511:
3440:
1047:
1033:
1162:
38:
78:
3468:
51:
59:
1243:
5179:
3508:
3426:
3518:
894:
67:
3496:
3454:
5189:
3412:
965:
5199:
2453:
3482:
164:. Honduran mahogany is the most widespread and the only genuine mahogany species commercially grown today. Mahogany is a valuable lumber used for paneling, furniture, boats, musical instruments, and other items. The United States is the leading importer of mahogany, while Peru is the largest exporter. Mahogany is the national tree of the Dominican Republic and Belize.
957:
in the
Americas. This immediately stimulated the trade in West Indian timbers including, most importantly, mahogany. Importations of mahogany into England (and excluding those to Scotland, which were recorded separately) reached 525 tons per annum by 1740, 3,688 tons by 1750, and more than 30,000 tons in 1788, the peak year of the 18th century trade.
1136:
In 1907 the total of mahogany from all sources imported into Europe was 159,830 tons, of which 121,743 tons were from West Africa. By this time mahogany from Cuba, Haiti and other West Indian sources had become increasingly difficult to obtain in commercial sizes, and by the late 20th century
Central
1090:
Data are lacking, but it is likely that the newly independent United States now received a good proportion of its mahogany from Cuba. In the last quarter of the 18th century France began to use mahogany more widely; they had ample supplies of high quality wood from Saint
Domingue. The rest of Europe,
956:
While the trade in mahogany from the
Spanish and French territories in America remained moribund for most of the 18th century, this was not true for those islands under British control. In 1721 the British Parliament removed all import duties from timber imported into Britain from British possessions
1086:
By the 1790s most of the viable stocks of mahogany in
Jamaica had been cut, and the market was divided between two principal sources or types of mahogany. Honduras mahogany was relatively cheap, plentiful, but rarely of the best quality. Hispaniola (also called Spanish or Santo Domingo) mahogany was
976:
Until the 1760s over 90 per cent of the mahogany imported into
Britain came from Jamaica. Some of this was re-exported to continental Europe, but most was used by British furniture makers. Quantities of Jamaican mahogany also went to the North American colonies, but most of the wood used in American
1020:
by
British forces between August 1762 and July 1763, quantities of Cuban or Havanna mahogany were sent to Britain, and after the city was restored to Spain in 1763, Cuba continued to export small quantities, mostly to ports on the north coast of Jamaica, from where it went to Britain. However, this
960:
At the same time, the 1721 Act had the effect of substantially increasing exports of mahogany from the West Indies to the
British colonies in North America. Although initially regarded as a joinery wood, mahogany rapidly became the timber of choice for makers of high quality furniture in both the
1111:
From the 1820s mahogany from all these areas was imported into Europe and North
America, with the majority of them going to Britain. In Central America British loggers moved northwest towards Mexico and south into Guatemala. Other areas of Central America as far south as Panama also began to be
1024:
Another variety new to the market was
Hispaniola mahogany, also called 'Spanish' and 'St Domingo' mahogany. This was the result of the Free Ports Act of 1766, which opened Kingston and other designated Jamaican ports to foreign vessels for the first time. The object was primarily to encourage
1169:
Mahogany has a straight, fine, and even grain, and is relatively free of voids and pockets. Its reddish-brown color darkens over time, and displays a reddish sheen when polished. It has excellent workability, and is very durable. Historically, the tree's girth allowed for wide boards from
197:
By the late 19th century, African mahogany began to dominate the market, and by the early 20th century, the supply of American mahogany became scarcer. In response to concerns about the sustainability of mahogany, several species have been placed on CITES Appendices to regulate the trade.
821:
due to the absence of these shoot borers and absence of other limitations. Plantation management progressed throughout the 1990s and 2000s in Asia and the South Pacific. Global supply of genuine mahogany has been increasing from these plantations, notably Fiji, and Philippines. For
189:
The history of the American mahogany trade dates back to the 17th century when the wood was first noticed by Europeans during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Mahogany became more popular in the 18th century when the British Parliament removed import duties on timber from
1186:
mahogany, and the protests by indigenous peoples and environmental organizations from the 1980s into the 2000s, have diminished their use. Recent mahogany production from Mexico and Fiji has a lighter color and density than South American production from the early 20th century.
424:
species are classified officially as "genuine mahogany", other Meliaceae species with timber uses are classified as "true mahogany". Some may or may not have the word mahogany in their trade or common name. Some of these true mahoganies include the African genera
1126:
Trade in American mahogany probably reached a peak in the last quarter of the 19th century. Figures are not available for all countries, but Britain alone imported more than 80,000 tons in 1875. This figure was not matched again. From the 1880s, African mahogany
201:
Mahogany is known for its straight, fine grain and durability, making it a popular choice for fine furniture, boat construction, and musical instruments. However, the over-harvesting of mahogany and environmental concerns have led to a decrease in its use.
909:
for making canoes: "The Indians make these canoes without the use of any iron instruments, by only burning the trees at the bottom near the root, and afterwards governing the fire with such industry that nothing is burnt more than what they would have..."
1079:, British cutters were for the first time given the right to cut logwood in Yucatan unmolested, within agreed limits. Such was the enthusiasm of the cutters that within a few years the European market was glutted, and the price of logwood collapsed.
1173:
Much of the first-quality furniture made in the American colonies from the mid 18th century was made of mahogany, when the wood first became available to American craftsmen. Mahogany is still widely used for fine furniture; however, the rarity of
1082:
However, the price of mahogany was still high after the war, and so the cutters turned to cutting mahogany. The first Honduras mahogany arrived in Kingston, Jamaica, in November 1763, and the first shipments arrived in Britain the following year.
1123:, from Vera Cruz eastwards to Campeche and Sisal. By the end of the 19th century there was scarcely any part of Central America within reach of the coast untouched by logging, and activity also extended into Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil.
940:), some mahogany from that island probably found its way to France, where joiners in the port cities of Saint-Malo, Nantes, La Rochelle and Bordeaux used the wood to a limited extent from about 1700. On the English-controlled islands, especially
1194:, often used for musical instruments, particularly the backs, sides and necks of acoustic guitars, electric guitar bodies, and drum shells because of its ability to produce a very deep, warm tone compared to other commonly used woods, such as
687:
introduced originally in 1911 as an ornamental species using seeds from Honduras and Belize. Fiji has become a major producer of mahogany in the 21st Century due to a robust plantation program spanning over 50 years. Harvesting began in 2003.
929:, as the Taino Natives called the wood, was principally reserved for shipbuilding, and it was declared a royal monopoly at Havana in 1622. Hence very little of the mahogany growing in Spanish controlled territory found its way to Europe.
1934:
1254:
In the Philippines, environmentalists are calling for an end to the planting of mahogany because of its negative impact on the environment and wildlife, including possibly causing soil acidification and no net benefit to wildlife.
1103:
of 1789 and the wars that followed radically changed the mahogany trade, primarily due to the progressive collapse of the French and Spanish colonial empires, which allowed British traders into areas previously closed to them.
992:
In addition to Jamaica and Bahamas, all the British controlled islands exported some mahogany at various times, but the quantities were not large. The most significant third source was Black River and adjacent areas on the
542:, with the economic cost of illegal logging in Peru placed conservatively at $ 40β70 million USD annually. It was estimated that in 2000, some 57,000 mahogany trees were harvested to supply the U.S. furniture trade alone.
194:, leading to increased exports to Europe and North America. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, mahogany from various regions was imported into Europe and North America, with Britain being the largest consumer.
674:
was planted in Sri Lanka in 1897 but it was left unmanaged until the 1950s when reforestation efforts initiated by the Sri Lankan government led to plantations being consciously developed. In the early 1900s
634:
were introduced in several countries outside of the Americas during the 1800s and early 1900s using seeds from South America and the Caribbean. Many of these plantings became naturalized forests over time.
826:, the trees in these plantations are still relatively young compared to the trees being harvested from old growth forests in South America. Thus, the illegal trade of bigleaf mahogany continues apace.
611:
grows in Central America from Yucatan southwards and into South America, extending as far as Peru, Bolivia and extreme western Brazil. In the 20th century various botanists attempted to further define
1060:
In terms of quantity, the most significant new addition to the mahogany trade was Honduras mahogany, also called 'baywood', after the Bay of Honduras. British settlers had been active in southern
135:. Mahogany is used commercially for a wide variety of goods, due to its coloring and durable nature. It is naturally found within the Americas, but has also been imported to plantations across
2201:
1926:
623:
Harms., but many authorities consider these spurious. According to Record and Hess, all of the mahogany of continental North and South America can be considered as one botanical species,
586:
The specific density of mahogany is 0.55. Mahogany, African: (500β850 kg/m); Mahogany, Cuban: 660 kg/m; Mahogany, Honduras: 650 kg/m; Mahogany, Spanish: 850 kg/m.
722:
as slaves, they gave the same name to the similar trees they saw there. Though this interpretation has been disputed, no one has suggested a more plausible origin. The indigenous
143:. The mahogany trade may have begun as early as the 16th century and flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries. In certain countries, mahogany is considered an invasive species.
538:, which surpassed Brazil after that country banned mahogany exports in 2001. It is estimated that some 80 or 90 percent of Peruvian mahogany exported to the United States is
749:
Until the 19th century all of the mahogany was regarded as one species, although varying in quality and character according to soil and climate. In 1836 the German botanist
708:). The origin of the name is uncertain, but it could be a corruption of 'm'oganwo', the name used by the Yoruba and Ibo people of West Africa to describe trees of the genus
3055:
790:
report entitled "Tropical Hardwood Marketing Strategies for Southeast Asia". Efforts to repopulate mahogany largely failed in its native locations due to attacks from the
2161:
2357:
365:
5072:
2826:
670:
in 1911, 1913, 1914, 1920 and 1922. Planting resumed in the late 1980s. It was planted with many other exotic tree species for the purpose of reforestation.
2380:"Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN) A Report on the Stocktaking of National Forest Invasive Species (FIS) Activities in the Philippines"
178:
and protected due to concerns over illegal logging and mismanagement. Mahogany species can crossbreed when they grow in proximity, and the hybrid between
2229:
1108:
became the independent republic of Haiti, and from 1808, Spanish controlled Santo Domingo and Cuba were both open to British vessels for the first time.
170:
species have been introduced in various countries outside the Americas since the 1800s, with many plantings becoming naturalized forests. All species of
314:, which Malone finds unlikely considering the tree's generally solitary nature. He also argues that Lamb's earliest identified use of the Portuguese
1029:, but quantities of high quality mahogany were also shipped. These were then forwarded to Britain, where they entered the market in the late 1760s.
2190:
2821:
1133:
spp.), a related genus, began to be exported in increasing quantities from West Africa, and by the early 20th century it dominated the market.
1115:
The most important new development was the beginning of large scale logging in Mexico from the 1860s. Most mahogany was cut in the province of
810:
1777:
1001:), from where quantities of mahogany were shipped from the 1740s onwards. This mahogany was known as 'Rattan mahogany', after the island of
2865:
5062:
2534:
2319:
1811:
1614:
913:
The wood first came to the notice of Europeans with the beginning of Spanish colonisation in the Americas. A cross in the Cathedral at
1592:
222:. Initial mentions of the mahogany tree (as opposed to wood) date to 1731, with its first detailed description in 1743, attributed to
1064:
since the beginning of the 18th century, despite the opposition of the Spanish, who claimed sovereignty over all of Central America.
786:
were added to CITES appendixes in 1992 and 1995 respectively international conservation programs began in earnest aided by a 1993
1678:
534:
and other items. The leading importer of mahogany is the United States, followed by Britain; while the largest exporter today is
510:
2412:
The unwelcome guests: proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Conference : Kunming, China 17-23 August 2003
1863:
2426:
2379:
2169:
3554:
2351:
2313:
2145:
1647:
1566:
1509:
360:, the most widespread species of mahogany and the only genuine mahogany species commercially grown today. Illegal logging of
2836:
5233:
1492:
2252:
753:(1797β1848) identified a second species while working on specimens collected on the Pacific coast of Mexico, and named it
700:
was initially associated only with those islands in the West Indies under British control (French colonists used the term
5047:
2277:
501:
are also sometimes sold as Philippine mahogany, although the name is more properly applied to another species of Toona,
2527:
2485:
679:
was planted on the islands of O'ahu and Maui in Hawaii but was neglected and became naturalized forests. Additionally,
236:
originated as a generic term for 'wood' in a native Bahamian language. F. Bruce Lamb disagreed, pointing out that the
5192:
5077:
2759:
2739:
2420:
1787:
1554:
1533:
1297:
646:
introduced in 1865 using seeds from West Indies. Both eventually became naturalized forests. Bangladesh had Honduran
5052:
2513:
1021:
mahogany was regarded as inferior to the Jamaican variety, and the trade remained sporadic until the 19th century.
734:. Among botanists and naturalists, however, the tree was considered a type of cedar, and in 1759 was classified by
1450:
1350:
330:. Lamb, in turn, criticized Malone's methodology and perceived bias, and maintained that there is no evidence for
2831:
817:
in its native locations meant seeds could no longer even be planted. However, both species grew well in Asia and
5057:
3416:
2225:
1170:
traditional mahogany species. These properties make it a favorable wood for crafting cabinets and furniture.
5067:
4777:
3795:
2904:
765:(1840β1909) after studying specimens of Honduras mahogany planted in the Botanic Gardens in Calcutta, India.
364:, and its highly destructive environmental effects, led to the species' placement in 2003 on Appendix II of
5243:
5202:
4404:
287:, which first appeared in print as the name of a river in 1661, before finally developing into the English
607:
grows in the dry regions of the Pacific coast of Central America from south-western Mexico to Costa Rica;
5248:
2714:
2520:
1504:
Simon Gardner, Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May, 2011. Heritage Trees of Penang. Penang: Areca Books.
4254:
3228:
2870:
2506:
1190:
Mahogany also resists wood rot, making it attractive in boat construction and outdoor decking. It is a
1071:, a dyewood in high demand in Europe. The center of their activity and the primary point of export was
518:
Mahogany is a commercially important lumber prized for its beauty, durability, and color, and used for
17:
742:. The following year it was assigned to a new genus by Nicholas Joseph Jacquin (1727β1817), and named
5228:
5082:
5001:
4220:
3547:
3191:
3011:
2880:
2541:
2457:
1223:
1215:
662:
was included in plantation forests planted in Indonesia from the 1920s to the 1940s. Philippines had
603:
grows on the West Indian islands as far north as the Bahamas, the Florida Keys and parts of Florida;
31:
3330:
3016:
2624:
2589:
1559:
China's Economic Growth and Transition: Macroeconomic, Environmental and Social-Regional Dimensions
850:
750:
726:
name for the tree is not known. In 1671 the word mahogany appeared in print for the first time, in
392:, formerly dominant in the mahogany trade, but not in widespread commercial use since World War II.
2966:
2026:
1046:
4434:
3582:
3577:
3159:
3050:
2946:
2941:
2378:
Agustin A. Pinol; E. A. Perino; M. T. Pollisco; H. O. San Valentin; M. V. Pacho (February 2016).
570:
1145:(a list of species that would be in danger of extinction without strict regulation) followed by
1032:
981:. This was sometimes called Providence wood, after the main port of the islands, but more often
5159:
4240:
4210:
4205:
3911:
2936:
2931:
2811:
2799:
2478:
1076:
566:
4225:
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2341:
1038:
348:
148:
43:
3038:
2377:
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1803:
1686:
1626:
5182:
5087:
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4862:
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4036:
4016:
3956:
3540:
3320:
3060:
3001:
2971:
2841:
2629:
998:
902:
2415:. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
1580:
599:
The natural distribution of these species within the Americas is geographically distinct.
294:
Malone criticized this etymology, arguing that the proposed metamorphosis from the Yoruba
8:
4812:
4807:
4341:
4326:
4306:
4301:
4177:
4059:
3521:
2892:
2709:
2677:
1013:
795:
280:
191:
2409:
Philip McKenzie (2005). "Country report on forest invasive species in the Philippines".
77:
5253:
5238:
4870:
4380:
4316:
3941:
3896:
3668:
3628:
3472:
2991:
2986:
2816:
2779:
2734:
2687:
2594:
2584:
1442:
1342:
1091:
where the wood was increasingly fashionable, obtained most of their wood from Britain.
918:
550:
531:
481:
380:
224:
154:
2002:
Adam Bowett, 'The 1721 Naval Stores Act and the Commercial Introduction of Mahogany',
1214:. Guitars featuring mahogany in their construction include many acoustic guitars from
1137:
American and even South American mahogany was heading in a similar direction. In 1975
1016:(1756β63), the mahogany trade began to change significantly. During the occupation of
368:(CITES), the first time that a high-volume, high-value tree was listed on Appendix II.
37:
5223:
5164:
5021:
4852:
4832:
4419:
4162:
3886:
3728:
3511:
3272:
2794:
2774:
2764:
2749:
2654:
2471:
2416:
2347:
2309:
2141:
1855:
1783:
1562:
1550:
1529:
1505:
1488:
1434:
1395:
1334:
1293:
1142:
1100:
801:
487:
396:
353:
160:
2410:
2387:
2074:
The National Archives (United Kingdom), Shipping register, CO 142 (Jamaica); Cust 3.
4822:
4797:
4772:
4742:
4399:
3981:
3876:
3643:
3387:
3372:
3134:
3091:
2926:
2784:
2769:
2744:
2047:
The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust 3; Shipping returns, CO 142 (Jamaica).
1426:
1387:
1326:
1120:
498:
385:
128:
1779:
Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, By Saeed Moaveni, pg 273
1655:
318:, which is for a river that Lamb asserts must have been so named for the mahogany
263:
genus of trees, whose timber is today called African mahogany. Lamb proposes that
5154:
4767:
4703:
4477:
4197:
4167:
4127:
4041:
3743:
3397:
3255:
3240:
3096:
3043:
3026:
2729:
2697:
2667:
2619:
2604:
2579:
1748:
Quisqueya La Bella: The Dominican Republic in Historical and Cultural Perspective
1685:. National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea. Archived from
1227:
762:
539:
469:
433:
245:
237:
82:
2058:
1722:
Rain in the Amazon: How South America's Climate Change Affects the Entire Planet
322:
trees on its banks, could just as well have been named for any tall tree, since
146:
Mahogany is wood from any of three tree species: Honduran or big-leaf mahogany (
5133:
5123:
5031:
4991:
4787:
4782:
4747:
4698:
4673:
4663:
4653:
4467:
4230:
3926:
3748:
3733:
3718:
3618:
3458:
3382:
3377:
3310:
3218:
3206:
3171:
3129:
3077:
3072:
2996:
2914:
2806:
2649:
2639:
2256:
1561:(Nova Publishers 1997, eds. C. Clement Allan Tisdell & Joseph C. H. Chai),
1219:
1161:
1105:
1052:
1026:
994:
933:
503:
451:
306:
was a logical and linguistic stretch relying on the conversion of the singular
2281:
1375:
5258:
5217:
5103:
4996:
4966:
4668:
4638:
4633:
4623:
4570:
4424:
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4321:
4311:
4064:
4021:
3778:
3703:
3653:
3613:
3608:
3486:
3467:
3392:
3352:
3305:
3144:
3116:
2981:
2919:
2858:
2853:
2662:
2614:
2059:"The Jamaica Trade: Gillow and the Use of Mahogany in the Eighteenth Century"
1438:
1399:
1338:
914:
735:
546:
527:
463:
264:
50:
4916:
4911:
4847:
4802:
4792:
4757:
4688:
4683:
4643:
4615:
4550:
4535:
4472:
4444:
4388:
4384:
4376:
4046:
4026:
3763:
3738:
3723:
3683:
3648:
3500:
3335:
3031:
3021:
3006:
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2719:
2634:
2609:
2565:
1247:
818:
457:
1735:
An Opportunity for a Different Peru: Prosperous, Equitable, and Governable
905:
recorded the use of mahogany or Caoba (Cedrela being the Spanish name) on
650:
introduced in 1872 and as with India it became naturalized in some areas.
5138:
5128:
5016:
4842:
4827:
4693:
4678:
4628:
4575:
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4482:
4429:
4361:
4102:
3818:
3768:
3563:
3367:
3347:
3340:
3300:
3267:
2848:
2599:
2006:, XXX (1994), pp. 42-56; The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust. 3.
922:
870:
791:
727:
438:
371:
268:
229:
215:
1911:
America, Being the Latest and Most Accurate Description of the New World
1242:
5026:
4981:
4762:
4708:
4658:
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4600:
4590:
4545:
4487:
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4137:
4132:
3996:
3951:
3800:
3713:
3678:
3362:
3357:
3083:
2704:
1856:"What is Mahogany? | Gaskell Guitars - Custom left handed guitars"
1446:
1430:
1414:
1391:
1346:
1330:
1314:
1153:, was placed on Appendix III in 1995 and moved to Appendix II in 2003.
906:
787:
558:
404:
in Pacific Central America that is of limited commercial utility. Some
401:
97:
58:
2138:
Mahogany is Murder: Mahogany Extraction from Indian Reserves in Brazil
1589:
Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database
948:, mahogany was abundant but not exported in any quantity before 1700.
271:
people brought to Jamaica as slaves identified the local trees of the
4961:
4931:
4926:
4817:
4752:
4595:
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3066:
2682:
2548:
1231:
770:
523:
389:
132:
119:
1927:"What to Avoid/What to Choose - Mahogany (Sweitenia sp., Khaya sp.)"
1709:
Crimes Against Nature: Illegal Industries and the Global Environment
1474:(University of Rochester Press, 2000, ed. John F. Mongillo), p. 216.
893:
838:
cross-breed readily when they grow in proximity; the hybrid between
799:
and similarly failed in Africa due to the attacks by the equivalent
4941:
4921:
4565:
4530:
4266:
4142:
4011:
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3971:
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3325:
3295:
3290:
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3106:
2494:
2226:"Good Genuine Mahogany?Where is It?Commercial Forest Products 2020"
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124:
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66:
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2692:
1234:. In the 1930s Gibson used the wood to make banjo necks as well.
1116:
1068:
1061:
978:
945:
941:
814:
719:
219:
218:'s "America" (1671), referring to a "curious and rich wood" from
214:
is uncertain and a subject of debate. The term first appeared in
140:
111:
105:
86:
3495:
1958:, translated from the Dutch 1684, reprinted London (1893), p. 26
964:
921:
apparently used the wood for the interior joinery of the palace
400:, a small and often twisted mahogany tree limited to seasonally
5108:
4837:
4585:
4336:
4286:
4182:
4152:
4092:
3966:
3891:
3853:
3806:
3673:
3591:
3149:
2887:
2724:
2672:
2571:
2452:
2278:"Tonewoods | Gaskell Guitars - Custom left handed guitars"
1211:
1183:
1072:
1017:
1002:
969:
881:
875:
865:
859:
723:
554:
493:
475:
357:
101:
3532:
849:
In addition, the U.S. timber trade also markets various other
683:
was planted in 1922 on O'ahu and is now naturalized. Fiji had
4986:
4895:
4890:
4875:
4296:
4087:
4080:
4051:
4031:
4001:
3986:
3946:
3931:
3921:
3906:
3901:
3881:
3858:
3833:
3753:
3481:
3201:
2104:
Thomas Laslett, Timber and Timber Trees, London (1875), p.178
1199:
1195:
1129:
937:
775:
710:
658:
were introduced in Indonesia in 1870 using seeds from India.
580:
427:
260:
175:
115:
857:
under a variety of different commercial names, most notably
805:. After so many years of mismanagement and illegal logging,
244:. Lamb identified a West African origin for the word in the
4885:
4414:
4351:
4276:
4157:
4112:
4107:
3843:
3587:
3260:
3235:
2909:
2463:
1845:
Record & Hess, Timbers of the New World (1972), p. 368.
1175:
535:
375:
136:
27:
Timber of tropical hardwood species in the genus Swietenia
5011:
4502:
4271:
4097:
3991:
3823:
1676:
1485:
Logjam: Deforestation and the Crisis of Global Governance
562:
2162:"Greenpeace Curbs Mahogany Logging in Brazil, 1999-2004"
366:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
30:
This article is about the timber. For other uses, see
5073:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
2253:"Koa: Beautiful Looking, Beautiful Sounding Tonewood"
2037:(2). Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts: 69β72.
917:, bearing the date 1514, is said to be mahogany, and
888:
961:
British Isles and the 13 colonies of North America.
813:
thus mutating and weakening the seeds. Additionally
1290:
A Natural History of Belize: Inside the Maya Forest
1292:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 164β165.
1237:
1025:importations of cotton from French plantations in
2091:
2089:
1578:
704:, while in the Spanish territories it was called
5215:
2113:The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust. 5.
2018:
2015:The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust. 3.
1982:Les bois d'ebenisterie dans le mobilier francais
1733:Marcelo M. Giugale & Vicente Fretes Cibils,
2408:
2095:The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust 3.
1883:F. Bruce Lamb, 'On Further defining Mahogany',
989:, which was the West Indian name for mahogany.
2135:
2086:
1524:(Lansdowne Press, 1983), p. 72; Eion Scarrow,
774:grown in their native locations are listed by
479:; Chittagong (also known as Indian Mahogany),
3548:
2479:
1758:
1756:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
2402:
2024:
2027:"Timber Available in Charleston, 1660-1820"
1921:
1919:
1896:Kemp Malone, 'Notes on the Word Mahogany',
1654:. India Biodiversity Portal. Archived from
1607:
1119:and exported from a number of ports on the
615:in South America as a new species, such as
574:
3555:
3541:
2486:
2472:
2301:
2050:
1753:
1265:
1226:, and Gibson electric guitars such as the
1087:the wood of choice for high quality work.
666:introduced in 1907 and in 1913 as well as
2371:
2339:
2333:
2295:
2031:Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts
932:After the French established a colony in
497:(Meranti, Balau, or Lauan) of the family
5063:Building and Wood Workers' International
1969:Timber, Its Development and Distribution
1916:
1737:(World Bank Publications, 2007), p. 378.
1670:
1547:Medicinal Plants of Asia and the Pacific
1241:
1160:
1045:
1031:
963:
892:
509:
352:), with a range from Mexico to southern
76:
65:
57:
49:
36:
2346:. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 11.
1775:
1714:
1623:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1464:
897:Mahogany loggers in Belize, around 1930
127:and part of the pantropical chinaberry
14:
5216:
2308:. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 6.
2056:
1814:from the original on 27 September 2023
1572:
1557:p. 203; Zhuge Ren & Clem Tisdell,
1312:
1009:for the British settlers in the area.
3536:
2467:
2305:Guitar World Presents Guitar Gear 411
1579:Michel H. Porcher (October 7, 2005).
1472:Encyclopedia of Environmental Science
778:, and are therefore protected. After
257:one which is the tallest or most high
5198:
2429:from the original on 11 January 2016
2250:
1412:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1308:
1306:
1149:in 1992. The most abundant species,
5188:
5048:American Association of Woodturners
3411:
2232:from the original on 5 January 2019
1640:
1526:New Zealand Native Trees and Shrubs
901:In the 17th century, the buccaneer
863:, which is actually from the genus
291:in Jamaica between 1655 and 1670.
24:
2255:. GuitarNation.com. Archived from
2025:Rauschenberg, Bradford L. (1975).
1067:Their main occupation was cutting
968:Mahogany tree at Kannavam Forest,
889:History of American mahogany trade
846:is widely planted for its timber.
583:for "under the shade I flourish."
152:), West Indian or Cuban mahogany (
25:
5270:
5078:National Wood Carvers Association
2760:Global Forest Information Service
2445:
2166:Global Nonviolent Action Database
1993:This was the Act 8 Geo. 1. c. 12.
1595:from the original on June 4, 2023
1406:
1364:
1303:
1178:mahogany, the over-harvesting of
1094:
565:and a paddle also appears on the
5197:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5053:Architectural Woodwork Institute
3516:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3480:
3466:
3452:
3438:
3424:
3410:
2451:
1832:Lydia White & Peter Gasson,
3562:
3517:
2360:from the original on 2024-06-02
2322:from the original on 2024-06-02
2270:
2244:
2218:
2207:from the original on 2018-09-23
2183:
2154:
2129:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2077:
2068:
2041:
2009:
1996:
1987:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1937:from the original on 2018-09-28
1903:
1890:
1877:
1866:from the original on 2023-03-02
1848:
1839:
1826:
1796:
1776:Moaveni, Saeed (January 2015).
1769:
1740:
1727:
1701:
1677:ASEAN Tropical Plant Database.
1591:. The University of Melbourne.
1453:from the original on 2024-02-20
1374:Lamb, F. Bruce (January 1968).
1353:from the original on 2024-02-20
1238:Mahogany as an invasive species
951:
594:
346:Honduran or big-leaf mahogany (
232:in 1940. Malone suggested that
5058:British Woodworking Federation
1539:
1514:
1498:
1477:
1415:"On Further Defining Mahogany"
1246:Human-made mahogany forest in
1005:, which was the main offshore
714:, which is closely related to
567:Belizean national coat of arms
337:
186:is widely planted for timber.
13:
1:
5068:Caricature Carvers of America
1258:
2493:
2343:Electric Guitar Construction
2191:"Partners in mahogany crime"
1766:(Avalon Travel 2012), p. 14.
1315:"Notes on the Word Mahogany"
1288:Bridgewater, Samuel (2012).
1075:. Under Article XVII of the
491:. Some members of the genus
473:; Pink Mahogany (or Bosse),
205:
7:
5234:Forestry in Central America
2083:Viaux-Locquin (1997), p. 6.
1750:(M.E. Sharpe, 1997), p. 17.
1376:"Mahogany name controversy"
873:. This wood is also called
757:. In 1886 a third species,
589:
557:. A mahogany tree with two
279:, which developed into the
10:
5275:
2871:Growth and yield modelling
1980:Jacqueline Viaux-Locquin,
1956:The Buccanneers of America
1808:www.engineeringtoolbox.com
1804:"Wood Species - Densities"
925:, begun in 1584. However,
829:
691:
62:Foliage of a mahogany tree
29:
5173:
5147:
5096:
5083:Society of Wood Engravers
5040:
4954:
4904:
4861:
4733:
4726:
4614:
4501:
4443:
4262:
4253:
4196:
3867:
3786:
3777:
3601:
3570:
3445:Earth sciences portal
3431:Climate change portal
3406:
3283:
3115:
3012:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2957:
2648:
2558:
2501:
1984:, Paris (1997), pp. 2-10.
1900:, 19 (1965), pp. 286-292.
1887:, 17 (1963), pp. 217-239.
1860:www.gaskellguitars.com.au
1711:(ABC-CLIO, 2011), p. 104.
1615:"GRIN Species Records of
32:Mahogany (disambiguation)
3017:Great Green Wall (China)
2590:Close to nature forestry
2140:. Friends of the Earth.
2126:, London (1908), p. 158.
1971:, London (1957), p. 155.
977:furniture came from the
851:Federal Trade Commission
751:Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini
41:Honduran mahogany tree,
3051:Million Tree Initiative
2136:George Monbiot (1992).
1764:Living Abroad in Belize
1413:Lamb, F. Bruce (1963).
1156:
455:; Indonesian mahogany,
431:(African mahogany) and
342:The three species are:
5160:Frameless construction
4241:Wood-plastic composite
3473:Environment portal
2905:Sustainable management
2800:Trillion Tree Campaign
1251:
1166:
1077:Treaty of Paris (1763)
1057:
1043:
973:
898:
768:Today, all species of
718:. When transported to
630:Both major species of
575:
515:
90:
74:
63:
55:
47:
3398:Wood process engineer
3102:Urban forest inequity
2057:Bowett, Adam (2011).
1762:Victoria Day-Wilson,
1313:Malone, Kemp (1965).
1245:
1164:
1050:Philippine mahogany (
1049:
1039:Swietenia macrophylla
1035:
967:
896:
824:Swietenia macrophylla
759:Swietenia macrophylla
625:Swietenia macrophylla
513:
449:); Chinese mahogany,
420:While only the three
412:is a mere variant of
349:Swietenia macrophylla
149:Swietenia macrophylla
80:
69:
61:
53:
44:Swietenia macrophylla
40:
5088:Timber Framers Guild
3942:Australian Blackwood
3061:Shifting cultivation
3002:Forest fragmentation
2972:Carbon sequestration
2842:Woodland Carbon Code
2807:Forest certification
2715:Even-aged management
2630:Sustainable forestry
2460:at Wikimedia Commons
2251:Beberman, Norman L.
2228:. 15 December 2018.
1782:. Cengage Learning.
1689:on December 11, 2013
1522:Trees in New Zealand
999:Republic of Honduras
903:Alexandre Exquemelin
853:βdefined species as
447:Dysoxylum spectabile
240:'s word for wood is
123:, indigenous to the
5244:History of forestry
4808:Hammer-headed tenon
4327:Janka hardness test
2866:Formally designated
2710:Ecological thinning
2620:Plantation forestry
2528:Research institutes
2390:on January 11, 2016
2302:Matt Bruck (2005).
1707:Donald R. Liddick,
1658:on October 19, 2014
1549:(CRC Press, 2006),
1487:(Routledge, 2012),
1151:S. macrophylla
860:Philippine mahogany
844:S. macrophylla
809:also suffered from
796:Hypsipyla grandella
784:S. macrophylla
685:S. macrophylla
681:S. macrophylla
672:S. macrophylla
664:S. macrophylla
660:S. macrophylla
656:S. macrophylla
648:S. macrophylla
640:S. macrophylla
613:S. macrophylla
609:S. macrophylla
540:illegally harvested
532:musical instruments
461:; Indian mahogany,
437:(sapele mahogany);
414:S. macrophylla
362:S. macrophylla
334:as a generic word.
192:British possessions
5249:Plant common names
3669:Japanese carpentry
3459:Ecology portal
2992:Forest degradation
2987:Ecosystem services
2595:Community forestry
2340:Tom Hirst (2003).
1954:John Esquemeling,
1683:Merr. & Rolfe"
1545:Christophe Wiart,
1431:10.1007/BF02859439
1392:10.1007/BF02897748
1331:10.1007/BF02914316
1252:
1167:
1165:Mahogany sideboard
1058:
1044:
1012:At the end of the
974:
919:Philip II of Spain
899:
744:Swietenia mahagoni
621:S. tessmannii
551:Dominican Republic
516:
482:Chukrasia velutina
381:Swietenia mahagoni
310:to the collective
298:to the Portuguese
225:Swietenia mahagoni
174:are now listed by
155:Swietenia mahagoni
91:
75:
70:Red mahogany tree
64:
56:
48:
5211:
5210:
5165:Green woodworking
5022:Wood preservation
4950:
4949:
4853:Tongue and groove
4833:Mortise and tenon
4722:
4721:
4420:Warrington hammer
4249:
4248:
3937:African Blackwood
3729:Segmented turning
3530:
3529:
3487:Plants portal
3273:green woodworking
2456:Media related to
2353:978-1-57424-125-9
2315:978-0-7579-4061-3
2147:978-1-8575-0160-5
2004:Furniture History
1931:Rainforest Relief
1724:(Macmillan, 2010)
1720:Nikolas Kozloff,
1567:978-1-56072-530-5
1520:Julian Matthews,
1510:978-967-57190-6-6
1483:David Humphreys,
1143:CITES Appendix II
1101:French Revolution
1056:) fruit and seeds
802:Hypsipyla robusta
755:Swietenia humilis
617:S. candollei
488:Carapa guianensis
397:Swietenia humilis
210:The etymology of
161:Swietenia humilis
54:Honduran mahogany
16:(Redirected from
5266:
5229:Forestry in Asia
5201:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5181:
5180:
4731:
4730:
4400:Thickness planer
4260:
4259:
4054:(lime, basswood)
3784:
3783:
3644:Chainsaw carving
3557:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3501:Trees portal
3499:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3414:
3413:
3135:Forest gardening
3092:Timber recycling
3039:Invasive species
2927:Tree measurement
2488:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2455:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2386:. Archived from
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2280:. Archived from
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2168:. Archived from
2158:
2152:
2151:
2133:
2127:
2122:J. R. Baterden,
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1923:
1914:
1913:, London (1671).
1907:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1836:(2008), pp. 2-3.
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1625:. Archived from
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1576:
1570:
1543:
1537:
1518:
1512:
1502:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1310:
1301:
1286:
1147:S. mahagoni
1121:Gulf of Campeche
1014:Seven Years' War
840:S. mahagoni
780:S. mahogani
740:Cedrela mahagoni
677:S. mahagoni
668:S. mahagoni
652:S. mahagoni
644:S. mahagoni
601:S. mahagoni
578:
576:Sub umbra floreo
545:Mahogany is the
499:Dipterocarpaceae
386:southern Florida
100:, reddish-brown
72:Khaya anthotheca
21:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5169:
5155:Frame and panel
5143:
5092:
5036:
4946:
4905:Surface piecing
4900:
4857:
4778:Crown of thorns
4718:
4704:Smoothing plane
4610:
4497:
4439:
4342:Milling machine
4245:
4206:Cross-laminated
4192:
3863:
3773:
3744:Spindle turning
3734:Shingle weaving
3704:Pallet crafting
3597:
3566:
3561:
3531:
3526:
3493:
3479:
3465:
3453:
3451:
3439:
3437:
3425:
3423:
3402:
3279:
3256:spruce-pine-fir
3229:Christmas trees
3111:
3027:Illegal logging
2959:
2953:
2668:Controlled burn
2653:
2644:
2625:Social forestry
2605:Energy forestry
2585:Bamboo forestry
2580:Analog forestry
2554:
2497:
2492:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2423:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2354:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2316:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1898:Economic Botany
1895:
1891:
1885:Economic Botany
1882:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1754:
1746:Alan Cambeira,
1745:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1577:
1573:
1544:
1540:
1519:
1515:
1503:
1499:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1419:Economic Botany
1411:
1407:
1380:Economic Botany
1372:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1319:Economic Botany
1311:
1304:
1287:
1266:
1261:
1240:
1159:
1139:S. humilis
1097:
1042:) fruit in situ
954:
891:
832:
763:Sir George King
761:, was named by
738:(1707β1778) as
694:
638:India had both
605:S. humilis
597:
592:
485:; and Crabwood
470:Melia azedarach
434:Entandrophragma
410:S. humilis
340:
302:to the English
259:) used for the
251:, collectively
238:Arawak language
208:
83:tree plantation
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5272:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5185:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5134:Quarter sawing
5131:
5126:
5124:Wood splitting
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5032:Wood finishing
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4992:Paint stripper
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4699:Shoulder plane
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4674:Moulding plane
4671:
4666:
4664:Japanese plane
4661:
4656:
4654:Grooving plane
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:Flooring clamp
4465:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4425:Winding sticks
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Timber-framing
4402:
4397:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4231:Particle board
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Glue laminated
4208:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3792:
3790:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3749:Timber framing
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Relief carving
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:Bush carpentry
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3490:
3476:
3462:
3448:
3434:
3420:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Timber cruiser
3385:
3383:Shingle weaver
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3219:Rail transport
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3160:pulp and paper
3157:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3130:Forest farming
3127:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3078:slash-and-char
3075:
3073:slash-and-burn
3070:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Forest dieback
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2640:Urban forestry
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2447:
2446:External links
2444:
2441:
2440:
2421:
2401:
2370:
2352:
2332:
2314:
2294:
2269:
2243:
2217:
2182:
2153:
2146:
2128:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2049:
2040:
2017:
2008:
1995:
1986:
1973:
1967:Bryan Latham,
1960:
1947:
1915:
1902:
1889:
1876:
1847:
1838:
1825:
1795:
1788:
1768:
1752:
1739:
1726:
1713:
1700:
1681:Toona calantas
1669:
1639:
1606:
1571:
1538:
1528:(TVNZ, 1986),
1513:
1497:
1476:
1463:
1425:(3): 217β232.
1405:
1363:
1325:(3): 286β292.
1302:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1239:
1236:
1158:
1155:
1141:was placed on
1106:Saint Domingue
1096:
1095:Recent history
1093:
1053:Toona calantas
1027:Saint Domingue
995:Mosquito Coast
953:
950:
934:Saint Domingue
890:
887:
831:
828:
693:
690:
596:
593:
591:
588:
571:national motto
514:Mahogany chair
504:Toona calantas
467:; Chinaberry,
452:Toona sinensis
418:
417:
393:
369:
339:
336:
207:
204:
184:S. macrophylla
96:is a straight-
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5271:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5204:
5196:
5194:
5186:
5184:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5104:Chainsaw mill
5102:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:Organizations
5039:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:Steam bending
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:French polish
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:Rabbet/Rebate
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Mason's mitre
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Jointer plane
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Compass plane
4637:
4635:
4634:Chamfer plane
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4624:Bedrock plane
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Veneer hammer
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Impact driver
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Red Quebracho
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Bow and arrow
3612:
3610:
3609:Boat building
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Rubber tapper
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Choker setter
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:Manufacturing
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Deforestation
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:Environmental
2956:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
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2859:reforestation
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2663:Arboriculture
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2615:Permaforestry
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2422:974-7946-77-7
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2359:
2355:
2349:
2345:
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2336:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2284:on 2021-04-01
2283:
2279:
2273:
2259:on 2009-02-07
2258:
2254:
2247:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2172:on 2018-11-22
2171:
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2110:
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2071:
2064:. p. 29.
2060:
2053:
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2036:
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2021:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1909:John Ogilby,
1906:
1899:
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1861:
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1851:
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1789:9781305537880
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1688:
1684:
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1653:
1651:
1650:Toona ciliata
1643:
1629:on 2015-09-24
1628:
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736:Carl Linnaeus
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464:Toona ciliata
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:
430:
429:
423:
415:
411:
408:believe that
407:
403:
399:
398:
394:
391:
387:
384:), native to
383:
382:
377:
373:
370:
367:
363:
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79:
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68:
60:
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46:
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39:
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19:
4972:Heat bending
4917:Edge banding
4689:Router plane
4684:Rebate plane
4644:Finger plane
4375:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4053:
4047:Lignum vitae
3805:
3799:
3764:Wood carving
3739:Shipbuilding
3724:Root carving
3684:Log building
3649:Chip carving
3492:
3478:
3464:
3450:
3436:
3422:
3415:
3393:Tree planter
3373:Resin tapper
3353:Truck driver
3348:River driver
3250:
3097:Tree hugging
3082:
3065:
3032:timber mafia
3022:High grading
3007:Ghost forest
2977:Clearcutting
2900:Silviculture
2876:Horticulture
2720:Fire ecology
2635:Urban forest
2610:Mycoforestry
2570:
2566:Agroforestry
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2514:Forest areas
2512:
2505:
2431:. Retrieved
2411:
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2388:the original
2383:
2373:
2362:. Retrieved
2342:
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2324:. Retrieved
2304:
2297:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:the original
2272:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:the original
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2220:
2209:. Retrieved
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2185:
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2170:the original
2165:
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2100:
2079:
2070:
2052:
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2034:
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2020:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1989:
1981:
1976:
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1963:
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1950:
1939:. Retrieved
1930:
1910:
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1892:
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1879:
1868:. Retrieved
1859:
1850:
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1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1807:
1798:
1778:
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1763:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1693:December 12,
1691:. Retrieved
1687:the original
1680:
1672:
1662:December 12,
1660:. Retrieved
1656:the original
1649:
1642:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:the original
1622:
1616:
1609:
1599:December 13,
1597:. Retrieved
1588:
1582:
1574:
1558:
1546:
1541:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1500:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1470:"Mahogany,"
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1422:
1418:
1408:
1386:(1): 84β86.
1383:
1379:
1355:. Retrieved
1322:
1318:
1289:
1253:
1248:Bilar, Bohol
1203:
1189:
1172:
1168:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1114:
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1066:
1059:
1051:
1037:
1023:
1011:
991:
986:
982:
975:
959:
955:
952:18th century
931:
926:
912:
900:
880:
874:
864:
858:
854:
848:
843:
839:
835:
833:
823:
819:Asia Pacific
811:genetic loss
806:
800:
794:
783:
779:
769:
767:
758:
754:
748:
743:
739:
731:
715:
709:
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684:
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667:
663:
659:
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647:
643:
639:
637:
631:
629:
624:
620:
619:Pittier and
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
598:
595:Distribution
585:
569:, under the
544:
522:and to make
517:
502:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
458:Toona sureni
456:
450:
446:
441:mahogany or
432:
426:
421:
419:
413:
409:
395:
379:
361:
347:
341:
331:
327:
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319:
315:
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276:
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183:
179:
171:
167:
166:
159:
153:
147:
145:
118:
93:
92:
89:, Bangladesh
71:
42:
5193:WikiProject
5139:Rift sawing
5129:Flat sawing
5017:Wood drying
4694:Scrub plane
4679:Razee plane
4629:Block plane
4483:Mitre clamp
4430:Wood scribe
4381:Combination
4123:Purpleheart
3819:Douglas fir
3769:Woodturning
3602:Occupations
3564:Woodworking
3417:WikiProject
3341:smokejumper
3321:Firefighter
3284:Occupations
3268:Woodworking
2849:Forestation
2780:restoration
2735:informatics
2600:Ecoforestry
1818:14 November
1112:exploited.
923:El Escorial
871:dipterocarp
834:Species of
792:shoot borer
728:John Ogilby
561:bearing an
559:woodcutters
439:New Zealand
402:dry forests
372:West Indian
338:Description
326:only means
230:Kemp Malone
216:John Ogilby
180:S. mahagoni
5218:Categories
5148:Techniques
5097:Conversion
5027:Wood stain
4955:Treatments
4743:Birdsmouth
4709:Spokeshave
4659:Jack plane
4649:Fore plane
4488:Pipe clamp
4453:Band clamp
4377:Carpenters
4198:Engineered
4148:Rubberwood
3997:Eucalyptus
3801:Calocedrus
3714:Pyrography
3679:Kohlrosing
3363:Lumberjack
3358:Log scaler
3241:engineered
3192:non-timber
3165:sawmilling
3117:Industries
3084:svedjebruk
2795:transition
2775:protection
2765:old-growth
2750:governance
2705:Dendrology
2655:management
2521:Ministries
2384:Apfisn.net
2364:2016-10-18
2326:2016-10-18
2288:2021-02-26
2263:2009-02-23
2211:2018-09-23
2198:Greenpeace
2176:2018-11-22
1941:2018-11-22
1870:2023-03-03
1633:2011-04-21
1457:2024-02-20
1357:2024-02-20
1259:References
1036:Mahogany (
907:Hispaniola
855:mahoganies
788:World Bank
378:mahogany (
281:Portuguese
18:Mahoganies
5254:Swietenia
5239:Furniture
4937:Parquetry
4932:Oystering
4927:Marquetry
4768:Butterfly
4435:Workbench
4367:Sandpaper
4347:Mitre box
4292:Drawknife
4282:Burnisher
4267:Abrasives
4216:Hardboard
3877:Afromosia
3759:Whittling
3709:Parquetry
3694:Marquetry
3639:Certosina
3634:Carpentry
3624:Cabinetry
3571:Overviews
3311:Ecologist
3224:Tree farm
3125:Coppicing
3067:chitemene
2967:Acid rain
2915:allometry
2837:SmartWood
2785:secondary
2770:pathology
2745:inventory
2683:driftwood
2549:Arbor Day
2236:4 January
1581:"Sorting
1439:0013-0001
1400:0013-0001
1339:0013-0001
1184:Brazilian
836:Swietenia
807:Swietenia
771:Swietenia
716:Swietenia
696:The name
632:Swietenia
524:furniture
422:Swietenia
406:botanists
390:Caribbean
275:genus as
273:Swietenia
255:(meaning
206:Etymology
172:Swietenia
168:Swietenia
133:Meliaceae
120:Swietenia
104:of three
81:Mahogany
5224:Antiques
5183:Category
4962:Adhesive
4942:Purfling
4922:Intarsia
4863:Profiles
4788:Dovetail
4727:Geometry
4566:Hand saw
4551:Crosscut
4536:Circular
4531:Chainsaw
4478:Holdfast
4143:Rosewood
4075:American
4070:Mahogany
4042:Jelutong
4012:Hornbeam
3977:Cocobolo
3972:Chestnut
3887:Andiroba
3699:Millwork
3664:Intarsia
3659:Fretwork
3654:ΓbΓ©niste
3583:Glossary
3512:Category
3326:handcrew
3296:Arborist
3291:Forester
3251:mahogany
3197:palm oil
3187:charcoal
3172:Products
3107:Wildfire
2920:breeding
2881:GM trees
2730:dynamics
2542:Journals
2535:Colleges
2495:Forestry
2458:Mahogany
2427:Archived
2358:Archived
2320:Archived
2230:Archived
2202:Archived
1935:Archived
1864:Archived
1834:Mahogany
1812:Archived
1593:Archived
1451:Archived
1351:Archived
1228:Les Paul
1206:Fraxinus
1192:tonewood
1180:Honduras
1007:entrepot
944:and the
698:mahogany
590:Overview
520:paneling
443:kohekohe
388:and the
354:Amazonia
332:mahogany
316:mog(a)no
312:m'oganwo
304:mahogany
296:m'oganwo
289:mahogany
277:m'oganwo
253:m'oganwo
234:mahogany
212:mahogany
125:Americas
109:hardwood
106:tropical
94:Mahogany
5203:Commons
5119:Whipsaw
5114:Sawmill
5007:Varnish
5002:Thermal
4977:Lacquer
4912:Binding
4881:Chamfer
4748:Biscuit
4714:Surform
4606:Whipsaw
4576:Keyhole
4561:Fretsaw
4541:Compass
4526:Bucksaw
4516:Bandsaw
4511:Backsaw
4493:Sawbuck
4463:F-clamp
4458:C-clamp
4332:Jointer
4236:Plywood
4188:Zebrano
4128:Ovankol
4093:Meranti
4081:African
4052:Linden
4007:Hickory
3962:Cedrela
3957:Camphor
3952:Bubinga
3947:Boxwood
3927:Bilinga
3912:Avodire
3829:Juniper
3814:Cypress
3689:Luthier
3578:History
3522:Outline
3336:lookout
3331:hotshot
3212:tanbark
3182:biomass
3177:biochar
3155:plywood
3140:Logging
3044:wilding
2693:log jam
2650:Ecology
2433:24 July
2394:24 July
1569:p. 338.
1495:p. 200.
1447:4252447
1347:4252611
1117:Tabasco
1069:logwood
1062:Yucatan
987:madeira
979:Bahamas
972:, India
946:Bahamas
942:Jamaica
882:Meranti
830:Species
815:erosion
732:America
720:Jamaica
692:History
549:of the
220:Jamaica
158:), and
141:Oceania
114:of the
112:species
98:grained
87:Jessore
5109:Hewing
4848:Splice
4803:Halved
4798:Groove
4793:Finger
4773:Coping
4758:Bridle
4735:Joints
4616:Planes
4601:Veneer
4591:Scroll
4586:Ripsaw
4571:Jigsaw
4546:Coping
4445:Clamps
4372:Square
4362:Shaper
4357:Router
4337:Mallet
4312:Gimlet
4287:Chisel
4183:Willow
4173:Walnut
4163:Totara
4153:Sapele
4118:Poplar
4103:Padauk
4065:Merbau
4037:Jarrah
4022:Imbuia
4017:Idigbo
3982:Cumaru
3967:Cherry
3892:Anigre
3854:Spruce
3807:Cedrus
3674:Khatam
3629:Caning
3592:lumber
3368:Ranger
3316:Feller
3301:Bucker
3207:rubber
3150:lumber
2960:topics
2947:volume
2942:height
2888:i-Tree
2725:Forest
2678:coarse
2673:Debris
2572:dehesa
2419:
2350:
2312:
2144:
2124:Timber
1786:
1585:names"
1565:
1553:
1536:p. 16.
1532:
1508:
1491:
1445:
1437:
1398:
1345:
1337:
1296:
1224:Gibson
1222:, and
1220:Taylor
1216:Martin
1212:spruce
1202:, ash
1073:Belize
1018:Havana
1003:Ruatan
983:madera
970:Kerala
866:Shorea
724:Arawak
702:acajou
627:King.
555:Belize
494:Shorea
476:Guarea
358:Brazil
324:oganwo
320:oganwo
308:oganwo
300:mogano
285:mogano
265:Yoruba
249:oganwo
246:Yoruba
129:family
102:timber
4987:Paint
4896:Ovolo
4891:Ogive
4876:Bevel
4843:Scarf
4828:Miter
4596:Table
4581:Miter
4556:Frame
4473:Gripe
4389:Speed
4385:Miter
4317:Gauge
4307:Float
4302:Fence
4297:Drill
4255:Tools
4178:Wenge
4168:Utile
4133:Ramin
4088:Maple
4060:Lovoa
4032:Iroko
4002:Hazel
3987:Ebony
3932:Birch
3922:Beech
3917:Balsa
3907:Aspen
3902:Apple
3882:Alder
3839:Kauri
3834:Larch
3796:Cedar
3779:Woods
3754:Treen
3202:rayon
2937:girth
2932:crown
2893:urban
2790:stand
2698:slash
2688:large
2559:Types
2507:Index
2205:(PDF)
2194:(PDF)
2062:(PDF)
1652:Roem"
1617:Toona
1583:Toona
1443:JSTOR
1343:JSTOR
1200:alder
1196:maple
1176:Cuban
1130:Khaya
997:(now
938:Haiti
936:(now
927:caoba
876:Lauan
776:CITES
711:Khaya
706:caoba
581:Latin
528:boats
428:Khaya
376:Cuban
283:term
261:Khaya
242:caoba
176:CITES
116:genus
5259:Wood
4886:Ogee
4871:Bead
4813:Knee
4783:Dado
4763:Butt
4503:Saws
4415:Vise
4352:Rasp
4277:Adze
4158:Teak
4113:Plum
4108:Pear
3869:Hard
3849:Rimu
3844:Pine
3788:Soft
3588:Wood
3261:teak
3246:fuel
3236:Wood
3056:REDD
2910:Tree
2827:PEFC
2812:ATFS
2435:2016
2417:ISBN
2396:2016
2348:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2238:2019
2142:ISBN
1820:2023
1784:ISBN
1695:2013
1664:2013
1601:2013
1563:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1435:ISSN
1396:ISSN
1335:ISSN
1294:ISBN
1230:and
1182:and
1157:Uses
1099:The
869:, a
842:and
782:and
654:and
642:and
553:and
536:Peru
328:tall
269:Igbo
267:and
182:and
139:and
137:Asia
5012:Wax
4982:Oil
4818:Lap
4753:Box
4521:Bow
4393:Try
4272:Axe
4226:OSB
4221:MDF
4098:Oak
4027:IpΓͺ
3992:Elm
3897:Ash
3859:Yew
3824:Fir
2832:SFI
2822:FSC
2817:CFS
2755:law
2740:IPM
2652:and
1427:doi
1388:doi
1327:doi
1210:or
985:or
879:or
730:'s
563:axe
374:or
356:in
228:by
85:in
5220::
4391:,
4387:,
4383:,
4379:,
4078:,
3804:,
2425:.
2382:.
2356:.
2318:.
2200:.
2196:.
2164:.
2088:^
2035:20
2033:.
2029:.
1933:.
1929:.
1918:^
1862:.
1858:.
1810:.
1806:.
1755:^
1621:.
1587:.
1449:.
1441:.
1433:.
1423:17
1421:.
1417:.
1394:.
1384:22
1382:.
1378:.
1366:^
1349:.
1341:.
1333:.
1323:19
1321:.
1317:.
1305:^
1267:^
1232:SG
1218:,
1198:,
885:.
746:.
579:,
573:,
530:,
526:,
507:.
131:,
4396:)
4374:(
4084:)
4072:(
3810:)
3798:(
3594:)
3590:(
3556:e
3549:t
3542:v
2487:e
2480:t
2473:v
2437:.
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2329:.
2291:.
2266:.
2240:.
2214:.
2179:.
2150:.
1944:.
1873:.
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445:(
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34:.
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