of worst-case side forces resulted in the need for eight 445 N thrusters, two in each quadrant, located out on booms at the maximum radius that the Space Shuttle Orbiter Payload Bay would accommodate (4.4-m or 14.5-ft diameter).
1925:. Slight friction on the spacecraft slowed the velocity over a period, slightly longer than two months, bringing the spacecraft into an approximately circular orbit with periapse altitude at 180 km and apoapse altitude at 540 km, down from an apoapse altitude at 8467 km. The method has since been used extensively on later interplanetary missions.
1558:
2050:
854:, each measuring 2.5 meters across. Together, the arrays supplied 1,200 watts of power at the beginning of the mission. However, over the course of the mission the solar arrays gradually degraded due to frequent, extreme temperature changes. To power the spacecraft while occulted from the Sun, twin 30 amp-hour, 26-cell,
1975:
to keep the spacecraft from spinning. This provided data on the basic oxygen gas-surface interaction. This was useful for understanding the impact of upper-atmospheric forces which aided in designing future Earth-orbiting satellites, and methods for aerobraking during future planetary spacecraft missions.
2404:
spacecraft was lost early
Wednesday morning, following an aggressive series of five Orbit Trim Maneuvers (OTMs) on Tuesday, October 11, which took the orbit down into the upper atmosphere of Venus. The Termination experiment (extension of September "Windmill" experiment) design was expected to result
2411:
The final OTM took the periapsis to 139.7 km (86.8 mi) where the sensible drag on the spacecraft was very evident. The solar panel temperatures rose to 126 deg. C. and the attitude control system fired all available Y-axis thrusters to counteract the torques. However, attitude control was
1974:
was lowered to begin the "Windmill experiment". During the experiment, the spacecraft was oriented with the solar arrays broadly perpendicular to the orbital path, where they could act as paddles as they impacted molecules of the upper-Venusian atmosphere. Countering this force, the thrusters fired
1646:
During each orbit, the space probe captured radar data while the spacecraft was closest to the surface, and then transmitted it back to Earth as it moved away from Venus. This maneuver required extensive use of the reaction wheels to rotate the spacecraft as it imaged the surface for 37-minutes and
2415:
The main bus voltage dropped to 24.7 volts after five orbits, and it was predicted that attitude control would be lost if the power dropped below 24 volts. It was decided to enhance the
Windmill experiment by changing the panel angles for the remaining orbits. This was also a preplanned experiment
1757:
Immediately after cycle 2, cycle 3 began collecting data for stereo imagery on the surface that would later allow the ground team to construct, clear, three-dimensional renderings of the surface. Approximately 21.3% of the surface was imaged in stereo by the end of the cycle on
September 13, 1992,
1068:
The data was collected at 750 kilobits/second to the tape recorder and later transmitted to Earth (10Bit per second*365*4*24*60=21Mbit (maximum) = 85Foto (maximum) ) to be processed into usable images, by the Radar Data
Processing Subsystem (RDPS), a collection of ground computers operated by JPL.
2379:
On
October 11, 1994, moving at a velocity of 7 kilometers/second, the final orbital trim maneuver was performed, placing the spacecraft 139.7 kilometers above the surface, well within the atmosphere. At this altitude the spacecraft encountered sufficient ram pressure to raise temperatures on the
2370:
mission. Due to the degradation of the power output from the solar arrays and onboard components, and having completed all objectives successfully, the mission was to end in mid-October. The termination sequence began in late August 1994, with a series of orbital trim maneuvers which lowered the
1647:
as it pointed toward Earth for two hours. The primary mission intended for the spacecraft to return images of at least 70 percent of the surface during one
Venusian day, which lasts 243 Earth days as the planet slowly spins. To avoid overly-redundant data at the highest and lowest latitudes, the
786:
thrusters fed from a single 71 cm (28 in) diameter titanium tank. The tank contained 133 kg (293 lb) of purified hydrazine. The design also included a pyrotechnically-isolated external high pressure tank with additional helium that could be connected to the main tank prior to the
2311:
The
Magellan Project Science room became notorious for its hanging of long thermal print strips of image data (FBIDRs) along the walls of a spacious room. This was the first form in which the imagery of the surface of Venus was seen due to the long, narrow swathes acquired by the spacecraft.
485:
A simplified radar mission proposal was recommended by the Solar System
Exploration Committee, and this one was submitted and accepted as the Venus Radar Mapper program in 1983. The proposal included a limited focus and a single primary scientific instrument. In 1985, the mission was renamed
1859:
began recording a constant stream of telemetry. This constant signal allowed the DSN to collect information on the gravitational field of Venus by monitoring the velocity of the spacecraft. Areas of higher gravitation would slightly increase the velocity of the spacecraft, registering as a
2117:
Although Venus has a dense atmosphere, the surface reveals no evidence of substantial wind erosion, and only evidence of limited wind transport of dust and sand. This contrasts with Mars, where there is a thin atmosphere, but substantial evidence of wind erosion and transport of dust and
991:
recorded a series of data bursts for a particular location during multiple instances called, "looks". Each "look" slightly overlapped the previous, returning slightly different information for the same location, as the spacecraft moved in orbit. After transmitting the data back to Earth,
880:
microprocessors, as two redundant systems, to control the command and data subsystem (CDS). The CDS was able to store commands for up to three days, and also to autonomously control the spacecraft if problems were to arise while mission operators were not in contact with the spacecraft.
1893:. The circularized orbit allowed a much higher resolution of gravimetric data to be acquired when cycle 5 began on August 3, 1993. The spacecraft performed 2,855 orbits and provided high-resolution gravimetric data for 94% of the planet, before the end of the cycle on August 29, 1994.
982:
pulses per second that passed through the clouds and to the surface of Venus, illuminating a swath of land. The Radar System then recorded the brightness of each pulse as it reflected back off the side surfaces of rocks, cliffs, volcanoes and other geologic features, as a form of
2114:- continental drift and basin floor spreading - are not evident on Venus. The planet's tectonics is dominated by a system of global rift zones and numerous broad, low domical structures called coronae, produced by the upwelling and subsidence of magma from the mantle.
1945:
The sixth and final orbiting cycle was another extension to the two previous gravimetric studies. Toward the end of the cycle, a final experiment was conducted, known as the "Windmill" experiment to provide data on the composition of the upper atmosphere of Venus.
1102:
In addition to the radar data, Magellan collected several other types of scientific measurements. These included detailed measurements of the Venus gravitational field, measurements of the atmospheric density, and radio occultation data on the atmospheric profile.
775:, the spacecraft design did not lend itself to spinning, so the resulting propulsion system design had to accommodate the challenging control issues with the large Star 48B SRM. The Star 48B, containing 2,014 kg of solid propellant, developed a thrust of ~89
2433:
was about to enter an Earth occultation on orbit 15032. Contact was not re-established. Tracking operations were continued to 11:00 am but no signal was seen, and none was expected. The spacecraft should land on Venus by 1:00 pm PDT Thursday, October 13, 1994.
1728:
had to be reoriented, changing the gathering method to "right-looking". Upon completion during mid-January 1992, cycle 2 provided data for 54.5% of the surface, and combined with the previous cycle, a map containing 96% of the surface could be constructed.
1562:
2055:
2054:
2051:
1559:
2056:
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continued to maintain communication for three more orbits, even though the power continued to drop below 23 volts and eventually reached 20.4 volts. At this time, one battery went off-line, and the spacecraft was defined as power starved.
2300:. These scientists were responsible for validating the data, contributing input for spacecraft acquisition of data, and interpreting the data results for their release to the public. Data was shared with three visiting Soviet scientists (
2375:
to allow the
Windmill experiment to begin on September 6, 1994. The experiment lasted for two weeks and was followed by subsequent orbital trim maneuvers, further lowering the altitude of the spacecraft for the final termination phase.
2125:
created the first (and currently the best) near-photographic quality, high resolution radar mapping of the planet's surface features. Prior Venus missions had created low resolution radar globes of general, continent-sized formations.
1634:
encountered Venus and began the orbital insertion maneuver which placed the spacecraft into a three-hour, nine minute, elliptical orbit that brought the spacecraft 295-kilometers from the surface at about 10 degrees North during the
771:, all spacecraft SRM firings had involved spinning spacecraft, which made control of the SRM a much easier task. In a typical spin mode, any unwanted forces related to SRM or nozzle mis-alignments are cancelled out. In the case of
1561:
2053:
5856:
1723:
Beginning immediately after the end of cycle 1, cycle 2 was intended to provide data for the existing gaps in the map collected during first cycle, including a large portion of the southern hemisphere. To do this,
2405:
in final loss of the spacecraft due to a negative power margin. This was not a problem since spacecraft power would have been too low to sustain operations in the next few weeks due to continuing solar cell loss.
955:
depends entirely on the size of the antenna, which is greatly restricted by costs, physical constraints by launch vehicles and the complexity of maneuvering a large apparatus to provide high resolution data.
1864:
in the signal. The space craft completed 1,878 orbits until completion of the cycle on May 23, 1993; a loss of data at the beginning of the cycle necessitated an additional 10 days of gravitational study.
2295:
project was set up so that the initial images and data from the
Magellan probe were only for use and study by a team of principal investigators from a variety of universities and institutions, and by the
546:(JPL) managed the mission for NASA. Elizabeth Beyer served as the program manager and Joseph Boyce served as the lead program scientist for the NASA headquarters. For JPL, Douglas Griffith served as the
2130:, however, finally allowed detailed imaging and analysis of craters, hills, ridges, and other geologic formations, to a degree comparable to the visible-light photographic mapping of other planets.
1686:. During cycle 1, the altitude of the spacecraft varied from 2000-kilometers at the north pole, to 290-kilometers near periapsis. Upon completion during May 15, 1991, having made 1,792 orbits,
1659:, designated as 76 degrees north latitude to 68 degrees south latitude. However, due to periapsis being 10 degrees north of the equatorial line, imaging the South Pole region was unlikely.
787:
critical Venus orbit insertion burn to ensure maximum thrust from the 445 N thrusters during the SRM firing. Other hardware regarding orientation of the spacecraft consists of a set of
6481:
3148:
747:, containing the computers, data recorders, and other subsystems. The spacecraft measured 6.4 meters tall and 4.6 meters in diameter. Overall, the spacecraft weighed 3,445 kilograms.
2098:
The surface of Venus is mostly covered by volcanic materials. Volcanic surface features, such as vast lava plains, fields of small lava domes, and large shield volcanoes are common.
1560:
5838:
1061:
mode, the instrument interleaved pulses with SAR, and operating similarly with the altimetric antenna, recording information regarding the elevation of the surface on Venus. – In
767:(orientation) was designed to be three-axis stabilized, including during the firing of the Star 48B solid rocket motor (SRM) used to place it into orbit around Venus. Prior to
7218:
1764:
1129:
3053:
Pettengill, Gordon H.; Ford, Peter G.; Johnson, William T. K.; Raney, R. Keith; Soderblom, Laurence A. (April 12, 1991). "Magellan: Radar Performance and Data Products".
2387:
behind Venus. The team continued to listen for another signal from the spacecraft until 18:00:00 UTC, when the mission was determined to have concluded. Although much of
1682:
The primary mission began on September 15, 1990, with the intention to provide a "left-looking" map of 70% of the Venusian surface at a minimum resolution of 1-kilometer/
2408:
Thus, a final controlled experiment was designed to maximize mission return. This final, low altitude was necessary to study the effects of a carbon dioxide atmosphere.
2052:
5862:
1144:
5884:
8360:
2301:
3015:
1034:(RAD). The instrument cycled through the three modes while observing the surface geology, topography, and temperature of Venus using the 3.7-meter parabolic,
2938:
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7176:
6303:
3064:
1796:
1780:
1505:
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The presence of lava channels over 6,000 kilometers long suggests river-like flows of extremely low-viscosity lava that probably erupted at a high rate.
1065:
mode, the high-gain antenna was used to record microwave radiothermal emissions from Venus. This data was used to characterize the surface temperature.
501:
Obtain near-global radar images of the Venusian surface with a resolution equivalent to optical imaging of 1.0 kilometre (0.62 mi) per line pair. (
8203:
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5529:
4748:
3126:
2994:
2885:
2812:
2783:
2579:
8696:
8628:
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8496:
8477:
8432:
8291:
8276:
8266:
8250:
8213:
8157:
8099:
7958:
7877:
7011:
482:(VOIR), but it became clear that the mission would be beyond the budget constraints during the ensuing years. The VOIR mission was canceled in 1982.
2731:
8487:
8365:
7978:
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8219:
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476:
Beginning in the late 1970s, scientists advocated for a radar mapping mission to Venus. They first sought to construct a spacecraft named the
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3578:
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Aerobraking had long been sought as a method for slowing the orbit of interplanetary spacecraft. Previous suggestions included the need for
1815:
8415:
8003:
5745:
5539:
2336:
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that proved too complicated and expensive for most missions. Testing a new approach to the method, a plan was devised to drop the orbit of
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There are few impact craters on Venus, suggesting that the surface is, in general, geologically young – less than 800 million years old.
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performed 1,783 orbits before the end of the cycle on October 13, 1994, when the spacecraft entered the atmosphere and disintegrated.
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3283:
873:
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8427:
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8161:
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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upper-stage booster, carried in the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle. However, the entire Centaur G program was canceled after the
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was expected to vaporize due to atmospheric stresses, some amount of wreckage is thought have hit the surface by 20:00:00 UTC.
2010:
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mission. A low-gain antenna attached to the high-gain antenna was also included for contingencies. When communicating with the
245:
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508:
Obtain a near-global topographic map with 50 kilometres (31 mi) spatial and 100 metres (330 ft) vertical resolution.
7314:
6674:
6112:
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Large pancake-shaped volcanic domes suggest the presence of a type of lava produced by extensive evolution of crustal rocks.
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mission to Jupiter, one that included a fly-by of Venus. Intended for launch in 1986, the pressures to ensure a launch for
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modeling was used to take the overlapping "looks" and combine them into a continuous, high resolution image of the surface.
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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was the fifth successful NASA mission to Venus, and it ended an eleven-year gap in U.S. interplanetary probe launches.
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Develop an understanding of the geological structure of the planet, including its density distribution and dynamics.
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2134:'s global radar map currently remains as the most detailed Venus map in existence, although the upcoming NASA
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Smrekar, Suzanne E. (1994). "Evidence for Active Hotspots on Venus from Analysis of Magellan Gravity Data".
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2304:, Effaim Akim and Alexander Zacharov), a first, and sensitive issue, for NASA at the time considering the
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required a method beyond optical survey, to map the surface of the planet. The resolution of conventional
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in 1989, mixed with a short launch-window necessitating a mid-October launch, resulted in replanning the
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After the initial investigation stage Magellan's full data set was released for public consumption.
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Obtain near-global gravity field data with 700 kilometres (430 mi) resolution and two to three
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probes will carry a radar that can achieve a much higher resolution compared to the radar used by
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had mapped approximately 83.7% of the surface with a resolution between 101 and 250-meters/pixel.
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in May, and into an orbit that would require one year, three months, before encountering Venus.
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had been scheduled for launch in 1988 with a trajectory lasting six months. However, due to the
964:, where a large antenna is imitated by processing the information gathered by ground computers.
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The main body of the spacecraft, a spare one from the Voyager missions, was a 10-sided aluminum
554:'s Space and Communications Group designed and built the spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar.
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Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.
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computers forming one redundant system, located in the attitude-control subsystem, and four
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On October 13, 1994 at 10:05:00 UTC, communication was lost when the spacecraft entered
1085:
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For storing the commands and recorded data, the spacecraft also included two multitrack
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allowed the high-gain antenna to be used for radar data and communicating with Earth
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were included. The batteries recharged as the spacecraft received direct sunlight.
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of data until contact with the Earth was restored and the tapes were played back.
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1935:
Goal: Collect high-resolution gravity data and conduct radio science experiments.
866:
The computing system on the spacecraft was partially modified equipment from the
816:
618:
539:
312:
151:
147:
1411:
and launched on May 5, 1989 01:06:00 UTC, sending the spacecraft into a Type IV
7663:
7630:
7618:
7561:
7516:
7101:
6981:
6738:
6424:
6222:
6212:
6058:
6053:
5911:
5550:
4907:
4886:
4278:
4200:
4185:
4075:
4002:
3997:
3974:
3969:
3911:
3871:
3851:
3801:
3786:
3600:
2941:(Press release). NASA / Planetary Data System. October 12, 1994. Archived from
2292:
2237:
2161:
1008:
993:
613:
362:
5607:
3374:
2688:
782:
The actual propulsion system design consisted of a total of 24 monopropellant
550:
project manager and R. Stephen Saunders served as the lead project scientist.
8670:
7539:
7486:
7479:
7129:
7111:
7006:
6996:
6928:
6773:
6406:
6137:
5916:
5083:
4995:
4853:
4656:
4359:
4160:
4085:
4017:
4007:
3861:
3841:
3821:
3705:
3431:
3250:
3205:
2706:
2497:
2465:
2342:
Other Magellan scientists were involved with the mission's science including
1861:
1054:
1049:
mode, the instrument transmitted several thousand long-wave, 12.6-centimeter
776:
744:
672:
453:
216:
116:
7154:
5016:
3396:
Lyons, Daniel T.; Saunders, R. Stephen; Griffith, Douglas G. (May 1, 1995).
2990:
2779:
2626:
2575:
527:
8633:
8544:
8380:
7398:
7391:
6976:
6543:
5655:
4763:
4599:
4568:
4354:
4027:
4022:
3896:
3881:
3811:
3796:
3738:
3242:
3096:
2332:
1596:
562:
8582:
8462:
8199:
8025:
7943:
7908:
5938:
5814:
4988:
4680:
4012:
3936:
3886:
3836:
3826:
3776:
3771:
3700:
2831:"The Magellan Venus Explorer's Guide, Chapter 4: The Magellan Spacecraft"
2529:"Magellan data unveils ongoing volcanic activity on the surface of Venus"
2222:
2087:
high-resolution global images is providing evidence to better understand
1890:
1822:
1479:
mission. Wary of rapid shuttle launches, the decision was made to launch
1296:
984:
494:, known for his exploration, mapping, and circumnavigation of the Earth.
461:
426:
2067:
8421:
8281:
6669:
6371:
6364:
5879:
5379:
5374:
5127:
4560:
4486:
4461:
4246:
4241:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3901:
3831:
3781:
3743:
3715:
3710:
3088:
2756:
Venusian atmospheric and Magellan properties from attitude control data
2419:
At this point, the spacecraft was expected to survive only two orbits.
1851:
ceased imaging the surface. Instead, beginning mid-September 1992, the
1053:
pulses every second through the high-gain antenna, while measuring the
1031:
512:
2366:
On September 9, 1994, a press release outlined the termination of the
803:
44:
solid rocket motor undergoing final checks at the Kennedy Space Center
7350:
7343:
7271:
7086:
7059:
6907:
6819:
6679:
6648:
6641:
6438:
6336:
6090:
5572:
5567:
5369:
5364:
5354:
5334:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5177:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5122:
5107:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5028:
4833:
4643:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4451:
4436:
4426:
3866:
3846:
3816:
3806:
2666:
2475:
2470:
2139:
2092:
1914:
1803:
1787:
1636:
1449:
1419:
1.5 times, before reaching Venus 15 months later on August 10, 1990.
1050:
1027:
979:
941:
RDRS was a much more capable instrument compared to previous missions
889:
820:
783:
652:
3554:
2339:, and Annette deCharon; and Project Science Aide, Gregory Michaels.
1988:
1875:
Goal: Aerobraking to circular orbit and global gravity measurements.
1855:
maintained pointing of the high-gain antenna toward Earth where the
1464:. The next best opportunity for launching occurred in October 1989.
827:, the spacecraft was able to simultaneously receive commands at 1.2
8385:
7556:
7234:
7213:
5519:
5418:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5117:
5101:
5062:
4848:
4712:
4702:
4491:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4441:
4406:
4341:
3916:
2305:
2142:
1640:
877:
828:
452:
probe was the first interplanetary mission to be launched from the
1467:
Further complicating the launch however, was the launching of the
433:
on May 4, 1989. Its mission objectives were to map the surface of
7999:
7673:
7450:
7240:
6601:
6591:
6494:
5933:
5466:
4697:
4180:
3174:
Dallas, S. S. (February 1987). "The Venus Radar Mapper Mission".
1584:
1444:, were deferred until shuttle flights resumed in September 1988.
401:
41:
2335:, the Deputy Project Scientist; research assistants Tim Parker,
2095:, and tectonics in the formation of Venusian surface structures.
1511:
The spacecraft in a deployment position in Atlantis' payload bay
8623:
8618:
8571:
8534:
8523:
8370:
8341:
8225:
8126:
8084:
8014:
8009:
7953:
7573:
6635:
6566:
6063:
5928:
5633:
5313:
5308:
5287:
5282:
5183:
5157:
5152:
5112:
4637:
4609:
4604:
4573:
4400:
2274:
1496:
1396:
836:
832:
228:
531:
The Voyager probe spacecraft bus that formed the main body of
410:
mission, commemorating the deorbit of the spacecraft in 1994.
7409:
6659:
6432:
6396:
6391:
6182:
4942:
3623:
2331:
consisted of Dr. R. Stephen Saunders, the Project Scientist;
2165:
2072:
1683:
1460:
probe had to be modified to be attached to the less-powerful
975:
952:
434:
380:
342:
332:
57:
3398:"The Magellan Venus mapping mission: Aerobraking operations"
2060:
Rendered animation of Venus rotating using data gathered by
7733:
7445:
5754:
3522:
3488:
3454:
3370:
3325:
3275:
3122:
3024:
2978:
2838:
2804:
2763:
2727:
2614:
2563:
2501:
2312:
Significant guests during the mission's operation included
1736:
Mosaic of the "right-looking" data collected during cycle 2
430:
68:
3052:
1697:
Mosaic of the "left-looking" data collected during cycle 1
5638:
3526:
3492:
3458:
3329:
3279:
2982:
2842:
2808:
2618:
2567:
1885:
At the end of the fourth cycle in May 1993, the orbit of
1416:
7822:
3592:
2753:
Croom, Christopher A.; Tolson, Robert H. (August 1994).
2671:. Robotic Exploration of the Solar System. Vol. 2.
1713:
Goal: Image the south pole region and gaps from Cycle 1.
565:
parts and reused design elements from other spacecraft:
490:, in honor of the sixteenth-century Portuguese explorer
5723:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
1758:
increasing the overall coverage of the surface to 98%.
3395:
3017:
The Face of Venus: The Magellan Radar-Mapping Mission
1747:
Goal: Fill remaining gaps and collect stereo imagery.
3125:/ National Space Science Data Center. 1989-033B-01.
2589:
2442:
1376:
was launched on May 4, 1989, at 18:46:59 UTC by the
1153:
being fixed into position inside the payload bay of
3065:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2492:
2490:
2236:A meandering lava channel from Fortuna Tessera to
960:addressed this problem by using a method known as
835:and transmit data at 268.8 kilobits/second in the
750:
3014:Roth, Ladislav E.; Wall, Stephen D. (June 1995).
2964:
2962:
2960:
2888:(Press release). NASA. April 1989. Archived from
2824:
2822:
2730:/ National Space Science Data Center. 1989-033B.
1448:was planned to be launched with a liquid-fueled,
8668:
4937:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3046:
2251:An unusual volcanic edifice in the Eistla region
2179:Volcanoes as seen in the Fortuna region of Venus
1183:Space Shuttle vehicle launched at 18:46:59 UTC.
861:
422:spacecraft was a 1,035-kilogram (2,282 lb)
2487:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3151:. NASA / Planetary Data System. Archived from
3009:
3007:
2957:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2819:
2718:
2716:
2429:Communication was lost at 3:02 am PDT just as
2149:. Both probes are expected to launch in 2029.
7808:
7184:
7170:
5739:
4923:
3608:
3348:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2801:"Synthetic Aperture Radar Instrument Shipped"
1552:
1378:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
538:The spacecraft was designed and built by the
2664:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2395:Quoted from Status Report - October 13, 1994
2371:spacecraft into the outermost layers of the
1889:was circularized using a technique known as
1022:The Radar System functioned in three modes:
3588:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
3438:
3004:
2861:
2793:
2752:
2713:
2520:
2017:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1960:Goal: Collect data on atmospheric dynamics.
974:, oriented 28°–78° to the right or left of
126:5 years, 5 months and 9 days
7815:
7801:
7177:
7163:
6118:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
5746:
5732:
4930:
4916:
3615:
3601:
3477:
3298:
3257:
2904:
2746:
460:booster, and the first spacecraft to test
90:
7012:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
3511:
2886:"Space Shuttle Mission STS-30 Press Kit"
2645:
2037:Learn how and when to remove this message
1837:Goal: Measure Venus' gravitational field.
895:
819:and a medium-gain antenna spare from the
464:as a method for circularizing its orbit.
18:NASA orbiter mission to Venus (1989–1994)
8697:Spacecraft launched by the Space Shuttle
3451:"Magellan Begins Termination Activities"
3319:
3111:
3013:
2815:from the original on September 10, 2024.
2665:Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M. (2009).
2353:
2066:
2048:
1731:
1692:
1556:
1368:
802:
754:
526:
497:The objectives of the mission included:
7097:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
3533:from the original on September 18, 2024
3499:from the original on September 18, 2024
3465:from the original on September 18, 2024
3286:from the original on September 18, 2024
3218:
3212:
3167:
3141:
2550:
2548:
2541:from the original on September 5, 2024.
2322:
1770:Map of the stereo imaging collected by
1590:Artistic depiction of the orbiter cycle
1254:Begin Venus extended mission operations
8669:
5885:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
3173:
3149:"PDS Instrument Profile: Radar System"
2585:from the original on December 5, 2022.
2526:
2346:and three visiting Soviet scientists.
1965:September 6, 1994 – September 14, 1994
1953:
1825:observed from reprojecting stereo data
1210:Begin Venus primary mission operations
987:. To increase the imaging resolution,
7796:
7315:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
7158:
6675:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
5727:
4911:
3596:
3389:
3184:(2). Pergamon Journals Ltd: 105–124.
2828:
2789:from the original on August 19, 2024.
2606:
2554:
2380:solar arrays to 126 degrees Celsius.
1752:January 15, 1992 – September 13, 1992
1434:in 1986, several missions, including
923:Orbital path for collecting RDRS data
7137:
3129:from the original on August 30, 2023
3000:from the original on August 2, 2024.
2829:Young, Carolynn, ed. (August 1990).
2607:Young, Carolynn, ed. (August 1990).
2545:
2508:from the original on August 14, 2024
2015:adding citations to reliable sources
1982:
1701:
522:
5682:List of artificial objects on Venus
2849:from the original on August 2, 2024
2734:from the original on April 15, 2024
2633:from the original on August 2, 2024
2555:James, Warren W. (March 24, 1986).
1362:. Loss of contact at 10:05:00 UTC.
13:
7327:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
5791:National Aeronautics and Space Act
3584:by NASA's Solar System Exploration
3336:from the original on March 2, 2024
1928:
1868:
1830:
1790:reprojected in 3D from stereo data
1740:
1706:
1665:
1639:and out to 7762-kilometers during
1162:
1057:of each hitting the surface. – In
1014:
1007:
391:August 10, 1990, 17:00:00 UTC
14:
8728:
7717:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
7669:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
6745:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
6299:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
3548:
2349:
2110:The typical signs of terrestrial
1940:April 16, 1994 – October 13, 1994
1921:into the outermost region of the
1842:September 14, 1992 – May 23, 1993
1677:September 15, 1990 – May 15, 1991
1672:Goal: Complete primary objective.
1221:Venus orbital insertion maneuver
911:Orientation while collecting data
798:
317:10,470 kilometers (6,510 mi)
7782:Space Flight Operations Facility
7579:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
7136:
7125:
7124:
7040:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
6798:Space Flight Operations Facility
5984:Operations and Checkout Building
5027:
5021:
5015:
4891:
4882:
4881:
3320:Grayzeck, Ed (January 8, 1997).
3119:"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)"
2971:Magellan: The unveiling of Venus
2557:"Magellan (Formerly VRM) Update"
2445:
2273:
2256:
2244:
2229:
2214:
2199:
2184:
2172:
2154:
1987:
1970:In September 1994, the orbit of
1814:
1795:
1779:
1763:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1536:
1516:
1504:
1488:
1143:
1128:
1113:
1097:
928:
916:
904:
400:
347:7,762 kilometers (4,823 mi)
31:
7636:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
6259:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
2939:"Mission Information: Magellan"
2673:Springer Science+Business Media
2610:Magellan Venus Explorer's Guide
2527:Warren, Haygen (June 2, 2024).
1903:Goal: To enter a circular orbit
1718:May 15, 1991 – January 14, 1992
1620:The highly elliptical orbit of
1303:into an almost circular orbit.
1093:Fufel. Abschießen. annulieren..
935:Comparison to previous missions
807:Positions of the three antennas
751:Attitude control and propulsion
8712:Space synthetic aperture radar
3367:"Magellan Mission at a Glance"
1896:
1880:May 24, 1993 – August 29, 1994
102:
1:
7711:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
5677:Observations and explorations
5578:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
2481:
2298:Magellan Project Science Team
2286:
1908:May 24, 1993 – August 2, 1993
1166:
862:Computers and data processing
441:and to measure the planetary
169:1,035 kg (2,282 lb)
161:3,445 kg (7,595 lb)
7777:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
7642:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
7321:Soil Moisture Active Passive
7224:Atmospheric infrared sounder
7077:Space program on U.S. stamps
7002:Gemini and Apollo medallions
6952:Solar System Family Portrait
6728:Joint Polar Satellite System
6597:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
5851:Vision for Space Exploration
5821:Space Exploration Initiative
5613:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
3566:mission description and data
3424:10.1016/0094-5765(95)00032-U
3198:10.1016/0094-5765(87)90010-5
3081:10.1126/science.252.5003.260
2668:Hiatus and Renewal 1983–1996
2308:was just coming to a close.
1602:Diagram of the mapping cycle
1333:Begin "Windmill" experiment
1042:, located just to the side.
479:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
337:295 kilometers (183 mi)
7:
8702:Spacecraft launched in 1989
7296:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
7072:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
7029:We choose to go to the Moon
6992:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
6550:International Space Station
6530:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
6269:Great Observatories program
6113:International Space Station
6091:Roscosmos State Corporation
6008:Science Mission Directorate
5954:Manned Space Flight Network
4814:Artificial objects on Venus
4809:Geological mapping of Venus
2438:
1651:probe alternated between a
1407:booster were deployed from
972:high-gain parabolic antenna
638:High- and low-gain antenna
628:Command and data subsystem
557:To save costs, most of the
456:, the first one to use the
10:
8733:
7754:Table Mountain Observatory
6889:NASA cameras on spacecraft
6700:James Webb Space Telescope
6612:Solar Dynamics Observatory
5833:U.S. National Space Policy
5293:Pioneer Venus Small Probes
5002:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
2358:A poster designed for the
1978:
1572:
1553:Orbital encounter of Venus
1415:where it would circle the
1138:during pre-flight checkout
1106:
888:, able to store up to 225
850:was powered by two square
471:
276:October 13, 1994, 10:05:00
8652:
8611:
8553:
8505:
8399:
8328:
8259:
8187:
8118:
8077:
7987:
7901:
7847:
7767:
7726:
7703:
7682:
7656:
7585:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
7535:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
7362:
7259:Large Binocular Telescope
7192:
7186:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
7120:
7020:
6897:
6812:
6757:
6720:
6519:
6329:
6316:
6246:
6160:
6150:
6105:
6031:
6020:
5964:Vehicle Assembly Building
5872:
5771:
5761:
5710:
5664:
5626:
5590:
5560:
5487:
5480:
5453:
5428:
5399:
5392:
5322:
5301:
5235:
5199:
5093:
5043:
5036:
5013:
4974:
4956:
4949:
4877:
4864:Neith (hypothetical moon)
4826:
4801:
4772:
4726:
4690:
4665:
4381:
4372:
4340:
4292:
4266:
4259:
4219:
4036:
3983:
3950:
3756:
3724:
3693:
3686:
3650:
3643:
3630:
3622:
2689:10.1007/978-0-387-78905-7
2629:. JPL Publication 90-24.
2461:List of missions to Venus
2221:Pancake domes visible in
2091:and the role of impacts,
1847:Upon completing cycle 3,
1193:Spacecraft deployed from
544:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
399:
395:
387:
379:
375:
371:
361:
351:
341:
331:
321:
311:
301:
296:
292:
288:
272:
264:
259:
255:
251:
238:
210:
194:
189:
185:
181:
173:
165:
157:
143:
138:
134:
130:
122:
112:
99:
78:
64:
53:
49:
30:
7759:Solar System Ambassadors
7591:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
7035:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
6959:The Day the Earth Smiled
6294:Solar Terrestrial Probes
5753:
5227:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
4592:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
3942:List of coronae on Venus
3519:"Magellan Status Report"
3485:"Magellan Status Report"
3322:"Magellan: Mission Plan"
3272:"Magellan Status Report"
3027:. SP-520. Archived from
1077:Gordon Pettengill / MIT
1047:Synthetic Aperture Radar
1024:synthetic aperture radar
856:nickel-cadmium batteries
842:
659:Power distribution unit
439:synthetic-aperture radar
406:Legacy insignia for the
7744:NASA Deep Space Network
7597:Spitzer Space Telescope
7512:Mars Exploration Rovers
7303:Mars Science Laboratory
7230:Deep Space Atomic Clock
7092:Other primates in space
6804:Deep Space Atomic Clock
6624:Mars Science Laboratory
6412:Spitzer Space Telescope
6001:Lunar Sample Laboratory
5944:Launch Services Program
5598:European Venus Explorer
4734:European Venus Explorer
4350:Venus-crosser asteroids
2412:maintained to the end.
2400:Communication with the
2344:principal investigators
1786:Eistla Regio featuring
1075:Principal investigator:
978:, emitted thousands of
552:Hughes Aircraft Company
8717:Space radar altimeters
8692:Orbiters (space probe)
8687:Destroyed space probes
7309:Microwave limb sounder
7107:National Astronaut Day
7050:The Astronaut Monument
6872:Space Shuttle missions
6572:Mars Exploration Rover
6555:Hubble Space Telescope
6464:Kepler space telescope
6264:Earth Observing System
6238:Mars Exploration Rover
5949:Mercury Control Center
4594: / Pioneer 13
4588: / Pioneer 12
3495:. September 16, 1994.
3243:10.1006/icar.1994.1166
2436:
2363:
2280:Magellan radar imagery
2079:
2064:
1737:
1698:
1570:
1382:KSC Launch Complex 39B
1323:Begin mapping cycle 6
1313:Begin mapping cycle 5
1285:Begin mapping cycle 4
1275:Begin mapping cycle 3
1265:Begin mapping cycle 2
1231:Begin mapping cycle 1
1019:
1012:
947:Thick and opaque, the
896:Scientific instruments
886:digital tape recorders
808:
760:
535:
333:Pericytherion altitude
7727:Related organizations
7055:Lunar sample displays
7045:Space Mirror Memorial
6987:Voyager Golden Record
6879:United States rockets
6071: (with the
5979:Launch Control Center
5407:Venus Orbiter Mission
5058:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
4586:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
3907:Scalloped margin dome
3877:Quetzalpetlatl Corona
3461:. September 9, 1994.
2398:
2357:
2071:Five global views of
2070:
2059:
1808:vertical exaggeration
1735:
1696:
1565:
1399:. Once in orbit, the
1369:Launch and trajectory
1120:Annotated diagram of
1018:
1011:
806:
758:
715:Payload Assist Module
561:probe was made up of
530:
343:Apocytherion altitude
302:Reference system
198:May 4, 1989, 18:47:00
139:Spacecraft properties
7831:Orbital launches in
7772:JPL Science Division
7506:Mars Global Surveyor
7474:Mars Climate Orbiter
6073:Soviet space program
5991:Johnson Space Center
5959:Kennedy Space Center
5922:spinoff technologies
5591:Cancelled / concepts
3377:on February 26, 2011
3282:. October 13, 1994.
3023:. Washington, D.C.:
2977:(Technical report).
2762:(Technical report).
2675:. pp. 167–195.
2329:Project Science Team
2323:Project Science Team
2302:Alexander Basilevsky
2282:at Wikimedia Commons
2194:, a rugged landscape
2011:improve this section
1630:On August 10, 1990,
1575:Exploration of Venus
1529:Inertial Upper Stage
1462:Inertial Upper Stage
1405:Inertial Upper Stage
1386:Kennedy Space Center
725:Inertial Upper Stage
682:Pyrotechnic control
676:auxiliary power unit
649:Medium-gain antenna
458:Inertial Upper Stage
7082:Apollo 17 Moon mice
6938:Pillars of Creation
6845:Space Shuttle crews
6323:(human and robotic)
6317:Individual featured
5900:Ranks and positions
4939:Spacecraft missions
3529:. October 1, 1994.
3416:1995AcAau..35..669L
3235:1994Icar..112....2S
3190:1987AcAau..15..105D
3073:1991Sci...252..260P
3034:on February 6, 2010
2772:1994MsT.........22C
2681:2009ress.book.....U
2534:NASASpaceflight.com
2373:Venusian atmosphere
2164:, highest point on
1954:Windmill experiment
1923:Venusian atmosphere
1388:in Florida, aboard
1360:Venusian atmosphere
949:atmosphere of Venus
815:left over from the
694:traveling-wave tube
443:gravitational field
280:1994-10-13UTC10:06Z
202:1989-05-04UTC18:47Z
27:
6884:NASA cancellations
6779:Deep Space Network
6769:Near Earth Network
6254:Living With a Star
6228:Project Prometheus
6208:Planetary Observer
5692:Manned Venus flyby
4982:Parker Solar Probe
3965:Guinevere Planitia
3857:Nightingale Corona
2453:Spaceflight portal
2364:
2080:
2065:
1857:Deep Space Network
1738:
1699:
1571:
1456:disaster, and the
1413:heliocentric orbit
1299:maneuver to place
1020:
1013:
962:synthetic aperture
825:Deep Space Network
809:
761:
709:Solid rocket motor
582: Design reuse
576: Flight spare
536:
492:Ferdinand Magellan
297:Orbital parameters
23:
8682:NASA space probes
8677:Missions to Venus
8664:
8663:
7790:
7789:
7749:Goldstone Complex
7704:Canceled missions
7683:Proposed missions
7500:Mars Polar Lander
7152:
7151:
7065:stolen or missing
6862:uncrewed missions
6840:Apollo astronauts
6835:Gemini astronauts
6753:
6752:
6537:2001 Mars Odyssey
6312:
6311:
6188:Mars Surveyor '98
6146:
6145:
6089: (with
6022:Human spaceflight
6016:
6015:
5974:Launch Complex 48
5969:Launch Complex 39
5721:
5720:
5627:Program overviews
5586:
5585:
5481:Proposed missions
5476:
5475:
5461:Venus Life Finder
5388:
5387:
5011:
5010:
4905:
4904:
4822:
4821:
4718:Venus Life Finder
4389:Sputnik programme
4368:
4367:
4255:
4254:
3752:
3751:
3521:(Press release).
3487:(Press release).
3453:(Press release).
3403:Acta Astronautica
3274:(Press release).
3177:Acta Astronautica
2803:(Press release).
2698:978-0-387-78904-0
2562:(Press release).
2385:radio occultation
2314:Margaret Thatcher
2278:Media related to
2057:
2047:
2046:
2039:
1821:Volcanic dome in
1702:Mission extension
1563:
1403:and its attached
1366:
1365:
1197:at 01:06:00 UTC.
1092:
1078:
1036:high-gain antenna
872:. There were two
813:high-gain antenna
763:The spacecraft's
741:
740:
569:Reuse Type Legend
542:Company, and the
523:Spacecraft design
414:
413:
388:Orbital insertion
8724:
8204:DFS Kopernikus 1
7888:Intelsat VA F-15
7836:
7835:
7834:
7817:
7810:
7803:
7794:
7793:
7657:Planned missions
7648:Lunar Flashlight
7254:Keck observatory
7193:Current missions
7179:
7172:
7165:
7156:
7155:
7140:
7139:
7128:
7127:
6966:Fallen Astronaut
6607:Van Allen Probes
6327:
6326:
6233:Mars Exploration
6158:
6157:
6029:
6028:
5797:Space Task Group
5769:
5768:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5725:
5724:
5687:List of missions
5603:Inspiration Mars
5485:
5484:
5397:
5396:
5393:Planned missions
5330:Tyazhely Sputnik
5041:
5040:
5031:
5025:
5019:
4954:
4953:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4895:
4885:
4884:
4787:Inspiration Mars
4379:
4378:
4264:
4263:
4237:Surface features
3892:Sacajawea Patera
3691:
3690:
3678:Mapping of Venus
3648:
3647:
3635:Outline of Venus
3617:
3610:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3447:
3436:
3435:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3373:. Archived from
3363:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3317:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3268:
3255:
3254:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3155:on July 21, 2011
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3022:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2991:2060/19890015048
2976:
2966:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2945:on July 21, 2011
2935:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2892:on June 19, 2019
2882:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2780:2060/19950005278
2761:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2662:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2627:2060/19900019276
2604:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2576:2060/19860023785
2561:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2494:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2333:Dr. Ellen Stofan
2283:
2277:
2260:
2248:
2233:
2218:
2203:
2188:
2176:
2158:
2089:Venusian geology
2058:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2022:
1991:
1983:
1818:
1802:Reprojection of
1799:
1783:
1767:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1564:
1540:
1520:
1508:
1492:
1422:Originally, the
1167:
1147:
1132:
1117:
1081:
1073:
1040:fan-beam antenna
932:
920:
908:
765:attitude control
692:Radio-frequency
669:Propellant tank
599:Attitude control
587:
586:
581:
575:
404:
283:
281:
226:
219:
205:
203:
190:Start of mission
123:Mission duration
117:science.nasa.gov
104:
95:
94:
88:
35:
28:
22:
8732:
8731:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8648:
8607:
8598:Molniya-3 No.46
8549:
8545:Intelsat VI F-2
8501:
8497:Gorizont No.31L
8478:Molniya-1 No.69
8433:Resurs-F1 No.48
8395:
8324:
8292:Resurs-F1 No.47
8277:Gorizont No.27L
8267:Nadezhda No.403
8255:
8251:Resurs-F1 No.46
8214:Molniya-3 No.45
8183:
8158:Resurs-F1 No.45
8114:
8073:
7983:
7959:Molniya-1 No.84
7897:
7878:Gorizont No.29L
7843:
7842:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7821:
7791:
7786:
7763:
7722:
7699:
7678:
7652:
7494:Mars Pathfinder
7371:Cassini-Huygens
7358:
7338:Voyager program
7188:
7183:
7153:
7148:
7116:
7016:
7007:Mission patches
6982:Pioneer plaques
6945:Mystic Mountain
6922:Family Portrait
6915:The Blue Marble
6899:
6893:
6867:Apollo missions
6808:
6760:
6749:
6716:
6521:
6515:
6352:Mercury-Atlas 6
6322:
6318:
6308:
6242:
6178:Mariner Mark II
6142:
6123:Commercial Crew
6101:
6024:
6012:
5996:Mission Control
5895:Astronaut Corps
5890:Chief Scientist
5868:
5773:
5757:
5752:
5722:
5717:
5706:
5660:
5622:
5582:
5556:
5472:
5449:
5424:
5384:
5323:Failed launches
5318:
5297:
5231:
5195:
5171:Cassini–Huygens
5089:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5007:
4970:
4950:Active missions
4945:
4936:
4906:
4901:
4873:
4818:
4797:
4774:
4768:
4722:
4686:
4661:
4632:Cassini–Huygens
4534:Mariner program
4364:
4336:
4288:
4251:
4215:
4032:
3988:
3979:
3955:
3946:
3762:
3760:
3748:
3734:Aphrodite Terra
3720:
3682:
3639:
3626:
3621:
3582:Mission Profile
3551:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3449:
3448:
3439:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3365:
3364:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3318:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3270:
3269:
3258:
3217:
3213:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3020:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2827:
2820:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2699:
2663:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2605:
2590:
2582:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2397:
2352:
2325:
2289:
2284:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2225:
2219:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2192:Aphrodite Terra
2189:
2180:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2112:plate tectonics
2049:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2008:
1992:
1981:
1956:
1931:
1929:Mapping cycle 6
1899:
1871:
1869:Mapping cycle 5
1833:
1831:Mapping cycle 4
1826:
1819:
1810:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1768:
1743:
1741:Mapping cycle 3
1709:
1707:Mapping cycle 2
1704:
1668:
1666:Mapping cycle 1
1662:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1577:
1557:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1521:
1512:
1509:
1500:
1493:
1395:during mission
1371:
1358:Deorbited into
1356:End of mission.
1352:
1340:
1330:
1320:
1310:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1206:
1190:
1180:
1165:
1163:Mission profile
1158:
1157:prior to launch
1148:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1090:PDS/GSN archive
945:
944:
943:
942:
938:
937:
936:
933:
925:
924:
921:
913:
912:
909:
898:
864:
845:
831:/second in the
817:Voyager Program
801:
753:
583:
579:
577:
573:
540:Martin Marietta
525:
474:
405:
313:Semi-major axis
279:
277:
227:
215:
214:
201:
199:
152:Hughes Aircraft
150:
148:Martin Marietta
89:
84:
45:
19:
12:
11:
5:
8730:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8662:
8661:
8657:Crewed flights
8653:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8615:
8613:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8568:
8563:
8557:
8555:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8520:
8515:
8509:
8507:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8488:Interkosmos 24
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8418:
8413:
8403:
8401:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8366:Resurs-F2 No.4
8363:
8354:
8338:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8263:
8261:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8197:
8191:
8189:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8168:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8066:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8006:
7997:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7979:Meteor-2 No.22
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7844:
7838:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7812:
7805:
7797:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7714:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7664:Europa Clipper
7660:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7639:
7633:
7628:
7621:
7619:TOPEX/Poseidon
7616:
7611:
7606:
7599:
7594:
7588:
7582:
7576:
7571:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7522:
7509:
7502:
7497:
7490:
7483:
7477:
7470:
7465:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7395:
7388:
7381:
7374:
7366:
7364:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7355:
7354:
7347:
7335:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7300:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7282:
7269:
7262:
7256:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7204:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7189:
7182:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7159:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7134:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7102:Astronauts Day
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6918:
6911:
6903:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6854:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6776:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6761:and navigation
6759:Communications
6755:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6739:Europa Clipper
6735:
6730:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6621:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6525:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6498:
6491:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6466:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6422:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6333:
6331:
6324:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6193:New Millennium
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6164:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6081:
6076:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6035:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5781:
5779:
5766:
5759:
5758:
5751:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5488:Venus missions
5482:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5464:
5457:
5455:
5454:Descent probes
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5441:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5403:
5401:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5303:
5302:Balloon probes
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5200:Descent probes
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5047:
5045:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4985:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4960:
4958:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4935:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4385:
4383:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4116:Goeppert-Mayer
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4003:Artemis Chasma
4000:
3998:Aikhulu Chasma
3994:
3992:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3975:Sedna Planitia
3972:
3970:Lakshmi Planum
3967:
3961:
3959:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:Siddons Patera
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:Pavlova Corona
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Maxwell Montes
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:Ciuacoatl Mons
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:Artemis Corona
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3550:
3549:External links
3547:
3545:
3544:
3510:
3476:
3437:
3410:(9): 669–676.
3388:
3347:
3297:
3256:
3211:
3166:
3140:
3110:
3045:
3003:
2985:. March 1989.
2956:
2903:
2860:
2818:
2792:
2766:. p. 22.
2745:
2712:
2697:
2644:
2588:
2544:
2519:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2440:
2437:
2393:
2362:end of mission
2351:
2350:End of mission
2348:
2337:Dr. Jeff Plaut
2324:
2321:
2288:
2285:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2263:175-kilometer
2262:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2238:Sedna Planitia
2235:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2162:Maxwell Montes
2160:
2153:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2045:
2044:
1995:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1774:during cycle 3
1769:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1657:Southern-swath
1653:Northern-swath
1619:
1618:
1614:Mapping cycles
1613:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:Main article:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1543:Trajectory of
1542:
1535:
1533:
1523:Deployment of
1522:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1499:on May 4, 1989
1494:
1487:
1428:Space Shuttle
1390:Space Shuttle
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1295:Begin testing
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1086:PDS/IN catalog
1079:
1006:
1005:
1000:Radar System (
940:
939:
934:
927:
926:
922:
915:
914:
910:
903:
902:
901:
900:
899:
897:
894:
863:
860:
844:
841:
800:
799:Communications
797:
752:
749:
739:
738:
732:
728:
727:
722:
718:
717:
713:Space Shuttle
711:
705:
704:
697:
689:
688:
683:
679:
678:
670:
666:
665:
660:
656:
655:
650:
646:
645:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
624:
616:
610:
609:
602:
595:
594:
591:
585:
584:
578:
572:
570:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
509:
506:
473:
470:
412:
411:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
385:
384:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
359:
358:
355:
349:
348:
345:
339:
338:
335:
329:
328:
325:
319:
318:
315:
309:
308:
306:Cytherocentric
303:
299:
298:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
274:
270:
269:
266:
262:
261:
260:End of mission
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
240:
236:
235:
212:
208:
207:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
145:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
106:
97:
96:
82:
76:
75:
66:
62:
61:
55:
51:
50:
47:
46:
36:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8729:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8658:
8651:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8610:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8578:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8552:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8540:Meteor-3 No.4
8538:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8525:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8504:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8423:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8343:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8220:Okean-O1 No.4
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8186:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8133:
8129:
8128:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8076:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8016:
8012:
8011:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7846:
7841:
7837:
7826:
7818:
7813:
7811:
7806:
7804:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7766:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7718:
7715:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7702:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7690:Europa Lander
7688:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7487:Mars Observer
7484:
7481:
7480:Mars Cube One
7478:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:Past missions
7361:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7173:
7168:
7166:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7145:
7144:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7113:
7112:Nikon NASA F4
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6997:NASA insignia
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6977:Lunar plaques
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6929:Pale Blue Dot
6926:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6896:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6857:NASA missions
6855:
6853:
6852:NASA aircraft
6850:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6774:Space Network
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6756:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6518:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6407:Space Shuttle
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:New Frontiers
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6198:Lunar Orbiter
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6139:
6138:Lunar Gateway
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6097:Constellation
6095:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6080:
6079:Space Shuttle
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5917:NASA research
5915:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5744:
5742:
5737:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5651:Pioneer Venus
5649:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5546:
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5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5084:Venus Express
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:Past missions
5035:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4996:Solar Orbiter
4994:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4948:
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4940:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4657:Venus Express
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:Pioneer Venus
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4544:
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4541:
4537:
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4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
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4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:Venus trojans
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
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4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:Maria Celeste
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Devana Chasma
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Baltis Vallis
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Onatah Corona
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:Jaszai Patera
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Heng-o Corona
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:Baʽhet Corona
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:Asteria Regio
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3599:
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3595:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3008:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2944:
2940:
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2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2811:. 1988-1193.
2810:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
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2558:
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2549:
2540:
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2523:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Venus Express
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2443:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:The Magellan
2320:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2083:Study of the
2082:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2041:
2038:
2030:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1996:This section
1994:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1862:Doppler shift
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1798:
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1789:
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1211:
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1205:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1098:Other science
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:doppler shift
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1003:
999:
998:
997:
995:
990:
986:
981:
977:
973:
970:
965:
963:
959:
954:
950:
931:
919:
907:
893:
891:
887:
882:
879:
875:
871:
870:
859:
857:
853:
849:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
805:
796:
794:
790:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
757:
748:
746:
736:
733:
730:
729:
726:
723:
721:Star scanner
720:
719:
716:
712:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
673:Space Shuttle
671:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
657:
654:
651:
648:
647:
643:
640:
637:
636:
633:
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626:
623:
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571:
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541:
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517:
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510:
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504:
500:
499:
498:
495:
493:
489:
483:
481:
480:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:Space Shuttle
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
420:
409:
403:
398:
394:
390:
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366:
364:
360:
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324:
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300:
295:
291:
287:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
247:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
225:
224:
218:
217:Space Shuttle
213:
209:
197:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
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137:
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129:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
105:
98:
93:
87:
83:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
21:
16:
8707:Space radars
8656:
8634:Progress M-2
8629:Gran' No.36L
8570:
8522:
8420:
8386:Marco Polo 1
8381:Progress M-1
8340:
8246:Globus No.11
8218:
8131:
8125:
8100:Gran' No.33L
8008:
7624:
7602:
7567:
7545:
7525:
7517:
7504:
7492:
7485:
7472:
7461:
7460:
7429:
7415:
7399:Deep Space 2
7397:
7392:Deep Space 1
7390:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7349:
7342:
7294:
7285:
7278:Perseverance
7277:
7266:Mars Odyssey
7264:
7247:
7239:
7206:
7199:
7142:
7130:
6964:
6957:
6951:
6943:
6936:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6737:
6686:Perseverance
6685:
6647:
6640:
6617:
6577:
6560:
6544:New Horizons
6542:
6535:
6528:
6501:
6493:
6469:
6457:
6450:
6437:
6425:
6417:
6378:
6370:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6085:
6069:Apollo–Soyuz
5697:Terraforming
5672:Colonization
5549:
5444:MBR Explorer
5435:
5188:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5100:
5082:
5051:
5050:
4987:
4963:
4793:Terraforming
4782:Colonization
4764:Shukrayaan-1
4679:
4672:
4649:
4642:
4630:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4600:Vega program
4569:Zond program
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4432:Venera 1964A
4028:Ganis Chasma
4023:Diana Chasma
3897:Sachs Patera
3882:Pancake dome
3812:Fotla Corona
3797:Boala Corona
3739:Ishtar Terra
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3537:February 22,
3535:. Retrieved
3513:
3503:February 22,
3501:. Retrieved
3479:
3469:February 22,
3467:. Retrieved
3407:
3401:
3391:
3381:February 21,
3379:. Retrieved
3375:the original
3340:February 27,
3338:. Retrieved
3290:February 22,
3288:. Retrieved
3226:
3220:
3214:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3159:February 27,
3157:. Retrieved
3153:the original
3143:
3133:February 24,
3131:. Retrieved
3113:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3038:February 21,
3036:. Retrieved
3029:the original
3016:
2970:
2949:February 20,
2947:. Retrieved
2943:the original
2896:February 22,
2894:. Retrieved
2890:the original
2851:. Retrieved
2834:
2795:
2755:
2748:
2738:February 21,
2736:. Retrieved
2667:
2637:February 22,
2635:. Retrieved
2609:
2532:
2522:
2512:November 30,
2510:. Retrieved
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2341:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2290:
2146:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2084:
2076:
2061:
2033:
2027:October 2015
2024:
2009:Please help
1997:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1771:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1566:
1544:
1524:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1408:
1400:
1391:
1373:
1372:
1355:
1349:
1300:
1253:
1247:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1154:
1150:
1135:
1121:
1101:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1044:
1038:and a small
1021:
1001:
988:
968:
966:
957:
946:
883:
868:
865:
852:solar arrays
847:
846:
810:
793:star scanner
781:
772:
768:
762:
742:
734:
699:
685:
662:
641:
631:
619:
604:
563:flight spare
558:
556:
547:
537:
532:
515:of accuracy.
502:
496:
487:
484:
477:
475:
465:
449:
447:
429:launched by
418:
417:
415:
407:
323:Eccentricity
222:
177:~1,030 watts
144:Manufacturer
71: /
54:Mission type
37:
24:
20:
15:
8644:Kosmos 2054
8639:Kosmos 2053
8603:Kosmos 2052
8588:Kosmos 2051
8583:Kosmos 2050
8561:Kosmos 2049
8518:Kosmos 2048
8513:Kosmos 2047
8483:Kosmos 2046
8468:Kosmos 2045
8463:Kosmos 2044
8458:Kosmos 2043
8454:Kosmos 2042
8450:Kosmos 2041
8446:Kosmos 2040
8442:Kosmos 2039
8438:Kosmos 2038
8391:Kosmos 2037
8376:Kosmos 2036
8336:Kosmos 2035
8320:Kosmos 2034
8315:Kosmos 2033
8310:Kosmos 2032
8305:Kosmos 2031
8287:Kosmos 2030
8272:Kosmos 2029
8241:Kosmos 2028
8231:Kosmos 2027
8209:Kosmos 2026
8200:Superbird-A
8195:Kosmos 2025
8179:Kosmos 2024
8175:Kosmos 2023
8171:Kosmos 2022
8153:Kosmos 2021
8148:Kosmos 2020
8138:Kosmos 2019
8110:Foton No.5L
8105:Kosmos 2018
8095:Kosmos 2017
8090:Kosmos 2016
8064:Kosmos 2015
8060:Kosmos 2014
8056:Kosmos 2013
8052:Kosmos 2012
8048:Kosmos 2011
8044:Kosmos 2010
8040:Kosmos 2009
8036:Kosmos 2008
8031:Kosmos 2007
8026:Progress 41
8021:Kosmos 2006
7995:Kosmos 2005
7974:Kosmos 2004
7964:Kosmos 2003
7949:Kosmos 2002
7944:Kosmos 2001
7939:Kosmos 2000
7934:Kosmos 1999
7930:Kosmos 1998
7926:Kosmos 1997
7922:Kosmos 1996
7918:Kosmos 1995
7914:Kosmos 1994
7909:Progress 40
7893:Kosmos 1993
7883:Kosmos 1992
7873:Kosmos 1991
7868:Kosmos 1990
7863:Kosmos 1989
7859:Kosmos 1988
7855:Kosmos 1987
7526:Opportunity
7385:Deep Impact
6972:Deep fields
6900:and artwork
6898:NASA images
6470:Opportunity
5939:NASA Social
5765:and history
5469:(2031–2032)
4989:BepiColombo
4681:BepiColombo
4374:Exploration
4227:Geodynamics
4211:Yablochkina
4013:Dali Chasma
3937:Zisa Corona
3887:Renpet Mons
3837:Irnini Mons
3827:Iaso Tholus
3777:Akna Montes
3772:Abeona Mons
3701:Alpha Regio
3668:Dune fields
3229:(1): 2–26.
3067:: 260–265.
2993:. 400-345.
2853:October 18,
2223:Alpha Regio
1897:Aerobraking
1891:aerobraking
1823:Alpha Regio
1343:Phase stop
1297:aerobraking
1241:Phase stop
1030:(ALT), and
985:backscatter
696:assemblies
462:aerobraking
427:space probe
353:Inclination
239:Launch site
195:Launch date
158:Launch mass
8671:Categories
8422:Soyuz TM-8
8416:Himawari 4
8282:Olympus F1
8004:Meteosat 4
7422:spacecraft
7288:helicopter
7060:Moon rocks
6820:Astronauts
6813:NASA lists
6670:OSIRIS-REx
6504:helicopter
6372:Pioneer 11
6365:Pioneer 10
6168:Hitchhiker
6043:suborbital
5880:Space Race
5360:3MV-1 No.2
5350:2MV-2 No.1
5345:2MV-1 No.2
5340:2MV-1 No.1
5004:(en route)
4998:(en route)
4992:(en route)
4984:(en route)
4869:Phosphorus
4844:In fiction
4839:In culture
4561:Mariner 10
4487:Kosmos 482
4462:Kosmos 167
4422:Sputnik 21
4417:Sputnik 20
4412:Sputnik 19
4247:Venusquake
4242:Venus snow
4171:Merit Ptah
4106:De Lalande
3932:Ushas Mons
3927:Theia Mons
3922:Skadi Mons
3902:Sapas Mons
3832:Idunn Mons
3782:Anala Mons
3744:Lada Terra
3716:Ovda Regio
3711:Beta Regio
3663:Atmosphere
2724:"Magellan"
2498:"Magellan"
2482:References
2287:Scientists
1915:aeroshells
1495:Launch of
1454:Challenger
1430:Challenger
1350:1994-10-13
1339:1994-10-12
1329:1994-04-16
1319:1994-04-16
1309:1993-08-16
1291:1993-05-26
1281:1992-09-14
1271:1992-01-24
1261:1991-05-16
1248:1991-05-16
1237:1991-05-15
1227:1990-09-15
1217:1990-08-10
1204:1990-08-10
1189:1989-05-05
1179:1989-05-04
1063:Radiometry
1032:radiometry
789:gyroscopes
731:Thrusters
590:Component
367:3.26 hours
273:Decay date
8400:September
8361:Hipparcos
7405:Explorers
7351:Voyager 2
7344:Voyager 1
7286:Ingenuity
7272:Mars 2020
7087:Moon tree
6908:Earthrise
6783:Goldstone
6680:Mars 2020
6649:Voyager 2
6642:Voyager 1
6578:Curiosity
6522:operating
6520:Currently
6502:Ingenuity
6439:MESSENGER
6418:Sojourner
6347:Mercury 3
6337:Apollo 11
6284:Discovery
6274:Explorers
5863:Augustine
5827:Augustine
5573:Laplace-P
5568:Mercury-P
5437:Dragonfly
5365:Kosmos 27
5355:Kosmos 21
5335:Mariner 1
5178:MESSENGER
5133:Venera 11
5123:Mariner 5
5108:Mariner 2
4859:Mythology
4834:Cytherean
4644:MESSENGER
4554:Mariner 5
4547:Mariner 2
4540:Mariner 1
4527:Venera 16
4522:Venera 15
4517:Venera 14
4512:Venera 13
4507:Venera 12
4502:Venera 11
4497:Venera 10
4452:Kosmos 96
4437:Kosmos 27
4427:Kosmos 21
4394:Sputnik 7
4342:Asteroids
4260:Astronomy
4176:Mona Lisa
4121:Golubkina
4111:Dickinson
4091:Cleopatra
3867:Ozza Mons
3847:Maat Mons
3817:Gula Mons
3807:Fand Mons
3764:volcanoes
3758:Mountains
3658:Arachnoid
3644:Geography
3432:0094-5765
3251:0019-1035
3206:0094-5765
2707:311306131
2476:Venera 16
2471:Venera 15
2140:Roskosmos
2093:volcanism
1998:does not
1804:Maat Mons
1788:Gula Mons
1637:periapsis
1450:Centaur G
1059:Altimetry
1051:microwave
1045:– In the
1028:altimetry
980:microwave
890:megabytes
821:Mariner 9
784:hydrazine
653:Mariner 9
601:computer
513:milligals
437:by using
284: UTC
268:Deorbited
206: UTC
86:1989-033B
80:COSPAR ID
40:with its
8612:December
8554:November
8492:Magion 2
8357:TV-SAT 2
8132:Magellan
7902:February
7609:Surveyor
7603:Stardust
7557:QuikSCAT
7462:Magellan
7441:Herschel
7235:GRACE-FO
7214:ACRIMSAT
7131:Category
6793:Canberra
6705:timeline
6693:timeline
6629:timeline
6585:timeline
6482:observed
6477:timeline
6445:Aquarius
6385:timeline
6358:Magellan
6320:missions
6218:Surveyor
6154:programs
6084:Shuttle–
6025:programs
5857:Aldridge
5776:creation
5608:TMK-Mavr
5520:Venera-D
5419:EnVision
5400:Orbiters
5243:Venera 7
5207:Venera 3
5118:Venera 2
5102:Venera 1
5063:Venera 9
5052:Magellan
5044:Orbiters
4965:Akatsuki
4957:Orbiters
4887:Category
4849:Hesperus
4773:Proposed
4727:Proposed
4713:Venera-D
4703:EnVision
4674:Akatsuki
4618:Magellan
4492:Venera 9
4482:Venera 8
4477:Venera 7
4472:Venera 6
4467:Venera 5
4457:Venera 4
4447:Venera 3
4442:Venera 2
4407:Venera 1
4403:program
4294:Transits
4206:Wheatley
4196:Stefania
4141:Isabella
4136:Guilbert
4101:Danilova
3957:plateaus
3917:Sif Mons
3673:Features
3580:Magellan
3572:Magellan
3564:Magellan
3558:homepage
3556:Magellan
3531:Archived
3497:Archived
3463:Archived
3334:Archived
3284:Archived
3127:Archived
3105:43398343
3097:17769272
3063:(5003).
2995:Archived
2847:Archived
2835:nasa.gov
2813:Archived
2784:Archived
2782:. 4619.
2732:Archived
2631:Archived
2580:Archived
2539:Archived
2506:Archived
2439:See also
2431:Magellan
2423:Magellan
2416:option.
2402:Magellan
2389:Magellan
2368:Magellan
2360:Magellan
2306:Cold War
2293:Magellan
2265:Isabella
2147:Magellan
2143:Venera-D
2132:Magellan
2128:Magellan
2123:Magellan
2085:Magellan
2077:Magellan
2062:Magellan
1972:Magellan
1948:Magellan
1919:Magellan
1887:Magellan
1853:Magellan
1849:Magellan
1772:Magellan
1726:Magellan
1688:Magellan
1649:Magellan
1641:apoapsis
1632:Magellan
1622:Magellan
1569:to Venus
1567:Magellan
1547:to Venus
1545:Magellan
1525:Magellan
1481:Magellan
1477:Magellan
1458:Magellan
1446:Magellan
1442:Magellan
1432:disaster
1424:Magellan
1409:Atlantis
1401:Magellan
1392:Atlantis
1374:Magellan
1301:Magellan
1195:Atlantis
1155:Atlantis
1151:Magellan
1136:Magellan
1122:Magellan
989:Magellan
969:Magellan
958:Magellan
878:RCA 1802
848:Magellan
829:kilobits
773:Magellan
769:Magellan
737:program
644:program
606:Galileo
559:Magellan
548:Magellan
533:Magellan
488:Magellan
466:Magellan
450:Magellan
419:Magellan
408:Magellan
265:Disposal
223:Atlantis
166:Dry mass
65:Operator
42:Star 48B
38:Magellan
25:Magellan
8593:Kvant 2
8529:Galileo
8506:October
8000:JCSAT-1
7969:Akebono
7848:January
7739:Caltech
7719:(MAX-C)
7695:FINESSE
7674:SPHEREx
7625:Ulysses
7568:Rosetta
7552:Pioneer
7546:Phoenix
7482:(MarCO)
7468:Mariner
7451:Jason-1
7430:Genesis
7416:Galileo
7241:InSight
7143:Commons
7021:Related
6830:by year
6825:by name
6602:GOES 15
6592:GOES 14
6509:flights
6495:InSight
6451:Cassini
6379:Galileo
6304:SIMPLEx
6279:Voyager
6247:Current
6203:Pioneer
6173:Mariner
6152:Robotic
6133:Artemis
6106:Current
6049:Mercury
6041: (
5934:NASA TV
5873:General
5772:History
5665:Related
5646:Mariner
5467:DAVINCI
5413:VERITAS
5236:Landers
5190:Shin-en
5164:Galileo
4827:Related
4789:(flyby)
4708:VERITAS
4698:DAVINCI
4691:Planned
4666:Current
4651:Shin'en
4625:Galileo
4274:Aspects
4267:General
4232:Geology
4181:Nanichi
4166:Meitner
4131:Gregory
4071:Aurelia
4066:Ariadne
4038:Craters
3990:valleys
3985:Canyons
3687:Regions
3651:General
3412:Bibcode
3231:Bibcode
3186:Bibcode
3089:2875683
3069:Bibcode
3056:Science
2768:Bibcode
2677:Bibcode
2136:VERITAS
2019:removed
2004:sources
1979:Results
1806:, with
1531:booster
1473:Galileo
1469:Galileo
1437:Galileo
1384:at the
1107:Gallery
1026:(SAR),
994:Doppler
874:ATAC-16
869:Galileo
735:Voyager
701:Ulysses
686:Galileo
663:Galileo
642:Voyager
632:Galileo
622:program
620:Voyager
593:Origin
503:primary
472:History
424:robotic
383:orbiter
327:0.39177
278: (
243:Kennedy
200: (
113:Website
101:SATCAT
60:orbiter
8624:USA-49
8619:Granat
8577:USA-48
8572:STS-33
8535:USA-47
8524:STS-34
8473:USA-46
8428:USA-45
8411:USA-44
8407:USA-43
8371:USA-42
8351:USA-41
8347:USA-40
8342:STS-28
8329:August
8300:Pion 4
8296:Pion 3
8236:USA-39
8226:USA-38
8166:Pion 2
8162:Pion 1
8143:USA-37
8127:STS-30
8085:Tele-X
8069:USA-36
8015:TDRS-4
8010:STS-29
7954:USA-35
7840:1990 →
7825:← 1988
7644:(WIRE)
7638:(WFPC)
7631:Viking
7581:(SRTM)
7574:Seasat
7562:Ranger
7518:Spirit
7456:Kepler
7323:(SMAP)
7317:(MISR)
7226:(AIRS)
7208:Psyche
7201:Euclid
6788:Madrid
6721:Future
6636:NuSTAR
6567:THEMIS
6489:RHESSI
6426:Spirit
6223:Viking
6213:Ranger
6064:Skylab
6059:Apollo
6054:Gemini
5912:Budget
5865:(2009)
5859:(2004)
5853:(2004)
5847:(2003)
5841:(2002)
5839:CFUSAI
5835:(1996)
5829:(1990)
5823:(1989)
5817:(1987)
5811:(1986)
5809:Rogers
5805:(1986)
5799:(1958)
5793:(1958)
5787:(1915)
5763:Policy
5634:Venera
5561:Flybys
5551:Zephyr
5530:VISAGE
5463:(2025)
5446:(2028)
5440:(2028)
5429:Flybys
5421:(2031)
5415:(2031)
5409:(2028)
5309:Vega 1
5283:Vega 1
5184:IKAROS
5153:Vega 1
5113:Zond 1
5094:Flybys
4975:Flybys
4897:Portal
4775:crewed
4749:VISAGE
4638:IKAROS
4610:Vega 2
4605:Vega 1
4574:Zond 1
4401:Venera
4360:Zoozve
4284:Phases
4156:Mariko
4146:Jeanne
4126:Grimke
4096:Cunitz
4081:Barton
4061:Alcott
4056:Agnesi
4051:Adivar
4046:Addams
3952:Plains
3726:Terrae
3574:images
3430:
3249:
3222:ICARUS
3204:
3103:
3095:
3087:
2807:&
2705:
2695:
2267:crater
2209:crater
2207:Addams
1497:STS-30
1397:STS-30
1173:Event
837:X-band
833:S-band
791:and a
580:
574:
363:Period
246:LC-39B
229:STS-30
211:Rocket
8078:April
7988:March
7713:(AFL)
7614:SVLBI
7593:(SIR)
7587:(SME)
7540:NSCAT
7528:rover
7520:rover
7436:GRACE
7410:GALEX
7329:(TES)
7311:(MLS)
7305:(MSL)
7299:(MRO)
7280:rover
7261:(LBT)
7219:ASTER
6733:NISAR
6688:rover
6660:MAVEN
6580:rover
6561:Swift
6472:rover
6433:LADEE
6428:rover
6420:rover
6397:GRAIL
6392:GALEX
6183:MESUR
6128:Orion
5929:NASA+
5905:Chief
5803:Paine
5702:VeSpR
5618:Vesta
5540:VOICE
5510:HOVER
5505:HAVOC
4943:Venus
4802:Other
4279:Orbit
4220:Other
4201:Wanda
4186:Riley
4076:Balch
3694:Regio
3624:Venus
3101:S2CID
3085:JSTOR
3032:(PDF)
3021:(PDF)
2998:(PDF)
2975:(PDF)
2787:(PDF)
2760:(PDF)
2583:(PDF)
2560:(PDF)
2166:Venus
2118:sand.
2073:Venus
1684:pixel
1527:with
1380:from
1170:Date
1083:Data:
976:nadir
953:radar
843:Power
435:Venus
381:Venus
357:85.5°
220:
174:Power
108:19969
58:Venus
8566:COBE
8260:July
8188:June
7833:1989
7734:NASA
7446:IRAS
7378:Dawn
7333:SWOT
7248:Juno
6712:PACE
6655:WISE
6618:Juno
6458:Dawn
6402:WMAP
6342:COBE
6330:Past
6161:Past
6039:X-15
6032:Past
5845:CAIB
5815:Ride
5785:NACA
5755:NASA
5656:Vega
5535:VISE
5525:VICI
5515:VAMP
5500:CUVE
5495:AREE
4854:Life
4754:VICI
4744:VISE
4739:VAMP
4382:Past
4332:2012
4327:2004
4322:1882
4317:1874
4312:1769
4307:1761
4302:1639
4191:Ruth
4161:Mead
4086:Buck
3539:2011
3523:NASA
3505:2011
3489:NASA
3471:2011
3455:NASA
3428:ISSN
3383:2011
3371:NASA
3342:2011
3326:NASA
3292:2011
3276:NASA
3247:ISSN
3202:ISSN
3161:2011
3135:2011
3123:NASA
3093:PMID
3040:2011
3025:NASA
2979:NASA
2951:2011
2898:2011
2855:2020
2839:NASA
2805:NASA
2764:NASA
2740:2011
2728:NASA
2703:OCLC
2693:ISBN
2639:2011
2615:NASA
2564:NASA
2514:2022
2502:NASA
2291:The
2138:and
2002:any
2000:cite
1440:and
1002:RDRS
967:The
448:The
431:NASA
416:The
69:NASA
8119:May
6665:MMS
6086:Mir
5639:3MV
5545:VOX
5380:482
5375:167
4941:to
4759:VOX
3987:and
3954:and
3761:and
3527:JPL
3493:JPL
3459:JPL
3420:doi
3330:JPL
3280:JPL
3239:doi
3227:112
3194:doi
3077:doi
3061:252
2987:hdl
2983:JPL
2843:JPL
2809:JPL
2776:hdl
2685:doi
2623:hdl
2619:JPL
2572:hdl
2568:JPL
2075:by
2013:by
1417:Sun
745:bus
614:Bus
233:IUS
103:no.
73:JPL
8673::
8490:,
8456:,
8452:,
8448:,
8444:,
8440:,
8409:,
8359:,
8349:,
8298:,
8294:,
8202:,
8177:,
8173:,
8164:,
8160:,
8062:,
8058:,
8054:,
8050:,
8046:,
8042:,
8038:,
8002:,
7932:,
7928:,
7924:,
7920:,
7916:,
7861:,
7857:,
5370:96
5278:14
5273:13
5268:12
5263:11
5258:10
5148:14
5143:13
5138:12
5128:10
5078:16
5073:15
5068:10
3525:/
3491:/
3457:/
3440:^
3426:.
3418:.
3408:35
3406:.
3400:.
3369:.
3350:^
3332:.
3328:/
3324:.
3300:^
3278:/
3259:^
3245:.
3237:.
3225:.
3200:.
3192:.
3182:15
3180:.
3121:.
3099:.
3091:.
3083:.
3075:.
3059:.
3006:^
2981:/
2959:^
2906:^
2863:^
2845:.
2841:/
2837:.
2833:.
2821:^
2774:.
2726:.
2715:^
2701:.
2691:.
2683:.
2647:^
2621:.
2617:/
2613:.
2591:^
2578:.
2570:.
2566:/
2547:^
2537:.
2531:.
2504:.
2500:.
2489:^
2316:.
1643:.
1088:,
839:.
795:.
777:kN
445:.
231:/
8579:)
8575:(
8531:)
8527:(
8353:)
8345:(
8134:)
8130:(
8017:)
8013:(
7816:e
7809:t
7802:v
7178:e
7171:t
7164:v
7031:"
7027:"
6800:)
6781:(
6093:)
6075:)
6045:)
5778:)
5774:(
5747:e
5740:t
5733:v
5314:2
5288:2
5253:9
5248:8
5222:6
5217:5
5212:4
5158:2
4931:e
4924:t
4917:v
3616:e
3609:t
3602:v
3541:.
3507:.
3473:.
3434:.
3422::
3414::
3385:.
3344:.
3294:.
3253:.
3241::
3233::
3208:.
3196::
3188::
3163:.
3137:.
3107:.
3079::
3071::
3042:.
2989::
2953:.
2900:.
2857:.
2778::
2770::
2742:.
2709:.
2687::
2679::
2641:.
2625::
2574::
2516:.
2040:)
2034:(
2029:)
2025:(
2021:.
2007:.
1004:)
505:)
282:)
204:)
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