300:, the character Agaté mentions François Mackandal as having been his Assassin mentor, and also recalls how Mackandal was burned at stake following his failed attempt to poison the colonists of Saint-Domingue. The game portrays a false Mackandal who is actually another character called Baptiste, who according to Agaté was once a brother and has also been trained by the real Mackandal, but betrayed the Assassins following his death. The character uses a Skull face painting and is missing his left arm, which he amputated to impersonate his mentor, although the real Mackandal lost his right arm. Mackandal is also mentioned several times in the prequel game
204:
In 1758, the French, fearing that
Mackandal would drive all whites from the colony, tortured an ally of Mackandal into divulging information that led to Makandal's capture. After six years of planning and building up an organization of black slaves throughout Haiti to poison the French, he was burned
208:
Beyond the sketch of historical events outlined above, there is a colorful and varied range of myths about
Mackandal. Various supernatural accounts of his execution, and of his escaping capture by the French authorities, are preserved in island folklore and widely depicted in paintings and popular
200:
Mackandal created poisons from island herbs. He distributed the poison to slaves, who added it to the meals and refreshments they served the French plantation owners and planters. He became a charismatic guerrilla leader who united the different Maroon bands and created a network of secret
190:
The enslaved
Mackandal, a houngan knowledgeable of poisons, organized a widespread plot to poison the masters, their water supplies and animals. The movement spread great terror among the slave owners and killed hundreds before the secret of Mackandal was tortured from a
315:"Prophetic Religion, Violence, and Black Freedom: Reading Makandal's Project of Black Liberation through A Fanonian postcolonial lens of decolonization and theory of revolutionary humanism" by Celucien L. Joseph, Black Theology: An International Journal (2012): 9:3
201:
organizations connected with slaves still on plantations. According to C.L.R. James, Mackandal had the eloquence to a
European orator, differing only in strength and vigor. He led Maroons to raid plantations at night, torch property and kill the owners.
205:
at the stake in the center square of Port-au-Prince in front of everyone. However, people from the crowd, particularly the black slaves, believed that
Mackandal rose out of the flames and transformed into a winged beast that flew to safety.
442:
Mémoire sommaire sur les pratiques magiques et empoisonnements prouvés aux procès instruits et jugés au Cap contre plusieurs Nègres et Négresses dont le chef, nommé François
Macandal, a été condamné au feu et exécuté le vingt janvier
277:, a boy named Agasu is enslaved in Africa and brought to Haiti, where he eventually loses his arm and leads a rebellion against the European establishment. This account is very similar to Mackandal's.
172:
have speculated that he may have been from the modern day nations of
Senegal, Mali, or Guinea. According to contemporary accounts of the time, during his interrogation he repeated the Arabic-language
42:
153:. For joining the Maroons to kill slave owners in Saint-Domingue, he was captured and burned alive by French colonial authorities. His actions were seen as a precursor to the
471:
Hirsch, Sarah (2015). "Specters of
Slavery and the Corporeal Materiality of Resurrection in George Washington Cable's THE GRANDISSIMES and Octavia Butler's KINDRED".
291:." In the chapter "Tell my Horse" Davis explores the historical beginnings of vodoun culture and speculates Mackandal as a chief propagator of the Vodoun religion.
245:. Both Mackandal's rebel conspiracy and his brutal killing are shown as influential on Babouk (based on Boukman), who helps to lead a 1791 slave revolt.
176:(Muslim testimony of faith) several times and even translated its meaning to his French captors during his interrogation before being condemned to death.
493:
284:
tells of
Makandal's fictional son, Jericho, and the gift of immortality he received as a result of his father's pact with the voodoo spirits, the lwa.
779:
212:
It is speculated that
Mackandal lost his right arm in a farming accident when it was caught in a sugarcane press and crushed between the rollers.
966:
306:
as the mentor of the Saint-Domingue Brotherhood of Assassins, who maintains close relations with the North American Colonial Brotherhood.
921:
164:
states that Mackandal "had instruction and possessed the Arabic language very well." Early sources identify him as coming from the
976:
619:
Fick provides the translated testimony of one the slaves who confessed to being involved in Makandal's plot. See pages 251-259
936:
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296:
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288:
833:
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951:
179:
His significance as a leader in the fight for Haitian independence has been immortalized through Haitian currency.
941:
748:
499:
931:
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644:
793:
879:
287:
The Harvard ethnobotanist and Anthropologist, Wade Davis, writes about Francois Macandal in his novel "
850:
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473:
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330:
237:
Mackandal's public torture and execution (via burning at the stake) is depicted vividly in
8:
567:
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579:
154:
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534:
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131:
633:"Medical Revolutionaries: The Enslaved Healers of Eighteenth-Century Saint-Domingue"
648:
575:
571:
221:
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101:
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76:
249:
169:
135:
127:
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143:
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558:(1975). "Hamlet in Haiti: Style in Carpentier's the Kingdom of this World".
538:
686:
652:
186:" seems to be a result of his use of poison, derived from natural plants:
555:
268:
670:
583:
417:
Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas; 2nd Edition
825:
238:
41:
880:"17 - Louisiana Bayou // New France // 1765-06-23 - Eve of Saint John"
495:
The Haitian Revolution of 1791-1803, An Historical Essay in Four Parts
456:
de C., Monsieur (15 September 1787). "Makandal, Histoire véritable".
400:
de C., Monsieur (15 September 1787). "Makandal, Histoire veritable".
784:
173:
150:
62:
756:
352:
Open the door to liberty!: A Biography of Toussaint L'Ouverture
242:
146:
47:
600:
The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below
220:
One of the most well-known portraits of Mackandal is that in
139:
80:
168:
which span the Maghreb, but contemporary scholars such as
851:"Digital Saint-Domingue: Playing Haiti in Videogames"
379:. Port-au-Prince: Impr. de J. Courtois. p. 528.
248:
A fictionalized version of Mackandal also appears in
725:"Francois Mackandal (Macandal/Makandal) (?-1758)"
903:
701:"François Makandal | Slavery and Remembrance"
821:Assassin's Creed: The Official Film Tie-In
780:"2014 Recap: The Year of Assassin's Creed"
40:
550:
548:
258:Bloody trails: the Messiah of the islands
777:
749:"The world according to C G S Millworth"
349:
256:and in Mikelson Toussaint-Fils's novel,
439:
262:Les sentiers rouges: Le Messie des iles
14:
904:
814:
630:
554:
545:
516:The Haitian Revolution and its Effects
470:
374:
848:
512:
455:
414:
399:
215:
967:People executed by France by burning
596:
778:Williams, Mike (12 November 2014).
637:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
491:
440:Courtin, Sebastien Jacques (1758).
182:The association of Mackandal with "
24:
309:
142:). He is sometimes described as a
25:
988:
922:18th-century executions by France
849:Lauro, Sarah Juliet (July 2017).
631:Weaver, Karol Kimberlee (2006).
297:Assassin's Creed III: Liberation
872:
842:
808:
771:
741:
717:
693:
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590:
977:Haitian independence activists
576:10.1080/00086495.1975.11829260
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449:
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408:
393:
368:
343:
13:
1:
120:
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645:University of Illinois Press
445:. A.N. COLONIES. p. 88.
415:Diouf, Sylvianne A. (2015).
336:
195:
7:
937:Haitian Vodou practitioners
319:
289:The Serpent and the Rainbow
10:
993:
962:People from Saint-Domingue
513:Bryan, Patrick E. (1984).
350:Rockwell, Anne F. (2009).
753:C G S Millworth's website
705:slaveryandremembrance.org
597:Fick, Carolyn E. (1990).
474:The South Carolina Review
280:C G S Millworth's novel,
231:The Kingdom of this World
97:
87:
69:
55:
39:
32:
605:Univ. of Tennessee Press
354:. Harcourt. p. 64.
957:People from Cap-Haïtien
952:Executed Haitian people
419:. New York: NYU Press.
375:Madiou, Thomas (1848).
755:. 2011. Archived from
303:Assassin's Creed Rogue
193:
653:10.1086/JAAHv92n4p576
188:
27:Haitian Maroon leader
942:Haitian rebel slaves
818:(21 December 2016).
759:on 12 September 2011
729:www.historyofwar.org
568:Taylor & Francis
458:Le Mercure de France
402:Le Mercure de France
331:Toussaint Louverture
932:18th-century slaves
927:18th-century rebels
560:Caribbean Quarterly
88:Cause of death
607:. pp. 60–74.
502:on 4 January 2007.
294:In the video game
216:In popular culture
160:Haitian historian
155:Haitian Revolution
110:François Mackandal
46:Mackandal on a 20
34:François Mackandal
884:Access the Animus
643:(3). Urbana, IL:
282:Makandal's Legacy
107:
106:
16:(Redirected from
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972:Maroons (people)
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858:SX Archipielagos
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792:. Archived from
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377:Histoire d'Haiti
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222:Alejo Carpentier
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92:Death by burning
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30:
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828:. p. 247.
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310:Further reading
226:magical realist
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166:Atlas Mountains
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523:. p. 56.
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492:Corbett, Bob.
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254:The Salt Roads
250:Nalo Hopkinson
241:'s 1934 novel
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170:Sylviane Diouf
136:Saint-Domingue
130:leader in the
128:Haitian Maroon
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603:. Knoxville:
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138:(present-day
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19:
912:1730s births
888:. Retrieved
883:
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862:. Retrieved
857:
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820:
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798:. Retrieved
794:the original
783:
773:
761:. Retrieved
757:the original
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732:. Retrieved
728:
719:
708:. Retrieved
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556:Cheuse, Alan
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77:Cap-Français
917:1758 deaths
269:Neil Gaiman
184:black magic
124: 1758
117: 1730
906:Categories
826:Penguin UK
734:2023-12-08
710:2023-12-08
460:: 308–315.
404:: 308–315.
252:'s novel,
239:Guy Endore
134:colony of
98:Occupation
50:coin, 1968
647:: 77–97.
570:: 13–29.
521:Heinemann
337:Footnotes
271:'s novel
196:Biography
785:US Gamer
763:24 April
687:12486913
679:62430871
671:25613122
584:23050346
539:15655540
481:(2): 93.
320:See also
126:) was a
18:Makandal
890:25 July
864:25 July
860:(2): 21
800:25 July
228:novel,
174:Shahada
151:houngan
63:Senegal
886:. 2012
832:
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611:
582:
537:
527:
423:
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358:
243:Babouk
191:slave.
147:priest
132:French
102:Maroon
73:c.1758
59:c.1730
48:gourde
854:(PDF)
667:JSTOR
580:JSTOR
566:(4).
209:art.
149:, or
140:Haiti
81:Haiti
892:2018
866:2018
830:ISBN
802:2018
765:2018
683:PMID
675:OCLC
657:ISBN
609:ISBN
535:OCLC
525:ISBN
443:1758
421:ISBN
381:ISBN
356:ISBN
70:Died
56:Born
649:doi
572:doi
267:In
264:).
224:'s
908::
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856:.
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547:^
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479:47
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121:c.
114:c.
79:,
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119:-
112:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
