1437:-like mammoths, over 1 million years old from Siberia suggests that they had already developed many of the genetic changes found in woolly mammoths responsible for tolerance of cold conditions. Scientists discovered and studied the remains of a mammoth calf, and found that fat greatly influenced its form, and enabled it to store large amounts of nutrients necessary for survival in temperatures as low as −50 °C (−58 °F). The fat also allowed the mammoths to increase their muscle mass, allowing the mammoths to fight against enemies and live longer. Woolly mammoths evolved a suite of adaptations for arctic life, including morphological traits such as small ears and tails to minimize heat loss, a thick layer of subcutaneous fat, and numerous sebaceous glands for insulation, as well as a large brown-fat hump like deposit behind the neck that may have functioned as a heat source and fat reservoir during winter.
1365:
1382:
900:
1256:
1294:
1353:
1414:
1275:
926:
1239:
965:
1622:
5385:
160:
991:
5372:
131:
1489:
825:
5379:
1608:
860:
789:
1596:) date to around 13,000 years ago, coinciding with the reducing of the area of the Californian Channel Islands as a result of rising sea level, the earliest known humans in the Channel Islands, and climatic change resulting in the decline of the previously dominant conifer forest ecosystems and expansion of scrub and grassland.
1059:
It is possible to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus through morphological studies. Mammoth species can be identified from the number of enamel ridges/lamellae on their molars; the primitive species had few ridges, and the amount increased gradually as new species evolved and replaced
1398:
Both sexes bore tusks. A first, small set appeared at about the age of six months, and these were replaced at about 18 months by the permanent set. Growth of the permanent set was at a rate of about 2.5 to 15.2 cm (1 to 6 in) per year. The tusks display a strong spiral twisting. Mammoth
1581:
where most large mammals across the
Americas became extinct approximately simultaneously at the end of the Late Pleistocene. Hunting of Columbian mammoths by Paleoindians may have been a contributory factor in their extinction. The timing of the extinction of the dwarf Sardinian mammoth
1293:
3707:
Graham, Russell W.; Belmecheri, Soumaya; Choy, Kyungcheol; Culleton, Brendan J.; Davies, Lauren J.; Froese, Duane; Heintzman, Peter D.; Hritz, Carrie; Kapp, Joshua D.; Newsom, Lee A.; Rawcliffe, Ruth; Saulnier-Talbot, Émilie; Shapiro, Beth; Wang, Yue; Williams, John W. (2016-08-16).
3598:
Fordham, Damien A.; Brown, Stuart C.; Akçakaya, H. Reşit; Brook, Barry W.; Haythorne, Sean; Manica, Andrea; Shoemaker, Kevin T.; Austin, Jeremy J.; Blonder, Benjamin; Pilowsky, July A.; Rahbek, Carsten; Nogues-Bravo, David (January 2022). Coulson, Tim (ed.).
3555:
Purdy, Barbara A.; Jones, Kevin S.; Mecholsky, John J.; Bourne, Gerald; Hulbert, Richard C.; MacFadden, Bruce J.; Church, Krista L.; Warren, Michael W.; Jorstad, Thomas F.; Stanford, Dennis J.; Wachowiak, Melvin J.; Speakman, Robert J. (November 2011).
3086:
van der Valk, Tom; Pečnerová, Patrícia; Díez-del-Molino, David; Bergström, Anders; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Hartmann, Stefanie; Xenikoudakis, Georgios; Thomas, Jessica A.; Dehasque, Marianne; Sağlıcan, Ekin; Fidan, Fatma Rabia (17 February 2021).
3312:
Cherney, Michael D.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Auchus, Richard J.; Rountrey, Adam N.; Selcer, Perrin; Shirley, Ethan A.; Beld, Scott G.; Buigues, Bernard; Mol, Dick; Boeskorov, Gennady G.; Vartanyan, Sergey L.; Tikhonov, Alexei N. (2023-05-18).
1220:) in weight on average, with the largest recorded individuals being around 3.5 m (11.5 ft) tall and 8.2 tonnes (18,077.9 lb) in weight. The insular dwarf mammoth species were considerably smaller, with the smallest species
1090:. The youngest remains of mammoths in Africa are from Aïn Boucherit, Algeria dating to the Early Pleistocene, around 2.3–2 million years ago (with a possible later record from Aïn Hanech, Algeria, dating to 1.95–1.78 million years ago).
3667:
Dehasque, Marianne; Pečnerová, Patrícia; Muller, Héloïse; Tikhonov, Alexei; Nikolskiy, Pavel; Tsigankova, Valeriya I.; Danilov, Gleb K.; Díez-del-Molino, David; Vartanyan, Sergey; Dalén, Love; Lister, Adrian M. (May 2021).
1208:), while exceptionally large males may have reached 4.5 m (14.8 ft) at the shoulder and 14.3 tonnes (31,526.1 lb) in weight. However, woolly mammoths were considerably smaller, only about as large as modern
534:
of western
Siberia meaning "earth horn", in reference to mammoth tusks. Mammoths appear in the folkore of the indigenous people of Siberia, who were impressed by the great size of their remains. In the mythology of the
1322:
have around 8-10 lamellae on the third molars, while Late
Pleistocene woolly mammoths have 20-28 lamellae on the third molars. These changes also corresponded with reduced enamel thickness and increasing tooth height
1255:
681:
from a noun describing the prehistoric elephant to an adjective describing anything of surprisingly large size. The first recorded use of the word as an adjective was in a description of a large wheel of cheese (the
1399:
tusks are among the largest known among proboscideans with some specimens over 4 m (13.1 ft) in length and likely 200 kg (440.9 lb) in weight with some historical reports suggesting tusks of
1200:(the steppe mammoth) were considerably larger than modern elephants, with mature adult males having an average height of approximately 3.8–4.2 m (12.5–13.8 ft) at the shoulder and weights of 9.6–12.7
1410:
of mammoths typically had long neural spines. The back was typically sloping, with the body being wider than that of
African elephants. The tails of mammoths were relatively short compared to living elephants.
483:, by about three million years ago, mammoths dispersed into Eurasia, eventually covering most of Eurasia before migrating into North America around 1.5–1.3 million years ago, becoming ancestral to the
2111:
Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Nielsen, Svend; Rohland, Nadin; Baleka, Sina; Karpinski, Emil; Ivancevic, Atma M.; To, Thu-Hien; Kortschak, R. Daniel; Raison, Joy M. (2018-03-13).
1516:, modern humans hunted woolly mammoths, used their remains to create art and tools, and depicted them in works of art. Remains of Columbian mammoths at a number of sites suggest that they were hunted by
1448:
and Asian elephants, with females living in herds headed by a matriarch, whilst bulls lived solitary lives or formed loose groups after sexual maturity, with adult males experiencing periods of
1060:
the former ones. At the same time, the crowns of the teeth became longer, and the skulls became higher from top to bottom and shorter from the back to the front over time to accommodate this.
2969:"Reconstructing the life appearance of a Pleistocene giant: size, shape, sexual dimorphism and ontogeny of Palaeoloxodon antiquus (Proboscidea: Elephantidae) from Neumark-Nord 1 (Germany)"
2660:"Reconstructing the life appearance of a Pleistocene giant: size, shape, sexual dimorphism and ontogeny of Palaeoloxodon antiquus (Proboscidea: Elephantidae) from Neumark-Nord 1 (Germany)"
459:
by their (typically large) spirally twisted tusks and in at least some later species, the development of numerous adaptions to living in cold environments, including a thick layer of fur.
2503:
Palombo, Maria Rita; Zedda, Marco; Melis, Rita Teresa (November 2017). "A new elephant fossil from the late
Pleistocene of Alghero: The puzzling question of Sardinian dwarf elephants".
590:
in 1722, said that mammoth tusks were well known in the area. They were called "mammon's horn" and were often found in washed-out river banks. Bell bought one and presented it to
1550:), woolly mammoths were confined to the northernmost regions of Siberia. This contraction is suggested to have been caused by the warming induced expansion of unfavourable wet
2296:"What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology"
1224:
estimated to have a shoulder height of only around 1 metre (3.3 ft) and a weight of about 180 kilograms (400 lb), making it one of the smallest elephantids known.
2179:
Shoshani, J.; Ferretti, M. P.; Lister, A. M.; Agenbroad, L. D.; Saegusa, H.; Mol, D.; Takahashi, K. (2007). "Relationships within the
Elephantinae using hyoid characters".
1306:), including one of the largest, the Siegsdorf mammoth (left, around 3.5 metres (11 ft) tall), and a mature Siberian bull (around 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) metres tall)
1084:
During the Late
Pliocene, by 3.2 million years ago, mammoths dispersed into Eurasia via the Sinai Peninsula. The earliest mammoths in Eurasia are assigned to the species
2968:
2659:
3964:
Capelli, C.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Roca, A. L.; Brisighelli, F.; Georgiadis, N.; O'Brien, S. J.; Greenwood, A. D. (2006). "A nuclear DNA phylogeny of the woolly mammoth (
1318:(ridge-like structures) on the molars, particularly on the third molars, substantially increased over the course of mammoth evolution. The earliest Eurasian species
1822:
1468:
were mixed feeders (both browsing and grazing) to browsers. Over the course of mammoth evolution in
Eurasia, their diet shifted towards mixed feeding-grazing in
1274:
1987:
Reich, M.; Gehler, A.; Mohl, D.; van der Plicht, H.; Lister, A. M. (2007). "The rediscovery of type material of
Mammuthus primigenius (Mammalia: Proboscidea)".
1558:, with the possible additional pressure of human hunting. The last woolly mammoths in mainland Siberia became extinct around 10,000 years ago, during the early
3472:"Mammuthus primigenius in the cave and portable art: An overview with a short account on the elephant fossil record in Southern Europe during the last glacial"
4024:
1972:
Cuvier, G. (1796). "Mémoire sur les épèces d'elephans tant vivantes que fossils, lu à la séance publique de l'Institut
National le 15 germinal, an IV".
1472:
culminating in the woolly mammoth, which was largely a grazer, with stomach contents of woolly mammoths suggesting that they largely fed on grass and
1520:, the first humans to inhabit the Americas. A possible bone engraving of a Columbian mammoth made by Paleoindians is known from Vero Beach, Florida.
3283:
1588:
is difficult to constrain precisely, though the youngest specimen likely dates to sometime around 57–29,000 years ago. The youngest records of the
1238:
5543:
4994:
1364:
5024:
702:
that contains the elephants, arose about 55 million years ago on the landmass of Afro-Arabia. The closest relatives of the Proboscidea are the
4086:
5556:
4739:
2001:
BROOKES, J., 1828. A catalogue of the anatomical and zoological museum of Jeshua Brookes, Esq., F.R.S. etc. Part 1. R.Taylor, London. 76 pp.
1570:
island in the Bering Strait until around 5,600 years ago, with their extinction likely due to the degradation of freshwater sources, and on
4624:
4591:
1381:
5656:
3670:"Combining Bayesian age models and genetics to investigate population dynamics and extinction of the last mammoths in northern Siberia"
899:
455:
about 4,000 years ago, and various species existed in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. Mammoths are distinguished from living
5517:
3014:"Skeleton of a Late Pleistocene steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) from Zhalainuoer, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, China"
1577:
The last reliable dates of the Columbian mammoth date to around 12,500 years ago. Columbian mammoths became extinct as part of the
4006:
613:
and no longer existed, a concept that was not widely accepted at the time. Following Cuvier's identification, German naturalist
559:, conceived mammoths as giant birds) believed that mammoths were responsible for the creation of mountains and lakes, while the
539:
people, mammoths were responsible for the creation of the world, digging up the land from the ocean floor with their tusks. The
3900:
Semprebon, Gina M.; Rivals, Florent; Fahlke, Julia M.; Sanders, William J.; Lister, Adrian M.; Göhlich, Ursula B. (June 2016).
2995:
2686:
1327:). These changes are thought to be adaptations to increasing abrasion resulting from the shift in the diet of mammoths from a
5676:
4206:
4168:
4149:
3954:
3558:"Earliest art in the Americas: incised image of a proboscidean on a mineralized extinct animal bone from Vero Beach, Florida"
3169:
3070:
2866:
2270:
2037:
1956:
1895:
1793:
714:
arose by million years ago in Africa, and includes the living elephants and the mammoths. Among many now extinct clades, the
1433:
had a substantial coat of fur, among other physiological adaptations for living in cold environments. Genetic sequencing of
609:
remains not as modern elephants transported to the Arctic, but as an entirely new species. He argued this species had gone
5681:
5651:
5641:
4237:
1212:
with males around 2.80–3.15 m (9 ft 2.2 in – 10 ft 4.0 in) high at the shoulder, and 4.5–6
1077:, mammoths had become confined to the northern portions of the African continent with remains from this time assigned to
1403:
could reach lengths of around 5 m (16.4 ft) substantially surpassing the largest known modern elephant tusks.
5666:
2055:"Phylogenetic Position of Mammoth and Steller's Sea Cow Within Tethytheria Demonstrated by Mitochondrial DNA Sequences"
1500:
Evidence that humans interacted with mammoths extends back to around 1.8 million years ago, with a number of bones of
5646:
4059:
1444:
period of 22 months, resulting in a single calf being born. Their social structure was probably the same as that of
4617:
4567:
4516:
525:
5561:
1542:, the range of the woolly mammoth began to contract, disappearing from most of Europe by 14,000 years ago. By the
5671:
4537:
2458:"Mammoth evolution in the late Middle Pleistocene: The Mammuthus trogontherii-primigenius transition in Europe"
2394:
Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V. (2015-11-13). "Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere".
1674:
5661:
5613:
4028:
1664:
5384:
4586:
4572:
4129:
4112:
3601:"Process-explicit models reveal pathway to extinction for woolly mammoth using pattern-oriented validation"
1578:
5491:
4610:
4542:
3291:
614:
507:
until as recently as 4,000 years ago, still extant during the existence of the earliest civilisations in
476:, appeared around 6 million years ago during the late Miocene in what is now southern and Eastern Africa.
292:
142:
5496:
4532:
4417:
5600:
3776:
1848:
159:
3509:
2922:
2884:"The earliest elephants out of Africa: Taxonomy and taphonomy of proboscidean remains from Bethlehem"
1827:
1115:(the steppe mammoth) in Eastern Asia around 1.7 million years ago. Around 1.5–1.3 million years ago,
17:
4093:
3376:
Tappen, Martha; Bukhsianidze, Maia; Ferring, Reid; Coil, Reed; Lordkipanidze, David (October 2022).
1151:
in Europe by around 200,000 years ago, and migrated into North America during the Late Pleistocene.
1413:
1352:
31:
2623:
2539:
5371:
4477:
4314:
4230:
4043:
3901:
3669:
3557:
3471:
3429:
2883:
2805:
2704:
2457:
2011:
1065:
683:
472:
374:
1948:
1533:
5587:
5434:
4302:
1929:, Travels from St Petersburg in Russia to diverse parts of Asia, Edinburgh, 1806, pages 383-386
1372:
1245:
1196:
1190:
1188:
Like living elephants, mammoths typically had large body sizes. The largest known species like
1111:
1100:
382:
350:
5548:
3510:"Sites in the Americas with Possible or Probable Evidence for the Butchering of Proboscideans"
5582:
4547:
4442:
4297:
4277:
2858:
2852:
2806:"Feeding traits and dietary variation in Pleistocene proboscideans: A tooth microwear review"
1926:
1209:
1139:
1079:
583:
310:
5574:
2705:"Mammuthus rumanus, early mammoths, and migration out of Africa: Some interrelated problems"
1268:) around 3.9 metres (13 ft) tall in front-on (without head) side-on and top-down views
5504:
5397:
4578:
3977:
3913:
3805:
3721:
3681:
3612:
3569:
3479:
3441:
3389:
3326:
3234:"Elephantid Genomes Reveal the Molecular Bases of Woolly Mammoth Adaptations to the Arctic"
3198:
3100:
3025:
2895:
2817:
2751:
2712:
2512:
2469:
2403:
2360:
2222:
2184:
2125:
2066:
1584:
1539:
1328:
1164:
1069:, are known from southern and eastern Africa, with the earliest records dating to the Late
726:
342:
5378:
3185:
Maschenko, E. N.; Boeskorov, G. G.; Baranov, V. A. (2013). "Morphology of a mammoth calf (
1817:
1562:. The final extinction of mainland woolly mammoths may have been driven by human hunting.
1529:
8:
5472:
4985:
4334:
1627:
1513:
1440:
Based on studies of their close relatives, the modern elephants, mammoths probably had a
1336:
281:
3981:
3917:
3809:
3725:
3685:
3616:
3600:
3573:
3483:
3445:
3393:
3330:
3202:
3104:
3029:
2923:"Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans: a comprehensive analysis and predictive model"
2899:
2821:
2755:
2716:
2516:
2473:
2407:
2364:
2226:
2188:
2129:
2070:
1105:
which first appeared at the beginning of the Pleistocene, around 2.6 million years ago.
925:
4267:
4223:
3836:
3793:
3752:
3709:
3537:
3430:"Hunters of the giants: Woolly mammoth hunting during the Gravettian in Central Europe"
3358:
3214:
3129:
3088:
2946:
2833:
2783:
2594:
2569:
2540:". Mammuthus exilis from the California Channel Islands: Height, Mass and Geologic Age"
2485:
2435:
2276:
2156:
2113:
1941:
1799:
1643:
1407:
1400:
1315:
1176:
1120:
649:
392:
326:
154:
3161:
2739:
5636:
5569:
5347:
5216:
4437:
4402:
4394:
4339:
4202:
4164:
4145:
4139:
3993:
3950:
3882:
3841:
3823:
3757:
3739:
3646:
3638:
3541:
3529:
3407:
3362:
3350:
3342:
3314:
3265:
3165:
3134:
3116:
3066:
3041:
3013:
2987:
2950:
2938:
2862:
2837:
2775:
2767:
2678:
2599:
2489:
2439:
2427:
2419:
2376:
2349:
2327:
2280:
2266:
2211:
2161:
2143:
2090:
2082:
2033:
1952:
1891:
1868:
1803:
1789:
1280:
1125:
1086:
641:
579:
484:
366:
318:
138:
3693:
3218:
2829:
2787:
2481:
2348:
Lister, Adrian M.; Sher, Andrei V.; van Essen, Hans; Wei, Guangbiao (January 2005).
2252:
1775:
1741:
1695:
5073:
4124:
3985:
3921:
3872:
3831:
3813:
3747:
3729:
3689:
3628:
3620:
3577:
3521:
3487:
3449:
3397:
3334:
3255:
3245:
3206:
3124:
3108:
3033:
2979:
2930:
2903:
2825:
2759:
2720:
2670:
2638:
2589:
2581:
2520:
2477:
2411:
2368:
2317:
2307:
2258:
2230:
2192:
2151:
2133:
2074:
1864:
1860:
1781:
1723:
1669:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1567:
1563:
1505:
1445:
1170:
1159:
964:
734:
670:
467:
334:
4602:
3775:
Stuart, Anthony J. "North America: Mastodon, Ground Sloths, and Sabertooth Cats".
3525:
2934:
499:) evolved about 700–400,000 years ago in Siberia, with some surviving on Russia's
5407:
5402:
5015:
4863:
4847:
4467:
4462:
4344:
4329:
4324:
4307:
3925:
3710:"Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska"
3491:
3453:
3402:
3377:
3250:
3233:
2907:
2724:
2372:
2234:
2196:
1493:
1299:
818:
766:
730:
659:
became the widely used name for the species, including by Cuvier. The genus name
531:
4179:
3989:
3378:"Life and death at Dmanisi, Georgia: Taphonomic signals from the fossil mammals"
3060:
5337:
5169:
5045:
5001:
4910:
4880:
4824:
4770:
4364:
4349:
4319:
3902:"Dietary reconstruction of pygmy mammoths from Santa Rosa Island of California"
3338:
3112:
2524:
1613:
1571:
1555:
1547:
1509:
1261:
664:
633:
606:
602:
500:
492:
463:
358:
261:
3581:
3210:
3037:
2054:
990:
5630:
5417:
5327:
5307:
5260:
5244:
5230:
5223:
5183:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5127:
5101:
5038:
4833:
4794:
4760:
4709:
4502:
4457:
4407:
4369:
3944:
3886:
3827:
3743:
3642:
3533:
3346:
3287:
3154:
3120:
3085:
3045:
2991:
2942:
2771:
2682:
2423:
2380:
2331:
2147:
2086:
1872:
1589:
1543:
1517:
1155:
919:
854:
838:
695:
598:
540:
508:
88:
4079:
Mammoths, mastodons, and elephants. Biology, behavior, and the fossil record
3818:
3734:
2763:
2415:
2138:
5457:
5271:
5176:
5094:
5066:
4971:
4900:
4840:
4810:
4750:
4719:
4497:
4472:
3997:
3845:
3761:
3650:
3411:
3354:
3269:
3138:
2779:
2643:
2603:
2585:
2431:
2165:
1912:
1849:"The Mammoth in the Myths, Ethnography, and Archeology of Northern Eurasia"
1217:
1205:
872:
711:
674:
552:
504:
435:
270:
231:
221:
5483:
4141:
Twilight of the mammoths: ice age extinctions and the rewilding of America
2094:
1727:
570:
was first used in Europe during the early 17th century, when referring to
5530:
5466:
5412:
5317:
5199:
5134:
5117:
5080:
5059:
5052:
4950:
4803:
4688:
4673:
4634:
4063:
2983:
2804:
Rivals, Florent; Semprebon, Gina M.; Lister, Adrian M. (September 2019).
2674:
2322:
1636:
1488:
1358:
Cross section through elephantid molars, showing their internal structure
824:
802:
512:
241:
211:
146:
130:
63:
3877:
3860:
3633:
3315:"Testosterone histories from tusks reveal woolly mammoth musth episodes"
2312:
2295:
729:
sequence in 1997, it has since become widely accepted that mammoths and
5522:
5087:
5031:
4964:
4934:
4729:
4664:
3260:
2078:
1943:
Written in Stone: Evolution, the Fossil Record, and Our Place in Nature
782:
719:
610:
591:
544:
108:
73:
5535:
3624:
5297:
5287:
5141:
4943:
3089:"Million-year-old DNA sheds light on the genomic history of mammoths"
1441:
1324:
893:
741:
722:
family, which diverged 25 million years before the mammoths evolved.
718:
is only a distant relative of the mammoths, and part of the separate
703:
456:
171:
113:
57:
5428:
859:
574:
tusks discovered in Siberia, as recorded in the 1618 edition of the
5451:
5253:
4890:
4780:
4652:
4246:
2262:
1785:
1607:
1559:
1074:
715:
587:
480:
452:
191:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
50:
4044:"National Park Service Findings 'Good News' For Waco Mammoth Site"
3861:"The Sardinian Mammoth's Evolutionary History: Lights and Shadows"
2053:
Ozawa, Tomowo; Hayashi, Seiji; Mikhelson, Victor M. (April 1997).
1574:
off the coast of Northeast Siberia until around 4,000 years ago.
1158:
species, with small body sizes, evolved on islands as a result of
530:
the word "mammoth" likely originates from *mān-oŋt, a word in the
466:
are more closely related to each other than either of them are to
5608:
5280:
5209:
4920:
2967:
Larramendi, Asier; Palombo, Maria Rita; Marano, Federica (2017).
2658:
Larramendi, Asier; Palombo, Maria Rita; Marano, Federica (2017).
2257:(1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 245, 252, 263–266.
2114:"A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants"
1554:
and forest environments at the expense of the preferred dry open
1070:
958:
623:
448:
432:
118:
93:
46:
5509:
3859:
Palombo, Maria Rita; Zedda, Marco; Zoboli, Daniel (March 2024).
1425:
were probably relatively hairless, similar to modern elephants,
1406:
The heads of mammoths were prominently domed. The first several
788:
4957:
4658:
4646:
4447:
4412:
3794:"Synchronous extinction of North America's Pleistocene mammals"
3666:
2178:
2110:
1551:
1508:
in Georgia having marks suggested to the result of butchery by
560:
556:
548:
536:
201:
181:
1700:
Brookes 1828 (Mammalia Proboscidea) proposed conservation and
5595:
4452:
4272:
3963:
3375:
1986:
1449:
1213:
1201:
1174:
on the Channel Islands of California (Late Pleistocene), and
1129:(the Columbian mammoth). At the end of the Early Pleistocene
749:
707:
699:
629:
438:
4215:
4081:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38435-4.
3899:
3706:
1780:(1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 155, 208–212.
733:
share a closer relationship to each other than either do to
3311:
2210:
Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V.; Van Essen, H.; Wei, G. (2005).
1473:
1147:
in Siberia by around 600,000–500,000 years ago, replacing
578:
The earliest scientific research paper on mammoths was by
3597:
3554:
3184:
2350:"The pattern and process of mammoth evolution in Eurasia"
2212:"The pattern and process of mammoth evolution in Eurasia"
543:
believed that mammoths lived underground and guarded the
1823:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
451:
epoch (from around 6.2 million years ago) into the
3781:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 97.
2966:
2657:
2624:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"
2574:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1417:
Life restoration of a woolly mammoth at Royal BC Museum
667:
in 1828, as part of a survey of his museum collection.
4161:
The Lenape Stone: Or The Indian And The Mammoth (1885)
4130:
10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[292:CWT]2.0.CO;2
3470:
Braun, Ingmar M.; Palombo, Maria Rita (October 2012).
2347:
2209:
1746:
Brookes, 1828 (Mammalia, Proboscidea): conserved, and
2803:
2052:
1890:(3rd ed.). London: Frances Lincoln. p. 49.
677:, is partially responsible for transforming the word
5343:
5333:
5323:
5313:
5303:
5293:
5241:
5194:
5112:
5012:
4982:
4931:
4916:
4906:
4896:
4886:
4876:
4821:
4791:
4776:
4766:
4756:
4746:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4705:
2294:
Iannucci, Alessio; Sardella, Raffaele (2023-02-28).
1603:
980:
915:
851:
815:
779:
640:). Originally the African elephants, as well as the
277:
4632:
3428:Wojtal, Piotr; Wilczyński, Jarosław (August 2015).
2547:
Proceedings of the 7th California Islands Symposium
1694:Garutt, W.E.; Gentry, Anthea; Lister, A.M. (1990).
518:
3858:
3153:
2882:Rabinovich, Rivka; Lister, Adrian M. (July 2017).
2254:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea
2172:
1940:
1777:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea
1693:
1492:Upper Paleolithic painting of woolly mammoth from
3792:Faith, J. Tyler; Surovell, Todd A. (2009-12-08).
2738:Lister, Adrian M.; Sher, Andrei V. (2001-11-02).
2502:
2203:
1483:
725:Following the publication of the woolly mammoths
5628:
3427:
3284:"Columbian Mammoth & Channel Island Mammoth"
3058:
2976:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana
2881:
2740:"The Origin and Evolution of the Woolly Mammoth"
2667:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana
2451:
2449:
2293:
2018:, Oxford University Press. Accessed 05-JUN-2009.
1750:Blumenbach, 1799 designated as the type species"
1073:, around 6.2–5.3 million years ago. By the Late
4007:"Mammoths and Mastodons: All American Monsters"
3798:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3714:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2850:
2570:"Extreme insular dwarfism evolved in a mammoth"
2118:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1846:
1512:, likely as a result of scavenging. During the
1063:The earliest mammoths, assigned to the species
655:for the woolly mammoth a few months later, but
3778:Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age
3151:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2567:
1847:Serikov, Iu.B.; Serikova, A.Iu. (April 2005).
1708:) proposed designation as the type species of
4618:
4231:
4199:Mammoth: The Resurrection of an Ice Age Giant
3791:
2446:
617:gave the woolly mammoth its scientific name,
4393:
4144:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3469:
1989:International Mammoth Conference IV (Poster)
1168:on Sardinia (late Middle-Late Pleistocene),
4592:List of elephants in mythology and religion
2610:
2021:
1287:) bull around 3.7 metres (12 ft) tall
4686:
4625:
4611:
4525:
4238:
4224:
3942:
3011:
2920:
2737:
2621:
2393:
1980:
1965:
1123:into North America, becoming ancestral to
129:
4128:
3876:
3835:
3817:
3751:
3733:
3632:
3401:
3259:
3249:
3145:
3128:
2642:
2593:
2537:
2321:
2311:
2155:
2137:
2032:(3rd ed.). London: Frances Lincoln.
4025:"Mammoth genome cracked: key to cloning"
1853:Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia
1487:
1480:is thought to have been a mixed feeder.
1412:
644:(described in 1792) were also placed in
4260:
4177:
4027:. COSMOS magazine. 2008. Archived from
4004:
3065:. Frances Lincoln LTD. pp. 25–26.
2851:Agenbroad, Larry; Nelson, Lisa (2002).
2568:Herridge, V. L.; Lister, A. M. (2012).
2250:
1773:
1249:bull, around 4 metres (13 ft) tall
594:who pronounced it an elephant's tooth.
14:
5629:
4490:
4290:
4158:
4137:
3943:Bahn, Paul G.; Lister, Adrian (1994).
3507:
3052:
2962:
2960:
2702:
2455:
2106:
2104:
1971:
1938:
1143:(the woolly mammoth) had evolved from
673:, who famously had a keen interest in
5433:
5432:
4606:
4219:
4196:
4057:
3970:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3662:
3660:
3593:
3591:
3503:
3501:
3465:
3463:
3423:
3421:
3231:
3189:) from Ol'chan (Oimiakon, Yakutia)".
2799:
2797:
2343:
2341:
2246:
2244:
1932:
1842:
1840:
1769:
1767:
470:. The oldest mammoth representative,
5614:5F84B268-469B-4FBC-B3C4-CDAE1DC56936
5601:620B87F9-8621-3107-FBE6-037CF4B1FC5D
4110:
1947:. Bellevue Literary Press. pp.
748:among other proboscideans, based on
563:regarded mammoths as water spirits.
555:(the latter of whom, along with the
4430:
4180:"Mammoth skeleton found in Siberia"
3893:
3852:
3079:
3059:Lister, Adrian; Bahn, Paul (2007).
2957:
2651:
2496:
2101:
2004:
1754:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1716:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1534:Columbian mammoth § Extinction
24:
4084:
3936:
3774:
3657:
3588:
3498:
3460:
3418:
2794:
2703:Markov, Georgi N. (October 2012).
2561:
2456:Lister, Adrian M. (October 2022).
2338:
2251:Sanders, William J. (2023-07-07).
2241:
1837:
1774:Sanders, William J. (2023-07-07).
1764:
1460:The earliest mammoth species like
25:
5693:
5657:Cenozoic mammals of North America
4092:. Royal BC Museum. Archived from
4062:. COSMOS magazine. Archived from
3562:Journal of Archaeological Science
1421:While early mammoth species like
1098:is thought to be the ancestor of
744:shows the placement of the genus
5383:
5377:
5370:
4568:Cultural depictions of elephants
3012:Larramendi, Asier (2014-02-16).
2921:Larramendi, Asier (2023-12-10).
2030:Mammoths – Giants of the Ice Age
2016:Oxford English Dictionary Online
1888:Mammoths – Giants of the Ice Age
1620:
1606:
1579:end-Pleistocene extinction event
1530:Woolly mammoth § Extinction
1380:
1363:
1351:
1292:
1273:
1254:
1237:
1137:around 1–0.8 million years ago.
1133:migrated into Europe, replacing
989:
963:
924:
898:
858:
823:
787:
663:was coined by British anatomist
576:Dictionariolum Russico-Anglicum.
526:The American Heritage Dictionary
519:Etymology and early observations
158:
61:
4159:Mercer, Henry Chapman (2010) .
4046:. Baylor University. 2007-03-27
3785:
3768:
3700:
3694:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106913
3548:
3369:
3305:
3276:
3225:
3178:
3062:Mammoths: giants of the ice age
3005:
2914:
2875:
2857:. Minneapolis: Lerner. p.
2844:
2830:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.027
2731:
2696:
2531:
2482:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107693
2387:
2287:
2046:
1995:
1974:Magasin Encyclopédique, 2e Anée
1712:, and designation of a neotype"
686:") given to Jefferson in 1802.
3232:Lynch, Vincent (2 July 2015).
2059:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1920:
1904:
1879:
1865:10.1080/10611959.2005.11029015
1826:, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.:
1810:
1734:
1687:
1675:Waco Mammoth National Monument
1484:Relationship with early humans
1183:
1180:on Crete (Early Pleistocene).
752:characteristics and genetics:
13:
1:
4245:
4163:. Kessinger Publishing, LLC.
3526:10.1080/20555563.2022.2057834
2935:10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272
2631:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2028:Lister, A.; Bahn, P. (2007).
1886:Lister, A.; Bahn, P. (2007).
1680:
1665:Niederweningen Mammoth Museum
1523:
923:(straight-tusked elephants)
621:, in 1799, placing it in the
5677:Taxa named by Joshua Brookes
4587:List of fictional pachyderms
4573:List of individual elephants
3926:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.120
3492:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.07.010
3454:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.040
3403:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103249
3251:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.027
3018:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
2908:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.07.010
2725:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.041
2373:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.014
2235:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.014
2197:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.003
1704:Blumenbach, 1799 (currently
1661:in Hot Springs, South Dakota
1546:(around 12,900-11,700 years
1229:Gallery of mammoth skeletons
689:
7:
3990:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.015
3949:. New York: Macmillan USA.
3508:Haynes, Gary (2022-07-03).
2027:
1915:" Oxford English Dictionary
1885:
1599:
1387:Molar of a woolly mammoth (
615:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
10:
5698:
5682:Zanclean first appearances
5652:Cenozoic mammals of Europe
5642:Cenozoic mammals of Africa
4197:Stone, Richard G. (2003).
3674:Quaternary Science Reviews
3382:Journal of Human Evolution
3339:10.1038/s41586-023-06020-9
3113:10.1038/s41586-021-03224-9
2810:Quaternary Science Reviews
2525:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.05.007
2462:Quaternary Science Reviews
1527:
1109:subsequently gave rise to
605:was the first to identify
29:
5667:Pleistocene proboscideans
5441:
5392:
5367:
5270:
5240:
5193:
5111:
5011:
4981:
4930:
4872:
4861:
4820:
4790:
4701:
4697:
4682:
4641:
4560:
4515:
4386:
4253:
3582:10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.022
3211:10.1134/S0031030113040096
3160:. Facts On File. p.
3038:10.1007/s12542-014-0222-8
2538:Agenbroad, L. D. (2010).
1828:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
1538:Following the end of the
978:
955:
948:
913:
890:
883:
876:
849:
842:
813:
806:
777:
770:
760:
632:which today contains the
447:They lived from the late
398:
391:
305:
300:
276:
269:
155:Scientific classification
153:
137:
128:
41:
5647:Cenozoic mammals of Asia
3906:Quaternary International
3476:Quaternary International
3434:Quaternary International
2888:Quaternary International
2709:Quaternary International
2357:Quaternary International
2219:Quaternary International
2181:Quaternary International
1566:populations survived on
32:Mammoth (disambiguation)
27:Extinct genus of mammals
4315:African forest elephant
3819:10.1073/pnas.0908153106
3735:10.1073/pnas.1604903113
3191:Paleontological Journal
3152:Peter D. Moore (2008).
2764:10.1126/science.1056370
2622:Larramendi, A. (2016).
2416:10.1126/science.aac5660
2139:10.1073/pnas.1720554115
1455:
1339:diet in later species.
1066:Mammuthus subplanifrons
684:Cheshire Mammoth Cheese
473:Mammuthus subplanifrons
4303:North African elephant
4113:"Clashing with Titans"
2644:10.4202/app.00136.2014
2586:10.1098/rspb.2012.0671
2505:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1502:Mammuthus meridionalis
1497:
1418:
1373:Mammuthus meridionalis
1246:Mammuthus meridionalis
1210:African bush elephants
1197:Mammuthus trogontherii
1191:Mammuthus meridionalis
1131:Mammuthus trogontherii
1112:Mammuthus trogontherii
1107:Mammuthus meridionalis
1101:Mammuthus meridionalis
431:is any species of the
5672:Prehistoric elephants
5583:Paleobiology Database
4579:Elephant Encyclopedia
4298:African bush elephant
4278:Seismic communication
4201:. Fourth Estate Ltd.
4138:Martin, Paul (2005).
3966:Mammuthus primigenius
3187:Mammuthus primigenius
2012:Word Stories: Mammoth
2010:Simpson, J. (2009). "
1976:(in French): 440–445.
1728:10.5962/bhl.part.2651
1706:Mammuthus primigenius
1528:Further information:
1491:
1416:
1389:Mammuthus primigenius
1140:Mammuthus primigenius
1080:Mammuthus africanavus
287:Mammuthus primigenius
45:Temporal range: Late
5662:Holocene extinctions
5398:Plesielephantiformes
4633:Genera of the order
4178:Rodgers, J. (2006).
4060:"Back from the dead"
4011:Smithsonian Magazine
4005:Conniff, R. (2010).
2984:10.4435/BSPI.2017.29
2675:10.4435/BSPI.2017.29
2183:. 169–170: 174–185.
1585:Mammuthus lamarmorai
1540:Last Glacial Maximum
1204:(21,000–28,000
1165:Mammuthus lamarmorai
897:(African elephants)
727:mitochondrial genome
648:. Cuvier coined the
30:For other uses, see
4986:Choerolophodontidae
4335:Sri Lankan elephant
4087:"The Mammoth Story"
4077:Haynes, G. (1991).
3982:2006MolPE..40..620C
3918:2016QuInt.406..123S
3878:10.3390/quat7010010
3810:2009PNAS..10620641F
3804:(49): 20641–20645.
3726:2016PNAS..113.9310G
3686:2021QSRv..25906913D
3617:2022EcolL..25..125F
3574:2011JArSc..38.2908P
3484:2012QuInt.276...61B
3446:2015QuInt.379...71W
3394:2022JHumE.17103249T
3331:2023Natur.617..533C
3203:2013PalJ...47..425M
3105:2021Natur.591..265V
3030:2015PalZ...89..229L
2900:2017QuInt.445...23R
2822:2019QSRv..219..145R
2756:2001Sci...294.1094L
2750:(5544): 1094–1097.
2717:2012QuInt.276...23M
2580:(1741): 3193–3300.
2517:2017CRPal..16..841P
2474:2022QSRv..29407693L
2408:2015Sci...350..805L
2365:2005QuInt.126...49L
2313:10.3390/quat6010016
2227:2005QuInt.126...49L
2189:2007QuInt.169..174S
2130:2018PNAS..115E2566P
2124:(11): E2566–E2574.
2071:1997JMolE..44..406O
1939:Switek, B. (2010).
1760:(3): 279–280. 1991.
1748:Elephas primigenius
1702:Elephas primigenius
1628:Paleontology portal
1514:Last Glacial Period
1216:(9,900–13,200
694:The earliest known
619:Elephas primigenius
282:Elephas primigenius
4058:Hayes, J. (2006).
3478:. 276–277: 61–76.
2927:Historical Biology
2711:. 276–277: 23–26.
2359:. 126–128: 49–64.
2221:. 126–128: 49–64.
2079:10.1007/PL00006160
1498:
1419:
1408:thoracic vertebrae
1401:Columbian mammoths
1177:Mammuthus creticus
1121:Bering Land Bridge
962:(Asian elephants)
653:Elephas mammonteus
5624:
5623:
5570:Open Tree of Life
5435:Taxon identifiers
5426:
5425:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5348:Stegotetrabelodon
5217:Paratetralophodon
4857:
4856:
4600:
4599:
4556:
4555:
4511:
4510:
4486:
4485:
4438:Ballista elephant
4426:
4425:
4403:Elephant crushing
4382:
4380:
4379:
4340:Sumatran elephant
4286:
4285:
4208:978-1-84115-518-0
4170:978-1-161-69753-7
4151:978-0-520-23141-2
4111:Levy, S. (2006).
3956:978-0-02-572985-8
3720:(33): 9310–9314.
3625:10.1111/ele.13911
3568:(11): 2908–2913.
3325:(7961): 533–539.
3171:978-0-8160-5933-1
3099:(7849): 265–269.
3072:978-0-7112-2801-6
2868:978-0-8225-2862-3
2402:(6262): 805–809.
2272:978-1-315-11891-8
2039:978-0-520-26160-0
1958:978-1-934137-29-1
1897:978-0-520-26160-0
1833:
1795:978-1-315-11891-8
1594:Mammuthus exillis
1281:Columbian mammoth
1126:Mammuthus columbi
1096:Mammuthus rumanus
1087:Mammuthus rumanus
1056:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1001:
937:
936:
735:African elephants
642:American mastodon
586:, who was on the
580:Vasily Tatishchev
485:Columbian mammoth
468:African elephants
425:
424:
414:
406:
265:
139:Columbian mammoth
16:(Redirected from
5689:
5617:
5616:
5604:
5603:
5591:
5590:
5578:
5577:
5565:
5564:
5552:
5551:
5539:
5538:
5526:
5525:
5513:
5512:
5500:
5499:
5487:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5430:
5429:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5345:
5335:
5325:
5315:
5305:
5295:
5243:
5196:
5114:
5074:Progomphotherium
5014:
4984:
4933:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4888:
4878:
4870:
4869:
4823:
4793:
4778:
4768:
4758:
4748:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4683:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4604:
4603:
4523:
4522:
4488:
4487:
4428:
4427:
4391:
4390:
4381:
4288:
4287:
4258:
4257:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4174:
4155:
4134:
4132:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4098:
4091:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4001:
3960:
3930:
3929:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3880:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3821:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3737:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3636:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3290:. Archived from
3280:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3253:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3159:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2994:. Archived from
2973:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2685:. Archived from
2664:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2628:
2619:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2141:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2025:
2019:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1946:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1691:
1670:Pleistocene Park
1659:The Mammoth Site
1654:List of mammoths
1649:La Brea tar pits
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1470:M. trogontherii,
1462:M. subplanifrons
1384:
1367:
1355:
1296:
1277:
1258:
1241:
1171:Mammuthus exilis
1162:. These include
1160:insular dwarfism
993:
982:
967:
951:
950:
928:
917:
902:
886:
885:
879:
878:
862:
853:
845:
844:
828:
827:
817:
809:
808:
792:
791:
781:
773:
772:
763:
762:
756:
755:
671:Thomas Jefferson
412:
404:
375:M. subplanifrons
279:
260:
253:
163:
162:
133:
123:
60:
39:
38:
21:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5612:
5607:
5599:
5594:
5586:
5581:
5573:
5568:
5560:
5555:
5547:
5542:
5534:
5529:
5521:
5516:
5508:
5503:
5495:
5490:
5482:
5480:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5437:
5427:
5422:
5408:Elephantimorpha
5403:Numidotheriidae
5388:
5369:
5353:
5266:
5236:
5198:
5197:"Tetralophodont
5189:
5116:
5107:
5016:Amebelodontidae
5007:
4977:
4926:
4866:
4864:Elephantiformes
4853:
4848:Prodeinotherium
4816:
4786:
4691:
4678:
4637:
4631:
4601:
4596:
4552:
4507:
4482:
4468:Temple elephant
4422:
4376:
4345:Syrian elephant
4330:Indian elephant
4325:Borneo elephant
4308:Desert elephant
4282:
4249:
4244:
4209:
4188:
4186:
4171:
4152:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4069:
4067:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4032:
4023:
4015:
4013:
3957:
3939:
3937:Further reading
3934:
3933:
3898:
3894:
3857:
3853:
3790:
3786:
3773:
3769:
3705:
3701:
3665:
3658:
3605:Ecology Letters
3596:
3589:
3553:
3549:
3506:
3499:
3468:
3461:
3426:
3419:
3374:
3370:
3310:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3230:
3226:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3150:
3146:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3057:
3053:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2919:
2915:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2849:
2845:
2802:
2795:
2736:
2732:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2501:
2497:
2454:
2447:
2392:
2388:
2352:
2346:
2339:
2292:
2288:
2273:
2249:
2242:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2177:
2173:
2109:
2102:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1981:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1884:
1880:
1845:
1838:
1815:
1811:
1796:
1772:
1765:
1742:"Opinion 1661:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1640:, a documentary
1626:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1536:
1526:
1494:Rouffignac Cave
1486:
1458:
1435:M. trogontherii
1431:M. trogontherii
1423:M. meridionalis
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1300:Woolly mammoths
1297:
1288:
1278:
1269:
1266:M. trogontherii
1259:
1250:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1186:
1149:M. trogontherii
1145:M. trogontherii
1135:M. meridionalis
1117:M. trogontherii
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
938:
857:(stegodontids)
822:
821:(gomphotheres)
819:Gomphotheriidae
786:
767:Elephantimorpha
731:Asian elephants
692:
638:Elephas maximus
532:Mansi languages
521:
464:Asian elephants
383:M. trogontherii
351:M. meridionalis
296:
290:
259:
251:
157:
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
56:6.2–0.004
55:
54:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5695:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5605:
5592:
5579:
5566:
5553:
5540:
5527:
5514:
5501:
5488:
5478:
5463:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5338:Stegodibelodon
5331:
5321:
5311:
5301:
5291:
5284:
5276:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5247:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5205:
5203:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5170:Rhynchotherium
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5123:
5121:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5046:Archaeobelodon
5042:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5018:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5002:Choerolophodon
4998:
4990:
4988:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4939:
4937:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4911:Palaeomastodon
4904:
4894:
4884:
4881:Dagbatitherium
4873:
4867:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4829:
4827:
4825:Deinotheriidae
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4771:Phosphatherium
4764:
4754:
4744:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4702:
4692:
4687:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4607:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4478:White elephant
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4365:Dwarf elephant
4362:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4350:Javan elephant
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4320:Asian elephant
4317:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4294:
4292:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4194:
4175:
4169:
4156:
4150:
4135:
4108:
4082:
4075:
4055:
4040:
4021:
4002:
3976:(2): 620–627.
3961:
3955:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3892:
3851:
3784:
3767:
3699:
3656:
3611:(1): 125–137.
3587:
3547:
3520:(3): 187–214.
3497:
3459:
3417:
3368:
3304:
3275:
3244:(2): 217–228.
3224:
3197:(4): 425–438.
3177:
3170:
3144:
3078:
3071:
3051:
3024:(2): 229–250.
3004:
3001:on 2023-09-30.
2978:(3): 299–317.
2956:
2913:
2874:
2867:
2843:
2793:
2730:
2695:
2692:on 2023-09-30.
2669:(3): 299–317.
2650:
2609:
2560:
2530:
2511:(8): 841–849.
2495:
2445:
2386:
2337:
2286:
2271:
2263:10.1201/b20016
2240:
2202:
2171:
2100:
2065:(4): 406–413.
2045:
2038:
2020:
2003:
1994:
1979:
1964:
1957:
1931:
1919:
1903:
1896:
1878:
1836:
1809:
1794:
1786:10.1201/b20016
1763:
1733:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1614:Biology portal
1601:
1598:
1572:Wrangel Island
1556:mammoth steppe
1548:Before Present
1525:
1522:
1510:archaic humans
1485:
1482:
1457:
1454:
1427:M. primigenius
1386:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1331:based diet in
1314:The number of
1309:
1308:
1304:M. primigenius
1298:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1262:Steppe mammoth
1260:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1185:
1182:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
954:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
889:
884:
882:
877:
875:
869:
868:
865:
864:
848:
843:
841:
835:
834:
831:
830:
812:
807:
805:
799:
798:
795:
794:
776:
771:
769:
761:
759:
754:
740:The following
691:
688:
665:Joshua Brookes
657:E. primigenius
634:Asian elephant
607:woolly mammoth
603:Georges Cuvier
520:
517:
501:Wrangel Island
497:M. primigenius
493:woolly mammoth
423:
422:
421:
420:
415:
407:
396:
395:
389:
388:
387:
386:
378:
370:
362:
359:M. primigenius
354:
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
311:M. africanavus
303:
302:
298:
297:
291:
274:
273:
267:
266:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
151:
150:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5694:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5419:
5418:Elephantoidea
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5373:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5328:Selenetherium
5322:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5308:Palaeoloxodon
5302:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5261:Stegolophodon
5258:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5245:Stegodontidae
5239:
5233:
5232:
5231:Tetralophodon
5228:
5226:
5225:
5224:Pediolophodon
5221:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5184:Stegomastodon
5181:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5163:Notiomastodon
5160:
5158:
5157:
5156:Gomphotherium
5153:
5151:
5150:
5149:Gnathabelodon
5146:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5128:Blancotherium
5125:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5115:"Trilophodont
5110:
5104:
5103:
5102:Torynobelodon
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5039:Aphanobelodon
5036:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4995:Afrochoerodon
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4834:Chilgatherium
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4795:Barytheriidae
4789:
4783:
4782:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4761:Numidotherium
4755:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4710:Arcanotherium
4704:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4504:
4503:Howdah pistol
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:Elephant goad
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4395:Domestication
4392:
4389:
4385:
4371:
4370:Pygmy mammoth
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4099:on 2011-12-25
4095:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4066:on 2012-03-22
4065:
4061:
4056:
4045:
4041:
4031:on 2012-03-22
4030:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
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3884:
3879:
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3862:
3855:
3847:
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3829:
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3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
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3779:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3551:
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3531:
3527:
3523:
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3515:
3511:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3464:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3294:on 2011-07-27
3293:
3289:
3288:San Diego Zoo
3285:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2323:11573/1680082
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:pygmy mammoth
1587:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:Younger Dryas
1541:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1354:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1156:dwarf mammoth
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1006:
998:
997:
994:
992:
987:
986:
976:
975:
972:
971:
968:
966:
961:
960:
953:
952:
946:
945:
942:
941:
933:
932:
929:
927:
922:
921:
920:Palaeoloxodon
911:
910:
907:
906:
903:
901:
896:
895:
888:
887:
881:
880:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
861:
856:
855:Stegodontidae
847:
846:
840:
839:Elephantoidea
837:
836:
833:
832:
829:
826:
820:
811:
810:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
793:
790:
784:
775:
774:
768:
765:
764:
758:
757:
753:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
710:. The family
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:proboscideans
687:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
529:
527:
523:According to
516:
514:
510:
509:ancient Egypt
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:Later in the
478:
475:
474:
469:
465:
462:Mammoths and
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
419:
416:
411:
408:
405:Pohling, 1888
403:
402:Archidiskodon
400:
399:
397:
394:
390:
385:
384:
379:
377:
376:
371:
369:
368:
363:
361:
360:
355:
353:
352:
347:
345:
344:
343:M. lamarmorai
339:
337:
336:
331:
329:
328:
323:
321:
320:
315:
313:
312:
307:
306:
304:
299:
294:
288:
284:
283:
275:
272:
268:
263:
258:
257:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
52:
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5442:
5376:
5346:
5336:
5326:
5316:
5306:
5296:
5286:
5279:
5272:Elephantidae
5259:
5252:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5200:gomphotheres
5182:
5177:Sinomastodon
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5118:gomphotheres
5100:
5095:Stenobelodon
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5067:Platybelodon
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5025:Afromastodon
5023:
5000:
4993:
4972:Zygolophodon
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4919:
4909:
4901:Hemimastodon
4899:
4889:
4879:
4846:
4841:Deinotherium
4839:
4832:
4811:Omanitherium
4809:
4802:
4779:
4769:
4759:
4751:Moeritherium
4749:
4738:
4728:
4720:Daouitherium
4718:
4708:
4669:
4663:Superorder:
4577:
4543:Kerala state
4498:Elephant gun
4473:War elephant
4359:
4198:
4187:. Retrieved
4183:
4160:
4140:
4120:
4116:
4101:. Retrieved
4094:the original
4078:
4068:. Retrieved
4064:the original
4048:. Retrieved
4033:. Retrieved
4029:the original
4014:. Retrieved
4010:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3945:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3777:
3770:
3717:
3713:
3702:
3677:
3673:
3634:11343/299174
3608:
3604:
3565:
3561:
3550:
3517:
3514:PaleoAmerica
3513:
3475:
3437:
3433:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3322:
3318:
3307:
3296:. Retrieved
3292:the original
3278:
3241:
3238:Cell Reports
3237:
3227:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3155:
3147:
3096:
3092:
3081:
3061:
3054:
3021:
3017:
3007:
2996:the original
2975:
2926:
2916:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2853:
2846:
2813:
2809:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2708:
2698:
2687:the original
2666:
2653:
2634:
2630:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2549:. p. 17
2546:
2533:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2465:
2461:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2356:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2253:
2218:
2205:
2180:
2174:
2121:
2117:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1942:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1887:
1881:
1856:
1852:
1821:
1812:
1776:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1722:(1): 38–44.
1719:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:"Case 2726:
1689:
1635:
1593:
1583:
1576:
1537:
1518:Paleoindians
1506:Dmanisi site
1501:
1499:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1405:
1397:
1388:
1371:
1335:, towards a
1332:
1319:
1313:
1303:
1284:
1265:
1244:
1221:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1154:A number of
1153:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1119:crossed the
1116:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1064:
1062:
1058:
984:
983:
979:
957:
956:
918:
914:
892:
891:
873:Elephantidae
850:
814:
785:(mastodons)
778:
745:
739:
724:
712:Elephantidae
693:
678:
675:paleontology
669:
660:
656:
652:
645:
637:
622:
618:
596:
575:
571:
567:
565:
547:, while the
524:
522:
505:Arctic Ocean
496:
488:
477:
471:
461:
442:
441:
428:
426:
417:
413:Osborn, 1924
409:
401:
381:
373:
365:
357:
349:
341:
333:
325:
317:
309:
286:
280:
271:Type species
255:
254:
232:Elephantinae
222:Elephantidae
36:
5531:iNaturalist
5467:Wikispecies
5413:Elephantida
5318:Primelephas
5135:Cuvieronius
5081:Protanancus
5060:Konobelodon
5053:Eurybelodon
4951:Losodokodon
4804:Barytherium
4740:Khamsaconus
4689:Proboscidea
4674:Tethytheria
4635:Proboscidea
4526:By locality
4519:and history
4085:Keddie, G.
3912:: 123–136.
3261:10220/38768
2816:: 145–153.
1859:(4): 8–18.
1644:Ivory trade
1637:Genesis 2.0
1429:and likely
1222:M. creticus
1184:Description
988:(mammoths)
803:Elephantida
513:Mesopotamia
327:M. creticus
242:Elephantini
228:Subfamily:
212:Proboscidea
147:Los Angeles
143:Page Museum
5631:Categories
5396:See also:
5088:Serbelodon
5032:Amebelodon
4965:Sinomammut
4935:Mammutidae
4730:Eritherium
4665:Afrotheria
4443:Executions
4189:2012-03-07
4123:(4): 292.
4117:BioScience
4103:2012-03-07
4070:2012-03-07
4050:2012-03-07
4035:2012-03-07
4016:2012-03-07
3865:Quaternary
3680:: 106913.
3388:: 103249.
3298:2010-06-15
2468:: 107693.
2300:Quaternary
1681:References
1568:Saint Paul
1524:Extinction
1478:M. columbi
1466:M. rumanus
1333:M. rumanus
1325:hypsodonty
1320:M. rumanus
1285:M. columbi
783:Mammutidae
720:Mammutidae
601:biologist
592:Hans Sloan
545:underworld
489:M. columbi
436:elephantid
418:Mammonteus
410:Parelephas
367:M. rumanus
319:M. columbi
293:Blumenbach
5473:Mammuthus
5443:Mammuthus
5298:Mammuthus
5288:Loxodonta
5142:Eubelodon
4944:Eozygodon
4645:Kingdom:
4387:Human use
4268:Cognition
4247:Elephants
3887:2571-550X
3871:(1): 10.
3828:0027-8424
3744:0027-8424
3643:1461-023X
3542:251042359
3534:2055-5563
3440:: 71–81.
3363:258485513
3347:0028-0836
3121:1476-4687
3046:0031-0220
2992:0375-7633
2951:266182491
2943:0891-2963
2894:: 23–42.
2838:200073388
2772:0036-8075
2683:0375-7633
2490:252264887
2440:206639522
2424:0036-8075
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