25:
379:(~100 km). The earthquake causing this event has been predicted to be of magnitude 9.35 (stronger than the 9.1–9.3 magnitude 2004 Sumatra event). This massive earthquake, which would be the 2nd strongest in recent history, would have a total length of 990 km and a maximum wave height of 9.3 metres. This event would cause serious flooding, especially in Taiwan, and could affect regions up to 8.5 km inland. The predicted tsunami would reach the southern coast of
170:
1582:
132:
116:
96:
80:
64:
48:
32:
319:(22-25 million years ago). A characteristic feature of this plate boundary is the gradual change from normal subduction (on the southern margin) to a collisional regime (on the northern margin) which produces the Taiwan orogeny. The dip angle of the subducting plate also increases from south to north in the northern section of the trench.
362:
The PTZ represents the transitional zone between the extensional and compressional environments along the Manila Trench. This region increases in compressional strength as it approaches the accretionary prism of the trench. The PTZ also displays blind thrust faults and folds (essentially buried
343:
The accretionary wedge of the Manila Trench broadens going north; seeing as the southern section of the margin accumulates more trench-fill sediments than the north. The trench-fill sediments are thought to be sourced from the collisional zone of the Taiwan orogeny or by gravity controlled
363:
folds and faults). It has been suggested that these thrust faults originated along preexisting normal faults. These blind thrust faults present potential danger as they are likely candidates for the causes of high-magnitude earthquakes, and in effect large-scale tsunamis.
348:
between the hemipelagic sediments and overlying trench-fill sediments. This surface lessens in slope and decreases in thickness going from south to north along the margin. The northern part of the ‘t0’ is thought to be uplifted, explaining its decrease in slope.
330:, and a change of convex to concave trench axis geometry (which is a feature unique to this location). The gravity anomaly shows that the subducted crust has a density of 2.92 g/cm, whereas the surrounding South China Sea crust has a lower density of 2.88g/cm.
418:. These 7.0 earthquakes had 8 minutes of offset and produced a 40-centimetre tsunami; which happened to be the largest tsunami experienced on the southwest Taiwan coast. The epicenter of these dual earthquakes originated on the north part of the Manila Trench.
291:
and ~20+mm/yr near
Mindoro island. Plate locking between the Sunda Plate and Luzon is about 1% coupled, almost unlocked as determined by elastic block models, suggesting that the trench absorbs the
336:
subducted under the Manila Trench have shown to produce some notable deformation features. Well-developed back-thrust faults, microfractures and gravitational collapse are found in the
1277:
Li, F; Sun, Z; Dengke, H; Wang, Z (2013). "Crustal structure and deformation associated with seamount subduction at the north Manila Trench represented by analog and gravity modeling".
217:. The trench reaches a depth of about 5,400 metres (17,700 ft), in contrast with the average depth of the South China Sea of about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). It is created by
352:
The northern section of the margin is split into 3 zones representing distinct faulting types; the normal fault zone (NFZ), the proto-thrust zone (PTZ) and the thrust zone (TZ).
2504:
2524:
2509:
1677:
2539:
2417:
1510:
1135:
Hayes, DE; Lewis, SD (1984). "A geophysical study of the Manila trench, Luzon, Philippines. 1. Crustal structure, gravity and regional tectonic evolution".
2499:
2449:
2406:
2196:
2544:
2469:
2494:
2386:
2474:
2360:
2232:
2607:
2484:
2454:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2278:
147:
2444:
2396:
2334:
1937:
1907:
2529:
2319:
2314:
2237:
1469:
2479:
2391:
1682:
355:
The NFZ has many normal faults, often covered by the trench fill sediments. This zone has thought to have been formed by the bending of the
2519:
2464:
2376:
2355:
2309:
1323:
1119:
340:
of the Manila Trench. These features are only present proximal to subducted seamounts, and absent where there are no subducted seamounts.
24:
2612:
1802:
1672:
1640:
1635:
2563:
1897:
1503:
1369:"Plate convergence measured by GPS across the Sundaland/Philippine Sea Plate deformed boundary: the Philippines and eastern Indonesia"
1167:
1892:
1598:
1959:
1730:
1652:
1902:
1818:
1590:
1496:
1315:
1735:
1667:
1630:
1608:
1248:
Ku, C; Hsu, S (2009). "Crustal structure and deformation at the northern Manila Trench between Taiwan and Luzon islands".
287:
measurements, and this value ranges from ~ 50+ mm/yr in Taiwan, to 100 mm/yr near N. Luzon, and ~ 50 mm/yr near
2627:
1882:
1725:
1662:
1531:
1657:
1623:
1924:
1919:
1835:
1720:
1710:
1645:
1613:
1603:
1373:
1367:
Rangin, C; Le Pichon, X; Mazzotti, S; Pubellier, M; Chamot-Rooke, N; Aurelio, M; Walpersdorf, A; Quebral, R (1999).
1715:
1618:
1168:"Analysis of crustal deformation in Luzon, Philippines using geodetic observations and earthquake focal mechanisms"
1967:
1705:
1404:
Ruangrassamee, A; Saelem, S (2009). "Effect of
Tsunamis generated in the Manila Trench on the Gulf of Thailand".
1137:
876:
851:
826:
801:
776:
751:
726:
1864:
411:. However, recent research has slightly lowered the size of the maximum possible earthquake, to around Mw 9.2.
322:
The structure of the northern Manila Trench has been studied extensively. This region is characterized by low
2602:
1877:
2176:
2166:
1952:
1887:
1825:
1700:
1556:
1519:
1217:
486:
372:
1581:
1062:"Tsunami Hazard Assessment in the South China Sea Based on Geodetic Locking of the Manila Subduction Zone"
2411:
2181:
1914:
1108:
Bowin, C; Lu, RS; Lee, CS; Schouten, H (1978). "Plate convergence and accretion in Taiwan-Luzon region".
872:
2083:
1872:
1813:
469:
2617:
1830:
415:
1473:
1175:
323:
2191:
1945:
1561:
847:
822:
797:
772:
747:
722:
1127:
2489:
2422:
2052:
1566:
438:
371:
The potential for a tsunami event originating along the Manila trench, similar in scale to the
327:
292:
230:
186:
152:
2021:
1993:
1316:"Tsunami hazards along Chinese coast from potential earthquakes in South China Sea (preprint)"
621:
283:
Convergence between the
Philippine Mobile Belt and the Sunda Plate have been estimated using
159:
103:
2171:
2134:
2119:
2073:
2006:
1571:
1442:
1413:
1382:
1332:
1286:
1257:
1226:
1200:
1184:
1146:
627:
452:
312:
8:
2514:
1061:
661:
245:
terrane (Sulu-Palawan block colliding with SW Luzon). It is an area pervaded by negative
234:
1446:
1417:
1386:
1336:
1290:
1261:
1230:
1188:
1150:
375:
has been forecasted. The source of this tsunami would be very proximal to the coast of
2622:
2268:
1302:
337:
2401:
2381:
2288:
2283:
2129:
2088:
1395:
1368:
1306:
702:
698:
678:
644:
182:
2216:
1980:
1450:
1421:
1390:
1340:
1294:
1265:
1234:
1192:
1154:
1123:
1073:
376:
16:
Oceanic trench in the South China Sea, west of Luzon and
Mindoro in the Philippines
1348:
2258:
2186:
2158:
2139:
2078:
2068:
1968:
1786:
1454:
1433:
Wu, T; Huang, H (2009). "Modeling tsunami hazards from Manila trench to Taiwan".
1425:
426:
This is a list of significant earthquakes that are related to the Manila Trench.
257:
246:
1269:
1196:
2549:
2459:
2211:
2144:
2001:
1972:
1766:
1488:
1344:
308:
296:
277:
226:
198:
1298:
2596:
2578:
2565:
2273:
2093:
1984:
1110:
414:
The most recent large-scale event originating from the Manila Trench was the
261:
202:
1158:
359:
resulting from subduction processes (causing gravity sliding and faulting).
2242:
2228:
2201:
1078:
553:
520:
345:
169:
2534:
2293:
2124:
2114:
2098:
2036:
2011:
1791:
1776:
1761:
1756:
1544:
1539:
1523:
1239:
1212:
591:
388:
356:
269:
222:
214:
1976:
253:
218:
1771:
1751:
400:
333:
1840:
1781:
1166:
Galgana, G; Hamburger, M; McCaffrey, R; Corpuz, E; Chen, Q (2007).
557:
537:
503:
408:
396:
380:
288:
608:
392:
384:
316:
265:
242:
210:
178:
158:
along the Manila Trench, from 1924, 1934, 1942, 1956, 1972, and
1366:
922:
1165:
941:
926:
574:
238:
1853:
1846:
1314:
Liu, Y; Santos, A; Wang, S; Shi, Y; Liu, H; Yuen, DA (2007).
404:
273:
206:
174:
284:
1213:"A no-net-rotation model of present-day surface motions"
344:
processes. The sequence boundary ‘t0’ represents the
307:
The Manila Trench was formed by the subduction of the
1066:
Natural
Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions
1060:
Zhao, Guangsheng; Niu, Xiaojing (January 26, 2024).
1403:
1048:
705:, Negros Trench, Sulu Trench, and Cotabato Trench.
1107:
907:
697:Trenches related to the Manila Trench include the
233:, producing this almost N-S trending trench. The
1472:. Central Geological Survey, MOEA. Archived from
387:in 19 hours. This disaster would also affect the
302:
2594:
1518:
1313:
896:
1276:
982:
971:
952:
252:The Manila Trench is associated with frequent
1953:
1504:
1324:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
1120:American Association of Petroleum Geologists
1210:
1128:10.1306/C1EA5260-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D
937:
1960:
1946:
1511:
1497:
1134:
911:
421:
1394:
1238:
1077:
1381:(2). Taiwan Geological Survey: 296–316.
366:
241:collision zone, and to the south by the
168:
2608:Oceanic trenches of the South China Sea
1432:
1092:
1059:
1037:
2595:
151:Epicenters of large earthquakes ≥ 6.4
1941:
1492:
1247:
1026:
1015:
1004:
993:
967:
956:
485:Offshore Mindoro, south-southwest of
573:Offshore Mindoro, west-southwest of
315:, which initiated during the Middle
823:"M 6.7 - Philippine Islands region"
798:"M 6.4 - Philippine Islands region"
748:"M 7.5 - Philippine Islands region"
692:
13:
2613:Natural history of the Philippines
626:Offshore Luzon, west-northwest of
536:Offshore Luzon, west-northwest of
237:is terminated to the north by the
14:
2639:
1470:"Cenozoic Plate Tectonic Setting"
1462:
1374:Geophysical Journal International
205:, located west of the islands of
1580:
1396:10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00969.x
130:
114:
94:
78:
62:
46:
30:
23:
1435:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
1406:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
1138:Journal of Geophysical Research
1086:
1053:
1049:Ruangrassamee & Saelem 2009
1042:
1031:
1020:
1009:
998:
987:
976:
961:
946:
931:
916:
877:United States Geological Survey
852:United States Geological Survey
827:United States Geological Survey
802:United States Geological Survey
777:United States Geological Survey
752:United States Geological Survey
727:United States Geological Survey
519:Offshore Mindoro, northwest of
173:The Manila Trench near western
901:
890:
865:
848:"M 7.5 - Mindoro, Philippines"
840:
815:
790:
773:"M 7.4 - Mindoro, Philippines"
765:
740:
715:
416:2006 Pingtung dual earthquakes
303:Structure of the Manila Trench
1:
2475:Geelvinck (Cendrawasih) Basin
1211:Kreemer, C; Holt, WE (2001).
1101:
677:Offshore Luzon, southeast of
383:in around 13 hours and reach
2177:Marikina Valley Fault System
2167:Flores Back Arc Thrust Fault
1557:Marikina Valley Fault System
1455:10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.12.006
1426:10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.12.004
1218:Geophysical Research Letters
873:"M 7.3 - Luzon, Philippines"
723:"M 6.7 - Luzon, Philippines"
131:
115:
95:
79:
63:
47:
31:
7:
2182:New Britain subduction zone
1279:Marine Geophysical Research
1270:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.012
1197:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.12.001
10:
2644:
2628:Buried rupture earthquakes
2084:Molucca Sea Collision Zone
1345:10.1016/j.pepi.2007.02.012
229:) is subducting under the
2435:
2369:
2348:
2302:
2251:
2224:
2210:
2157:
2107:
2061:
2045:
2029:
2020:
1992:
1863:
1800:
1744:
1693:
1589:
1578:
1530:
1299:10.1007/s11001-013-9193-5
660:Offshore Luzon, south of
607:Offshore Luzon, north of
590:Luzon, east-northeast of
2505:Northern East Java Basin
708:
643:Offshore Luzon, west of
502:Offshore Luzon, west of
468:Offshore Luzon, west of
451:Offshore Luzon, west of
324:free-air gravity anomaly
268:on the west side of the
2525:Southern Makassar Basin
2510:Northern Makassar Basin
2192:Philippine Fault System
1562:Philippine Fault System
1159:10.1029/JB089iB11p09171
938:Kreemer & Holt 2001
422:Significant earthquakes
373:2004 South Asia tsunami
260:is responsible for the
2490:North Australian Basin
2423:West Melanesian Trench
2053:Philippine Mobile Belt
1567:Philippine Mobile Belt
1079:10.5194/nhess-2023-227
912:Hayes & Lewis 1984
328:bathymetric depression
293:Philippine Mobile Belt
231:Philippine Mobile Belt
190:
187:Philippine Mobile Belt
2303:Sulawesi and Moluccas
1206:on December 17, 2008.
556:, south-southwest of
367:Manila Trench hazards
185:in the east, and the
172:
2603:Philippine tectonics
2540:West Halmahera Basin
2418:West Caroline Trough
2172:Great Sumatran Fault
2135:South Bismarck Plate
2120:North Bismarck Plate
2007:Philippine Sea Plate
1908:World Heritage Sites
1572:Philippine Sea Plate
1354:on February 23, 2012
1240:10.1029/2001GL013232
313:Philippine Sea Plate
148:class=notpageimage|
2575: /
2515:Ontong Java Plateau
1447:2009JAESc..36...21W
1418:2009JAESc..36...56R
1387:1999GeoJI.139..296R
1337:2007PEPI..163..233L
1291:2013MarGR..34..393L
1262:2009Tectp.466..229K
1231:2001GeoRL..28.4407K
1189:2007Tectp.432...63G
1151:1984JGR....89.9171H
1093:Wu & Huang 2009
1038:Wu & Huang 2009
942:Galgana et al. 2007
927:Galgana et al. 2007
635:6 dead, 40 injured
235:convergent boundary
2579:14.700°N 119.000°E
2500:North Flores Basin
2450:Aru-Tanimbar Basin
2412:New Britain Trench
2407:Pocklington Trough
2269:North Luzon Trough
2197:Ramu-Markham Fault
1903:Biosphere reserves
1678:potentially active
1145:(B11): 9171–9195.
923:Rangin et al. 1999
338:accretionary wedge
191:
2558:
2557:
2545:West Natuna Basin
2470:East Natuna Basin
2431:
2430:
2402:New Guinea Trench
2382:Kilinailau Trench
2289:East Luzon Trench
2284:Philippine Trench
2153:
2152:
2130:Solomon Sea Plate
2089:Molucca Sea Plate
2074:Bird's Head Plate
1987:Convergence Zone)
1935:
1934:
1225:(23): 4407–4410.
1027:Ku & Hsu 2009
1016:Ku & Hsu 2009
1005:Ku & Hsu 2009
994:Ku & Hsu 2009
968:Ku & Hsu 2009
957:Ku & Hsu 2009
908:Bowin et al. 1978
703:East Luzon Trench
699:Philippine Trench
690:
689:
679:Mariveles, Bataan
276:, which includes
247:gravity anomalies
183:Philippine Trench
2635:
2618:Subduction zones
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2495:North Biak Basin
2387:Manokwari Trough
2222:
2221:
2027:
2026:
1981:Australian Plate
1962:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1584:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1458:
1429:
1400:
1398:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1347:. Archived from
1331:(1–4): 233–244.
1320:
1310:
1285:(3–4): 393–406.
1273:
1256:(3–4): 229–240.
1244:
1242:
1207:
1205:
1199:. Archived from
1172:
1162:
1131:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1072:(7): 2303–2313.
1057:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1002:
996:
991:
985:
980:
974:
965:
959:
950:
944:
935:
929:
920:
914:
905:
899:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
794:
788:
787:
785:
783:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
744:
738:
737:
735:
733:
719:
693:Related trenches
439:Moment magnitude
429:
428:
134:
133:
118:
117:
98:
97:
82:
81:
66:
65:
50:
49:
34:
33:
27:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2593:
2592:
2584:14.700; 119.000
2583:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2437:
2436:Subsea plateaus
2427:
2365:
2361:Tanimbar Trough
2344:
2298:
2259:Cotabato Trench
2247:
2233:Mentawai Trough
2214:
2206:
2187:Palu-Koro Fault
2149:
2140:Trobriand Plate
2103:
2079:Halmahera Plate
2069:Banda Sea Plate
2057:
2041:
2016:
1988:
1969:Tectonic plates
1966:
1936:
1931:
1898:Protected areas
1859:
1807:
1804:
1796:
1740:
1689:
1585:
1576:
1526:
1517:
1479:
1477:
1476:on May 24, 2011
1468:
1465:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1318:
1203:
1170:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1003:
999:
992:
988:
981:
977:
966:
962:
951:
947:
936:
932:
921:
917:
906:
902:
897:Liu et al. 2007
895:
891:
881:
879:
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
846:
845:
841:
831:
829:
821:
820:
816:
806:
804:
796:
795:
791:
781:
779:
771:
770:
766:
756:
754:
746:
745:
741:
731:
729:
721:
720:
716:
711:
695:
424:
407:and peninsular
369:
311:underneath the
305:
258:subduction zone
221:, in which the
167:
166:
165:
156:
150:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
127:
126:
125:
124:
119:
111:
110:
109:
108:
99:
91:
90:
89:
88:
83:
75:
74:
73:
72:
67:
59:
58:
57:
56:
51:
43:
42:
41:
40:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2550:Woodlark Basin
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:Minahasa Basin
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Benham Plateau
2457:
2455:Bengkulu Basin
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2414:(Bougainville)
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2340:Ternate Trough
2337:
2332:
2330:Sangihe Trough
2327:
2325:Salajar Trough
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:Palawan Trench
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2145:Woodlark Plate
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
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2018:
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2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2002:Caroline Plate
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1973:Southeast Asia
1965:
1964:
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1933:
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1836:Municipalities
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1463:External links
1461:
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1311:
1274:
1250:Tectonophysics
1245:
1208:
1183:(1–4): 63–87.
1176:Tectonophysics
1163:
1132:
1103:
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1085:
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227:Eurasian Plate
199:oceanic trench
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2445:Arafura Basin
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2397:Mussau Trough
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2262:
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2250:
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2231:(Sunda) with
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1985:Pacific Plate
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1122:: 1645–1672.
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1111:AAPG Bulletin
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203:Pacific Ocean
200:
196:
195:Manila Trench
188:
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176:
171:
163:
162:
157:
149:
107:
106:
26:
19:
2560:
2530:Talaud Basin
2320:Ceram Trough
2315:Banda Trench
2263:
2243:Timor Trough
2238:Sunda Trough
2202:Sorong Fault
1852:
1845:
1599:Archipelagos
1551:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:the original
1441:(1): 21–28.
1438:
1434:
1412:(1): 56–66.
1409:
1405:
1378:
1372:
1356:. Retrieved
1349:the original
1328:
1322:
1282:
1278:
1253:
1249:
1222:
1216:
1201:the original
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880:. Retrieved
867:
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842:
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817:
805:. Retrieved
792:
780:. Retrieved
767:
755:. Retrieved
742:
730:. Retrieved
717:
696:
592:Santo Cristo
554:Luzon Strait
425:
413:
370:
361:
354:
351:
346:unconformity
342:
332:
321:
306:
282:
251:
194:
192:
160:
104:
18:
2582: /
2535:Weber Basin
2480:Manus Basin
2392:Lyra Trough
2294:Sulu Trench
2252:Philippines
2229:Java Trench
2125:Manus Plate
2115:Maoke Plate
2099:Timor Plate
2046:Philippines
2037:Burma Plate
2012:Sunda Plate
1865:Environment
1787:South China
1545:Benham Bank
1540:Benham Rise
1524:Philippines
1358:January 15,
470:Cabittaogan
443:Casualties
389:Philippines
357:lithosphere
254:earthquakes
223:Sunda Plate
215:Philippines
2597:Categories
2520:Sawu Basin
2465:Bula Basin
2438:and basins
2377:Ayu Trough
2370:New Guinea
2356:Aur Trough
2310:Aru Trough
2108:New Guinea
1977:New Guinea
1878:Ecoregions
1819:Autonomous
1767:Philippine
1731:Waterfalls
1653:Peninsulas
1102:References
272:island of
270:Philippine
256:, and the
219:subduction
2623:Tectonics
2062:Indonesia
1888:Landmarks
1841:Barangays
1826:Provinces
1805:divisions
1701:Baselines
1668:Volcanoes
1631:Mountains
1609:Headlands
1591:Landforms
1520:Geography
1480:March 20,
1307:129105638
882:April 22,
857:March 15,
832:March 15,
807:March 15,
782:March 15,
757:March 15,
732:March 15,
435:Location
401:Singapore
334:Seamounts
266:volcanoes
225:(part of
2570:119°00′E
2212:Trenches
1915:Wildlife
1736:Wetlands
1683:inactive
558:Hengchun
453:Ilioilio
409:Malaysia
397:Cambodia
381:Thailand
289:Zambales
2567:14°42′N
2217:troughs
1883:Forests
1873:Climate
1814:Regions
1792:Visayan
1777:Sibuyan
1762:Celebes
1757:Camotes
1726:Straits
1663:Valleys
1624:islands
1532:Geology
1522:of the
1443:Bibcode
1414:Bibcode
1383:Bibcode
1333:Bibcode
1287:Bibcode
1258:Bibcode
1227:Bibcode
1185:Bibcode
1147:Bibcode
645:Talisay
628:Bolitoc
609:Dagupan
487:Tayaman
393:Vietnam
385:Bangkok
317:Miocene
243:Mindoro
213:in the
211:Mindoro
201:in the
179:Mindoro
2159:Faults
1831:Cities
1721:Rivers
1673:active
1658:Plains
1646:Ultras
1641:passes
1636:ranges
1305:
575:Paluan
538:Davila
504:Davila
377:Taiwan
239:Taiwan
197:is an
181:, the
2349:Timor
2022:Small
1994:Large
1925:Flora
1920:Fauna
1854:Sitio
1847:Purok
1772:Samar
1752:Bohol
1716:Lakes
1711:Gulfs
1694:Water
1614:Hills
1352:(PDF)
1319:(PDF)
1303:S2CID
1204:(PDF)
1171:(PDF)
709:Notes
674:2022
662:Hukay
657:2021
640:2004
604:1987
587:1985
570:1972
550:1972
533:1956
516:1956
499:1948
482:1942
465:1934
448:1924
432:Year
405:China
274:Luzon
207:Luzon
175:Luzon
2215:and
2030:West
1782:Sulu
1745:Seas
1706:Bays
1482:2011
1360:2010
884:2019
859:2018
834:2018
809:2018
784:2018
759:2018
734:2018
683:6.4
666:6.7
649:6.5
632:7.1
622:1999
613:6.9
596:7.0
579:7.5
562:6.7
542:6.4
525:6.7
521:Wawa
508:7.0
491:7.4
474:7.5
457:6.7
262:belt
209:and
193:The
177:and
161:1999
139:1942
123:1972
105:1999
87:1924
71:1934
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39:1972
1971:of
1451:doi
1422:doi
1391:doi
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1341:doi
1329:163
1295:doi
1266:doi
1254:466
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1193:doi
1181:432
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1124:doi
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285:GPS
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