1195:
somewhat lower efficiency results. When magnesium is cut at high speed, the tools should be sharp and should be cutting at all times. Dull, dragging tools operating at high speed may generate enough heat to ignite fine chips. Since chips and dust from grinding can therefore be a fire hazard, grinding should be done with a coolant, or with a device to concentrate the dust under water. The magnesium grinder should not be used also for ferrous metals, since a spark might ignite the accumulated dust. If a magnesium fire should start, it can be smothered with cast-iron turnings or dry sand, or with other materials prepared especially for the purpose. Water or liquid extinguishers should never be used, because they tend to scatter the fire. Actually, it is much more difficult to ignite magnesium chips and dust than is usually supposed, and for that reason they do not present great machining difficulties. The special techniques that must be used in fabricating magnesium (working, casting, and joining) add considerably to the manufacturing cost. In selecting between aluminium and magnesium or a given part, the base cost of the metal may not give much advantage to either, but usually the manufacturing operations make magnesium more affordable. There is, perhaps, no group of alloys where extrusion is more important than it is to these, since the comparatively coarse-grained structure of the cast material makes most of them too susceptible to cracking to work by other means until sufficient deformation has been imparted to refine the grain. Therefore, except for one or two soft alloys, machining is invariably a preliminary step before other shaping processes.
1207:, for it has somewhat poor properties, especially as regards its proof stress. The alloying elements of chief concern at present are aluminium, zinc, cerium and zirconium; manganese is usually also present since, though it has little effect on the strength, it has a valuable function in improving corrosion resistance. One important binary alloy, containing up to 2.0% manganese, is used extensively for the manufacture of rolled sheet. It is comparatively soft and easier to extrude than other alloys, and is also one of the few that can be rolled directly without pre-extrusion. In the UK, extrusions are made from billets of 2.87â12 inches (73â305 mm) dia. On presses varying in power over the range 600-3500 tons; normal maximum pressures on the billet are 30-50 tons/sq. in the U.S the Dow chemical company have recently installed a 13.200 ton press capable of handling billets up to 32 in. Extrusion technique is generally similar to that for aluminium base alloys but, according to Wilkinson and fox, die design requires special consideration and, in their opinion, should incorporate short bearing lengths and sharp die entries. Tube extrusion in alloys AM503, ZW2, and ZW3 is now made with bridge dies. (The aluminium-bearing alloys do not weld satisfactorily.) In contrast to the previous practice of using bored billets, mandrel piercing is now used in the extrusion of large diameter tubes in ZW3 alloy.
1160:
surface of the casting, and the liberated hydrogen may cause porosity. Inhibitors such as sulfur, boric acid, ethylene glycol, or ammonium fluoride are mixed with the damp sand to prevent the reaction. All gravity-fed molds require an extra high column of molten metal to make the pressure great enough to force gas bubbles out of the casting and make the metal take the detail of the mold. The thickness of the casting wall should be at least 5/32 in. under most conditions. Extra-large fillets must be provided at all re-entrant corners, since stress concentration in magnesium castings are particularly dangerous. Permanent mold castings are made from the same alloys and have about the same physical properties as sand castings. Since the solidification shrinkage of magnesium is about the same as that of aluminium, aluminium molds can often be adapted to make magnesium-alloy castings (although it may be necessary to change the gating). Pressure cold-chamber castings are used for quantity production of small parts. The rapid solidification caused by contact of the fluid metal with the cold die produces a casting of dense structure with excellent physical properties. The finish and dimensional accuracy are very good, and machining is necessary only where extreme accuracy is required. Usually these castings are not heat treated.
1227:
solidus temperature is raised by about 100 °C (180 °F), the risk of hotshortness at relatively high extrusion speeds is much reduced. However, the mechanical properties are sensitive to billet preheating time, temperature and extrusion speed, Long preheating times and high temperatures and speeds produces properties similar to those in older aluminium-containing alloys, Heating times must be short and temperatures and speeds low to produce high properties. Increasing zinc content to 5 or 6 wt.%, as in the
American alloy ZK60 and ZK61, reduces sensitivity to extrusion speed in respect of mechanical properties.
122:
1109:
with DO19 crystal structure and β phase with BCO crystal structure, even at aging temperatures higher than 200 °C. Both precipitates are observed in peak-aged specimens. The precipitates contributing to age hardening are fine and their amount increases as Gd content increases, and this result in increased peak hardness, tensile strength and 0.2% proof stress but decreased elongation. On the other hand, higher Y content increases the elongation of the alloys but results in decreased strength.
1238:
when work is applied quickly, causing higher stresses and the exhausting of the capacity for slip in the crystals. This is worthy of consideration, for the speed of re-crystallization varies from one metal to another, and according to temperature. It is also a fact that a metal worked in what is considered its working range can frequently be made to show marked work hardening if quenched immediately after deformationâshowing that temporary loss of plasticity can easily accompany rapid working.
1223:
billets 4-5 wt.% usually represents the limit of solubility. Alloys containing 6 wt.% Al or more therefore contain Mg4Al3, which forms a eutectic melting at 435 °C. The extrusion temperature may vary from 250 to 400 °C (482 to 752 °F), but at the higher values speeds are restricted to about 4 metres (13 ft) per minute. Continuous casting improves the homogeneity of these alloys and water cooling of the dies or taper heating of the billets further facilities their extrusion.
141:
25:
534:
processing magnesium alloys. It is true that magnesium alloys are highly combustible when in a finely divided form, such as powder or fine chips, and this hazard should never be ignored. Above 800 °F (427 °C), a non-combustible, oxygen-free atmosphere is required to suppress burning. Casting operations often require additional precautions because of the reactivity of magnesium with sand and water in sheet, bar,
1097:. Addition of small amounts of zinc in Mg-RE alloys has been shown to increase creep life by 600% by stabilizing precipitates on both basal and prismatic planes through localized bond stiffening. These developments have allowed for magnesium alloys to be used in automotive and aerospace applications at relatively high temperatures. Microstructural changes at high temperatures are also influenced by
1211:
reductions, but are usually in the range 250â450 °C (482â842 °F). Container temperatures should be identical with, or only slightly higher than billet temperature. Pre-heating of the billets must be carried out uniformly to promote as far as possible a homogeneous structure by absorption of compounds, such as Mg4Al, present in the alloys.
1214:
Fox points out and this is also applicable to aluminium alloys. The initial structure of the billet is important, and casting methods that lead to fine grain are worthwhile. In coarse material, larger particles of the compounds are present that are less readily dissolved, and tend to cause a solution
1181:
joints in magnesium alloy structures usually employ aluminium or aluminium-magnesium alloy rivets. Magnesium rivets are not often used because they must be driven when hot. The rivet holes should be drilled, especially in heavy sheet and extruded sections, since punching tends to give a rough edge to
1108:
and high temperature strength of magnesium alloys containing both elements are investigated using alloys containing different Gd:Y mole ratios of 1:0, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1 with a constant Y+Gd content of 2.75 mol%. All investigated alloys exhibit remarkable age hardening by precipitation of β phase
1084:
plays an important role in material lifetime. Magnesium alloys generally have poor creep properties; this shortcoming is attributed to the solute additions rather than the magnesium matrix since pure magnesium shows similar creep life as pure aluminium, but magnesium alloys show decreased creep life
487:
The designation system for magnesium alloys is not as well standardized as in the case of steels or aluminium alloys; most producers follow a system using one or two prefix letters, two or three numerals, and a suffix letter. The prefix letters designate the two principal alloying metals according to
1043:
Magnesium's particular merits are similar to those of aluminium alloys: low specific gravity with satisfactory strength. Magnesium provides advantages over aluminium, in being of even lower density (â 1.8 g/cm) than aluminium (â 2.8 g/cm). The mechanical properties of magnesium alloys tend
479:
Magnesium alloys names are often given by two letters following by two numbers. Letters tell main alloying elements (A = aluminium, Z = zinc, M = manganese, S = silicon). Numbers indicate respective nominal compositions of main alloying elements. Marking AZ91 for example conveys magnesium alloy with
1222:
With the aluminium and zinc containing alloys, and particularly those with the higher aluminium contents such as AZM and AZ855 difficulties arise at high speeds due to hot-shortness. Under conditions approaching equilibrium magnesium is capable of dissolving about 12 per cent aluminium, but in cast
1226:
Introduction of the magnesium-zinc-zirconium alloys, ZW2 and ZW3, represents a considerable advance in magnesium alloy technology for a number of reasons. They are high strength, but, since they do not contain aluminium, the cast billet contains only small quantities of the second phase. Since the
1194:
properties, in which respect they are superior even to screwing brass. The power required in cutting them is small, and extremely high speeds (5000 ft per min in some cases) may be used. The best cutting tools have special shapes, but the tools for machining other metals can be used, although
282:
B275) which denote approximate chemical compositions by weight. For example, AS41 has 4% aluminium and 1% silicon; AZ81 is 7.5% aluminium and 0.7% zinc. If aluminium is present, a manganese component is almost always also present at about 0.2% by weight which serves to improve grain structure; if
1275:
Adding 2% of calcium by weight to magnesium alloy AM60 results in the non-combustible magnesium alloy AMCa602. The higher oxidation reactivity of calcium causes a coat of calcium oxide to form before magnesium ignites. The ignition temperature of the alloy is elevated by 200â300 K. An oxygen-free
1237:
Explanation for the low extrusion rates necessary to successfully extrude some magnesium alloys does not lie outside reasons put forward for other metals. Altwicker considers that the most significant cause is connected. With the degree of recovery from crystal deformation, which is less complete
1210:
The stiffness of the alloys towards extrusion is increased in proportion to the amount of hardening elements they contain, and the temperature employed is generally higher the greater the quantity of these. Billet temperatures are also affected by the size of the sections, being higher for heavy
710:
Wrought magnesium alloys have a special feature. Their compressive proof strength is smaller than tensile proof strength. After forming, wrought magnesium alloys have a stringy texture in the deformation direction, which increases the tensile proof strength. In compression, the proof strength is
1218:
The binary magnesium-manganese alloy (AM505) is readily extruded at low pressures in the temperature range 250 to 350 °C (482 to 662 °F)., the actual temperature used depending upon the reduction and billet length rather than the properties desired, which are relatively insensitive to
519:
process is easier, more economical, and 40% to 50% faster than cold-chamber process required for aluminium. Forming behavior is poor at room temperature, but most conventional processes can be performed when the material is heated to temperatures of 450â700 °F (232â371 °C). As these
1159:
methods are used, but plaster-of-Paris casting has not yet been perfected. Sand casting in green-sand molds requires a special technique, because the magnesium reacts with moisture in the sand, forming magnesium oxide and liberating hydrogen. The oxide forms blackened areas called burns on the
1120:
in the same atmosphere. Immersion in salt water is problematic, but a great improvement in resistance to salt-water corrosion has been achieved, especially for wrought materials, by reducing some impurities particularly nickel and copper to very low proportions or using appropriate coatings.
533:
nearly as easily as aluminium, but scratch brushing or chemical cleaning is necessary before the weld is formed. Fusion welding is carried out most easily by processes using an inert shielding atmosphere of argon or helium gas. Considerable misinformation exists regarding the fire hazard in
528:
of magnesium alloys is the best of any commercial metal, and in many applications, the savings in machining costs more than compensate for the increased cost of the material. It is necessary, however, to keep the tools sharp and to provide ample space for the chips. Magnesium alloys can be
1172:
by gas or resistance-welding equipment, but cannot be cut with an oxygen torch. Magnesium alloys are not welded to other metals, because brittle inter-metallic compounds may form, or because the combination of metals may promote corrosion. Where two or more parts are welded together, their
1067:
The strength of magnesium alloys is reduced at elevated temperatures; temperatures as low as 93 °C (200 °F) produce considerable reduction in the yield strength. Improving the high-temperature properties of magnesium alloys is an active research area with promising results.
1253:
have been tried as alloying elements; an alloy with 1% manganese, 0.3% scandium and 5% gadolinium offers almost perfect creep resistance at 350C. The physical composition of these multi-component alloys is complicated, with plates of intermetallic compounds such as
548:
Magnesium alloys are used for both cast and forged components, with the aluminium-containing alloys usually used for casting and the zirconium-containing ones for forgings; the zirconium-based alloys can be used at higher temperatures and are popular in aerospace.
1266:
Adding 10% of lithium to magnesium produces an alloy that can be used as an improved anode in batteries with a manganese-dioxide cathode. Magnesium-lithium alloys are generally soft and ductile, and the density of 1.4 g/cm is appealing for space applications.
503:: manganese improves corrosion resistance; and tin improves castability. Aluminium is the most common alloying element. The numerals correspond to the rounded-off percentage of the two main alloy elements, proceeding alphabetically as compositions become standard.
1142:
is preferred to hammer forging, because the press allows greater time for metal flow. The plastic forging range is 500 to 800 °F (260 to 427 °C). Metal worked outside this range is easily broken due to lack of available deformation mechanisms.
1076:
are the only operating deformation mechanisms; the presence of twinning additionally requires specific loading conditions to be favorable. For these reasons processing of magnesium alloys must be done at high temperatures to avoid brittle fracture.
1071:
Magnesium alloys show strong anisotropy and poor formability at room temperature stemming from their hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, limiting practical processing modes. At room temperature, basal plane slip of dislocation and mechanical
1051:
of the precipitation-hardened magnesium alloys is comparable with that of the strong alloys of aluminium or with the alloy steels. Magnesium alloys, however, have a lower density, stand greater column loading per unit weight and have a higher
2070:
2089:
1138:. Sharp bending, spinning, or drawing must be done at about 500 to 600 °F (260 to 316 °C), although gentle bending around large radii can be done cold. Slow forming gives better results than rapid shaping. Press
552:
Magnesium+yttrium+rare-earth+zirconium alloys such as WE54 and WE43 (the latter with composition Mg 93.6%, Y 4%, Nd 2.25%, 0.15% Zr) can operate without creep at up to 300C and are reasonably corrosion-resistant.
545:
was used in military and aerospace applications in the 1950s. Similarly, uranium-containing alloys have declined in use to the point where the ASTM B275 "G" designation is no longer in the standard.
1177:
of magnesium alloys is feasible only for plugging surface defects in parts. The solders are even more corrosive than with aluminium, and the parts should never be required to withstand stress.
1215:
gradient. In magnesium alloys, this causes internal stress, since solution is accompanied by a small contraction, and it can also influence the evenness of response to later heat treatment.
541:
Thorium-containing alloys are not usually used, since a thorium content of more than 2% requires that a component be handled as a radioactive material, although thoriated magnesium known as
1060:
is needed. Examples are complicated castings, such as housings or cases for aircraft, and parts for rapidly rotating or reciprocating machines. Such applications can induce cyclic
1230:
Alloying of zirconium-bearing materials has been a major problem in their development. It is usual to add the zirconium from a saltâand careful control can produce good results.
1258:
Sc forming. Addition of zinc to Mg-RE alloys has been shown to greatly increase creep life by stabilizing RE precipitates. Erbium has also been considered as an additive.
265:
to M1 castings is planned. Alloys AZ31, AZ61 and AZ80 are employed for extrusions in the order named, where increase in strength justifies their increased relative costs.
283:
aluminium and manganese are absent, zirconium is usually present at about 0.8% for this same purpose. Magnesium is a flammable material and must be handled carefully.
675:
Magnesium wrought alloy proof stress is typically 160-240 MPa, tensile strength is 180-440 MPa and elongation is 7-40%. The most common wrought alloys are:
1580:
1411:
Lindemann, A.; Schmidt, J.; Todte, M.; Zeuner, T. (2002). "Thermal analytical investigations of the magnesium alloys AM60 and AZ91 including the melting range".
1557:
Kato, A; Suganuma, T; Horikiri, H; Kawamura, Y; Inoue, A; Masumoto, T (1994). "Consolidation and mechanical properties of atomized Mg-based amorphous powders".
1219:
extrusion conditions. Good surface condition of the extrusion is achieved only with high speeds, of the order of 15 to 30 metres (49 to 98 ft) per minute.
1957:
Mangolini, Beatrice; Lopresti, Mattia; Conterosito, Eleonora; RombolĂ , Giuseppe; Palin, Luca; Gianotti, Valentina; Milanesio, Marco (May 2021).
1293:
Aune, Terje Kr.; Gjestland, Haavard; Haagensen, Johanna Ăster; Kittilsen, Bjørn; Skar, Jan Ivar; Westengen, HĂĽkon (2003). "Magnesium Alloys".
271:, whose name is an abbreviation for "magnesium non-oxidizing", is 99% magnesium and 1% aluminium, and is used in the cladding of fuel rods in
253:, and AZ92 generally employed for permanent mold castings (while AZ63 and A10 are sometimes also used in the latter application as well). For
570:
234:
The commercially dominant magnesium alloys contain aluminium (3 to 13 percent). Another important alloy contains Mg, Al, and Zn. Some are
580:
2068:, Wilks, Timothy; Jeremic, Sarka & Rogers, Phillip et al., "Magnesium gadolinium alloys", published 2009-07-09
2147:
89:
2049:
1346:
1310:
1134:
Magnesium alloys harden rapidly with any type of cold work, and therefore cannot be extensively cold formed without repeated
61:
1632:
715:, which happens more easily in compression than in tension in magnesium alloys because of the hexagonal lattice structure.
1080:
The high-temperature properties of magnesium alloys are relevant for automotive and aerospace applications, where slowing
507:
designation is much the same as in the case of aluminium. Using âF, -O, -H1, -T4, -T5, and âT6. Sand permanent-mold, and
1584:
1112:
Despite it's reactivity (magnesium ignites at 630°C and burns in air), magnesium and its alloys have good resistance to
68:
1694:
1373:
257:, AZ61 is most used, and here alloy M1 is employed where low strength is required and AZ80 for highest strength. For
108:
1056:. They are also used when great strength is not necessary, but where a thick, light form is desired, or when higher
42:
2087:, Atkinson, James T. N. & Sahoo, Maheswar, "Magnesium-lithium alloy", published 1980-11-11
722:
character, which is twice as strong as the strongest traditional magnesium alloys and comparable to the strongest
75:
46:
57:
2065:
1959:"Low-Cost Biobased Coatings for AM60 Magnesium Alloys for Food Contact and Harsh Environment Applications"
1857:"Exceptional increase in the creep life of magnesium rare-earth alloys due to localized bond stiffening"
215:
alloys has been more extensive since 2003. Cast magnesium alloys are used for many components of modern
1231:
520:
temperatures are easily attained and generally do not require a protective atmosphere, many formed and
2084:
1764:
1718:
515:
being the most popular. Although magnesium is about twice as expensive as aluminium, its hot-chamber
261:, a wide range of shapes, bars, and tubes are made from M1 alloy where low strength suffices or where
245:
All the alloys may be used for more than one product form, but alloys AZ63 and AZ92 are most used for
2142:
1098:
484:
aluminium and 1 weight percent zinc. Exact composition should be confirmed from reference standards.
718:
Extrusions of rapidly solidified powders reach tensile strengths of up to 740 MPa due to their
1631:ÄĂĹžek, L.; Greger, M.; DobrzaĹski, L. A.; JuĹiÄka, I.; Kocich, R.; Pawlica, L.; TaĹski, T. (2006).
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220:
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521:
500:
35:
1439:
1135:
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235:
208:
1365:
Corrosion
Resistance of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys: Understanding, Performance, and Testing
2039:
1619:
82:
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in Canada have developed a method adding in the conventional manner through a master alloy.
1868:
1817:
1516:
1451:
200:
1389:
8:
1671:
1504:
1081:
196:
1872:
1821:
1520:
1455:
897:
Wrought alloy, good strength and ductility corrosion resistance, weldability, extrusion
1985:
1958:
1891:
1856:
1738:
1532:
1467:
614:
1424:
1117:
1085:
compared to aluminium alloys. Creep in magnesium alloys occurs mainly by dislocation
2045:
1990:
1896:
1742:
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1536:
1369:
1342:
1306:
1048:
192:
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1471:
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1980:
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1937:
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1886:
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1825:
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1562:
1524:
1459:
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1073:
1061:
1053:
712:
606:
560:
1932:
1915:
1606:
1505:"Modeling twinning, detwinning, and dynamic recrystallization of magnesium alloys"
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2104:
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1363:
1336:
723:
719:
792:
an alloy of rare-earth elements with approximately 50% cerium and 25% lanthanum
556:
Trade names have sometimes been associated with magnesium alloys. Examples are:
121:
1881:
1190:
A particular attraction of magnesium alloys lies in their extraordinarily good
565:
268:
239:
846:
Used in aircraft and high performance vehicles, tensile strength 250 MPa
2136:
1463:
1302:
481:
1829:
1765:"Plastic anisotropy and the role of non-basal slip in magnesium alloy AZ31B"
2102:
1994:
1900:
602:
246:
212:
2105:"High Cycle Fatigue Property of Extruded Non-Combustible Mg Alloy AMCa602"
1805:
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and detwinning that lowers yield strength under loading direction change.
1975:
1528:
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976:
585:
516:
512:
508:
250:
224:
184:
145:
1942:
1719:"Current development of creep-resistant magnesium cast alloys: A review"
1633:"Mechanical properties of magnesium alloy AZ91 at elevated temperatures"
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Magnesium alloys, especially precipitation-hardened alloys, are used in
1250:
1090:
789:
2041:
Magnesium
Technology: Metallurgy, Design Data, Automotive Applications
2037:
1116:
in air at STP. The rate of corrosion is slow compared with rusting of
140:
2103:
Kiyotaka Masaki; Yasuo Ochi; Toshifumi
Kakiuchi; et al. (2008).
1191:
1174:
1113:
1057:
797:
590:
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or cast form; however, magnesium alloys present no real fire hazard.
535:
525:
258:
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structure, which affects the fundamental properties of these alloys.
188:
172:
164:
156:
1672:
Mechanical
Properties of QE22 magnesium alloy based composites, 2004
24:
1956:
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1640:
Journal of
Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
1204:
1169:
1152:
1139:
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262:
254:
176:
1338:
DeGarmo's
Materials and Processes in Manufacturing, 11th Edition
1292:
272:
180:
1178:
204:
160:
159:(the lightest structural metal) with other metals (called an
1630:
1556:
1044:
to be below those of the strongest of the aluminium alloys.
706:
ZC71 ZM21 AM40 AM50 AM60 K1A M1 ZK10 ZK20 ZK30 ZK40
278:
Magnesium alloys are referred to by short codes (defined in
1410:
1334:
489:
279:
228:
227:
magnesium is also used for camera bodies and components in
168:
2044:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 96â102.
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
216:
1916:"Fundamentals and advances in magnesium alloy corrosion"
2064:
1686:
1440:"Wrought magnesium alloys for structural applications"
1319:
1276:
atmosphere is not necessary for machining operations.
1104:
Individual contributions of gadolinium and yttrium to
199:
of the hexagonal lattice is more complicated than in
492:
specification B275, as shown in the table at right.
207:; therefore, magnesium alloys are typically used as
1270:
1163:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2038:Horst E. Friedrich; Barry Leslie Mordike (2006).
2134:
1583:. Lightweight Technology Centre. Archived from
609:135â285 MPa and elongation 2â10%. Typical
2022:
1295:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2083:
1182:the hole and to cause stress concentrations.
617:is 42 GPa. Most common cast alloys are:
511:are all well developed for magnesium alloys,
1850:
1848:
1846:
1762:
1607:"Magnesium Elektron WE43 Alloy (UNS M18430)"
1241:
817:2.1â2.8% Sr, <0.1% each of Be, Cu, Fe, Ni
1963:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1261:
1799:
1797:
1168:Many standard magnesium alloys are easily
524:magnesium products are manufactured. The
2120:
2016:
2001:
1984:
1974:
1941:
1931:
1890:
1880:
1854:
1843:
128:Number of scientific articles with terms
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1496:
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139:
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2007:
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1803:
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2135:
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1335:J. T. Black; Ronald A. Kohser (2012).
16:Mixture of magnesium with other metals
2023:Pearson, C.E.; Parkins, R.N. (1961).
1756:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1485:
1431:
1361:
729:
1763:Agnew, Sean; Duygulu, Ozgur (2005).
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1559:Materials Science and Engineering: A
1502:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1769:International Journal of Plasticity
13:
1806:"Magnesium Alloy and Applications"
1716:
1703:
1101:in fine-grained magnesium alloys.
1038:
972:Cu â 0.003; Fe â 0.014; Be â 0.002
488:the following format developed in
203:metals like aluminium, copper and
14:
2159:
820:High temperature engine Mg alloy
670:
1810:Materials Science and Technology
1444:Materials Science and Technology
1271:Non-combustible magnesium alloys
1198:
1164:Welding, soldering, and riveting
495:Aluminium, zinc, zirconium, and
23:
2096:
2077:
2058:
2031:
1950:
1665:
1624:
1613:
1599:
1173:compositions must be the same.
34:needs additional citations for
2066:US Application 20090175754
1646:(1â2): 203â206. Archived from
1550:
1404:
1382:
1286:
1124:
605:is typically 75â200 MPa,
596:
286:
1:
2027:. London: Chapman & Hall.
1933:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.011
1920:Progress in Materials Science
1425:10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00752-3
1279:
2122:10.2320/matertrans.MC2007108
1781:10.1016/j.ijplas.2004.05.018
1735:10.1016/j.matdes.2018.06.032
1567:10.1016/0921-5093(94)90175-9
1185:
7:
1203:Not much pure magnesium is
1155:. Sand, permanent mold and
219:and have been used in some
191:. Magnesium alloys have a
10:
2164:
2148:Aluminiumâmagnesium alloys
1882:10.1038/s41467-017-02112-z
1689:. Technical Publications.
1232:Dominion Magnesium Limited
1146:
1368:. John Wiley & Sons.
1242:Further alloy development
1099:Dynamic recrystallization
923:Non-combustible Mg alloy
745:
742:
739:
736:
221:high-performance vehicles
148:, made of magnesium alloy
1855:Choudhuri, Deep (2017).
1464:10.1179/174328407X213080
1303:10.1002/14356007.a15_581
1262:Magnesiumâlithium alloys
1049:strength-to-weight ratio
843:Y 4%, Nd 2.25%, 0.15% Zr
275:nuclear power reactors.
211:alloys, but research of
2025:The Extrusion of Metals
2010:The Extrusion of Metals
1830:10.1179/mst.1994.10.1.1
1029:Non-oxidizing Mg alloy
1001:2.5% Ag, 2% RE, 0.6% Zr
501:precipitation hardening
2109:Materials Transactions
2008:Pearson, C.E. (1953).
1804:Polmear, I.J. (1994).
1503:Wang, Huamiao (2019).
1390:"Cast Magnesium Alloy"
1362:Ghali, Edward (2010).
1095:grain boundary sliding
149:
137:
1861:Nature Communications
613:is 1.8 g/cm and
143:
124:
1976:10.3390/ijms22094915
1723:Materials and Design
1561:. 179â180: 112â117.
1529:10.1557/mrs.2019.254
1130:Hot and cold working
144:Camera chassis of a
43:improve this article
1914:Esmaily, M (2018).
1873:2017NatCo...8.2000C
1822:1994MatST..10....1P
1683:Goel, Anup (2020).
1521:2019MRSBu..44..873W
1456:2008MatST..24..991L
711:smaller because of
197:Plastic deformation
2012:. New York: Wiley.
1587:on 13 January 2019
1581:"Magnesium Alloys"
1438:Letzig, D (2008).
730:Compositions table
601:Magnesium casting
150:
138:
2051:978-3-540-20599-9
1717:Mo, Ning (2018).
1348:978-1-118-16373-3
1312:978-3-527-30385-4
1033:
1032:
477:
476:
193:hexagonal lattice
119:
118:
111:
93:
58:"Magnesium alloy"
2155:
2143:Magnesium alloys
2127:
2126:
2124:
2115:(5): 1148â1156.
2100:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1852:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1775:(6): 1161â1193.
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1714:
1701:
1700:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1500:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1419:(1â2): 269â275.
1413:Thermochim. Acta
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1392:. MakeItFrom.com
1386:
1380:
1379:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1332:
1317:
1316:
1290:
1074:crystal twinning
1062:crystal twinning
1054:specific modulus
734:
733:
724:aluminium alloys
713:crystal twinning
607:tensile strength
291:
290:
155:are mixtures of
153:Magnesium alloys
136:in the abstract.
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2006:
2002:
1955:
1951:
1912:
1908:
1853:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1802:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1715:
1704:
1697:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1653:on 14 July 2014
1650:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1609:. 18 June 2013.
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1515:(11): 873â877.
1501:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1436:
1432:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1333:
1320:
1313:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1244:
1201:
1188:
1166:
1149:
1132:
1127:
1041:
1039:Characteristics
1035:
1008:Magnox (Al 80)
740:Proportion (%)
732:
673:
615:Young's modulus
599:
289:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2161:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2129:
2128:
2095:
2076:
2057:
2050:
2030:
2015:
2000:
1949:
1906:
1842:
1793:
1755:
1702:
1695:
1675:
1664:
1623:
1612:
1598:
1572:
1549:
1484:
1450:(8): 991â996.
1430:
1403:
1381:
1374:
1354:
1347:
1318:
1311:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1243:
1240:
1200:
1197:
1187:
1184:
1165:
1162:
1148:
1145:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
980:
979:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
925:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
899:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
873:
872:
869:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
848:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
794:
793:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
731:
728:
708:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
672:
671:Wrought alloys
669:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
598:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
482:weight percent
475:
474:
471:
467:
466:
463:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
427:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:
411:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
379:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
359:
355:
354:
351:
347:
346:
343:
339:
338:
335:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
299:
298:
295:
288:
285:
269:Magnox (alloy)
240:heat treatment
201:cubic latticed
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2160:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2086:
2080:
2067:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1696:9789333221818
1692:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1375:9780470531761
1371:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1199:Hot extrusion
1196:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1106:age hardening
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
981:
978:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
926:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
900:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
874:
870:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
791:
788:
786:4% mischmetal
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
749:
743:Other metals
735:
727:
725:
721:
716:
714:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
677:
676:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
619:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
550:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
527:
526:machinability
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
485:
483:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
460:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
436:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:
420:
416:
413:
412:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
396:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
380:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
364:
360:
357:
356:
352:
349:
348:
344:
341:
340:
336:
333:
332:
328:
325:
324:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
300:
296:
293:
292:
284:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:sand castings
243:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
147:
142:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2079:
2060:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1943:10261/189666
1923:
1919:
1909:
1864:
1860:
1833:. Retrieved
1813:
1809:
1784:. Retrieved
1772:
1768:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1726:
1722:
1685:
1678:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1648:the original
1643:
1639:
1626:
1615:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1575:
1558:
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1512:
1509:MRS Bulletin
1508:
1475:. Retrieved
1447:
1443:
1433:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1384:
1364:
1357:
1337:
1294:
1288:
1274:
1265:
1245:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1189:
1167:
1150:
1133:
1111:
1103:
1089:, activated
1079:
1070:
1066:
1046:
1042:
1034:
977:die castings
717:
709:
688:Elektron 675
674:
603:proof stress
600:
555:
551:
547:
540:
494:
486:
478:
337:Rare earths
277:
267:
251:die castings
244:
233:
152:
151:
133:
129:
125:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1969:(9): 4915.
1867:(1): 2000.
1816:(1): 1â16.
1729:: 422â442.
1157:die casting
1125:Fabrication
737:Alloy name
666:Elektron 21
597:Cast alloys
586:Birmabright
571:Magnuminium
517:die-casting
513:die casting
509:die casting
441:Gadolinium
287:Designation
249:, AZ91 for
185:rare earths
146:Samsung NX1
99:August 2009
2137:Categories
2085:US 4233376
1926:: 92â193.
1280:References
1251:gadolinium
1118:mild steel
1091:cross slip
790:Mischmetal
480:roughly 9
385:Manganese
369:Zirconium
361:Strontium
305:Aluminium
259:extrusions
236:hardenable
69:newspapers
1743:139645195
1537:210257390
1341:. Wiley.
1192:machining
1186:Machining
1175:Soldering
1136:annealing
1114:corrosion
1058:stiffness
975:Used for
802:89.8â91.8
720:amorphous
591:Magnalium
465:Antimony
417:Chromium
189:zirconium
173:manganese
165:aluminium
163:), often
157:magnesium
126:Figure 1:
1995:34066374
1901:29222427
1657:10 April
1591:10 April
1472:53450670
1247:Scandium
1205:extruded
902:AMCa602
888:<0.05
814:0.26â0.5
581:Metal 12
576:Mag-Thor
561:Elektron
543:Mag-Thor
536:extruded
499:promote
457:Calcium
449:Yttrium
425:Silicon
377:Lithium
353:Thorium
329:Cadmium
313:Bismuth
255:forgings
225:die-cast
1986:8124156
1892:5722870
1869:Bibcode
1835:6 March
1818:Bibcode
1786:6 March
1748:6 March
1542:6 March
1517:Bibcode
1477:6 March
1452:Bibcode
1396:15 July
1179:Riveted
1153:casting
1147:Casting
1140:forging
885:0.7â1.3
882:2.5â3.5
805:5.6â6.6
611:density
497:thorium
409:Silver
393:Nickel
321:Copper
263:welding
213:wrought
177:silicon
83:scholar
2091:
2072:
2048:
1993:
1983:
1899:
1889:
1741:
1693:
1535:
1470:
1372:
1345:
1309:
1170:welded
1093:, and
876:AZ31B
746:Notes
566:Magnox
531:welded
505:Temper
273:magnox
229:lenses
181:copper
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1739:S2CID
1651:(PDF)
1636:(PDF)
1620:AZ31B
1533:S2CID
1468:S2CID
1082:creep
983:QE22
966:0.035
954:AZ91
928:AM60
920:2% Ca
854:91.07
851:AZ81
825:WE43
798:AJ62A
768:AE44
529:spot-
522:drawn
473:Zinc
401:Lead
345:Iron
297:B275
205:steel
161:alloy
90:JSTOR
76:books
2046:ISBN
1991:PMID
1897:PMID
1837:2021
1788:2021
1750:2021
1691:ISBN
1659:2013
1593:2013
1544:2021
1479:2021
1398:2014
1370:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1249:and
1087:slip
1047:The
1011:99.2
969:0.22
963:0.63
960:8.25
957:90.8
943:0.35
931:93.5
917:0.35
905:91.5
866:0.18
860:0.64
857:8.11
828:93.6
811:0.08
703:ZE41
700:HM21
697:HK31
691:ZK60
685:AZ80
682:AZ61
679:AZ31
663:WE43
660:WE54
657:QH21
654:QE22
651:HZ32
648:HK31
645:ZC63
642:ZE41
639:ZK61
636:ZK51
633:AM60
630:AM50
627:AZ91
624:AZ81
621:AZ63
490:ASTM
433:Tin
294:ASTM
280:ASTM
217:cars
209:cast
187:and
169:zinc
134:AZ31
130:AZ91
62:news
2117:doi
1981:PMC
1971:doi
1938:hdl
1928:doi
1887:PMC
1877:doi
1826:doi
1777:doi
1731:doi
1727:155
1563:doi
1525:doi
1460:doi
1421:doi
1417:382
1299:doi
1014:0.8
937:0.1
911:0.1
891:0.2
808:0.2
763:Mn
694:M1A
238:by
132:or
45:by
2139::
2113:49
2111:.
2107:.
1989:.
1979:.
1967:22
1965:.
1961:.
1936:.
1924:89
1922:.
1918:.
1895:.
1885:.
1875:.
1863:.
1859:.
1845:^
1824:.
1814:10
1812:.
1808:.
1796:^
1773:21
1771:.
1767:.
1737:.
1725:.
1721:.
1705:^
1644:18
1642:.
1638:.
1531:.
1523:.
1513:44
1511:.
1507:.
1487:^
1466:.
1458:.
1448:24
1446:.
1442:.
1415:.
1321:^
1305:.
1297:.
1254:Mn
949:-
879:96
871:-
771:92
760:Si
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