452:
358:
42:
444:). Magnentius attempted to create an image of himself as a liberator, and minted coins with such inscriptions as 'liberator of the Roman world.' Further, Magnentius seems to have initially pursued a policy of diplomacy with Constantius, hoping to induce the emperor to recognize him officially: for the first six months of his reign, Magnentius spoke of Constantius as his senior and minted coins bearing his image. Magnentius also appealed to the controversial bishop
610:
636:, in a bid to open the Eastern empire to attack. The incident is mentioned only in the account of Zonaras, though some scholars see a passage in Ammianus Marcellinus as corroborating it. However, some modern scholars have claimed that Zonaras' account contains chronological problems, and thus the historicity of this event is uncertain. In any case, if the plot did exist, it was foiled, as Gallus outlived the civil war.
2010:
448:—who in the end chose to side with Constantius—and repealed some of Constans' restrictions on pagan sacrifice in Italy. This latter decision, aimed at winning the support of wealthy Italian pagans, proved to be a rather crude political maneuver, and earned Magnentius a reputation as a pagan himself.
267:
claim to the emperorship. Magnentius instead sought popular support by modeling himself as a liberator who had freed the
Western Empire from the tyranny of Constans. He attempted various public and religious reform, but almost all his acts were quickly repealed by Constantius after his death. In
624:
The year 352 is marked by
Magnentius' failed attempts to broker a peace with Constantius: Magnentius sent an embassy to Constantius who, worried about espionage, prevented them reaching him. Magnentius then sent an assembly of bishops with the message that he was willing to step down and take a
583:
Constantius and
Magnentius wintered far apart, and, in the early months of 351, both parties flirted with the idea of peace. Constantius offered Magnentius control of Gaul, which Magnentius rejected. Magnentius' force may have been slowly deserting him, for he seems to have pushed for a battle:
596:
in one of the largest battles ever fought among Romans: low estimates suggest there were over 50,000 deaths. The sight of the field is reported to have reduced
Constantius to tears, and to have made him fear that Rome would be unable to resist Barbarian invasion. Contemporary commentators like
325:) on 18 January 350 Magnentius announced his bid for power by attending a dinner party, stepping out for a moment, and re-entering the room in a purple toga (the traditional dress of an emperor). The party-goers, either all or in part in on the plot, hailed him Augustus.
625:
soldier's posting under
Constantius. Constantius rejected this offer as well. Magnentius' legions along the Rhine began defecting en masse, access to northern Gaul and Spain was blocked, and, in the end, he was unable to effectively prevent defection even in his camp.
320:
Court officials eventually hatched a plot to overthrow
Constans and place Magnentius in power. By 350, Constans was likely deeply unpopular; ancient sources deride him as licentious, incompetent, and homosexual. There is confusion as to the details, but in Augustulum
699:. This symbol has come to be associated solely with Christianity, but this may not reflect attitudes at the time: MacMullen argues that Magnentius was a Pagan, and that the Chi-Rho had been so de-Christianized by the mid fourth century that he could use it freely.
485:
Despite his efforts
Magnentius remained politically vulnerable. Constantius reasoned that legitimizing the man who murdered his brother would set an unacceptable precedent, and so prepared to march West. In Italy, Magnentius' hold over Rome proved tenuous, and
328:
In the days following his acclamation, Magnentius bribed the city guard to secure their loyalty and barred residents of
Augustulum from leaving the city to prevent the spread of the news. Anxious to eliminate Constans—who was then hunting near the
621:, perhaps after being prevented from entering Italy by the erection of garrisons loyal to Constantius. Magnentius blocked the passages West, and Constantius engaged in skirmishes with the barbarians to the Northeast for the rest of the year.
516:
on 1 March 350. Though he publicly allied with
Magnentius, many modern scholars contend that Vetranio was working for Constantius from the beginning, preventing Magnentius from threatening Constantinople until Constantius could march West.
295:, Magnentius was purportedly the son of a British father and a Frankish mother, though some scholars suspect that his supposed origins were exaggerated or invented as a result of Constantinian propaganda. He served in the
528:
concedes that
Magnentius "governed in accordance with the laws." This, along with the speed with which he attracted the provinces of Britain and Hispania, may indicate that his administration was relatively competent.
651:). There, some sources report that his home was surrounded by the forces of Constantius and that he lashed out against his brother Desiderius. However, most sources agree that, on 10 August 353, he died by
683:. However, some sources hint at a pagan restoration during his short reign. Epigraphic evidence suggests that he allowed pagans to perform sacrifices at night, a practice that had been banned by Constans.
1507:
279:, Constantius feared that Rome would no longer be able to effectively hold off barbarian invasions. Following his death, Constantius II became the sole emperor of the Roman Empire.
543:
By the summer of 350 it had become clear that war was inevitable between Constantius and Magnentius. Magnentius had already moved east over the spring, and appointed his brother
1484:
662:
Following the suppression of Magnentius' rebellion, Constantius began to root out his followers. The most notorious agent he employed in this search was the
1714:
309:, the Imperial guard units. Magnentius seems to have been effective in his post and to have been well-liked by other important court officials, notably
436:
Magnentius' early reign is marked by a series of bids for political legitimacy. Lacking a connection to the Constantinian dynasty, Magnentius married
736:
does not appear in any inscription or historian's account; it is only attributed to Magnentius on the basis of a single, now rare, coin minted in
3538:
1543:"Smoke in the Wind: Zonoras' use of Philostorgius, Zosimus, John of Antioch, and John of Rhodes in his Narrative on the Neo-Flavian Emperors"
558:
271:
Perhaps the most important consequence of Magnentius' revolt was the severe depletion of the Empire's military forces in civil war: The
268:
light of the political instability of his reign, modern and ancient historians tend to consider him a usurper rather than an emperor.
1635:
2129:
2654:
2089:
679:
Magnentius' religious beliefs remain a point of contention among scholars. Many argue that Magnentius was, at least nominally, a
342:
1877:
Regesten der Kaiser und Päpste für die Jahre 311 bis 476 n. Chr. Vorarbeit zu einer Prosopographie der christlichen Kaiserzeit
1794:
Julian the Emperor: Containing Gregory Nazianzen's Two Invectives and Libanius' Monody with Julian's Extant Theosophical Works
3448:
3316:
1984:
1952:
1531:
3481:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
588:
defected to Constantius. After failing to take the city of Mursa, Magnentius' force was approached by Constantius', and the
2661:
425:
to govern Rome. He seems to have secured Africa quickly as well, thus inheriting all of Constans' former territory except
259:
Much of Magnentius' short reign was concerned with asserting his legitimacy. Unlike Constans, Magnentius was unrelated to
3508:
3284:
1979:. Translated by Banchich, Thomas M.; Lane, Eugene N. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge. pp. 159–166, 210–217.
520:
There is little evidence to suggest that Magnentius' rule was tyrannical or unjust. In a funeral oration for the emperor
3528:
772:
Desiderius' existence is disputed; he is mentioned only by Zonaras, perhaps trying to harmonize sources now lost to us.
248:. The Eastern emperor Constantius II, the brother of Constans, refused to acknowledge Magnentius' legitimacy and led a
695:, Magnentius' coinage is neither distinctively pagan nor Christian, with the exception of a series of coins bearing a
3513:
1928:
1906:
1778:
1756:
1724:
1670:
1452:
495:
310:
17:
1640:. Translated by Watson, John Selby. London: George Bell and Sons. X.9–12. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012.
3250:
3233:
3060:
3048:
554:
3518:
3221:
3013:
2975:
2935:
2902:
1844:
573:
538:
249:
3523:
3436:
3262:
3089:
3055:
3019:
2908:
1651:
1489:
3077:
2122:
1509:
Description Historique des Monnaies Frappées Sous L'Empire Romain Communément Appelées Médailles Impériales
333:
away from his forces—Magnentius sent a contingent to run him down, and Constans was killed at Helena (near
1307:
3533:
3158:
2837:
2303:
1872:
741:
585:
1567:
3543:
3468:
3424:
3402:
3353:
3240:
3031:
2800:
2142:
1855:
1568:"The revolt and ethnic origin of the usurper Magnentius (350–353), and the rebellion of Vetranio (350)"
639:
Constantius crossed the Alps in 353, and Magnentius made a final stand in July of the same year at the
426:
1746:
3375:
3343:
3168:
2348:
2107:
3385:
3338:
2885:
2532:
1898:
The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen: Comprising a History of the Church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440
1308:
Cuirassed bust of diademed emperor (‘Magnentius’). Vienna (Viennensis). Mid-fourth century. LSA-577
445:
553:
to control Gaul during his absence. In the East, Constantius was tied down for most of 350 in his
451:
3193:
3173:
2947:
2827:
2115:
1742:
640:
253:
3463:
3442:
3348:
2138:
2037:
1738:
763:
portrayed him as a barbarian invader rather than a usurper in his panegyric for Constantius II.
664:
306:
584:
either the night before the battle or long before (accounts conflict) the important commander
3397:
3392:
3368:
3363:
3279:
3116:
3104:
2875:
2500:
2080:
1631:
747:
598:
589:
491:
272:
264:
260:
3498:
3380:
3328:
3188:
3163:
3128:
3043:
2957:
2807:
2638:
357:
245:
66:
60:
1583:
Drinkwater, John F. (2022). "The battle of Mursa, 351: causes, course, and consequences".
8:
3503:
3311:
3296:
3274:
3209:
3198:
3153:
3099:
2589:
2527:
2490:
1976:
The History of Zonaras : from Alexander Severus to the death of Theodosius the Great
1938:
716:
500:
338:
276:
1896:
1792:
3358:
3301:
3245:
3227:
3216:
3178:
3148:
3026:
2744:
2648:
2398:
2367:
2360:
2014:
1823:
1693:
1645:
1600:
1554:
629:
566:
299:, a prestigious bodyguard corps attached to the imperial retinue, and was promoted to
3323:
3269:
3110:
3008:
2983:
2832:
2694:
2430:
2415:
2293:
2261:
1990:
1980:
1958:
1948:
1924:
1902:
1880:
1840:
1774:
1752:
1720:
1666:
1604:
1527:
1448:
557:. However, in the autumn of 350 Constantius successfully lifted the Persian siege of
437:
244:. Quickly killing the unpopular Constans, Magnentius gained control over most of the
175:
168:
1035:
3453:
3430:
3333:
3306:
3291:
3257:
3183:
3143:
3133:
2858:
2785:
2755:
2618:
2573:
2568:
2440:
1815:
1766:
1592:
760:
521:
240:
1463:
601:
lament the loss, noting that enough men for an entire foreign invasion were lost.
3094:
3084:
2993:
2780:
2688:
2676:
2670:
2522:
2343:
2313:
2256:
2236:
1970:
1916:
1660:
1612:
1521:
688:
593:
562:
420:
416:
2988:
2952:
2897:
2790:
2713:
2611:
2605:
2537:
2517:
2271:
2231:
2058:
2046:
1734:
1706:
1665:. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William V. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
549:
227:
98:
47:
1962:
1773:. Translated by Wright, Wilmer Cave. London: W. Heinenmann. Orations 1.37–41.
1616:
3492:
3458:
3418:
2962:
2770:
2578:
1994:
1884:
1710:
1515:. Vol. VIII. Paris: Rollin & Feuardent, Editeurs, Reu de Louvois, 4.
1445:
Athanasius and Constantius: theology and politics in the Constantinian empire
684:
668:
441:
400:
361:
223:
56:
252:
against Magnentius. Ultimately, Magnentius' forces were scattered after the
3203:
2998:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2738:
2600:
2241:
1942:
1819:
628:
At some time in the year 353, Magnentius may have attempted to assassinate
346:
1974:
1596:
41:
3067:
2942:
2892:
2817:
2391:
2338:
2281:
696:
692:
513:
412:
130:
1827:
1803:
1797:. Translated by C. W. King. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 132 f.
1558:
3123:
3038:
3003:
2968:
2880:
2795:
2555:
2495:
2475:
2420:
2385:
2378:
2323:
2288:
2151:
1697:
1681:
1542:
680:
487:
113:
2137:
2870:
2822:
2732:
2719:
2506:
2435:
2408:
2403:
2372:
2318:
2266:
2201:
2196:
2097:
1879:(in German). J. B. Metzersche Verlagscuchhandlung. pp. 198–199.
1682:"Ammianus Marcellinus and Zonaras on a Late Roman Assassination Plot"
656:
609:
544:
456:
334:
750:. Alternatively, its appearance on the coin may simply be a mistake.
440:, possibly a great-granddaughter of Constantine (and future wife of
3138:
2920:
2812:
2765:
2725:
2707:
2627:
2562:
2542:
2512:
2485:
2480:
2465:
2455:
2425:
2333:
2328:
2276:
2251:
2246:
2211:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2050:
2030:
1788:
1499:
737:
644:
577:
525:
509:
430:
408:
330:
235:
150:
108:
88:
815:
813:
494:
nephew, took and held the city for 27 days. Magnentius dispatched
3072:
2775:
2682:
2595:
2450:
2226:
1892:
1716:
The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425
652:
505:
1662:
The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology
1447:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 101–108.
786:
2844:
2701:
2583:
2355:
2221:
2009:
1462:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia, ed. (7 August 2021).
810:
288:
512:
was acclaimed emperor with the support of Constantius' sister
2445:
2216:
2206:
2186:
1624:
Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
613:
Marble bust of a 4th-century emperor, most likely Magnentius.
399:
Magnentius quickly attracted the loyalty of the provinces of
322:
301:
230:. Of Germanic descent, Magnentius served with distinction in
1804:"Deux milliaires de la route romaine de Toulouse à Narbonne"
837:
2191:
2181:
825:
728:
Though modern scholars often give Magnentius' full name as
648:
618:
404:
292:
231:
158:
154:
134:
1947:. Translated by Ridley, Ronald T. Brill: Leiden. 2.43–55.
1341:
1317:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1093:
1081:
1040:
1001:
999:
984:
972:
911:
909:
894:
576:, Constantius moved West. On 25 December 350 he accepted
1705:
Hunt, David (1998). "The successors of Constantine". In
1250:
1248:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
415:. He did so within a month of his ascension, appointing
1419:
1385:
1383:
1856:"Pagan Propaganda during the Userpation of Magnentius"
1395:
1353:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1206:
1189:
1052:
996:
906:
849:
1523:
Constantius II: Usurpers, Eunuchs, and the Antichrist
1370:
1368:
1277:
1245:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1165:
1105:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1018:
1016:
1014:
921:
873:
798:
1407:
1380:
1177:
1143:
1141:
960:
861:
275:
left so many Roman soldiers dead that, according to
1260:
1365:
1329:
1289:
1218:
1153:
1126:
1064:
1011:
948:
1733:
1138:
819:
792:
572:and entrusting command of the Eastern legions to
3490:
1915:
1837:Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100–400)
687:describes Magnentius as a demon worshiper, and
429:(which would shortly come under the control of
1923:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 50–53.
2123:
1921:Liber De Caesaribus of Sextus Aurelius Victor
1502:(Belgium), Édition numismatique romaine, 1983
238:. On 18 January 350 Magnentius was acclaimed
222:303 – 10 August 353) was a Roman general and
1751:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
691:recounts a story of him using black magic.
282:
256:, and he died by suicide on 10 August 353.
2130:
2116:
1582:
1565:
1461:
1099:
1087:
978:
804:
659:hanged himself when he received the news.
40:
1834:
1801:
1686:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1630:
1425:
1283:
855:
1787:
1519:
1401:
1183:
1005:
990:
608:
450:
356:
1969:
1937:
1891:
1748:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
1359:
1271:
1212:
1200:
1058:
1046:
915:
900:
14:
3539:Suicides by sharp instrument in France
3491:
1765:
1679:
1658:
1540:
1442:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1254:
1227:
1120:
1034:Michael DiMaio Jr. and Robert Frakes,
942:
888:
867:
461:
367:
2111:
1870:
1853:
1505:
1413:
1389:
1147:
966:
843:
655:by falling on his sword. His brother
381:
1704:
1374:
1295:
1239:
1171:
1159:
1132:
1075:
1022:
954:
561:and forged a nominal peace with the
722:
465:
411:, and immediately moved to control
24:
1611:
1553:(1). Peeters Publishers: 230–255.
1496:Le Monnayage de Magnence (350–353)
831:
740:. Magnentius may have adopted the
349:in 351 was a reward for this act.
25:
3555:
2003:
478:
475:
2008:
1659:Finney, Paul Corby, ed. (2017).
617:Magnentius retreated across the
392:
377:
341:claims this force was headed by
317:, who supported his usurpation.
1771:The works of the Emperor Julian
1301:
1028:
766:
753:
384:
1901:. Genry G. Bohn. p. 153.
1719:. Cambridge University Press.
1443:Barnes, Timothy David (1993).
820:Jones, Martindale & Morris
793:Jones, Martindale & Morris
709:
472:
468:
388:
13:
1:
1626:(in German). Vol. XIV.1.
779:
746:in an attempt to imitate the
374:
219:
207:
145:
1637:Abridgement of Roman History
1566:Drinkwater, John F. (2000).
532:
371:
7:
674:
10:
3560:
3509:4th-century Roman usurpers
3403:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3354:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3241:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1860:Scripta Classica Israelica
1835:MacMullen, Ramsay (1977).
1802:Labrousse, Michel (1958).
1680:Frakes, Robert M. (1997).
1435:
592:ensued. Constantius won a
539:Roman civil war of 350–353
536:
352:
3529:4th-century Roman consuls
3479:
3411:
3376:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3344:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3169:Constantine IX Monomachos
2857:
2754:
2637:
2464:
2302:
2150:
2094:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2035:
2027:
2022:
1839:. Yale University Press.
1650:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1585:Journal of Late Antiquity
1485:Pierre Bastien (numismat)
1312:Last Statues of Antiquity
1036:Constans I (337–350 A.D.)
730:Flavius Magnus Magnentius
643:, after which he fled to
604:
504:) to retake the city. In
202:
193:
188:
184:
174:
164:
140:
124:
120:
104:
94:
84:
74:
55:
39:
34:
3514:Suicides in Ancient Rome
3339:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1541:DiMaio, Michael (1988).
1520:Crawford, Peter (2016).
702:
580:resignation in Illyria.
555:War against the Persians
364:of Magnentius, marked:
283:Early life and accession
3194:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2828:Tiberius II Constantine
1468:Encyclopedia Britannica
641:Battle of Mons Seleucus
254:Battle of Mons Seleucus
3349:Michael IX Palaiologos
1820:10.3406/palla.1958.947
665:primicerius notariorum
614:
482:
396:
315:comes rerum privatarum
307:Herculians and Jovians
3519:Comites rei militaris
3443:Thessalonian emperors
3437:Trapezuntine emperors
3398:John VIII Palaiologos
3393:Manuel II Palaiologos
3364:John VI Kantakouzenos
3280:Andronikos I Komnenos
3117:Constantine Lekapenos
2145:and empresses regnant
2017:at Wikimedia Commons
1597:10.1353/jla.2022.0001
1506:Cohen, Henry (1892).
748:Constantinian dynasty
612:
590:Battle of Mursa Major
454:
360:
287:Born in Samarobriva (
261:Constantine the Great
65:(unrecognized in the
3524:Generals of Constans
3381:John VII Palaiologos
3329:Theodore II Laskaris
3189:Constantine X Doukas
3129:Nikephoros II Phokas
1871:Seeck, Otto (1919).
1854:Rubin, Zeev (1998).
671:("Paul the Chain").
144:10 August 353 (aged
3312:Theodore I Laskaris
3297:Alexios III Angelos
3275:Alexios II Komnenos
3199:Romanos IV Diogenes
3154:Romanos III Argyros
3100:Romanos I Lekapenos
1526:. Pen & Sword.
1350:, pp. 246–247.
1326:, pp. 105–106.
717:Peter the Patrician
501:magister officiorum
419:to the position of
250:successful campaign
46:Medallion (worth 3
3534:People from Amiens
3431:Britannic emperors
3425:Palmyrene emperors
3359:John V Palaiologos
3302:Alexios IV Angelos
3251:Constantine Doukas
3246:Alexios I Komnenos
3234:Constantine Doukas
3217:Michael VII Doukas
3179:Michael VI Bringas
2745:Romulus Augustulus
2368:Trebonianus Gallus
2361:Herennius Etruscus
2143:Byzantine emperors
2066:Political offices
715:Mentioned only in
630:Constantius Gallus
615:
567:Constantius Gallus
483:
397:
234:under the emperor
3544:Damnatio memoriae
3486:
3485:
3324:John III Vatatzes
3270:Manuel I Komnenos
3009:Michael I Rangabe
2853:
2852:
2695:Petronius Maximus
2294:Severus Alexander
2262:Septimius Severus
2106:
2105:
2095:Succeeded by
2056:Succeeded by
2013:Media related to
1986:978-0-415-29909-1
1954:978-90-04-34458-7
1533:978-1-78340-055-3
1242:, pp. 16–17.
1174:, pp. 15–16.
993:, pp. 71–72.
834:, p. 445, col. 1.
498:(now promoted to
488:Julius Nepotianus
216:Magnus Magnentius
213:
212:
198:
197:
194:Magnus Magnentius
18:Magnus Magnentius
16:(Redirected from
3551:
3334:John IV Laskaris
3307:Alexios V Doukas
3292:Isaac II Angelos
3258:John II Komnenos
3184:Isaac I Komnenos
3144:Constantine VIII
3134:John I Tzimiskes
2861:Byzantine Empire
2635:
2634:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2098:Decentius Caesar
2071:Preceded by
2028:Preceded by
2020:
2019:
2012:
1998:
1971:Zonaras, Joannes
1966:
1934:
1912:
1888:
1867:
1850:
1831:
1798:
1784:
1762:
1730:
1701:
1676:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1627:
1621:
1617:"Magnentius (1)"
1608:
1579:
1562:
1537:
1516:
1514:
1493:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1458:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1009:
1003:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
919:
913:
904:
898:
892:
886:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
808:
802:
796:
790:
773:
770:
764:
757:
751:
726:
720:
713:
632:, Constantius' c
481:
480:
477:
474:
470:
467:
463:
422:praefectus urbis
395:
394:
390:
386:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
263:, and so had no
221:
186:
185:
180:Unnamed daughter
147:
78:18 January 350 –
44:
32:
31:
21:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3475:
3419:Gallic emperors
3407:
3095:Constantine VII
2876:Constantine III
2863:
2860:
2849:
2758:
2750:
2689:Valentinian III
2677:Constantius III
2671:Priscus Attalus
2655:Constantine III
2641:
2633:
2523:Valerius Valens
2468:
2460:
2306:
2298:
2257:Didius Julianus
2237:Marcus Aurelius
2154:
2146:
2136:
2102:
2100:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2061:
2049:
2043:
2042:350–353
2041:
2033:
2006:
2001:
1987:
1955:
1931:
1917:Aurelius Victor
1909:
1847:
1781:
1759:
1739:J.R. Martindale
1727:
1673:
1643:
1642:
1619:
1613:Enßlin, Wilhelm
1534:
1512:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1455:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1106:
1100:Drinkwater 2000
1098:
1094:
1088:Drinkwater 2000
1086:
1082:
1074:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1012:
1004:
997:
989:
985:
979:Drinkwater 2000
977:
973:
965:
961:
953:
949:
941:
922:
914:
907:
899:
895:
887:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
846:, p. 12, n. 28.
842:
838:
830:
826:
818:
811:
805:Britannica 2021
803:
799:
795:, p. 1038.
791:
787:
782:
777:
776:
771:
767:
758:
754:
727:
723:
714:
710:
705:
677:
607:
594:Pyrrhic victory
541:
535:
460:
417:Fabius Titianus
366:
365:
355:
345:, and that his
285:
273:Battle of Mursa
149:
129:
112:
79:
70:
64:
51:
50:) of Magnentius
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3378:
3373:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3238:
3214:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Theodora (III)
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3070:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3036:
3024:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Constantine VI
2986:
2981:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Theodosius III
2950:
2945:
2940:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2898:Constantine IV
2895:
2890:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:Eastern Empire
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:Western Empire
2632:
2631:
2624:
2612:Magnus Maximus
2608:
2606:Valentinian II
2603:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2538:Constantius II
2535:
2533:Constantine II
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Antoninus Pius
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2155:27 BC – AD 235
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:Constantius II
2057:
2054:
2047:Constantius II
2034:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2023:Regnal titles
2005:
2004:External links
2002:
2000:
1999:
1985:
1967:
1953:
1935:
1929:
1913:
1907:
1889:
1868:
1851:
1845:
1832:
1799:
1785:
1779:
1763:
1757:
1731:
1725:
1707:Averil Cameron
1702:
1677:
1671:
1656:
1628:
1609:
1580:
1563:
1538:
1532:
1517:
1503:
1479:
1459:
1453:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:MacMullen 1977
1418:
1416:, p. 131.
1406:
1394:
1392:, p. 128.
1379:
1364:
1362:, p. 166.
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1300:
1288:
1284:Eutropius 1886
1276:
1259:
1257:, p. 105.
1244:
1232:
1217:
1215:, p. 163.
1205:
1203:, p. 164.
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1137:
1125:
1123:, p. 102.
1104:
1102:, p. 136.
1092:
1090:, p. 132.
1080:
1063:
1061:, p. 161.
1051:
1039:
1027:
1010:
995:
983:
981:, p. 142.
971:
969:, p. 125.
959:
947:
945:, p. 101.
920:
918:, p. 165.
905:
893:
891:, p. 106.
872:
870:, p. 337.
860:
856:Labrousse 1958
848:
836:
824:
822:, p. 532.
809:
797:
784:
783:
781:
778:
775:
774:
765:
759:For instance,
752:
721:
707:
706:
704:
701:
693:Numismatically
676:
673:
606:
603:
537:Main article:
534:
531:
354:
351:
284:
281:
246:Western Empire
228:Constantius II
211:
210:
206:Disputed; See
204:
200:
199:
196:
195:
191:
190:
182:
181:
178:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
142:
138:
137:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
106:
102:
101:
99:Constantius II
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
63:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3556:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3478:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3056:Theodora (II)
3054:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2963:Constantine V
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Anastasius II
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Theodosius II
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Valentinian I
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2501:Constantine I
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Constantius I
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2038:Roman emperor
2032:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2011:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1930:0-85323-218-0
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1908:9780790565682
1904:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:(in French).
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1780:0-674-99014-5
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1758:0-521-07233-6
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:Jones, A.H.M.
1732:
1728:
1726:0-521-30200-5
1722:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1711:Peter Garnsey
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:(1): 121–28.
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1672:9780802890160
1668:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1454:0-674-05067-3
1450:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1428:, p. 48.
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1404:, p. 75.
1403:
1402:Crawford 2016
1398:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1377:, p. 22.
1376:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1298:, p. 20.
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1184:Libanius 1888
1180:
1173:
1168:
1162:, p. 15.
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1135:, p. 16.
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1078:, p. 11.
1077:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:, p. 10.
1024:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1008:, p. 72.
1007:
1006:Crawford 2016
1002:
1000:
992:
991:Crawford 2016
987:
980:
975:
968:
963:
957:, p. 14.
956:
951:
944:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
917:
912:
910:
902:
897:
890:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
869:
864:
858:, p. 64.
857:
852:
845:
840:
833:
828:
821:
816:
814:
806:
801:
794:
789:
785:
769:
762:
756:
749:
745:
744:
739:
735:
731:
725:
718:
712:
708:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:Philostorgius
682:
672:
670:
669:Paulus Catena
667:
666:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
626:
622:
620:
611:
602:
600:
595:
591:
587:
581:
579:
575:
571:
568:
565:. Appointing
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:
546:
540:
530:
527:
524:, the orator
523:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:
497:
493:
492:Constantine's
489:
458:
453:
449:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
363:
362:Centenionalis
359:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
326:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
298:
294:
290:
280:
278:
274:
269:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
209:
205:
201:
192:
187:
183:
179:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
143:
139:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:10 August 353
77:
73:
68:
62:
58:
57:Roman emperor
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
27:Roman usurper
19:
3386:Andronikos V
3384:
3367:
3315:
3283:
3261:
3249:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3208:
3202:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3076:
3059:
3047:
3030:
3018:
3012:
2999:Nikephoros I
2974:
2973:
2967:
2934:
2931:Justinian II
2926:Tiberius III
2916:Justinian II
2907:
2901:
2884:
2836:
2808:Anastasius I
2799:
2743:
2739:Julius Nepos
2731:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2601:Theodosius I
2588:
2561:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2518:Maximinus II
2505:
2407:
2390:
2377:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2280:
2242:Lucius Verus
2087:
2081:Roman consul
2079:
2045:
2036:
2007:
1975:
1943:
1920:
1897:
1876:
1863:
1859:
1836:
1814:(3): 55–78.
1811:
1807:
1793:
1770:
1747:
1715:
1689:
1685:
1661:
1636:
1623:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1550:
1546:
1522:
1508:
1495:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:
1464:"Magnentius"
1444:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1360:Zonaras 2009
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1272:Zosimus 2017
1235:
1213:Zonaras 2009
1208:
1201:Zonaras 2009
1179:
1167:
1155:
1128:
1095:
1083:
1059:Zonaras 2009
1054:
1047:Zosimus 2017
1042:
1030:
986:
974:
962:
950:
916:Zonaras 2009
901:Zosimus 2017
896:
863:
851:
839:
827:
800:
788:
768:
755:
742:
733:
729:
724:
711:
678:
663:
661:
638:
633:
627:
623:
616:
582:
569:
548:
542:
519:
499:
484:
435:
421:
398:
391:. x p, a ω,
327:
319:
314:
300:
296:
286:
270:
258:
239:
215:
214:
29:
3499:300s births
3445:(1224–1242)
3439:(1204–1461)
3228:Konstantios
3105:Christopher
3078:Constantine
3068:Michael III
3049:Constantine
3032:Constantine
3014:Theophylact
2943:Philippicus
2893:Constans II
2818:Justinian I
2714:Severus III
2662:Constans II
2416:Claudius II
2392:Silbannacus
2339:Gordian III
2314:Maximinus I
2282:Diadumenian
2075:Nigrinianus
1944:New History
1591:: 131–159.
1488: [
1482:(in French)
1348:DiMaio 1988
1336:Frakes 1997
1324:Barnes 1993
1255:Barnes 1993
1228:Barnes 1993
1121:Barnes 1993
943:Barnes 1993
889:Barnes 1993
868:Finney 2017
732:, the name
719:'s account.
697:Christogram
574:Lucillianus
514:Constantina
496:Marcellinus
471:/ victoria
455:Solidus of
442:Valentinian
370:magnentivs
311:Marcellinus
297:protectores
131:Samarobriva
85:Predecessor
3504:353 deaths
3493:Categories
3222:Andronikos
3210:Nikephoros
3159:Michael IV
3124:Romanos II
3044:Theophilos
3039:Michael II
3020:Staurakios
3004:Staurakios
2976:Nikephoros
2969:Artabasdos
2881:Heraclonas
2838:Theodosius
2796:Basiliscus
2556:Nepotianus
2549:Magnentius
2543:Constans I
2496:Severus II
2476:Diocletian
2421:Quintillus
2386:Aemilianus
2379:Volusianus
2324:Gordian II
2289:Elagabalus
2152:Principate
2015:Magnentius
1963:1003488833
1873:"Regesten"
1866:: 124–142.
1846:0300036426
1578:: 131–159.
1414:Rubin 1998
1390:Rubin 1998
1148:Rubin 1998
967:Rubin 1998
844:Cohen 1892
780:References
578:Vetranio’s
464:decentivs
446:Athanasius
347:consulship
114:Nepotianus
35:Magnentius
3464:Classical
3449:Empresses
3433:(286–296)
3427:(267–273)
3421:(260–274)
3164:Michael V
3090:Alexander
2903:Heraclius
2871:Heraclius
2823:Justin II
2733:Glycerius
2720:Anthemius
2590:Procopius
2528:Martinian
2507:Maxentius
2436:Florianus
2409:Saloninus
2404:Gallienus
2373:Hostilian
2349:Philip II
2319:Gordian I
2267:Caracalla
2202:Vespasian
2197:Vitellius
1995:166383930
1885:427874626
1743:J. Morris
1646:cite book
1632:Eutropius
1605:247442626
1547:Byzantion
1375:Hunt 1998
1296:Hunt 1998
1240:Hunt 1998
1172:Hunt 1998
1160:Hunt 1998
1133:Hunt 1998
1076:Hunt 1998
1049:, 2.42.4.
1023:Hunt 1998
955:Hunt 1998
903:, 2.51.1.
681:Christian
657:Decentius
599:Eutropius
545:Decentius
533:Civil war
457:Decentius
401:Britannia
335:Perpignan
95:Successor
3459:Usurpers
3454:Augustae
3412:See also
3317:Nicholas
3139:Basil II
2936:Tiberius
2921:Leontius
2909:Tiberius
2886:Tiberius
2864:610–1453
2859:Eastern/
2813:Justin I
2766:Arcadius
2726:Olybrius
2708:Majorian
2649:Honorius
2628:Eugenius
2563:Vetranio
2513:Licinius
2486:Galerius
2481:Maximian
2466:Dominate
2456:Numerian
2426:Aurelian
2399:Valerian
2344:Philip I
2334:Balbinus
2329:Pupienus
2277:Macrinus
2252:Pertinax
2247:Commodus
2212:Domitian
2177:Claudius
2172:Caligula
2167:Tiberius
2162:Augustus
2051:Vetranio
2031:Constans
1973:(2009).
1941:(2017).
1919:(1994).
1895:(1855).
1828:43605390
1791:(1888).
1789:Libanius
1769:(1913).
1745:(1971).
1713:(eds.).
1634:(1886).
1615:(1928).
1559:44171050
1500:Wetteren
738:Aquileia
675:Religion
645:Lugdunum
586:Silvanus
563:Sasanids
526:Libanius
510:Vetranio
459:marked:
431:Vetranio
409:Hispania
380:/ salvs
331:Pyrenees
265:dynastic
241:Augustus
236:Constans
226:against
203:Religion
151:Lugdunum
109:Vetranio
89:Constans
3469:Eastern
3369:Matthew
3263:Alexios
3111:Stephen
3073:Basil I
2958:Leo III
2833:Maurice
2776:Marcian
2759:395–610
2683:Joannes
2642:395–480
2596:Gratian
2469:284–610
2451:Carinus
2431:Tacitus
2307:235–285
2227:Hadrian
2073:Sergius
1939:Zosimus
1893:Sozomen
1698:4436456
1436:Sources
832:RE 1928
734:Flavius
689:Zonaras
653:suicide
559:Nisibis
506:Illyria
479:romanor
438:Justina
427:Illyria
353:Usurper
339:Zosimus
305:of the
277:Zosimus
224:usurper
169:Justina
59:in the
3231:&
3207:&
3114:&
3085:Leo VI
3061:Thekla
3017:&
2984:Leo IV
2906:&
2845:Phocas
2801:Marcus
2786:Leo II
2702:Avitus
2619:Victor
2584:Valens
2574:Jovian
2569:Julian
2441:Probus
2376:&
2356:Decius
2304:Crisis
2222:Trajan
2101:Paulus
2044:With:
1993:
1983:
1961:
1951:
1927:
1905:
1883:
1843:
1826:
1808:Pallas
1777:
1767:Julian
1755:
1741:&
1723:
1709:&
1696:
1669:
1603:
1572:Chiron
1557:
1530:
1451:
761:Julian
605:Demise
570:caesar
550:caesar
522:Julian
407:, and
313:, the
289:Amiens
165:Spouse
128:c. 303
105:Rivals
48:solidi
3027:Leo V
2994:Irene
2781:Leo I
2446:Carus
2217:Nerva
2207:Titus
2187:Galba
2139:Roman
2090:Gaiso
2088:with
1824:JSTOR
1694:JSTOR
1620:(PNG)
1601:S2CID
1555:JSTOR
1513:(PDF)
1492:]
1473:3 May
743:nomen
703:Notes
634:aesar
413:Italy
382:dd nn
343:Gaiso
323:Autun
302:comes
208:below
189:Names
176:Issue
116:(350)
111:(350)
75:Reign
3383:(w.
3366:(w.
3314:(w.
3285:John
3282:(w.
3260:(w.
3248:(w.
3219:(w.
3201:(w.
3102:(w.
3075:(w.
3058:(w.
3046:(w.
3029:(w.
3011:(w.
2972:(w.
2933:(w.
2900:(w.
2883:(w.
2835:(w.
2798:(w.
2791:Zeno
2658:(w.
2615:(w.
2406:(w.
2370:(w.
2358:(w.
2346:(w.
2279:(w.
2272:Geta
2192:Otho
2182:Nero
2141:and
1991:OCLC
1981:ISBN
1959:OCLC
1949:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1881:OCLC
1841:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1652:link
1528:ISBN
1475:2022
1449:ISBN
649:Lyon
619:Alps
473:caes
469:caes
466:fort
405:Gaul
389:caes
293:Gaul
232:Gaul
159:Gaul
155:Lyon
141:Died
135:Gaul
125:Born
67:East
61:West
3204:Leo
3149:Zoe
2395:(?)
2085:351
1816:doi
1593:doi
547:as
476:lib
433:).
393:amb
387:et
385:avg
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291:),
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