368:
1719:
2050:
622:, and members of the local population congregate to erect numerous monuments and memorials throughout the region, serving as reminders of the tragedy. The monuments and memorials were constructed using a variety of materials, including stone, concrete, and metal. Many of them were adorned with inscriptions, symbols, and other features that were intended to convey the gravity and solemnity of the tragedy. The monuments were strategically placed in
1729:
478:, where they were left to die, and shot adults who disobeyed orders to enter a house and instead tried to escape. In addition to the human toll, the assailants also destroyed homes and other property in the village. Buildings were burned or looted, and livestock and crops were stolen or killed. The attack was believed to have been carried out as a retaliatory measure against an earlier attack by
542:; CENI), minimized the killings and even criticized the Missionary International Service News Agency, which had reported the massacre. His position was supported by the president of the RCD, Wamba Dia Wamba, who went as far as declaring that any investigation into the massacre should be met with lethal force by rebel troops.
418:, gained extensive support from the "indigenous" populace and the Kabila government, leading them to rise up against the RCD. Composed of diverse ethnic and regional groups, the Mai-Mai organizations initially prioritized safeguarding their local communities from external forces, including the RCD and its allies,
554:
The massacre sent shockwaves throughout the country, eliciting widespread outrage and revulsion among the
Congolese populace, as well as prominent opposition politicians. Seven people involved in the massacre were sentenced to death by court-martial, with four others also receiving the same sentence.
207:
The
Makobola massacre is a somber chapter in the DRC. It stands as a sobering reminder of the gravity of the situation and the urgent need for swift action to address the underlying issues plaguing the eastern region of the DRC. The families of the victims continue to seek justice and accountability.
545:
It wasn't until the aftermath of the massacre, with the release of information from survivors, eyewitnesses, and the discovery of village documentation under the leadership of Juma
Lubambo M'sambya III, Chief of I'amba Basilwamba (Makobola II) village, whose office was destroyed by rebels during the
482:
fighters, who had infiltrated the Uvira region from Fizi and averted the RCD rebels from gaining access to a new position near the village of
Makobola II. As a retaliatory measure, rebel reinforcements were hastily dispatched from Uvira to Makobola. Upon arrival, they unleashed a wave of violence
537:
The RCD forces and their leaders deliberately downplayed and distorted the number of victims to hide the enormity of their crimes. Moreover they destroyed and concealed evidence of the atrocities committed in the village, making it challenging to arrive at an accurate estimate of the number of
320:
to
Banyamulenge businessmen, politicians, and Tutsi notables, which was a significant turning point in their struggle for recognition. Nonetheless, the constitutionality of this measure was called into question after Rwema's death due to its nonconformity with fundamental criteria. The act was
496:
The death toll of the
Makobola massacre remains a topic of debate due to the scarcity of historical records and inconsistencies in the counting methods employed. Numerous sources have presented varying statistics, which has led to heated discussions in both political and academic debates.
1685:
521:
reported that over 600 people were killed during the
Makobola massacre. The final report of the participatory consultations for the development of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Document (DSRP) produced in December 2004, put the number of fatalities at 630. Meanwhile, the
1715:
528:
recorded a staggering 800 deaths in
Makobola and the neighboring villages of I'amba, Bangwe, Katuta, Mikunga, and Kasekezi. The conflicting numbers have raised critical questions about the accuracy and reliability of available data.
325:
of other
Congolese ethnic groups who were resentful towards Tutsis from elsewhere. The 1980s witnessed the intensification of frictions and disputes regarding the citizenship status of Banyamulenge. The exclusion of their
586:, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations, expressed his deep concern for the victims in a letter read by his spokesman, Fred Eckhard. Annan promised to continue to support current regional efforts to broker a
2026:
598:
to take proactive measures to ensure that justice was served and that perpetrators were held accountable for their actions. He also reminded the world that a similar decision had been made regarding the August 1998
1707:
334:(doubtful citizenship) sparked widespread animosity. Furthermore, the Congolese government organized a census in 1991, explicitly aimed at identifying Congolese citizens, which was discriminatory against
546:
massacre, that the true extent of the massacre became widely known. Current estimates from both historians and news sources indicate that the
Makobola massacre claimed the lives of over 800 people.
29:
2105:
474:
Many of the victims were hacked to death with machetes or shot at close range, while others were burned alive or drowned in nearby rivers. The soldiers threw babies and small children into deep
1923:
504:, was the first to report the massacre, which took place between December 30 and January 2. According to MISNA, at least 500 innocent civilians were brutally massacred by the RCD forces of the
1700:
364:
attempted to assert his independence from his former allies. This decision did not bode well with Rwanda and Uganda, who regarded Kabila as an impediment to their regional interests.
2095:
678:"Rethinking Social Justice to Restore Forgotten Memories: A step towards reconciliation and peace in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); The cases of Kasika and Makobola"
2053:
1693:
1764:
297:
261:
who have lived in the area for generations, relying on their intimate knowledge of the local terrain and farming practices passed down through their families. The first
1291:
995:
300:, similar to other ethnic groups, but faced resistance due to their status as immigrants without a defined territory or chieftainship before colonization. In 1972,
2100:
321:
perceived as an expropriation of land by other Congolese ethnic groups, which further intensified the social and political tensions in the region and deepened the
1976:
408:
289:, where they came into contact with the Bembe people. However, the Bembe people were wary of the newcomers and were generally hostile towards them, refusing to
2140:
1104:
2115:
2110:
1723:
643:
1981:
1586:
399:'s interests rather than those of the DRC. Kabila perceived the Tutsis as a potential threat to his regime and therefore aimed to consolidate his power by
1939:
1612:
357:
367:
790:
1664:
1638:
1774:
305:
2011:
411:
in the eastern part of the DRC presented an economic opportunity, but the Kabila administration hindered their aspirations for financial gain.
1822:
1759:
706:
595:
1180:
610:
The aftermath of the massacre was marked by grief and anger, as the families of the victims struggled to come to terms with their loss. The
467:
Eyewitnesses and survivors reported that the soldiers attacked the village and its inhabitants using a variety of weapons, including guns,
338:
and Tutsi populations. This census led to widespread social unrest, causing deep divisions and polarization within the Congolese society.
1402:
161:) occurred from December 30, 1998, to January 2, 1999, in the small village of Makobola, located approximately 15 kilometers south of
1459:
312:
during his second republic, implemented a presidential decree known as "Ordinance â„– 69-096". This regulation collectively conferred
1433:
2130:
1918:
1347:
2135:
1562:"SECRETARY-GENERAL EXPRESSES DEEP CONCERN OVER REPORTS OF MASSACRE OF 500 CIVILIANS IN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO | UN Press"
1510:
909:
1792:
1536:
237:, which can be traced back to their long-standing dispute over land and resources. The Banyamulenge are predominantly
1485:
1164:
1139:
1082:
1057:
1032:
978:
1887:
1718:
501:
178:
64:
24:
1587:"RDC: il y a 21 ans, plusieurs centaines de congolais étaient tués, certains brûlés dans leurs maisons à Makobola"
426:. The local population has been targeted by violence, ranging from brutal physical assaults to savage massacres.
768:
471:, and other sharp objects. The RCD forces went on a rampage, killing men, women, and children indiscriminately.
971:
The Political Economy of the Great Lakes Region in Africa: The Pitfalls of Enforced Democracy and Globalization
2120:
2016:
404:
182:
124:
937:
2125:
1862:
739:
1322:
538:
victims. The provincial governor at that time, Norbert Basengezi Katintima (now the vice-president of the
524:
301:
1181:"The role of the exploitation of natural resources in fuelling and prolonging crises in the eastern DRC"
677:
483:
upon the local population, while the Mai-Mai soldiers were able to escape into the surrounding forests.
2006:
1744:
556:
372:
361:
140:
2090:
644:"Sud-Kivu : 21 ans après les massacres de Makobola, les familles des victimes réclament justice"
607:, and expressed his regret that the conclusions of that investigation had not been made public yet.
388:
1964:
1857:
843:"Cows and guns. Cattle-related conflict and armed violence in Fizi and Itombwe, eastern DR Congo"
591:
579:
258:
1075:
LA GUERRE DES GRANDS LACS: Alliances mouvantes et conflits extraterritoriaux en Afrique Centrale
2080:
1969:
1769:
322:
197:
1248:
Reyntjens, Filip (2001). "Briefing: The Democratic Republic of Congo, from Kabila to Kabila".
1613:"Sud-Kivu: 21 ans après le massacre de Makobola, la population exige que justice soit faite"
1434:"Congo rebels order probe on massacre report – Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb"
2031:
407:(RCD) with the aim of toppling his government. Furthermore, Rwanda and Uganda's hunger for
996:"Barthélemy Bisengimana Rwema "Barthos", le Gourou-infiltré Rwandais Tout-Puissant !"
816:
8:
2085:
1024:
Lies of the Tutsi in Eastern Congo/Zaire: A Case Study: South Kivu (Pre-Colonial to 2018)
376:
250:
555:
The scale of the violence prompted a swift response from the government, with President
1991:
1986:
1754:
1378:
1273:
1230:
915:
880:
872:
575:
to be deployed to the eastern part of the country, where the massacre had taken place.
1561:
1537:"Annan condemns massacre of 500 in DRC – Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb"
1892:
1872:
1802:
1265:
1222:
1160:
1135:
1078:
1053:
1028:
974:
905:
864:
517:
500:
The Missionary International Service News Agency (MISNA), a prominent Roman Catholic
461:
456:
317:
254:
884:
559:
taking decisive action to bring the perpetrators to justice. He ordered troops from
277:'s highlands from the late 1920s to the 1950s. Many of these workers settled in the
2001:
1959:
1829:
1379:"RDC: Il y a 20 ans, à Makobola 702 Congolais massacrées par le RCD – Fizi Itombwe"
1257:
854:
400:
353:
347:
309:
286:
88:
2027:
International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1105:"Sortir de l'impasse : Vers une nouvelle vision de la paix Ă l'est de la RDC"
515:
However, other sources have provided much higher estimates of the death toll. The
2036:
1996:
1954:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1749:
1022:
600:
450:
territories in the eastern region of the DRC. According to reports from both the
447:
434:
The attack took place in the village of Makobola, predominantly inhabited by the
282:
170:
154:
96:
1348:"RDC: 21 ans après, l'émotion des familles des victimes du massacre de Makobola"
1261:
2075:
1949:
1834:
532:
443:
278:
222:
166:
56:
859:
842:
2069:
1882:
1844:
1269:
1226:
868:
707:"Deuxième Guerre – Attaques contre les autres populations civiles – Sud-Kivu"
392:
270:
266:
262:
226:
45:
20:
1403:"RDC: 21 ans après le massacre de Makobola, les habitants réclament justice"
1211:"Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Mosaic of Insurgent Groups"
791:"Survivours still seek justice 22 years after DR Congos's Makobola massacre"
1944:
919:
899:
623:
619:
611:
505:
464:
and launched an indiscriminate killing spree against the local population.
435:
234:
230:
201:
114:
475:
238:
1486:"Displaced by war, working for peace - Democratic Republic of the Congo"
1234:
1210:
876:
1277:
615:
604:
583:
414:
In response to the RCD rebels, numerous militant factions, such as the
174:
60:
1665:"Commemoration of the Makobola Massacres and its Surroundings (Congo)"
1460:"Raised amid violence, Congolese man dedicates life to building peace"
740:"Democratic Republic of Congo: Massive violations kill human decency"
587:
327:
1639:"Uvira: marche mondiale des femmes, hommage aux martyrs de Makobola"
1050:
Making Nations, Creating Strangers: States and Citizenship in Africa
564:
290:
84:
135:
Allegations that the local population had provided support to the
2021:
572:
509:
479:
468:
415:
379:, discussing the armed conflict raging in the area, November 1998
246:
136:
2106:
Wartime sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1924:
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)
1728:
1048:
Hammett, Daniel; Nugent, Paul; Dorman, Sara (August 31, 2007).
582:
also condemned the massacre and called for action to be taken.
560:
423:
419:
396:
356:, the once-formidable alliance between Rwanda, Uganda, and the
242:
193:
1077:(in French). Paris, France: Editions L'Harmattan. p. 24.
969:
Marysse, Stefaan; Reyntjens, Filip, eds. (October 21, 2005).
439:
384:
313:
190:
162:
92:
533:
Suppression of investigation and concealment of the massacre
508:
community as a retaliatory measure against an attack by the
1812:
568:
451:
335:
274:
1157:
Another Fine Mess: America, Uganda, and the War on Terror
1132:
Crisis in the Congo: The Rise and Fall of Laurent Kabila
403:
them. In response, Tutsi opposition leaders founded the
2096:
1990s massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1977:
Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
938:"The Seniority Principle in the Bembe Marriage System"
769:"Makobola, D.R. Congo – International Cities of Peace"
454:-based Roman Catholic Missionary News Service and the
330:
from the 1982 and 1987 elections under the pretext of
296:
The Banyamulenge harbored aspirations of having their
200:, killed over 800 civilians, largely belonging to the
1052:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 74.
1982:
Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
701:
699:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1047:
460:in January 1999, RCD forces arrived in Makobola on
1724:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations
1511:"Rebels sentenced to death for Makobola massacre"
973:. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
696:
383:The Kabila's government was accused of excluding
2067:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1366:
1323:"Refugees From Congo Tell of Massacre by Rebels"
968:
840:
265:were reported as early as the mid-20th when the
2101:Looting in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1871:
1775:Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries
814:
1134:. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
682:Boston College School of Theology and Ministry
2141:Arson in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1701:
1421:
395:and suspicions that Tutsis were aligned with
216:
2116:1999 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2111:1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1843:
841:Verweijen, Judith; Brabant, Justine (2017).
540:Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante
249:, driven by the escalating taxes imposed by
676:Mugisho, Patrick Nshombo (April 26, 2021).
590:, withdraw foreign troops, and broaden the
257:, while the Bembe people are predominantly
1708:
1694:
1483:
1457:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1159:. New York City: Columbia Global Reports.
901:The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa
897:
788:
187:Rassemblement Congolais pour la DĂ©mocratie
106:800 civilians killed per UN Mapping Report
1397:
1395:
1247:
1208:
1072:
858:
366:
1484:Espenshade, Linda (December 14, 2020).
1458:Espenshade, Linda (December 15, 2020).
1320:
1309:
1154:
684:. Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 33–38
675:
2068:
1392:
1190:. London, United Kingdom. January 2010
1129:
1020:
817:"'I was prepared to lose my own life'"
1689:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1094:
964:
962:
931:
929:
847:The Journal of Modern African Studies
626:, such as village squares and parks.
1321:Simmons, Ann M. (January 15, 1999).
1215:International Journal on World Peace
935:
904:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
734:
732:
730:
728:
671:
669:
667:
665:
1919:2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash
1793:East African campaign (World War I)
1103:Kiley, Penny (September 10, 2012).
993:
341:
74:December 30, 1998 – January 2, 1999
13:
1091:
959:
926:
14:
2152:
1073:Reyntjens, Filip (October 1999).
1027:. Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris.
815:lindaespenshade (April 7, 2021).
725:
662:
438:, roughly 15 kilometers south of
2049:
2048:
1727:
1717:
1130:Ngolet, F. (December 14, 2010).
789:AfricaNews (December 31, 2020).
502:humanitarian information network
179:Democratic Republic of the Congo
65:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1657:
1631:
1605:
1579:
1554:
1529:
1503:
1477:
1451:
1340:
1284:
1241:
1202:
1173:
1148:
1123:
1066:
1041:
1021:Kapapi, John (March 28, 2019).
1014:
987:
821:Mennonite Central Committee U.S
2131:December 1990 events in Africa
1619:(in French). December 30, 2019
1593:(in French). December 30, 2019
1409:(in French). December 29, 2019
1354:(in French). December 30, 2019
891:
834:
808:
782:
761:
650:(in French). December 30, 2019
636:
491:
225:has been marred by persistent
1:
2136:January 1999 events in Africa
1645:(in French). October 17, 2010
1209:Kisangani, Emizet F. (2003).
629:
486:
405:Rally for Congolese Democracy
211:
183:Rally for Congolese Democracy
139:rebels and the government of
125:Rally for Congolese Democracy
1863:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
749:. May 31, 2000. pp. 2–3
549:
302:Barthélémy Bisengimana Rwema
273:to aid their development to
259:subsistence agriculturalists
7:
1111:(in French). pp. 20–24
360:disintegrated in 1998 when
196:-backed armed group led by
10:
2157:
2007:Great Lakes refugee crisis
1745:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement
345:
217:History of ethnic tensions
2045:
1932:
1911:
1785:
1737:
1262:10.1093/afraf/100.399.311
898:LEMARCHAND, RENÉ (2009).
860:10.1017/S0022278X16000823
713:(in French). May 17, 2018
594:in the country. He urged
429:
131:
120:
110:
102:
78:
70:
51:
43:
38:
389:political representation
189:; RCD), a predominantly
165:, on the border between
1965:Belgian colonial empire
1858:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
1155:Epstein, Helen (2017).
580:international community
525:Mapping Exercise Report
241:who have migrated from
25:Infobox civilian attack
17:
1970:Kivu frontier incident
1770:East African Community
380:
323:collective unconscious
269:imported workers from
198:Ernest Wamba dia Wamba
30:considered for merging
747:Amnesty International
557:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
442:on the border of the
373:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
370:
362:Laurent Désiré Kabila
298:independent territory
263:inter-ethnic tensions
141:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
2121:December 1998 crimes
2032:2014 Mutarule attack
1515:The New Humanitarian
936:Biebuyck, Daniel P.
358:Congolese government
332:nationalité douteuse
245:in search of better
159:Massacre de Makobola
2126:January 1999 crimes
1669:Sites of Conscience
1517:. February 23, 1999
1188:International Alert
1109:International Alert
391:, allegedly due to
175:South Kivu Province
1992:Katanga insurgency
1987:Rwandan Revolution
1823:Massacres of Hutus
1786:Military relations
1755:Sun City Agreement
945:danielbiebuyck.com
601:massacre at Kasika
381:
2061:
2060:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1893:Kishishe massacre
1853:Makobola massacre
1803:Rwandan Civil War
1765:Gorilla Agreement
1327:Los Angeles Times
994:Mulongo, Freddy.
911:978-0-8122-2090-2
518:Los Angeles Times
457:Los Angeles Times
409:natural resources
304:, a Munyamulenge
267:Belgian colonists
255:Kingdom of Rwanda
151:Makobola massacre
147:
146:
39:Makobola massacre
2148:
2091:Second Congo War
2052:
2051:
2002:Rwandan genocide
1960:Ngweshe Chiefdom
1869:
1868:
1841:
1840:
1830:Second Congo War
1732:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1430:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1256:(399): 311–317.
1245:
1239:
1238:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
991:
985:
984:
966:
957:
956:
954:
952:
942:
933:
924:
923:
895:
889:
888:
862:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
812:
806:
805:
803:
801:
786:
780:
779:
777:
775:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
744:
736:
723:
722:
720:
718:
703:
694:
693:
691:
689:
673:
660:
659:
657:
655:
640:
592:democratic peace
354:Second Congo War
348:Second Congo War
342:Second Congo War
316:nationality and
310:Mobutu Sese Seko
306:cabinet director
287:Mwenga Territory
89:ethnic cleansing
36:
35:
33:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2041:
2037:Kipupu massacre
1997:Kanyarwanda War
1955:Kaziba Chiefdom
1928:
1899:
1874:
1867:
1839:
1818:Lemera massacre
1808:First Congo War
1798:Simba rebellion
1781:
1750:Pretoria Accord
1733:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1319:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1296:newsroom.ap.org
1290:
1289:
1285:
1250:African Affairs
1246:
1242:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1101:
1092:
1085:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1003:
992:
988:
981:
967:
960:
950:
948:
940:
934:
927:
912:
896:
892:
839:
835:
825:
823:
813:
809:
799:
797:
787:
783:
773:
771:
767:
766:
762:
752:
750:
742:
738:
737:
726:
716:
714:
705:
704:
697:
687:
685:
674:
663:
653:
651:
642:
641:
637:
632:
552:
535:
494:
489:
432:
393:ethnic tensions
350:
344:
318:property rights
283:Uvira Territory
251:Mwami Rwabugiri
227:ethnic tensions
219:
214:
171:Uvira Territory
97:sexual violence
81:
34:
18:
12:
11:
5:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:Bwito Chiefdom
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1835:Dongo conflict
1832:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1656:
1630:
1604:
1578:
1553:
1528:
1502:
1476:
1450:
1420:
1391:
1365:
1339:
1308:
1283:
1240:
1201:
1172:
1165:
1147:
1140:
1122:
1090:
1083:
1065:
1058:
1040:
1033:
1013:
986:
979:
958:
925:
910:
890:
833:
807:
781:
760:
724:
711:Mapping Report
695:
661:
634:
633:
631:
628:
551:
548:
534:
531:
493:
490:
488:
485:
462:New Year's Day
431:
428:
346:Main article:
343:
340:
279:Fizi Territory
223:Fizi Territory
218:
215:
213:
210:
167:Fizi Territory
145:
144:
133:
129:
128:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
57:Fizi Territory
53:
49:
48:
41:
40:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2153:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Kivu conflict
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:M23 offensive
1886:
1884:
1883:M23 rebellion
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1845:Kivu conflict
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1542:
1541:reliefweb.int
1538:
1532:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1491:
1490:reliefweb.int
1487:
1480:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1439:
1438:reliefweb.int
1435:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1166:9780997722925
1162:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1141:9780230116252
1137:
1133:
1126:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1084:9782296397811
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1059:9789047420071
1055:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1034:9781796022896
1030:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1001:
997:
990:
982:
980:9780230523890
976:
972:
965:
963:
946:
939:
932:
930:
921:
917:
913:
907:
903:
902:
894:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
822:
818:
811:
796:
792:
785:
770:
764:
748:
741:
735:
733:
731:
729:
712:
708:
702:
700:
683:
679:
672:
670:
668:
666:
649:
645:
639:
635:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
597:
596:world leaders
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
547:
543:
541:
530:
527:
526:
520:
519:
513:
512:in the area.
511:
507:
503:
498:
484:
481:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
427:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
401:marginalizing
398:
394:
390:
386:
378:
374:
369:
365:
363:
359:
355:
349:
339:
337:
333:
329:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:Ruanda-Urundi
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:grazing lands
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
46:Kivu conflict
42:
37:
31:
27:
26:
22:
16:
2063:
2047:
1945:Banyamulenge
1852:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1642:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1616:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:Actualite.cd
1590:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1566:press.un.org
1565:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1514:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1411:. Retrieved
1406:
1382:. Retrieved
1356:. Retrieved
1351:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:
1286:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1221:(3): 51–80.
1218:
1214:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1175:
1156:
1150:
1131:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1108:
1074:
1068:
1049:
1043:
1023:
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
999:
989:
970:
949:. Retrieved
944:
900:
893:
850:
846:
836:
824:. Retrieved
820:
810:
798:. Retrieved
794:
784:
772:. Retrieved
763:
751:. Retrieved
746:
715:. Retrieved
710:
686:. Retrieved
681:
652:. Retrieved
647:
638:
624:public areas
609:
577:
553:
544:
539:
536:
523:
516:
514:
506:Banyamulenge
499:
495:
476:pit latrines
473:
466:
455:
436:Bembe people
433:
413:
382:
351:
331:
295:
239:pastoralists
235:Banyamulenge
231:Bembe people
229:between the
220:
206:
186:
158:
150:
148:
121:Perpetrators
115:Bembe people
23:
15:
1643:Radio Okapi
1002:(in French)
947:. p. 2
920:j.ctt3fj2cq
853:(1): 1–27.
648:Radio Okapi
614:provincial
492:The figures
352:During the
204:community.
181:(DRC). The
80:Attack type
19:‹ The
2086:South Kivu
2070:Categories
795:Africanews
630:References
605:South Kivu
603:, also in
584:Kofi Annan
487:Death toll
328:candidates
291:intermarry
212:Background
61:South Kivu
55:Makobola,
1912:Incidents
1738:Diplomacy
1270:0001-9909
1227:0742-3640
1000:Mediapart
869:0022-278X
588:ceasefire
550:Aftermath
371:Visit of
28:is being
2054:Category
1875:Movement
1873:March 23
1617:7sur7.cd
1464:EMU News
1235:20753410
885:64607292
877:26309798
616:deputies
565:Zimbabwe
469:machetes
85:Massacre
52:Location
44:Part of
32:. ›
21:template
2022:MONUSCO
1933:Related
1674:May 12,
1649:May 12,
1623:May 12,
1597:May 12,
1571:May 12,
1546:May 12,
1521:May 12,
1495:May 26,
1469:May 26,
1443:May 12,
1413:May 12,
1384:May 12,
1358:May 12,
1332:May 12,
1301:May 12,
1278:3518770
1194:May 12,
1115:May 12,
1006:May 12,
951:May 12,
826:May 12,
800:May 12,
774:May 12,
753:May 12,
717:May 12,
688:May 12,
654:May 12,
573:Namibia
510:Mai Mai
480:Mai-Mai
416:MaĂŻ MaĂŻ
375:to the
314:Zairean
253:of the
202:Babembe
194:Rwandan
177:of the
173:in the
137:Mai Mai
1940:Border
1760:COMESA
1276:
1268:
1233:
1225:
1163:
1138:
1081:
1056:
1031:
977:
918:
908:
883:
875:
867:
620:chiefs
561:Angola
430:Attack
424:Uganda
420:Rwanda
397:Rwanda
385:Tutsis
285:, and
243:Rwanda
155:French
132:Motive
111:Victim
103:Deaths
2076:Uvira
1274:JSTOR
1231:JSTOR
1184:(PDF)
941:(PDF)
916:JSTOR
881:S2CID
873:JSTOR
743:(PDF)
612:Bembe
448:Uvira
440:Uvira
387:from
191:Tutsi
163:Uvira
127:(RCD)
93:arson
2012:FDLR
1813:AFDL
1676:2023
1651:2023
1625:2023
1599:2023
1573:2023
1548:2023
1523:2023
1497:2024
1471:2024
1445:2023
1415:2023
1386:2023
1360:2023
1334:2023
1303:2023
1292:"AP"
1266:ISSN
1223:ISSN
1196:2023
1161:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1117:2023
1079:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1029:ISBN
1008:2023
975:ISBN
953:2023
906:ISBN
865:ISSN
828:2023
802:2023
776:2023
755:2023
719:2023
690:2023
656:2023
578:The
571:and
569:Chad
452:Rome
446:and
444:Fizi
422:and
336:Hutu
275:Kivu
233:and
221:The
169:and
149:The
71:Date
2017:RCD
1407:RFI
1352:RFI
1258:doi
1254:100
855:doi
308:of
2072::
1667:.
1641:.
1615:.
1589:.
1564:.
1539:.
1513:.
1488:.
1462:.
1436:.
1423:^
1405:.
1394:^
1368:^
1350:.
1325:.
1311:^
1294:.
1272:.
1264:.
1252:.
1229:.
1219:20
1217:.
1213:.
1186:.
1107:.
1093:^
998:.
961:^
943:.
928:^
914:.
879:.
871:.
863:.
851:55
849:.
845:.
819:.
793:.
745:.
727:^
709:.
698:^
680:.
664:^
646:.
618:,
567:,
563:,
377:EC
293:.
281:,
157::
95:,
91:,
87:,
63:,
59:,
1709:e
1702:t
1695:v
1678:.
1653:.
1627:.
1601:.
1575:.
1550:.
1525:.
1499:.
1473:.
1447:.
1417:.
1388:.
1362:.
1336:.
1305:.
1280:.
1260::
1237:.
1198:.
1169:.
1144:.
1119:.
1087:.
1062:.
1037:.
1010:.
983:.
955:.
922:.
887:.
857::
830:.
804:.
778:.
757:.
721:.
692:.
658:.
185:(
153:(
143:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.