Pacification of Manchukuo

477: 466: 455: 444: 433: 422: 411: 2799:, led leading citizens and village authorities to form private militias for the protection of their property and landholdings even before the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. After the start of the Japanese occupation, these militias became partisan bands, often known as "plain-clothes" men from their lack of uniforms, and styled themselves with various names, such as the "Self-Protection Militia", "Anti-Japanese Militia" or "Chinese Volunteers". One of the first such forces to form, called the Courageous Citizens Militia, had been established by November 1931 near the estuary port of Jinzhou. These militias operated principally in southern Fengtian, which had half of Manchuria's population and the highest proportion of 399: 388: 377: 366: 355: 344: 333: 314: 303: 292: 281: 270: 251: 240: 229: 192: 36: 2738:, the independence movement made rapid progress in northern Manchuria, where Colonel Doihara was Chief of Special Services in Harbin. General Zhang Jinghui, upon learning of the defeat of Marshal Zhang Xueliang at Jinzhou, agreed to the request of the Self-Government Guiding Board at Mukden and declared the independence of Heilongjiang Province on 7 January 1932. After General Ma Zhanshan had been driven from Qiqihar by the Japanese in the Jiangqiao Campaign he had retreated northeastward with his beaten and depleted forces and had set up his capital at 3450:

forces northwest of Harbin against General Ma Zhanshan in spring and summer of 1932, which permitted an escalation of partisan activity in Jilin and Fengtian provinces, which culminated in simultaneous attacks on cities throughout the South Manchurian Railway Zone when the August floods both halted Japanese operations based on Harbin, and isolated the troops engaged on them. However, the floods also ruined crops not already destroyed in the war, putting more pressure on the Volunteer Armies, which foraged for their sustenance in the countryside.

176: 3731: 3769:. Tang Juwu fought against the Japanese in Rehe, and was made head of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Volunteer 3rd Corps. After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was assigned to operate behind the Japanese lines where he was killed on May 18, 1939. After his retreat to the Soviet Union, Su Bingwen served the Kuomintang government as a military board member and military inspection group director during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Out of favor with Chiang kai-Shek, it was not until after the 522: 511: 499: 488: 4444: 122: 2917: 3216:. On the previous day, a party of 100 policemen was surrounded by volunteer troops in the afternoon as they were proceeding to Nong'an in a truck convoy carrying 200,000 rounds of rifle ammunition and 50,000 trench mortar shells from the Jilin City Arsenal. All were either taken prisoner or surrendered. Deprived of their supply of ammunition, the resistance of Manchukuo forces in Nong'an dissolved next day. Nong'an was soon reported on the verge of surrender. 3079: 207: 3071: 3223:, tried to fight their way through to Nong'an with the support of bombers, but the defenders radio ceased broadcasting, Li's Anti-Japanese Army having captured the town. Finally the next day, the Japanese succeeded in driving Li's forces out of the town mainly as a result of airplane bombing, against which they had little defense. 3597:

province by the widespread partisan activity by the forces of Ma and Su in Heilongjiang, Japanese forces concentrated to the west. The forces of Feng Zhanhai and Wang Delin in Fengtian and Jilin were thus free to attack the railroads and other places in the South Manchuria Railway Zone and managed to

3581:. By 3 December, the Japanese took Ma Zhanshan's Hailar headquarters. And the following day, after heavy fighting, Ma Zhanshan and Su Bingwen with the remnants of their forces fled Hailar for the Soviet border and entered Russian territory on 5 December. Most of their troops were later transferred to 2984:

After December 1931, the Japanese Army began operations "for the clearance of bandits" into the Fengtian countryside beyond the South Manchuria Railway Zone in counties west of Mukden, largely due to repeated bandit attacks, robberies and kidnappings on the Dalian-Mukden trains. Fighting supported by

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replied with a major campaign with 16,000 men from October 1936 to March 1937, against the 1st Route Army in the Dongbiandao region. This was the first time it operated against the guerrillas without the support of Japanese troops. Despite heavy casualties the Manchukuo Army managed to kill over two

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operation in October and November 1933. It involved 35,000 men of the Manchukuo Army in an attempt to clear the province of Jilin entirely of guerrillas. The Manchukuo force included the whole of the Jilin Army as well as the elements of the Heilongjiang Army, Xing'an Army and the Xinjin Independent

3717:

This was not the end of the Volunteer Armies. Some fought on as small guerrilla units, frequently called "shanlin". The bandit experiences of some of the commanders stood them in good stead for they were adept at surviving in the Manchurian winters and adapted to guerrilla warfare and they continued

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The Red Spear Society was strongest in the hinterlands of Fengtian and countryside around Harbin. The Big Swords Society predominated in southeastern Jilin and adjoining parts of Fengtian. In 1927, the Big Swords had spearheaded an uprising triggered by the collapse of the prevailing Feng-Piao paper

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Rivers. In the latter half of 1938, the Japanese Army concentrated troops in eastern Fengtian province, to encircle the remnants of Yang Jingyu's army, the most dangerous of the Anti-Japanese forces, with the most reliable base area. Although the Japanese managed to cut off the supply lines to the

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by the resolution of an All-Manchuria convention at Mukden, whose members included General Ma Zhanshan flown in from the north. The next day on 1 March the provisional Manchukuo Government was established with Ma Zhanshan as its Minister of War, in addition to his post as provincial governor. On 9

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However, both the Red Spear Society and the Big Sword Society were made up largely of uneducated and poorly trained peasants, and had a traditionalist, quasi-religious character. Members of the brotherhoods placed their faith in rustic magic and belief in the righteous character's Heavenly reward.

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tactics, retaining only one detachment of 1,000 soldiers as his personal command as a regular force. All other units were dispersed as small groups of partisans, roving countryside on horseback. By July, General Ma Zhanshan's troops were seriously depleted in the resulting battles, and only small

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dynasty, led a major bandit force against the Russians. His career as an outlaw continued until 1917, when he agreed to join the Jilin provincial forces. For former bandits to join the regular army was quite common in the Warlord Era, as the bandits formed a convenient source of new soldiers. The

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also called a conference on 27 September 1931 to discuss the organization of an "Emergency Committee of the Special District", formed to achieve the secession of Harbin from China. However he was not able to act as much of the area surrounding Harbin was still held by anti-Japanese militias under

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On 27 September 1932 when the Japanese turned their attention south to restore the security of the vital facilities in the southern Manchukuo which were endangered by the activities of the Volunteer Armies, General Su Bingwen's soldiers staged a mutiny, seizing hundreds of Japanese civilians and

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was kept under very strict control by the Japanese military. He had to ask for approval from his Japanese advisor on all matters regarding the provincial administration. Dissatisfied with the situation, Ma raised and re-equipped his private army in secret using Japanese money and weapons. As the

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Northeastern China was a poorly-governed frontier area at the turn of the 20th century and banditry was endemic. Some were hardened criminals who pillaged for a living; others were part-time bandits who robbed only to survive when crops failed and they could not make a living on the land. As the

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that Ma Zhanshan was made commander of the Northeastern Advance Force in charge guerrilla operations in the four northeastern provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Rehe. Ma led his troops to fight the Japanese in Chahar, Suiyuan, Datong and Shanxi areas and he cooperated with Fu-Zuyi's

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and Sungari Rivers inundated some 10,000 square miles (30,000 km) round Harbin throughout August, providing a crucial breathing spell to Volunteer Army bands in the plains and lower Sungari, as Japanese operations in the area had to halt until the waters subsided. The Japanese concentrated

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on the C. E. R. spur-line between Changchun and Harbin, 1,000 bandits drove out the Manchukuo garrison. They then looted the town for two hours as fighting went on. The garrison was able to rally and counterattack and repulse their opponents. On a raid on 11 September, Volunteer Army partisans

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campaign from April through July 1932. The Japanese struck northwards up the Harbin-Hailun and Qiqihar-Keshan railways, driving back General Ma's forces, and setting out from the railheads in powerful pincer movements to encircle groups of Ma's troops. General Ma reported on 8 June that he had

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As of September 1938, the number of insurgents had dwindled to an estimated 10,000 combatants as a result of years of fighting and privation. The Kwantung Army then brought reinforcements with a plan to mop up the remaining anti-Japanese forces in Fengtian. This operation gradually produced a

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decided to defend the city, a key hub of rail and river communications in the north, against the approach of first General Xi Qia's "New Jilin" Army and then Japanese troops. He appealed to Harbin's Chinese residents to join his railway garrison regulars, and hundreds of volunteers joined the

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mountains, free any of the fighting or any Japanese troops, doing nothing in support of either Manchukuo or Ma Zhanshan. As a consequence the farmers settled along the Chinese Eastern Railway mainline west of Qiqihar had remained undisturbed by warfare and were able to get in their harvests.

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railway was encircled by some 4,000 Volunteers, until it succeeded in repulsing them on 28 October following severe fighting, in which twenty eight Japanese (including Captain Hayashi) were killed or wounded. A cavalry detachment, the Kawase Detachment of 59 horsemen sent out toward Taian,

3391:. Based in the Dongbiandao area, his army fought with both the Japanese Kwantung Army stationed in Mukden and the Manchukuo Fengtian Army. Although all major cities had been lost, the volunteer armies gained a new lease of life during the summer of 1932 and reached their greatest strength. 2945:" was often used to describe the bandits because they knew the local terrain very well. Most operated in a fairly small area and maintained the goodwill of local peasants. Government troops had great difficulty in suppressing them as would the Japanese and Manchukuo forces in later years. 3721:

The Japanese were forced to tie up considerable military forces and assets to continuously sweep the region with company-sized patrols for many months. Occasionally they organized larger operations. After a resurgence of activity the Japanese were forced to organize the large-scale

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at the start of February, that rallied Harbin in the way that had already formed militias in Fengtian, convinced local authorities and leading citizens in the hinterlands of Jilin that they should resist Japan's occupation of the province and form their own bands and militia units.

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of the Jilin Army was invited by the Japanese to form a provisional government for Jilin Province. In Jilin, the Japanese succeeded in achieving a bloodless occupation of the capital. General Xi Qia issued a proclamation on 30 September, declaring the province independent of the

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However food shortages were particularly acute in Heilongjiang after the devastation wrought by the August flooding. The Heilongjiang troops and Ma's Army were being supplied with provisions commandeered unwillingly from local farmers, and soon there was nothing left to seize.

2890:. Red Spear Society units displayed extraordinary staying power in this area; almost two years after the Mukden Incident, a group of 1,000 Red Spear members stormed Dongfeng prefecture near Mukden on 3 June 1933, long after the large Volunteer Armies had been defeated. 3155:

spread around eastern Jilin, hundreds of troops who had been reluctant members of the new Manchukuo Imperial Army defected to the NSA and estimates of its total strength in April rose from 4,500 to above 10,000 and, possibly nearer 15,000 organized in five brigades.

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However, the Communists eventually had to face the fact that their current propaganda made them almost irrelevant to the anti-Japanese cause. The actions of Party members who joined or aided the various Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies eventually persuaded the

3614:. The next day in retaliation Japanese soldiers and police in tracking the rebels as they fled back through the villages, assumed all who were in the vicinity either to be members of the militia or their confederates and punished them, by burning homes and 3708:

and on 13 January, Wang Delin and the remaining militias were forced to retreat from Dongning to the Soviet Union By the end of February 1933, most of the large Volunteer Armies had dispersed into small guerrilla bands or had fled to the Soviet Union.

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border, and rose en masse in response to the declaration of Manchukuo on 9 March 1932. The Big Swords became the principal component of partisan resistance in this region, forming loose ties with the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies. The bandit leader

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After General Ma escaped, his men kept up the fight, terrorizing the Japanese invaders. They seized 350 Japanese and Korean hostages and held them for weeks and kidnapped foreigners such as a British General's son and an American executive's wife.

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area. Japanese reinforcements quickly dispatched from Mukden forced Zhang's retirement, but Zhang Haitian re-emerged later as a Volunteer Army general, and was acclaimed as commander by both local Peasant Brotherhoods and Anti-Japanese militias.

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Finally the Japanese took the initiative in the east. In mid-October, the Japanese estimated Tang Juwu's forces in the fourteen counties of south and eastern Fengtian at about 30,000 men. On 11 October 1932, the Japanese counterattacked in the

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General Ma caused so much trouble to the Japanese, that when his equipment and horse were captured, the Japanese presented them to the Emperor in Tokyo, assuming that he was dead. They were enraged to discover that he had survived and escaped.

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on 7 April, Ma announced the reestablishment of the "Heilongjiang Provincial Government" independent of Manchukuo, and reorganized his troops into 9 brigades at the beginning of May. Ma also established another eleven troops of volunteers at

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When the first Volunteer Armies were organized, the Communist Party was initially completely hostile, mistrusting their motives and leadership. They also feared that the Volunteer Armies would give the Japanese a pretext for attacking the

3637:. The Fengtian Army of seven brigades supported a Japanese force of two cavalry brigades and one mixed brigade that spearheaded the clearance of guerrillas from the Dongbiandao district. They attacked Tang Juwu's forces in the Tonghua and 3146:

That the Japanese had suffered a military defeat at the hands of a motley collection of irregular forces was a considerable political embarrassment. Japan was anxious to present Manchukuo to the world as a peaceful nation, especially as a

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began in earnest in 1937, to make attacks to keep as many Japanese troops as possible from being sent into China. It conducted a protracted campaign which threatened the stability of the Manchukuo regime, especially during 1936 and 1937.

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operation, from 22 November to 5 December 1932, was launched to finally clear the remnants of Tang Juwu's guerrilla forces that had regrouped after the Second Dongbiandao Subjugation campaign. The Manchukuo force was made up of a unit of

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aircraft reportedly broke up several of the bandit gangs. In consequence bandits now resented the Japanese invasion, and began retaliatory attacks against isolated Japanese communities along the Mukden-Dandong railway. Honghuzi chieftain

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as well as locally raised militia forces from the Yalu, Central and Shenghai districts totaling 5,000 men. The operation was a success and led to the capture of 1,800 "bandits", some of whom were later recruited into the Manchukuo Army.

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policy in 1935. The Communist Party came to accept that whole-hearted support for the anti-Japanese movement and the postponement of revolutionary goals was essential if the Chinese Communists were to remain a serious political force.

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Despite Party disapproval, some Communist Party members joined or rendered assistance to the various Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies, and some rose to senior positions within the volunteer forces. They were particularly influential in

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of 15,000 men in western Jilin province cut communications to the south and east of Harbin. In response the Japanese and Manchukuo armies launched two campaigns to clear Feng's force out of the countryside. From June to July 1932 the

3058:, to join the Lower Sungari garrison of General Li Du to form the nucleus of armed opposition in north Jilin. Meanwhile, in southeast Jilin Wang Delin, a battalion commander and former bandit chieftain in the region established the 3026:, military and civil authorities in the province fractured into "New Jilin" adherents of his regime and loyalist "Old Jilin" elements in opposition to it; the former predominated near the capital and the latter predominated in 3323:

General Ma Zhanshan commanded 3,500 guerilla fighters against the Japanese, conducting attacks such as a raid on the Manchukuo treasury, attacking Changchun, the capital, and hijacking from an airfield six Japanese planes.

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Operation in May 1932. A mixed force of Japanese and Manchukuo troops attacked Li Hai-ching's guerrillas in southern Heilongjiang province from three directions, rapidly dispersing them and securing control of the region.

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In 1935, when the Party officially changed policy, and began creating a united front, the army welcomed and absorbed most of the remaining anti-Japanese forces in Manchuria and some Korean resistance fighters including

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Modern Manchuria and Mongolia-Economic (Inset-Foreign Trade of Manchuria for 1930) 现代满洲和蒙古经济（放大图－1930年对外贸易） Geography Map of Manchuria in the 1930s, http://map.huhai.net/73.jpg from http://map.huhai.net on July 27,

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In 1934, after the defeat of the large Volunteer Armies, there were still various resistance forces with an estimated 50,000 men still in the field. All the Communist Party units were reorganized into the single

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Following the establishment of Manchukuo, fires were set in the Japanese quarter of Mukden. General Honjo's train suffered an attack which was repulsed, and minor revolts began in the remoter parts of Manchuria.

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area. Tang Juwu broke through the Japanese encirclement to the west. On the 16th, the Japanese took over Tonghua, and on the 17th, Huanren, suffering casualties of 500 men while killing 270 and capturing 1,000.

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critical lack of supplies, and from January to mid-February 1940 Yang Jingyu led the struggle until he died on 23 February 1940, trying to break out of the encirclement when an officer betrayed his detachment.

3545:, a town 70 miles (110 km) north of Qiqihar, was attacked by Ma's forces with their remaining artillery in support. The Japanese garrison was subjected to a long, intensive, and well-directed bombardment. 3485:

cornered Feng Zhanhai's Volunteer Army retreating from the previous subjugation operation. Although surrounded, over half the guerrillas were able to slip through the encirclement and make good their escape to

3606:

derailed a train between Changchun and Harbin and robbed the survivors, kidnapping some for ransom, including five Japanese. On 15 September, a Red Spear militia not from the area, but merely passing through

3918:'s 3rd Route Army (Heilongjiang Province). The army's strategy was to form pockets of resistance in occupied areas, to harass the Japanese troops and undermine their attempts at administration, and when the 2645:, but refused to cooperate with the Japanese in establishing a separatist and collaborationist government and was imprisoned. The Kwantung Army issued a proclamation on 21 September 1931 installing Colonel 4169:

Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of

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Governor of Heilongjiang, he used his authority to secretly transport weapons and ammunition out of the arsenals and evacuated the wives and families of his troops to safety. He then led his troops out of

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directed a fierce campaign against Su and Ma's troops. On 28 November 1932, Japanese 14th division attacked Ma Zhanshan and Su Bingwen around Qiqihar. Japanese planes bombed Ma Zhanshan's headquarters in

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pieces and a small squadron of seven planes. His units set ambushes along major roads and badly mauled Manchukuo and Japanese troops. When he was blocked from reaching Harbin, he turned southwest towards

2766:

The emergence of Chinese resistance to the Japanese occupation of Manchuria in the form of citizen militias, peasant brotherhoods and bandit gangs was facilitated by Japan's success in rapidly destroying

3143:

losing hundreds of casualties. These battles were small in scale, with the militias using their knowledge of the local terrain to set ambushes, eventually compelling the Japanese to retreat to Harbin.

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The Red Spear Society groups were more widespread. Members formed important centers of resistance as the war spread out through the countryside. Red Spears frequently attacked the S.M.R. Zone from the

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At the same time northwest of Harbin, irregular war began to flare up in the countryside of Heilongjiang province. Manchukuo troops mutinied, briefly holding the transportation hubs along the Qiqihar-

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railways, or departing to join the forces of General Ma. Mounted bandits appeared by the hundreds to loot towns on the Chinese Eastern Railway mainline west of Harbin. Other partisans rose up in the

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converse was true as well. As the Fengtian Army retreated from the Japanese onslaught, thousands of soldiers deserted into the countryside to resume their former careers as bandits. During the

3629:, confronted the 3,000 man Li Hai-ching guerrilla force that had returned to attack Manchukuo and Japanese forces in south Heilongjiang province and forced their retreat into Jehol province. 3062:(NSA), on 8 February 1932. Numbering over 1,000 men at the time, within a few months this army became a rallying point for resistance and one of the most successful of the volunteer armies. 3661: 3182: 3344:. Li's troops ripped up the railway tracks, tore down telegraph wires, and captured a train from Harbin. They looted the train and dispersed before Japanese troops arrived on the scene. 3120:

March, the State of Manchukuo was inaugurated. The Chinese Government announced that not only did it not recognize the new state, but asserted that Puyi been kidnapped by the Japanese.

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With the end of winter in 1932, the Japanese launched expeditions from Harbin into the interior of Jilin province, striking northeast down the Sungari River and east along the

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population of Manchuria increased through the 1920s, some newcomers became squatters, then wanderers, and then outlaws. Even in the settled Fengtian province, bandits known as

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currency. During the rebellion the Big Swords were respected by the peasants because they did not harm or plunder the common people, but resisted the officials of the warlord

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between 1940 and 1942. In November 1941, Li Zhaolin entered the Soviet Union. By July 1942 Zhou Baozhong followed. Finally on 12 February 1942, Zhao Shangzhi was captured by

3887:. The army was open to all who wanted to resist the Japanese and as it proclaimed its willingness to ally with all other anti-Japanese forces, this army won over some of the 3185:

campaign in Jilin province that lasted from March to June 1932. The campaign pushed the Jilin forces into the north and east of the Jilin province and secured control of the

3618:, bayoneting and machine-gunning village residents and killing some 3,000 men, women, and children, leaving only one survivor in the whole village. This became known as the 3380: 3954:

With its strongest armies dispersed or destroyed and its base areas pacified, the remnant resistance fighters, including Kim Il Sung, were gradually forced to retreat into

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disappeared on the frosted prairie. On 8 November, the sole survivor, a Sergeant Iwakami, arrived in Qiqihar to tell how the detachment had been annihilated outside Taian.

4731: 4649: 3723: 3404: 583: 3189:, however, Ding's forces continued to resist, sometimes occupying towns along the eastern section of the Chinese Eastern Railway, between Harbin and the Soviet border. 3626: 3356: 3311: 5453: 3607: 3561: 3541:

west of Harbin on the C. E. R. mainline, forced the merchants of the city to give 50,000 dollars to them, and confiscated every horse they could find. On 26 October

2787:. Away from the Japanese garrisons in cities and along the railroads, resistance units mustered openly and relatively free from molestation in late 1931–early 1932. 4854: 3947:

guerrillas, they persevered, frequently launching attacks that compelled the Japanese and Manchukuoans to divert forces into punitive expeditions against them.

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An even larger and longer campaign from November 1937 to March 1939, was waged by 24,000 Manchukuo troops against the 2nd Route Army in the area between the

2990: 2819:"Peasant brotherhoods" were a traditional form of mutual protection by Chinese small-holders and tenant farmers. Waves of immigrants fleeing the wars of the 2368: 2011: 5591: 4884: 4391: 3530:

after the Japanese had defeated his forces in the north. He arrived in Longmen County in September and joined Su Bingwen's mutineers for a joint campaign.

2754:, hoping to get him to join the new state of Manchukuo Japan was organizing. Ma continued negotiating with Doihara, while he continued to support General 5342: 4275:

Modern Manchuria-Political (Inset-Mukden) 现代满洲－政治（放大图－沈阳） Map of Manchuria c. 1935 http://map.huhai.net/72.jpg from http://map.huhai.net on June 27, 2007

3838:. The Communist Party in northeast China even issued an appeal for the volunteers to kill their officers and join the Communists in a social revolution. 3205: 3005:

Many bandits were admitted into the Volunteer Armies as the Japanese conquest advanced and the partisan resistance became an increasingly popular cause.

1825: 3649:

the Japanese swept through the territory between Mukden, Changchun and Jilin, and forcing the Chinese guerrilla forces of Wang Delin to retreat towards

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and equipped with light artillery and numerous machine guns. On 29 March 1932, Li Hai-ching's forces defeated regular troops of the Manchukuo Governor

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on 20 February. In March 1932 a Japanese and Manchukuo expeditionary force sent against Wang was defeated in a series of battles around the shore of

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that were forming in various locations, and commanded a total fighting force of about 300,000 men at peak strength according to Japanese estimates.

3219:

Small Japanese detachments sent from Changchun radioed for help, after suffering heavy casualties in the fighting. Japanese forces from the east at

2803:. Fengtian had come almost immediately under Japanese control, as most population centers and its capital of Mukden all lay along the tracks of the 5576: 5488: 2004: 4418: 3416: 3367:

in eastern Liaoning judged that the time was ripe for his army to go on the offensive. Tang Juwu started the revolt in Huanren and then captured

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In late April, the Chinese Eastern Railway was cut 65 miles (105 km) south of Harbin, by an estimated 3,000 Chinese soldiers under General

2831:

came to Manchuria since 1926 at the rate of one million a year. These included many peasants belonging to the two predominant brotherhoods, the

1881: 2540: 1670: 4269: 2669: 918: 3778:. Ma was appointed as chairman of the government of Heilongjiang in August 1940, and continued to hold that position to the end of the war. 5360: 5493: 4874: 4805: 3847: 3152: 3059: 1893: 1385: 4205: 4067: 2322: 2250: 1742: 1592: 742: 569: 5208: 4818: 4700: 4328: 3123:

Despite the end of official resistance with the defeat of General Ding Chao, all was not calm in Manchuria. In late February General

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thousand guerrillas including some of their leaders. Thus, the number of insurgents declined to 30,000 in 1936; and 20,000 in 1937.

4601: 4591: 3553: 2361: 2334: 1781: 1706: 1633: 4253:"The Magistrate", Notes On A Guerrilla Campaign, from http://www.democraticunderground.com, 06/28/2003, accessed December 20, 2006 4125: 2839:, which aided the immigrants in establishing themselves and provided for protection against both bandits and rapacious landlords. 3727:

Cavalry Detachment. The operation was deemed a success and led to the capture and death of a number of anti-Japanese commanders.

2464: 4396: 2997:) was encircled and attacked by "1500 Chinese bandits under Zhang Haitian," while other troops under his orders attacked in the 2898:

monks as they went into battle, with their clothes and weapons decorated with magic inscriptions similar to that of the earlier

5571: 5406: 5380: 3565: 3383:. On 8 May he captured Liuhe and took Tonghua soon after. However his force continued as a threat in the region to the east of 2163: 4240:

Second part: From "9/18" emergency to Xi'an Incident Northeast Righteous and Brave Army opposition to Japan struggles analysis

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near the Russian border. Drawing more troops from the seemingly quiet southern Fengtian province, the Japanese launched the

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Operation clearing the Ki Feng-lung district of guerrillas with 5,000 Manchukuo soldiers consisting of a battalion of the

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as Mayor of Mukden; he proceeded to rule the city with the aid of an "Emergency Committee" composed mostly of Japanese.

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garrison. In reaction the Manchukuo police and detachments of the Manchukuo Army attempted to relieve the siege in the

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Big Sword members claimed that their spells made them immune to bullets. Red Spear bands were in many cases led by

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led several thousand followers to attack the southern portion of the S.M.R. mainline. The Japanese garrison of

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village, fired on Japanese soldiers and later attacked the Japanese garrison in the nearby industrial city of

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commanded several bands of Big Swords in western Fengtian. The Big Swords in southeast Jilin were allied with

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Coogan, Anthony, The volunteer armies of Northeast China, History Today; July 1993, Vol. 43 Issue 7, pp.36-41

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Hostilities did not commence in the Harbin area until the end of January 1932, at about the same time as the

2949: 2700: 2418: 2400: 1925: 1650: 1261: 1200: 1046: 985: 844: 707: 645: 635: 3519:

moved eastwards aboard trains to join General Ma Zhanshan in recapturing the provincial capital of Qiqihar.

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Despite being appointed Minister of War in the Manchukuo government and provincial governor, Muslim General

5355: 5226: 4680: 4621: 4611: 4216:

Second part: From "9/18" emergency to Xi'an Incident The Liaoning volunteers' opposition to Japan struggles

3097:

On 27 February 1932, General Ding Chao offered to cease hostilities, ending official Chinese resistance in

2941:. Powerful bandit gangs operated within a day's march of such major cities as Mukden and Harbin. The term " 2808: 2486: 2286: 2235: 1965: 1675: 1580: 1531: 1430: 4232:

Second part: From "9/18" emergency to Xi'an Incident Heilongjiang volunteers' opposition to Japan struggle

2515: 5030: 4849: 4720: 4284: 4274: 3762: 2469: 2447: 2390: 1830: 1269: 1063: 889: 732: 4224:

Second part: From "9/18" emergency to Xi'an Incident The Jilin volunteers' opposition to Japan struggles

5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5317: 5286: 3770: 3506:" at the extreme west of Heilongjiang on the Soviet frontier, had kept his isolated command beyond the 2783:, and in December and early January against Zhang Xueliang's remaining army in Jinzhou in southwestern 2413: 2279: 2257: 1920: 1749: 1720: 1604: 1041: 829: 779: 757: 4175:

Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria,

2510: 593: 5276: 5271: 5198: 4944: 4631: 4301:

Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection Manchuria 1:250,000, Series L542, U.S. Army Map Service, 1950-

3677: 3665: 3564:

Campaign from November to December 1932. Nearly 30,000 Japanese and Manchukuo soldiers including the

2296: 2262: 1820: 1419: 1359: 1318: 1214: 1017: 869: 859: 692: 5133: 4423: 4206:

https://web.archive.org/web/20070528050259/http://www.wehoo.net/book/wlwh/a30012/A0170.htm%7B%7BDead

5390: 5173: 5115: 5063: 4685: 4513: 4314: 3919: 3766: 2731:

Province; and General Zhang Jinghui was inaugurated as Governor of the Province on 1 January 1932.

2312: 2127: 1985: 1766: 1626: 1286: 943: 879: 839: 105: 44: 3741:

Of the forces that fled Manchukuo, Feng Zhanhai and his men went on to serve against the Japanese

3427:

districts south of Harbin, of Feng's Anti-Japanese forces and forced Feng to retreat to the west.

2115: 5213: 5085: 5015: 4824: 4576: 4503: 3927: 3815: 3399: 3178: 3174: 3087: 3054:

General Ding Chao's beaten Jilin Self-Defence Army retired from Harbin to the northeast down the

3043: 2957: 2879: 2804: 2599: 2585: 2349: 2208: 2063: 2058: 2053: 1951: 1771: 1450: 1298: 1281: 1221: 1185: 1155: 894: 849: 677: 650: 620: 3793:, Wang Delin's deputy, gave up the struggle, his wife and another of Wang Delin's subordinates, 2230: 5163: 4925: 4889: 4865: 4762: 4747: 4596: 4508: 3705: 3685: 3159: 2592: 2459: 2378: 1815: 1526: 1311: 1241: 1092: 804: 702: 687: 625: 61: 4034: 4001: 3668:

and the 2nd Cavalry Regiment of the Fengtian Army and a Cavalry detachment of the Jilin Army.

4949: 4411: 3619: 3435: 2978: 2953: 2535: 1970: 1730: 1573: 1351: 1292: 1227: 1125: 884: 727: 722: 672: 2602:

of the Manchukuo government from March 1932 until 1942, and resulted in a Japanese victory.

1996: 5080: 4904: 4894: 4406: 2491: 1915: 1903: 1791: 1597: 1444: 1396: 1378: 1168: 1149: 864: 615: 3906:. The number of insurgents in 1935 stood at about 40,000 men. The army was organized into 3434:, but after a fierce Japanese counterattack, he was forced to retreat. He then arrived at 8: 5312: 5259: 5232: 5222: 5168: 5158: 5143: 5020: 4844: 4523: 4518: 4401: 4264: 3538: 3503: 3408: 3151:

delegation was now investigating the situation. When the news of the victories of Wang's

3034: 2545: 2425: 2068: 1786: 1660: 1002: 784: 712: 5095: 5281: 5218: 5035: 5005: 4546: 4122: 3884: 3542: 3269: 2998: 2974: 2836: 2716: 2198: 2078: 1944: 1937: 1876: 1866: 1840: 1692: 1614: 1464: 1424: 1391: 1304: 1193: 1173: 1057: 980: 682: 3466:) Railway where it was isolated by the flooding in August, and took the small town of 2981:

on Russian troop movements and deployment, and assisting in the securing of supplies.

470: 5322: 5010: 4990: 4757: 4386: 4195: 4073: 4040: 4007: 3823: 3819: 3797:, led a small band which fought on until the spring of 1941 when it was annihilated. 3692:. 5 January 1933, General Kuan Chang-ching was forced to surrender his Volunteers at 3615: 3316: 3148: 3112: 3047: 3023: 2832: 2735: 2665: 2658: 2565: 2430: 2269: 2245: 2098: 1977: 1930: 1835: 1680: 1665: 1609: 1412: 1404: 1346: 1336: 1137: 1105: 1086: 995: 990: 899: 834: 799: 794: 667: 655: 437: 4466: 3858:

became high-ranking officers. At first the Party severely criticized their conduct.

3283:

area, Ma struck out toward Harbin with six infantry and cavalry regiments, 20 field

2977:, many bandit groups actively cooperated with the Japanese Army, providing valuable 2811:, which had been garrisoned by Kwantung Army troops since long before the conflict. 426: 5463: 5183: 4899: 4571: 3800: 3689: 2795:

The frontier status of Manchuria, with endemic banditry and activities by opposing

2626:

and to Japan's rapid success in removing and replacing the provincial authority in

2240: 2218: 1871: 1699: 1685: 1655: 1568: 1548: 1341: 1246: 1206: 1180: 1119: 1111: 1097: 1051: 1027: 874: 809: 697: 630: 481: 322: 259: 5438: 2091: 415: 5483: 5188: 5105: 5025: 4498: 4337: 4289: 4278: 4129: 3758: 3746: 3742: 3730: 3582: 3578: 3549: 3507: 3412: 3201: 2961: 2562: 2408: 2329: 2073: 2029: 1801: 1776: 1645: 1162: 968: 774: 737: 561: 476: 465: 454: 443: 432: 421: 410: 197: 101: 5100: 4300: 2916: 5433: 5327: 5148: 5138: 4995: 4959: 4381: 3735: 3638: 3594: 3523: 3515:

isolated military personnel as hostages. The mutineers, calling themselves the

3487: 3438:, on 4 July and the Japanese defenders fled. On 13 July, Feng Zhanhai captured 2899: 2768: 2708: 2344: 2339: 1859: 1713: 1621: 1543: 1144: 1022: 5468: 5443: 448: 5510: 4954: 4675: 4665: 4493: 4458: 4177:

2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England.

4142: 3911: 3880: 3867: 3855: 3790: 3693: 3459: 3296: 3280: 3257: 3253: 3186: 3055: 2986: 2933:–Mukden railway and in the wooded southeast of the province along the Mukden- 2860: 2828: 2772: 2747: 2680: 2646: 2619: 2595: 973: 515: 459: 370: 274: 244: 5055: 3700:. On 9 January 1933, Li Du's guerrilla forces crossed Ussuri River into the 3212:

outside the town of Nong'an, only 35 miles (56 km) from the capital of

2727:

on 19 November 1931, a local Self-Government Association was established in

2148: 4551: 4428: 3835: 3794: 3750: 3431: 3420: 3395: 3363:

However, on 21 April 1932, with Japanese forces concentrated in the north,

3341: 3320:

numbers of men were able to break through the tight Japanese encirclement.

3193: 3109: 3091: 2868: 2844: 2780: 2743: 2728: 2704: 2693: 2569: 2181: 2042: 1850: 1845: 1759: 910: 854: 381: 307: 113: 5125: 4742: 3474:

Operation and after a short battle Tonyu was recovered on 31 August 1932.

2610:

The earliest formation of large anti-Japanese partisan groups occurred in

121: 5203: 4752: 4099: 3907: 3903: 3782: 3654: 3625:

Meanwhile, in October to the west, a Manchukuo and Japanese force in the

3446: 3232: 3197: 3140: 3086:

With General Ding Chao defeated, Ma Zhanshan agreed to defect to the new

2948:

There was also a tradition of nationalistic banditry, dating back to the

2824: 2820: 2800: 2776: 2720: 2305: 2223: 2137: 1536: 1507: 819: 503: 403: 337: 255: 233: 109: 3351:'s troops set three minor railway stations afire and gutted the city of 3078: 5000: 4616: 3935: 3915: 3843: 3786: 3548:

For eight days the Japanese garrison commanded by a Captain Hayashi at

3527: 3499: 3348: 3128: 3124: 2965: 2864: 2761: 2699:

Meanwhile, in Mukden, the "North Eastern Administrative Committee," or

2672:

as Chairman of the "Committee for the Maintenance of Peace and Order".

2638: 2213: 2203: 526: 359: 348: 285: 4909: 3660:

From 6 November 20 to November, 1932, the Manchukuo Army launched the

3522:

Ma Zhanshan had emerged onto the plains again from his shelter in the

2750:

began negotiations with General Ma from his Special Service Office at

5332: 5307: 5302: 5110: 4981: 4914: 4586: 3959: 3863: 3364: 3284: 3249: 3240:

on 1 April, stating that he was going on a military inspection tour.

3213: 3116: 3098: 3038: 2887: 2755: 2685: 2581: 2573: 1959: 521: 510: 498: 487: 392: 318: 296: 212: 147: 3200:

was in control of the territory round about and southward as far as

5411: 4839: 4530: 4474: 3851: 3384: 3352: 2926: 2911: 2895: 2886:

coal mines. They were led by a young officer of the Fengtian Army,

2875: 2784: 2712: 2627: 2611: 2568:

campaign to suppress any armed resistance to the newly established

4306: 4296:

Noam Chomsky, On the Backgrounds of the Pacific War, Article 1967.

3785:

was captured in 1937 and executed, along with his wife and child.

3335: 3160:

War of the Volunteer Armies and "Anti-bandit Operations" 1932–1933

3008: 2850:

After the Japanese invasion, the Big Swords Society disturbed the

2775:'s strength during November 1931 was concentrated against General 4581: 4295: 3955: 3939: 3889: 3775: 3645:

Following that operation up from October to November 1932 in the

3376: 3289: 3237: 3070: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2851: 2796: 2724: 2634: 3801:

Communists and the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army 1934-1942

3279:

After sending some troops to aid General Ding Chao in the lower

2956:

were sent to Manchuria, ostensibly to protect the Russian-owned

2633:

The provincial government of Liaoning Province had fled west to

5264: 4433: 3943: 3805: 3697: 3650: 3611: 3569: 3467: 3463: 3439: 3424: 3304: 3300: 3261: 3209: 3181:, (called the "Anti-Jilin Army" by the Japanese). This was the 3136: 3132: 3027: 3019: 2883: 2751: 2739: 2676: 2653: 2642: 492: 3822:

dedicated both to resistance against the Japanese and also to

3789:

fought on with a small band of followers until 1937. Although

3696:

on the Soviet frontier. On 7 January 1933, Japanese took over

1475: 4626: 4069:

Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost

4003:

Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost

3971: 3962:

after being attacked by one of their agents, and later died.

3602: 3388: 3244: 3220: 3115:, was made provisional president of the independent state of 2938: 2855: 2689: 2664:

On 24 September 1931, a provisional government was formed in

2615: 2026: 3718:

to harass the Japanese and Manchukuo forces for many years.

3375:. Tang's army, numbering 20,000 men surrounded the Japanese 3781:

Of the Volunteer guerrilla leaders remaining in Manchukuo,

3701: 3470:. On August 20 a Manchukuo relieving force was sent on the 3105: 3022:

of the Jilin Army declared the province independent of the

2969: 4303:

Topographic Maps of Manchuria during the Second World War.

3307:

region, disrupting service on the Taonan-Qiqihar railway.

3090:

on 14 February 1932 and retained his post as Governor of

3826:. However these units were far smaller than the various 3588: 3458:

Mongolian bandit forces were able to attack the Ssutao (

3094:

Province in exchange for cooperating with the Japanese.

4265:

IMTFE Judgement, Invasion & Occupation of Manchuria

3127:

with 1,000 militia wrecked or burned 18 bridges on the

2871:

organized and trained a Big Sword Corps of 4,000 men.

2762:

Early resistance: militias, brotherhoods and bandits

2703:, was set up on 10 November under the leadership of 2668:(the new name of the former Liaoning Province) with 3310:To restore control, the Japanese Army launched the 3206:

Anti-Japanese Army For The Salvation Of The Country

4270:Jan. 25, 1932 issue of TIME magazine, Explanations 3830:which had been raised, based on patriotic appeal. 591: 3453: 3030:and the rugged hinterland to the north and east. 5508: 5489:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 5459:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 4026: 3336:Revolts of the Volunteer Armies south of Harbin 3266:Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army 3009:Formation of the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies 4443: 4183:(China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations) 4072:. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 217. 4065: 4006:. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 216. 3999: 3704:. On 5 January, the Japanese began assaulting 3598:briefly occupy the capital of Jilin province. 3593:Diverted from their preparations for invading 4322: 3192:To the southwest another force under General 2618:provinces due to the poor performance of the 2178: 2164: 2012: 1491: 926: 577: 4032: 3806:Early Conflict with the Anti Japanese Armies 3761:1933. His forces were incorporated into the 3226: 940: 5592:Battles of the Korean independence movement 4806:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 2742:. There he attempted to continue to govern 4329: 4315: 3818:organized a number of small anti-Japanese 3688:attacked guerrilla forces to the north of 3135:Railway. Wang also recaptured the town of 3065: 2591:. The operations were carried out by the 2171: 2157: 2019: 2005: 1498: 1484: 933: 919: 584: 570: 5209:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4819:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 2771:'s government in the region. Most of the 2652:On 23 September 1931, Lieutenant General 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 4592:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 4186:Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang 3914:'s 2nd Route Army (Jilin Province), and 3848:Chinese People's National Salvation Army 3729: 3560:In reaction, the Japanese organized the 3153:Chinese People's National Salvation Army 3077: 3069: 3060:Chinese People's National Salvation Army 2968:, who opposed both the Russians and the 2915: 2123:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936) 2064:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895) 43:This article includes a list of general 5577:Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War 3910:'s 1st Route Army (Fengtian Province), 3013: 2814: 2661:under protection of the Japanese Army. 2605: 188: 172: 14: 5509: 5407:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 3647:Shenyang, Changchun, Jilin Subjugation 3493: 3164: 2929:("red beards") were common along tune 4310: 3589:Final Operations in eastern Manchukuo 3537:In mid-October, Ma's forces captured 2152: 2000: 1479: 914: 565: 4811:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 4567:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 3517:Heilongjiang National Salvation Army 29: 5479:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 4721:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 4336: 3893:bands, including former NSA units. 3877:Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army 3662:Ki Feng - Lung District Subjugation 3481:operation a force of the Manchukuo 2882:districts, close to Mukden and the 2589:Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army 24: 3755:Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army 3430:On 20 June, Feng Zhanhai captured 3264:and other places. This became the 3183:Subjugation of the Anti-Jilin Army 126:Japanese troops in Manchuria, 1931 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 18:Manchukuoan Anti Bandit Operations 5603: 4258: 4189:Jiangsu People's Publishing House 3398:and a sizeable detachment of the 2715:of Manchuria. After the Japanese 2707:, a prominent elder statesman of 27:1931 Japanese military operations 5179:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 4442: 4228:第二部分：从“九一八”事变到西安事变黑龙江义勇军的抗日斗争 1 4140: 3864:international Communist movement 3765:as a division and fought in the 3479:Second Feng Chan-hai Subjugation 3268:. Ma was also appointed nominal 3177:mainline against General Ding's 2854:in southeast Fengtian along the 2104:German Pacific possesions (1914) 520: 509: 497: 486: 475: 464: 453: 442: 431: 420: 409: 397: 386: 375: 364: 353: 342: 331: 312: 301: 290: 279: 268: 249: 238: 227: 205: 190: 174: 120: 34: 5194:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 4236:第二部分：从“九一八”事变到西安事变东北义勇军抗日斗争简析 1 4212:第二部分：从“九一八”事变到西安事变辽宁义勇军的抗日斗争 1 3896: 3566:Japanese 14th Infantry Division 3477:On 2 September 1932 during the 2711:'s Government, who favored the 2079:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905) 1505: 5449:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 4562:Imperial Rescript on Education 4220:第二部分：从“九一八”事变到西安事变吉林义勇军的抗日斗争 1 4208:link Fixed|date=August 2017}} 4192:Date published : 2005-7-1 4134: 4123:Pingdingshan Massacre Memorial 4116: 4092: 4059: 4036:Inside Asia - 1942 War Edition 3993: 3984: 3828:Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies 3635:Second Dongbiandao Subjugation 3454:Defeat of the Volunteer Armies 3274:Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies 2624:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 2578:anti-Japanese volunteer armies 958:1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes) 13: 1: 5572:Military history of Manchuria 4895:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 4801:Imperial General Headquarters 4392:Foreign commerce and shipping 4292: (archived June 28, 2007) 4281: (archived June 27, 2007) 3673:Third Dongbiandao Subjugation 2920:Weapons of Manchurian bandits 2701:Self-Government Guiding Board 2369:Mediterranean and Middle East 790:Qantas Short Empire shootdown 5227:Hirohito surrender broadcast 4622:Greater East Asia Conference 3977: 3712: 3572:cavalrymen of the Manchukuo 3472:Mongolian Bandit Subjugation 3204:. This force was called the 2350:Manchuria and Northern Korea 1952:Manchuria and Northern Korea 815:KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown 138:4 November 1931 – July 1942 7: 4607:Supreme Court of Judicature 4039:. 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Colonel 2482:French West Africa 2323:South West Pacific 2231:Denmark and Norway 1945:Japanese surrender 1911:Naval bombardments 1841:Fire balloon bombs 1564:Volcano and Ryukyu 1559:Marianas and Palau 1156:Yellow River flood 1070:Railway Operation 5567:Conflicts in 1941 5562:Conflicts in 1940 5557:Conflicts in 1939 5552:Conflicts in 1938 5547:Conflicts in 1937 5542:Conflicts in 1936 5537:Conflicts in 1935 5532:Conflicts in 1934 5527:Conflicts in 1933 5522:Conflicts in 1932 5517:Conflicts in 1931 5502: 5501: 5474:Socialist thought 5422: 5421: 5361:Dutch East Indies 5323:Empire of Vietnam 5241: 5240: 5011:Satsuma Rebellion 4991:Meiji Restoration 4968: 4967: 4778: 4777: 4716:Greater East Asia 4602:Political parties 4557:Foreign relations 4100:"冯占海点燃舒兰抗日烽火_吉林市" 4046:978-1-4067-1532-3 3824:social revolution 3616:summary execution 3317:guerrilla warfare 3315:decided to adopt 3272:, over all other 3196:headquartered at 3149:League of Nations 3048:Defense of Harbin 3024:Republic of China 2833:Red Spear Society 2779:in north-central 2659:Republic of China 2593:Imperial Japanese 2566:counterinsurgency 2554: 2553: 2475:Strategic bombing 2391:Mediterranean Sea 2146: 2145: 2074:China (1899–1901) 1994: 1993: 1836:Lookout Air Raids 1743:Southwest Pacific 1473: 1472: 1332:Yunnan-Burma Road 1270:Hundred Regiments 1042:Marco Polo Bridge 908: 907: 758:Dutch East Indies 560: 559: 541:Japanese: 84,000 438:Takashi Hishikari 162: 161: 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 5599: 5464:Shinmin no Michi 5454:Internment camps 5366:French Indochina 5250: 5249: 5096:Taishō Democracy 4977: 4976: 4900:Japanese holdout 4787: 4786: 4711:Colonial Affairs 4645: 4644: 4572:Yokusan Sonendan 4478: 4470: 4462: 4446: 4445: 4372:Economic history 4331: 4324: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4138: 4132: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3690:Mudanjiang River 3483:Jilin Guard Army 3110:emperor of China 2950:Russian invasion 2541:French Indochina 2184: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2150: 2149: 2034: 2032: 2021: 2014: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1966:Manchuria (1945) 1821:Aleutian Islands 1671:Indochina (1945) 1641:Indochina (1940) 1627:2nd Indian Ocean 1610:1st Indian Ocean 1605:Christmas Island 1510: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1477: 1476: 1360:Zhejiang–Jiangxi 1236:Winter Offensive 1133:North-East Henan 1064:Sihang Warehouse 949: 948: 946: 935: 928: 921: 912: 911: 870:Aleutian Islands 860:Zhejiang-Jiangxi 830:Christmas Island 641:French Indochina 598: 586: 579: 572: 563: 562: 525: 524: 514: 513: 502: 501: 491: 490: 482:Seishiro Itagaki 480: 479: 469: 468: 458: 457: 447: 446: 436: 435: 425: 424: 414: 413: 402: 401: 391: 390: 380: 379: 369: 368: 358: 357: 347: 346: 336: 335: 327: 317: 316: 306: 305: 295: 294: 284: 283: 273: 272: 264: 254: 253: 243: 242: 232: 231: 211: 209: 208: 200: 196: 194: 193: 184: 180: 178: 177: 132: 131: 124: 92: 91: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5498: 5484:Yasukuni Shrine 5418: 5395: 5337: 5291: 5237: 5189:Tripartite Pact 5184:Rape of Nanking 5120: 5106:Tapani incident 5050: 5026:Boxer Rebellion 4984: 4964: 4928: 4919: 4868: 4859: 4794: 4774: 4768:Representatives 4736: 4733: 4732:Legislative and 4725: 4691:Foreign Affairs 4654: 4651: 4636: 4535: 4514:Government Seal 4499:Rising Sun Flag 4482: 4476: 4468: 4460: 4447: 4438: 4340: 4338:Empire of Japan 4335: 4290:Wayback Machine 4279:Wayback Machine 4261: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4151: 4149: 4139: 4135: 4130:Wayback Machine 4121: 4117: 4108: 4106: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3968: 3899: 3820:guerrilla units 3808: 3803: 3749:and later with 3743:Operation Nekka 3715: 3591: 3552:on the Qiqihar- 3508:Greater Khingan 3496: 3456: 3338: 3229: 3167: 3162: 3113:deposed in 1911 3068: 3016: 3011: 2962:Boxer Rebellion 2914: 2908: 2817: 2793: 2764: 2736:fall of Jinzhou 2608: 2555: 2550: 2437:Other campaigns 2431:Southern France 2340:Burma and India 2335:South-East Asia 2330:Franco-Thai War 2185: 2179: 2177: 2147: 2142: 2128:China (1937–45) 2099:Tsingtao (1914) 2086: 2035: 2031:Empire of Japan 2030: 2027: 2025: 1995: 1990: 1982: 1894:Mariana Islands 1767:Solomon Islands 1736:Burma (1944–45) 1726:Burma (1942–43) 1721:Burma (1941–42) 1714:Burma and India 1646:Franco-Thai War 1593:Andaman Islands 1520:Central Pacific 1511: 1506: 1504: 1474: 1469: 1262:Zaoyang–Yichang 1201:Suixian–Zaoyang 1047:Beiping–Tianjin 986:Nenjiang Bridge 950: 944: 942: 941: 939: 909: 904: 743:Gilbert Islands 636:Zaoyang–Yichang 599: 595: 592: 590: 542: 519: 518: 508: 507: 496: 495: 485: 484: 474: 473: 471:Yoshijirō Umezu 463: 462: 452: 451: 441: 440: 430: 429: 419: 418: 408: 396: 395: 385: 384: 374: 373: 363: 362: 352: 351: 341: 340: 330: 329: 323: 311: 310: 300: 299: 289: 288: 278: 277: 267: 266: 260: 248: 247: 237: 236: 226: 206: 204: 191: 189: 175: 173: 150: 125: 110:Pacific Theater 102:Interwar period 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5605: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5328:State of Burma 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5256: 5254: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5149:Musha Incident 5146: 5141: 5139:Jinan incident 5136: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5060: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4996:Beipu uprising 4993: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4960:Treaty Faction 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4890:Imperial Guard 4887: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4650:Administration 4648: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4472: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4298: 4293: 4282: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4259:External links 4257: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4202: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4143:"东北抗日义勇军将领王德林" 4133: 4115: 4091: 4078: 4058: 4045: 4025: 4012: 3992: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3967: 3964: 3898: 3895: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3736:Battle of Rehe 3714: 3711: 3590: 3587: 3524:Lesser Khingan 3504:Barga District 3495: 3492: 3455: 3452: 3337: 3334: 3228: 3225: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3067: 3064: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 2954:Tsarist forces 2910:Main article: 2907: 2904: 2900:Boxer movement 2867:, and General 2816: 2813: 2792: 2789: 2769:Zhang Xueliang 2763: 2760: 2709:Zhang Xueliang 2607: 2604: 2584:and later the 2552: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2506:Baltic Nations 2497: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2315: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2206: 2201: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2153: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2088: 2087: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2054:Ganghwa (1875) 2051: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2009: 2001: 1992: 1991: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1923: 1921:South Sakhalin 1918: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1676:Malacca Strait 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1634:Southeast Asia 1630: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1544:Doolittle Raid 1541: 1534: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1503: 1502: 1495: 1488: 1480: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1431:Guilin–Liuzhou 1427: 1422: 1408: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1382: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1265: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1218: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1197: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1159: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1074:Beiping–Hankou 1068: 1067: 1066: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1013:Inner Mongolia 1010: 1005: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 977: 976: 960: 959: 955: 952: 951: 938: 937: 930: 923: 915: 906: 905: 903: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 766: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 659: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 604: 601: 600: 589: 588: 581: 574: 566: 558: 557: 554: 550: 549: 545: 544: 539: 535: 534: 530: 529: 427:Nobuyoshi Mutō 406: 223: 222: 218: 217: 216: 215: 185: 169: 168: 164: 163: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 146: 144: 140: 139: 136: 128: 127: 117: 116: 97: 96: 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5604: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5505: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5439:Fukoku kyōhei 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296:Puppet states 5294: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4955:Fleet Faction 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4935:General Staff 4933: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875:General Staff 4873: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4828:military code 4827: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4758:Imperial Diet 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4748:Privy Council 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4666:Home Ministry 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4509:Imperial Seal 4507: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4494:Flag of Japan 4492: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4201: 4200:7-214-03034-9 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4181:中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 4179: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4148: 4147:www.doc88.com 4144: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4081: 4079:0-7867-1484-0 4075: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4029: 4015: 4013:0-7867-1484-0 4009: 4005: 4004: 3996: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3912:Zhou Baozhong 3909: 3905: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3881:Zhao Shangzhi 3878: 3872: 3869: 3868:popular front 3865: 3859: 3857: 3856:Zhou Baozhong 3853: 3850:(NSA), where 3849: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3814:in 1931, the 3813: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3791:Kong Xianrong 3788: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3394:Also in May, 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3281:Sungari River 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3187:Sungari River 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3080: 3072: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3056:Sungari River 3052: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018:When General 3006: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2987:Zhang Haitian 2982: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2937:railway near 2936: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861:Zhang Haitian 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829:central China 2826: 2823:that ravaged 2822: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773:Kwantung Army 2770: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748:Kenji Doihara 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2723:and occupied 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2681:Zhang Jinghui 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2647:Kenji Doihara 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620:Fengtian Army 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2596:Kwantung Army 2594: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2576:from various 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2444: 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2059:Ryukyu (1879) 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2049:Taiwan (1874) 2047: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2033: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1926:Kuril Islands 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1809:North America 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802:Borneo (1945) 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 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1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222:South Guangxi 1219: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079:Tianjin–Pukou 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 975: 974:Lytton Report 972: 971: 970: 967: 966: 965: 962: 961: 957: 956: 953: 947: 936: 931: 929: 924: 922: 917: 916: 913: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 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Zone 2801:Han Chinese 2777:Ma Zhanshan 2721:Ma Zhanshan 2670:Yuan Jinhai 2637:. Governor 2630:and Jilin. 2470:Air Warfare 2384:East Africa 1971:Mutanchiang 1792:New Britain 1508:Pacific War 1352:Yenangyaung 1293:South Henan 1287:South Anhui 1228:Kunlun Pass 1126:Taierzhuang 900:Mount Emily 820:Operation K 733:Sand Island 718:Philippines 673:South Henan 656:North China 504:Ma Zhanshan 449:Jirō Minami 404:Kim Il Sung 338:Wang Fengge 256:Yang Jingyu 234:Ma Zhanshan 62:introducing 5511:Categories 5233:Occupation 5056:Taishō era 5001:Boshin War 4845:War crimes 4641:Government 4617:Tonarigumi 4524:Privy Seal 4519:State Seal 4477:(Hirohito) 4402:Militarism 4357:Censorship 4152:2020-11-26 4109:2021-02-27 4085:2010-12-28 4052:2010-06-28 4019:2010-12-28 3916:Li Zhaolin 3844:Wang Delin 3810:After the 3787:Wu Yicheng 3528:Amur River 3500:Su Bingwen 3349:Wang Delin 3125:Wang Delin 3037:. General 2966:Wang Delin 2960:after the 2865:Wang Delin 2734:After the 2679:, General 2639:Zang Shiyi 2511:Yugoslavia 2492:Madagascar 2455:Antarctica 2426:Dodecanese 2246:Resistance 2214:Winter War 2204:Phoney War 1916:Sagami Bay 1905:Starvation 1787:New Guinea 1445:West Hunan 1397:Mount Song 1379:West Hubei 1299:West Hubei 1174:Wenxi fire 1169:Wanjialing 1018:Great Wall 865:Madagascar 785:New Guinea 646:Kaimingjie 527:Yu Zhishan 360:Su Bingwen 349:Wang Delin 286:Li Zhaolin 45:references 5434:Sonnō jōi 5386:Singapore 5371:Hong Kong 5333:Azad Hind 5308:Mengjiang 5303:Manchukuo 5277:Kantō-shū 5219:Surrender 5126:Shōwa era 5111:Truku War 4982:Meiji era 4950:Tokkeitai 4915:Kempeitai 4826:Senjinkun 4743:Daijō-kan 4706:Munitions 4587:Mokusatsu 4377:Education 3978:Footnotes 3713:Aftermath 3365:Tang Juwu 3285:artillery 3117:Manchukuo 3099:Manchuria 3039:Ding Chao 2991:Niuzhuang 2888:Tang Juwu 2756:Ding Chao 2686:Ding Chao 2684:Generals 2586:Communist 2582:Manchuria 2574:Manchukuo 2362:Australia 2258:Alps 1940 2251:1944–1945 1960:Kantokuen 1867:Air raids 1782:Australia 1772:Coral Sea 1666:Singapore 1661:Hong Kong 1392:Myitkyina 1372:1943–1945 1255:1940–1942 1150:Chongqing 1036:1937–1939 981:Jiangqiao 964:Manchuria 895:Dureenbee 885:Newcastle 850:Coral Sea 795:Singapore 713:Hong Kong 616:Chongqing 611:Manchukuo 596:1940–1942 393:Choe Hyon 319:Tang Juwu 297:Ding Chao 213:Manchukuo 148:Manchukuo 70:July 2015 5412:Yen bloc 5400:Ideology 5391:Thailand 5260:Karafuto 5253:Colonies 4840:Kamikaze 4783:Military 4686:Treasury 4540:Policies 4531:Kimigayo 4452:Emperors 4419:Politics 4387:Eugenics 4345:Overview 4126:Archived 3966:See also 3852:Li Yanlu 3694:Suifenhe 3498:General 3373:Kuandian 3353:Suifenhe 2999:Haicheng 2927:Honghuzi 2912:Honghuzi 2896:Buddhist 2880:Dongfeng 2876:Xinlitun 2835:and the 2797:warlords 2791:Militias 2785:Liaoning 2719:General 2717:defeated 2713:autonomy 2666:Fengtian 2628:Fengtian 2612:Liaoning 2598:and the 2563:Japanese 2531:Bulgaria 2460:Atlantic 2443:Americas 2396:Adriatic 1978:Chongjin 1939:Downfall 1877:Yokosuka 1694:Tiderace 1651:Thailand 1425:Hengyang 1305:Shanggao 1194:Nanchang 1112:Massacre 840:Solomons 708:Thailand 683:Shanggao 668:Panjiayu 533:Strength 143:Location 108:and the 4973:History 4945:Marines 4582:Kokutai 4487:Symbols 4467:Taishō 4424:Statism 4367:Economy 4288:at the 4277:at the 4164:Sources 3956:Siberia 3940:Sungari 3890:shanlin 3879:, with 3776:Suiyuan 3639:Huanren 3421:Wuchang 3377:Tonghua 3290:Qiqihar 3238:Qiqihar 3214:Shinkyo 3202:Nong'an 2943:shanlin 2935:Dandong 2931:Beijing 2906:Bandits 2852:Jiandao 2807:in the 2725:Qiqihar 2635:Jinzhou 2536:Hungary 2526:Romania 2375:Africa 2275:Balkans 2270:Britain 2224:Lapland 2219:Karelia 2209:Finland 1931:Shumshu 1816:Ellwood 1681:Vietnam 1465:Taihoku 1458:Air War 1451:Guangxi 1413:Ichi-Go 1405:Changde 1347:Toungoo 1337:Tachiao 1138:Lanfeng 1106:Nanking 1087:Taiyuan 1028:Suiyuan 991:Jinzhou 805:Ellwood 556:Unknown 553:Unknown 538:300,000 325:† 262:† 58:improve 5376:Malaya 5351:Borneo 5287:Taiwan 5282:Nan'yō 5272:Chōsen 5265:naichi 4475:Shōwa 4459:Meiji 4434:Kazoku 4382:System 4198: 4170:China. 4141:道客巴巴. 4076: 4043: 4010: 3944:Ussuri 3759:Chahar 3698:Mishan 3655:Siping 3651:Huinan 3612:Fushun 3579:Hailar 3570:Mongol 3554:Koshen 3468:Tongyu 3464:Taonan 3460:Siping 3440:Shulan 3425:Shulan 3423:, and 3413:Acheng 3385:Mukden 3369:Xinbin 3305:Taonan 3301:Hailun 3297:Keshan 3262:Kedong 3258:Keshan 3254:Gannan 3250:Bei'an 3210:Xi Qia 3137:Dunhua 3133:Dunhua 3046:. The 3028:Harbin 3020:Xi Qia 2884:Fushun 2856:Korean 2752:Harbin 2740:Hailun 2677:Harbin 2654:Xi Qia 2643:Mukden 2561:was a 2465:Arctic 2297:Sicily 2199:Poland 2193:Europe 1701:Zipper 1687:Jurist 1656:Malaya 1615:Ceylon 1549:Midway 1342:Oktwin 1247:Wuyuan 1207:Swatow 1186:Hainan 1181:Canton 1120:Xuzhou 1098:Xinkou 1052:Chahar 996:Harbin 969:Mukden 880:Sydney 875:Midway 845:Tulagi 835:Ceylon 810:Broome 800:Darwin 753:Borneo 738:Niihau 698:Malaya 631:Wuyuan 493:Xi Qia 321: 258: 210: 195: 179: 155:Result 104:, the 47:, but 5356:Burma 5069:Entry 4763:Peers 4627:Senbu 4612:Tokkō 3972:Senbu 3603:Dehui 3595:Jehol 3550:Taian 3502:the " 3488:Jehol 3447:Nonni 3417:Yushu 3389:Korea 3245:Heihe 3221:Dehui 3129:Jilin 2939:Korea 2825:north 2690:Li Du 2616:Jilin 2546:Japan 2521:Italy 2500:Coups 2401:Malta 2345:Japan 2313:China 2292:Italy 1872:Tokyo 1860:Japan 1777:Timor 1163:Wuhan 780:Burma 775:Timor 198:Japan 182:China 4681:Navy 4676:Army 4286:2007 4196:ISBN 4074:ISBN 4041:ISBN 4008:ISBN 3942:and 3936:Amur 3854:and 3747:Rehe 3702:USSR 3671:The 3653:and 3583:Rehe 3568:and 3543:Laha 3539:Anda 3371:and 3198:Fuyu 3106:Puyi 2970:Qing 2878:and 2827:and 2614:and 2557:The 2516:Iraq 2419:Iran 2409:Iraq 2263:1944 2241:1940 1882:Kure 1569:Truk 1145:Amoy 1023:Rehe 769:1942 728:Wake 723:Guam 662:1941 606:1940 135:Date 4671:War 3883:as 3846:'s 3757:in 3753:'s 3745:in 3243:At 2675:In 2572:of 112:of 5513:: 5225:, 4145:. 4102:. 3938:, 3657:. 3622:. 3585:. 3490:. 3462:- 3442:. 3419:, 3415:, 3411:, 3292:. 3260:, 3256:, 3252:, 3101:. 2995:zh 2964:. 2902:. 2847:. 2758:. 2692:, 2688:, 1852:PX 1761:RY 5262:( 5229:) 5221:( 4330:e 4323:t 4316:v 4155:. 4112:. 4088:. 4055:. 4022:. 3131:- 2993:( 2172:e 2165:t 2158:v 2020:e 2013:t 2006:v 1538:K 1499:e 1492:t 1485:v 934:e 927:t 920:v 585:e 578:t 571:v 83:) 77:( 72:) 68:( 54:. 20:)

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Pacification of Manchukuo

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