500:, a hotbed of opposition to Shishakli's rule, where he helped coordinate the supply of arms to insurgents in Jabal al-Druze. He was arrested by the authorities for a second time in May, during the peak of the unrest. He had been released both times because of his father's popularity at the national level; by releasing Atrash, Shishakli attempted to gain the appeasement of Sultan. In response to Atrash's second release from prison, Sultan said "I didn't ask Shishakli for the freedom of my son. I asked him for the freedom of my country."
4733:
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529:
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392:(established in 1920). Tensions between the Druze and the French authorities stemmed from a number of reasons, particularly what the local Druze leaders saw as French encroachment into their domestic affairs and self-governance. The revolt began in the summer of 1925 and had soon spread throughout Syria, ending with the military defeat of Syrian rebels in 1927 and the self-imposed exile of Sultan to
648:, was a part of the group in the National Command that opposed confrontation with the Regional Command, citing the National Command's lack of military support and political power as well as the fundamental weakness of an alliance with Umran and Amin al-Hafiz. The latter two had been engaged in an antagonistic rivalry over leadership of the Military Committee.
761:
and owned a house in al-Qurayya. Atrash had a son named Tha'er and a daughter named Rim. Because Atrash's wife was not from the Druze community, the marriage caused a temporary schism between Atrash and his father. Eventually the two bridged their differences. Following Sultan's death in 1982, Mansur
480:
seized power in 1951, establishing a military-backed autocracy. Atrash participated in anti-Shishakli activity, including throwing explosives at
Shishakli's residence in 1952, an action which resulted in Atrash's arrest. In 1953 Shishakli launched a crackdown on the Druze community, claiming they
623:
power because of the
Military Committee's overarching control, with Atrash later remarking "the officers let us do the talking although, as we later discovered, they had agreed beforehand ... what the decisions would be." The RCC played the role of parliament and Atrash was its speaker. In
601:
had been prime minister at the time of the unrest and stepped down in response to countrywide strikes and demonstrations in protest at the severity of the uprising's suppression. Bitar replaced Hafiz to serve a second term as prime minister in May, publicly promising to protect civil liberties.
39:
602:
Intra-party tensions culminated with the
Regional Command withdrawing its confidence from Bitar's government on 25 September, and Bitar and Atrash (an associate of Bitar) subsequently resigning from the Presidential Council. Their positions were filled by
610:, respectively, and effectively brought the Presidential Council under the full control of the Military Committee and the Regional Command. Hafiz also replaced Bitar as premier in October, although Atrash remained in his ministerial post.
624:
December tensions between the
National Command (loyal to Aflaq and Bitar) and the Regional Command (loyal to Jadid and backed by the military) grew worse as elements of the former attempted to align with Military Committee member
694:, Atrash and other Aflaq loyalists were released from their detention. Atrash later remarked that "It was not agreeable to know that we owed our freedom to defeat." In collaboration with dissenting Ba'athist officer
3232:
558:("The People.") Atrash opposed the break-up of the union after a secessionist coup in September 1961, and opposed playing a political role in the anti-unionist governments that succeeded the UAR; Prime Minister
503:
According to
Moubayed, Atrash's anti-government activities significantly contributed to Shishakli's resignation and departure from Syria in February 1954 amid the countrywide unrest. In the first post-Shishakli
1869:
588:
Differences between Bitar and the
Regional Command had developed in 1964, with the latter viewing Bitar's cabinet as being right-leaning and soft on "reactionary" elements within Syria in the aftermath of
3222:
3129:
2563:
2358:
698:, Atrash attempted to overthrow Jadid's government in 1967, but failed. Following this unsuccessful coup attempt, he moved into self-imposed exile in Lebanon and lived there until the death of
4777:
493:
to establish a
Hashemite government in Syria. Jabal al-Druze was bombarded by government forces and Atrash's father Sultan was put under house arrest for his vocal criticism of Shishakli.
3227:
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2220:
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285:(1951–54), he became an anti-government activist and was imprisoned twice, only to be released in an unsuccessful attempt by Shishakli to gain the support of Atrash's father,
1080:
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573:
on 8 March 1963. The
Military Committee's stated goal was to reestablish a pan-Arab state; a goal Atrash shared. He was appointed Minister of Labor and Social Affairs in
3371:
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3171:
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734:
against Israel. Between 2001 and 2006 he presided over the Syrian Arab
Committee, which aimed to end the sanctions against Iraq and later support it after the
1050:
3161:
3192:
1891:
399:
It was in
Transjordan, and later in Damascus and Beirut, that Mansur completed his primary and secondary education. In 1946, Mansur went to study at the
562:(term in 1962) offered him a cabinet post, but he turned down the offer, citing his ideological opposition to a secessionist government. Prime Minister
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After Shishakli came into conflict with the Ba'athists that year as a result of the former's authoritarian manner of governance, Atrash moved to
132:
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57:
332:, with Atrash being an ardent supporter of the latter. He was subsequently imprisoned, but released in the aftermath of Syria's defeat in the
4772:
4522:
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777:
as well as some "prominent Arab personalities." Atrash was buried in the woodland area of Hushus which he owned, near his native al-Qurayya.
614:
317:
3463:
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1451:
1428:
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702:, the head of Syria's secret intelligence service. He returned to Syria in 1969 and lived much of the remainder of his life in seclusion.
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769:, and according to one of his relatives, Talal al-Atrash, the ceremony was attended by "hundreds of thousands" of Druze from Syria,
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344:, he returned to Syria where he mostly abandoned political life. He died on 14 November 2006 and was buried near his hometown of
140:
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after the Mandatory authorities issued a warrant for his arrest. He returned in 1937 after being pardoned by the authorities.
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1410:
1367:
1331:
1296:
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512:'s September 1955 government, but he rejected the offer because of the Ba'ath Party's opposition to the government's makeup.
309:. He opposed Syria's secession from the UAR and turned down offers to serve in successive separatist governments in protest.
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In 1978 Atrash hosted a dinner aimed at healing the rift between the ruling Ba'ath governments of Syria and neighboring
566:(term in 1962–63) appointed him minister of social affairs without asking him, but Atrash turned down that job as well.
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581:, an organ responsible for running day-to-day state affairs. In February 1964 Atrash was elected to the 12-member
463:, and actively participated in party strikes, marches and parades. Atrash wrote regularly for the party newspaper
388:. At the time, the Jabal al-Druze area constituted an autonomous zone (existing between 1922 and 1936) within the
3694:
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Atrash continued to hold the office of RCC, and was reelected as speaker on 15 February 1966, shortly before the
4120:
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289:. In the year Shishakli was overthrown, Atrash was elected to parliament and turned down an offer to serve in
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53:
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663:. The Jadid government's coming to power resulted in the self-imposed exile of the leading Ba'ath ideologue
652:
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313:
273:
politician and journalist. Together with fellow university students, Atrash became a founding member of the
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4437:
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3521:
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2428:
4003:
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His seclusion from Syrian politics ended after the Military Committee of the Ba'ath Party took power in a
324:
by left-wing Ba'athist officers resulted in a split within the party between the coup officers led by the
4612:
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403:(AUB), and graduated in 1948 with a BA in political science. In 1951, he attained a law degree from the
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Political Studies and Public Administration Department of the American University of Beirut (1966).
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Atrash died at 6:30 am on 14 November 2006, at the age of 80. His funeral was held in the city of
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Political Studies and Public Administration Department of the American University of Beirut 1966
447:. He joined the organization during his time at the AUB and then left with his party colleagues
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1993:
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469:. He was the only prominent Druze member in the Ba'ath Party who hailed from a major clan, the
412:
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later that year, Atrash was elected to parliament. Atrash was offered a cabinet position in
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2015:
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later paid him a visit to discuss Syria's political situation and check on his health.
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1998:
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1247:
Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
656:
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286:
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730:. Between 2000 and 2006 Atrash was a member of an organization in support of the
637:
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The first meeting of the Syrian government after the Baath coup of March 8, 1963
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in an effort to split the military's support (and according to Syria expert
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3259:
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1983:
1967:
1962:
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Baath MPs Salah al-Bitar and Mansour al-Atrash voting in Parliament - 1955
4319:
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2137:
1530:
1469:
1212:
1081:"IMPR Report 5: The Assad Regime in the Context of Reform and Revolution"
754:
695:
691:
603:
427:
Founders of the Baath Party during its formation in Damascus - April 1947
333:
302:
762:
gained the latter's role as the major spokesman for the al-Atrash clan.
4254:
4171:
4166:
4095:
3811:
3018:
2418:
766:
723:
373:
345:
316:, Atrash became Minister of Social Affairs and in 1965 the head of the
237:
176:
3938:
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1876:
1055:
Official Website of the People's Assembly in the Syrian Arab Republic
722:. The dinner was attended by such notables as Iraqi foreign minister
545:
482:
470:
432:
741:
552:'s policies—and wrote several articles in Nasserite daily newspaper
528:
520:
423:
356:
4678:
4387:
3883:
3562:
758:
710:
619:
585:, which was nominally the highest policy-making body of the party.
1450:
770:
645:
633:
341:
1000:
998:
38:
774:
753:
and the daughter of Yusuf al-Shuwayri, Sultan's partner in the
641:
636:
officers' solid backing) of Jadid. However, Atrash, along with
486:
337:
667:. Atrash, a partisan of Aflaq, was arrested and jailed in the
4482:
1612:
995:
541:
456:
369:
298:
270:
196:
1031:
719:
497:
490:
418:
1324:
Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
749:
In August 1956 Atrash married teacher Hind al-Shuwayri, a
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613:
On 1 September 1965 Atrash was appointed Chairman of the
544:, in 1958. During the UAR years, Atrash became a devoted
1679:
1379:
Syria Under the Baʻth, 1963–66: The Army Party Symbiosis
1356:
The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism
1174:
1164:
1162:
1126:
4778:
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians
956:
941:
862:
860:
858:
826:
884:
872:
1186:
1159:
896:
714:
Baath Party veterans at a cocktail reception in 2002
439:'in principle and practice," according to historian
4788:
Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party
1051:"The National Council of the Revolution, 1965–1966"
855:
4493:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
3407:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
1394:
1265:
1306:Ma'oz, Moshe (1974). Schiffrin, Harold Z. (ed.).
515:
269:; 3 February 1925 – 14 November 2006) was a
4749:
1892:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq
577:'s first government, and became a member of the
1397:Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East
1085:International Middle East Peace Research Center
297:(1958–61), Atrash became a strong supporter of
1819:National Council for the Revolutionary Command
811:Mansour Sultan al-Atrash Biographical Timeline
655:(21–23 February), which brought the left-wing
4523:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
3970:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
3899:
3583:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
1665:
1436:
917:
915:
913:
911:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
644:and Jubran al-Majdalani and Ali al-Khalil of
3370:
157:18 February 1964 – 23 February 1966
70:1 September 1965 – 21 February 1966
27:
384:, which was launched and led by his father
360:Hasan Mraywed and Mansour al-Atrash at the
340:. After two years of self-imposed exile in
4793:Speakers of the People's Assembly of Syria
3906:
3892:
1672:
1658:
1443:
1429:
1376:
1120:
1108:
1057:. Syrian People's Assembly. Archived from
1025:
1004:
989:
908:
791:
312:When the Ba'ath Party gained power in the
3464:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
1305:
1203:
1201:
1180:
4603:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
4533:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
4498:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
3427:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
1353:
1318:
1141:
1037:
977:
950:
890:
849:
740:
709:
527:
519:
422:
419:Ba'ath Party and conflict with Shishakli
355:
293:'s government. During the period of the
4478:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
4463:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
3568:Front of Patriotic and National Parties
3547:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces
3397:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
1286:
902:
705:
368:Atrash was born 3 February 1925 in the
43:Portrait of Mansur al-Atrash, 1963–1966
4750:
4473:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
3479:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
1244:
1207:
1198:
866:
3887:
3748:
3369:
3076:
1937:
1719:
1653:
1424:
1389:
1263:
1192:
1168:
1078:
878:
4773:American University of Beirut alumni
3913:
3598:Palestinian National Salvation Front
820:. Rim Al Attrache Official Website.
110:4 August 1963 – 13 May 1964
99:Minister of Labor and Social Affairs
4513:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
3668:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party
3633:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
1452:Speakers of the Parliament of Syria
380:(Jabal al-Arab), months before the
266:
28:
13:
4453:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
3975:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
3718:General Federation of Trade Unions
3578:Lebanese National Resistance Front
3291:National Progressive Front (Syria)
1213:"Mansour al-Atrash has Died at 80"
745:Mansur al-Atrash in Baghdad (2002)
536:Atrash supported formation of the
443:, became a founding member of the
407:. He also served as a lecturer on
281:in 1947. During the presidency of
14:
4824:
4518:Palestine Liberation Organization
3749:
3542:Palestine Liberation Organization
3286:National Progressive Front (Iraq)
2939:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
2369:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur
1308:Military and State in Modern Asia
540:(UAR), a union between Syria and
4732:
4731:
4458:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
4141:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
3447:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
3077:
2351:Members of the Regional Commands
1611:
926:. Mid East Views. Archived from
659:of Jadid to power and caused an
37:
4101:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
3695:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
1829:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
1237:
1223:from the original on 2022-06-26
1072:
1043:
1010:
4543:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
4305:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
3517:Alliance of Palestinian Forces
1938:
1403:University of California Press
1289:Historical Dictionary of Syria
1264:Betts, Robert Brenton (2010).
1249:. Princeton University Press.
516:UAR period and Ba'athist Syria
58:National Revolutionary Council
1:
4813:Syrian expatriates in Lebanon
3728:General Union of Syrian Women
3638:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
3593:Palestinian National Alliance
1865:Revolutionary Command Council
1757:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
1347:American University of Beirut
922:Moubayed, Sami (2006-11-16).
780:
615:Revolutionary Command Council
593:in April of that year by the
583:Ba'ath Party National Command
401:American University in Beirut
362:American University of Beirut
351:
318:Revolutionary Command Council
243:American University of Beirut
4808:Syrian expatriates in France
4488:Federation of Arab Republics
4448:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
4438:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
4039:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
3987:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
3537:National Democratic Alliance
3522:Forces of Freedom and Change
2519:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i
2479:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
2429:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri
1079:Ayhan, Veysel (2012-08-08).
726:and Syrian defense minister
7:
4613:Flag of the Arab Federation
4443:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
4433:Arab Socialist Action Party
3663:Social Democratic Unionists
3628:Arab Democratic Union Party
3324:National Defense Battalions
1720:
1682:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
1377:Rabinovich, Itamar (1972).
1343:Chronology of Arab Politics
617:(RCC), but acquired little
211:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
145:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
10:
4829:
4803:University of Paris alumni
4584:On the Way of Resurrection
4577:The Battle for One Destiny
4508:Lebanese National Movement
3949:Third International Theory
3841:On the Way of Resurrection
3834:The Battle for One Destiny
3623:Arab Socialist Union Party
3573:Lebanese National Movement
2803:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab
2514:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i
1354:Provence, Michael (2005).
1287:Commins, David D. (2004).
548:—a supporter of President
431:In 1947 Atrash, an ardent
194:14 November 2006 (aged 81)
4727:
4636:
4593:
4561:
4538:Unified Political Command
4428:Arab Nationalist Movement
4373:
4325:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
4185:
4154:
4121:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
3992:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
3957:
3921:
3850:
3825:
3759:
3755:
3744:
3723:General Union of Peasants
3710:
3615:
3555:
3532:National Consensus Forces
3509:
3502:
3435:
3384:
3380:
3365:
3345:Revolutionary Youth Union
3337:
3306:
3299:
3278:
3252:
3180:
3102:
3091:
3087:
3072:
3057:
2947:
2907:
2900:
2845:
2820:
2813:
2797:
2562:
2357:
2350:
2219:
2173:
2151:
2130:
2103:
2056:
2049:
2008:
1976:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1933:
1847:
1786:
1765:
1734:
1730:
1715:
1689:
1621:
1608:
1459:
1360:University of Texas Press
1272:. Yale University Press.
682:On 9 June 1967, when the
671:during the coup. The new
252:
236:
219:
202:
190:
170:
165:
161:
150:
138:
126:
114:
103:
98:
86:
74:
63:
52:
48:
36:
23:
4798:Syrian Arab nationalists
4046:1952 Egyptian revolution
3673:Socialist Unionist Party
3643:Libyan National Movement
3469:Arabic Toilers' Movement
3373:Associated organizations
3233:National Security Bureau
3181:Syrian-dominated faction
2609:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan
2544:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi
2394:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
2094:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
2009:Syrian-dominated faction
1705:Syrian-dominated faction
1629:Syrian National Congress
785:
657:neo-Ba'athist government
459:. He became part of its
328:and the founders led by
4699:Palestinian nationalism
4618:Flag of the Arab Revolt
4111:1966 Syrian coup d'état
4091:1963 Syrian coup d'état
4071:1961 Syrian coup d'état
3648:National Covenant Party
3452:Arab Socialist Movement
3103:Iraqi-dominated faction
3029:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
2719:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham
2404:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
2374:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun
1977:Iraqi-dominated faction
1897:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
1887:Union of Arab Republics
1839:1966 Syrian coup d'état
1814:1963 Syrian coup d'état
1794:1954 Syrian coup d'état
1752:Arab Socialist Movement
1696:Iraqi-dominated faction
653:1966 Syrian coup d'état
455:for further studies in
390:French Mandate of Syria
185:French Mandate of Syria
4126:1969 Libyan revolution
4004:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
3678:Syrian Communist Party
3484:Palestinian Arab Front
3014:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
2994:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
2984:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
2934:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
2739:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
2714:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
2649:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
2554:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
2489:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi
2434:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
2389:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah
2089:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
1994:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
1383:Transaction Publishers
1312:Transaction Publishers
1245:Batatu, Hanna (2012).
746:
715:
533:
525:
461:Syrian regional branch
428:
413:University of Damascus
365:
279:Syrian regional branch
207:Syrian Regional Branch
4684:Jordanian nationalism
4418:Arab Islamic Republic
4413:Arab Higher Committee
4290:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
4270:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
4081:North Yemen civil war
4014:Arab–Israeli conflict
3494:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
3009:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
2959:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
2734:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
2529:Nayef Shindakh Thamer
2282:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
2143:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei
1778:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
744:
713:
700:Abd al-Karim al-Jundi
675:and future president
575:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
531:
523:
481:were being funded by
449:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
426:
359:
4719:Tunisian nationalism
4689:Lebanese nationalism
4649:Egyptian nationalism
4644:Algerian nationalism
4548:United Arab Republic
4423:Arab Liberation Army
4403:Arab Ba'ath Movement
4260:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
3588:National Union Front
2919:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
2877:Abdul Halim Khaddam
2832:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
2684:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi
2629:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
2499:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
2424:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
2277:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
2079:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
2050:Regional Secretaries
1747:Arab Ba'ath Movement
732:Palestinian uprising
706:Later life and death
661:internal party split
579:Presidential Council
538:United Arab Republic
295:United Arab Republic
181:Jabal al-Druze State
4783:Syrian Druze people
4709:Sahrawi nationalism
4066:1959 Mosul uprising
3999:Great Syrian Revolt
3711:Other organizations
3653:Popular Unity Party
3503:Political alliances
3034:Wael Nader al-Halqi
2901:Heads of government
2744:Abdul Qadir Qaddura
2699:Abdul Halim Khaddam
2669:Mohammad al-Hussein
2654:Wael Nader al-Halqi
2494:Taha Yassin Ramadan
2484:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan
2474:Ali Hassan al-Majid
2459:Latif Nassif Jassim
1949:General Secretaries
1882:Corrective Movement
1804:1959 Mosul uprising
1291:. Scarecrow Press.
1040:, pp. 179–180.
1016:Seale, 1990, p. 94.
924:"Missing the Pasha"
757:, who was based in
506:democratic election
405:Sorbonne University
382:Great Syrian Revolt
247:University of Paris
4714:Syrian nationalism
4694:Libyan nationalism
4654:Greater Mauritania
4570:The Arab Awakening
4553:United Arab States
4528:Rejectionist Front
4335:Gamal Abdel Nasser
4146:Yemeni unification
4136:Lebanese Civil War
4116:17 July Revolution
4086:Ramadan Revolution
4061:14 July Revolution
3603:Rejectionist Front
2999:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
2974:Nureddin al-Atassi
2862:Nureddin al-Atassi
2694:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
2599:Nureddin al-Atassi
2509:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
2409:Salih Mahdi Ammash
2379:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil
2332:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
2262:Nureddin al-Atassi
2196:Nureddin al-Atassi
2074:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
2026:Abdullah al-Ahmar
2016:Nureddin al-Atassi
1912:De-Ba'athification
1855:17 July Revolution
1809:Ramadan Revolution
1799:14 July Revolution
1007:, p. 132–133.
816:2017-06-23 at the
747:
716:
595:Muslim Brotherhood
550:Gamal Abdel Nasser
534:
526:
429:
366:
326:Military Committee
307:Gamal Abdel Nasser
4745:
4744:
4674:Iraqi nationalism
4365:Constantin Zureiq
4215:Abdul Rahman Arif
4195:Butrus al-Bustani
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3616:Political parties
3611:
3610:
3489:Socialist Lebanon
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3248:
3247:
3094:Regional branches
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3024:Riyad Farid Hijab
2989:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
2896:
2895:
2882:
2809:
2808:
2759:Hikmat al-Shihabi
2574:Abdullah al-Ahmar
2539:Hardan al-Tikriti
2469:Adnan Khayr Allah
2464:Rashid Taan Kazim
2399:Salah Omar al-Ali
2242:Abdullah al-Ahmar
2215:
2214:
2045:
2044:
2031:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1647:
1646:
1627:president of the
1412:978-0-520-06976-3
1369:978-0-292-70680-4
1333:978-1-885942-41-8
1320:Moubayed, Sami M.
1298:978-0-8108-4934-1
1279:978-0-300-04810-0
1256:978-0-691-00254-5
881:, pp. 85–86.
630:Itamar Rabinovich
409:Arabic literature
256:
255:
215:
16:Syrian politician
4820:
4768:Al-Atrash family
4735:
4734:
4608:Eagle of Saladin
4315:Amin al-Husseini
4280:Faisal I of Iraq
4250:Sultan al-Atrash
4245:Mansur al-Atrash
4220:Abdul Salam Arif
4029:War of Attrition
3915:Arab nationalism
3908:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3777:Arab nationalism
3767:Anti-imperialism
3757:
3756:
3746:
3745:
3527:March 8 Alliance
3507:
3506:
3439:
3438:Breakaway groups
3382:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3366:
3304:
3303:
3130:Regional Command
3100:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3073:
3004:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi
2951:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2878:
2849:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2754:Farouk al-Sharaa
2749:Hammouda Sabbagh
2639:Ibrahim al-Hadid
2619:Mahdi Dakhlallah
2604:Shibli al-Aysami
2566:
2414:Hussein Al-Awadi
2384:Saad Abdul-Majid
2361:
2355:
2354:
2302:Akram al-Hawrani
2272:Shibli al-Aysami
2267:Mansur al-Atrash
2229:
2228:National Command
2223:
2186:Shibli al-Aysami
2054:
2053:
2027:
1999:Salah Al-Mukhtar
1953:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1917:Syrian civil war
1824:Ar-Rashid revolt
1732:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1697:
1683:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1631:
1616:
1615:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1400:
1386:
1373:
1350:
1337:
1315:
1302:
1283:
1271:
1260:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1087:. Archived from
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1002:
993:
987:
981:
975:
954:
948:
939:
938:
936:
935:
919:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
853:
847:
824:
823:
808:
673:defense minister
437:Arab nationalist
386:Sultan al-Atrash
268:
259:Mansur al-Atrash
227:Sultan al-Atrash
213:
166:Personal details
155:
141:National Command
129:
117:
108:
89:
77:
68:
41:
31:
30:
25:Mansur al-Atrash
21:
20:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4723:
4659:Greater Morocco
4632:
4628:Pan-Arab colors
4623:Hawk of Quraish
4589:
4557:
4408:Arab Federation
4369:
4355:Abdullah Rimawi
4330:Mostéfa Merarda
4285:Muammar Gaddafi
4265:Ahmed Ben Bella
4240:Jamal al-Atassi
4230:Bashar al-Assad
4181:
4150:
4131:Black September
4009:Anglo-Iraqi War
3953:
3917:
3912:
3882:
3869:
3865:Pan-Arab colors
3859:Arḍ ul-Furātayn
3846:
3821:
3751:
3732:
3706:
3607:
3551:
3498:
3457:Damascus branch
3437:
3431:
3402:Free Iraqi Army
3392:Al-Abud Network
3376:
3372:
3349:
3333:
3319:Fedayeen Saddam
3314:Ba'ath Brigades
3295:
3274:
3265:Sawt al-Jamahir
3244:
3223:Central Command
3176:
3093:
3083:
3079:
3060:
3049:
2949:
2943:
2909:
2892:
2887:Bashar al-Assad
2867:Ahmad al-Khatib
2847:
2841:
2822:
2805:
2793:
2764:Hammud al-Shufi
2729:Zuhair Masharqa
2724:Ibrahim Makhous
2709:Ahmad al-Khatib
2674:Hisham Ikhtiyar
2594:Rifaat al-Assad
2584:Bashar al-Assad
2564:
2558:
2524:Talib El-Shibib
2439:Saadoun Ghaidan
2359:
2346:
2342:Khaled Yashruti
2337:Talib El-Shibib
2327:Abdullah Rimawi
2292:Wahib al-Ghanim
2252:Bashar al-Assad
2227:
2221:
2211:
2206:Bashar al-Assad
2181:Hammud al-Shufi
2169:
2147:
2126:
2111:Abdullah Rimawi
2099:
2069:Talib El-Shibib
2041:
2036:Bashar al-Assad
2004:
1972:
1940:
1921:
1843:
1782:
1761:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1455:
1449:
1419:
1413:
1370:
1345:. Vol. 4.
1334:
1299:
1280:
1257:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1127:
1121:Rabinovich 1972
1119:
1115:
1109:Rabinovich 1972
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1026:Rabinovich 1972
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1005:Rabinovich 1972
1003:
996:
990:Rabinovich 1972
988:
984:
976:
957:
949:
942:
933:
931:
921:
920:
909:
901:
897:
889:
885:
877:
873:
865:
856:
848:
827:
821:
818:Wayback Machine
809:
792:
788:
783:
708:
638:Munif al-Razzaz
518:
421:
354:
245:
232:
203:Political party
195:
175:
174:3 February 1925
156:
151:
127:
115:
109:
104:
93:Ahmad al-Khatib
87:
75:
69:
64:
44:
32:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4826:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4637:Related topics
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4503:Islamic Legion
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:Al-Mourabitoun
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4360:Hamdeen Sabahi
4357:
4352:
4350:Fuad al-Rikabi
4347:
4342:
4340:Adnan Pachachi
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:Saddam Hussein
4307:
4302:
4300:Sati' al-Husri
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:Hafez al-Assad
4232:
4227:
4225:Zaki al-Arsuzi
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4106:Aden Emergency
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4051:Iraqi Intifada
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4034:Yom Kippur War
4031:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3929:Arab socialism
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:Arab socialism
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:Jeish Muhammad
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3377:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3279:Popular fronts
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3044:Hussein Arnous
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2979:Hafez al-Assad
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Sa'dun Hammadi
2926:
2924:Saddam Hussein
2921:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2874:
2872:Hafez al-Assad
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2837:Saddam Hussein
2834:
2828:
2826:
2815:
2814:Heads of state
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Muhammad Umran
2776:
2774:Hasan Turkmani
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2589:Hafez al-Assad
2586:
2581:
2579:Hussein Arnous
2576:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Fuad al-Rikabi
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:Saddam Hussein
2451:
2446:
2444:Sa'dun Hammadi
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:Fuad al-Rikabi
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Hafez al-Assad
2254:
2249:
2247:Zaki al-Arsuzi
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2201:Hafez al-Assad
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2121:Akram al-Homsi
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2086:
2084:Saddam Hussein
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Fuad al-Rikabi
2060:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2023:
2021:Hafez al-Assad
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1989:Saddam Hussein
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:Iraqi conflict
1904:
1902:Faith Campaign
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1860:Ba'athist Iraq
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1834:1964 Hama riot
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1391:Seale, Patrick
1387:
1374:
1368:
1351:
1338:
1332:
1326:. Cune Press.
1316:
1303:
1297:
1284:
1278:
1261:
1255:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1211:(2006-11-16).
1209:Landis, Joshua
1197:
1195:, p. 313.
1185:
1183:, p. 283.
1173:
1171:, p. 180.
1158:
1146:
1144:, p. 180.
1125:
1123:, p. 135.
1113:
1111:, p. 187.
1101:
1071:
1042:
1030:
1028:, p. 221.
1018:
1009:
994:
992:, p. 227.
982:
980:, p. 179.
955:
953:, p. 161.
940:
907:
895:
883:
871:
854:
852:, p. 178.
825:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
707:
704:
677:Hafez al-Assad
626:Muhammad Umran
560:Bashir al-Azma
517:
514:
510:Said al-Ghazzi
478:Adib Shishakli
420:
417:
378:Jabal al-Druze
353:
350:
301:president and
291:Said al-Ghazzi
283:Adib Shishakli
254:
253:
250:
249:
240:
234:
233:
231:
230:
223:
221:
217:
216:
204:
200:
199:
192:
188:
187:
172:
168:
167:
163:
162:
159:
158:
148:
147:
139:Member of the
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
121:Muhammad Abdin
118:
112:
111:
101:
100:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
81:Said al-Ghazzi
78:
72:
71:
61:
60:
50:
49:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4825:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4738:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Greater Yemen
4667:
4665:
4664:Greater Syria
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4375:Organizations
4372:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:George Habash
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Izzat Darwaza
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Yasser Arafat
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4187:Personalities
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Arab identity
4160:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Arab Cold War
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Republicanism
3800:
3798:
3797:Progressivism
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:Miscellaneous
3747:
3743:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Rejectionists
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3364:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3059:* = incumbent
3056:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:Yusuf Zuayyin
2967:
2965:
2964:Amin al-Hafiz
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Amin al-Hafiz
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2789:Yusuf Zuayyin
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Mustafa Tlass
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Sami al-Jundi
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Amin al-Hafiz
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Marwan Habash
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:Khamis Sirhan
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Qusay Hussein
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Zuheir Mohsen
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Amin al-Hafiz
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Amin al-Hafiz
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
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2037:
2034:
2032:
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2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
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1969:
1966:
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1218:
1217:Syria Comment
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1156:, p. 69.
1155:
1150:
1143:
1142:Moubayed 2006
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1091:on 2013-04-08
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1061:on 2013-07-19
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1038:Moubayed 2006
1034:
1027:
1022:
1013:
1006:
1001:
999:
991:
986:
979:
978:Moubayed 2006
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
952:
951:Provence 2005
947:
945:
930:on 2007-07-10
929:
925:
918:
916:
914:
912:
905:, p. 56.
904:
899:
893:, p. 64.
892:
891:Provence 2005
887:
880:
875:
869:, p. 28.
868:
863:
861:
859:
851:
850:Moubayed 2006
846:
844:
842:
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797:
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790:
778:
776:
772:
768:
763:
760:
756:
752:
743:
739:
737:
736:2003 invasion
733:
729:
728:Mustafa Tlass
725:
721:
712:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Golan Heights
686:occupied the
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
669:Mezzeh Prison
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
621:
616:
611:
609:
608:Yusuf Zuaiyin
605:
600:
599:Amin al-Hafiz
596:
592:
591:Hama uprising
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
564:Khalid al-Azm
561:
557:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
530:
522:
513:
511:
507:
501:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
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472:
468:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Sami Moubayed
438:
434:
425:
416:
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402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:community of
371:
363:
358:
349:
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319:
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193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
173:
169:
164:
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154:
149:
146:
142:
137:
134:
133:Ali Taljabini
131:
125:
122:
119:
113:
107:
102:
97:
94:
91:
85:
82:
79:
73:
67:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
35:
22:
19:
4704:Pan-Islamism
4582:
4575:
4568:
4468:Ba'ath Party
4345:Ameen Rihani
4244:
4205:Jassem Alwan
4200:Michel Aflaq
4056:Algerian War
3982:Iraqi Revolt
3857:
3839:
3832:
3772:Anti-Zionism
3385:Armed groups
3329:Popular Army
3307:Paramilitary
3080:Organization
2879:
2614:Muhsen Bilal
2317:Munif Razzaz
2266:
2237:Michel Aflaq
2159:Isam al-Qadi
2116:Munif Razzaz
2028:
1984:Michel Aflaq
1968:Munif Razzaz
1963:Michel Aflaq
1773:Michel Aflaq
1735:Predecessors
1702:
1693:
1546:
1396:
1378:
1355:
1342:
1323:
1307:
1288:
1267:
1246:
1238:Bibliography
1225:. Retrieved
1188:
1176:
1149:
1116:
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1084:
1074:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
1054:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1012:
985:
932:. Retrieved
928:the original
903:Commins 2004
898:
886:
874:
764:
748:
717:
684:Israeli Army
681:
665:Michel Aflaq
650:
618:
612:
597:. President
587:
568:
553:
535:
502:
495:
475:
464:
453:Michel Aflaq
445:Ba'ath Party
430:
398:
367:
364:in the 1940s
330:Michel Aflaq
311:
275:Ba'ath Party
267:منصور الأطرش
258:
257:
214:(until 1966)
152:
128:Succeeded by
105:
88:Succeeded by
65:
29:منصور الأطرش
18:
4763:2006 deaths
4758:1925 births
4398:Arab Ba'ath
4320:Salah Jadid
4177:Arabization
4024:Six-Day War
4019:Suez Crisis
3965:Arab Revolt
3944:Pan-Arabism
3817:Vanguardism
3792:Pan-Arabism
3422:Snake Party
3208:South Yemen
3039:Imad Khamis
2784:Salim Yasin
2704:Imad Khamis
2679:Salah Jadid
2664:Hilal Hilal
2659:Salim Hatum
2624:Ahmad Diyab
2549:Tahir Yahya
2307:Salah Jadid
2287:Elias Farah
2164:Rakad Salem
2138:Assem Qanso
1742:Arab Ba'ath
1636:within the
1506:al-Dawalibi
867:Batatu 2012
822:(in Arabic)
755:grain trade
696:Salim Hatum
692:Six-Day War
690:during the
604:Salah Jadid
571:coup d'état
394:Transjordan
322:second coup
116:Preceded by
76:Preceded by
4752:Categories
4562:Literature
4255:Tariq Aziz
4172:Arab world
4167:Arab Union
4096:Dhofar War
3826:Literature
3812:Secularism
3700:in Lebanon
3253:Newspapers
3198:Mauritania
3152:Mauritania
3019:Adel Safar
2419:Tariq Aziz
2029:(de facto)
1939:Leadership
1848:Post-split
1537:al-Kuzbari
1526:al-Hawrani
1516:al-Kuzbari
1454:since 1919
1227:2012-09-06
1193:Seale 1990
1181:Ma'oz 1974
1169:Seale 1990
1095:2013-06-13
1065:2013-06-13
934:2013-07-24
879:Betts 2010
781:References
767:al-Suwayda
724:Tariq Aziz
555:Al Jamahir
374:al-Qurayya
352:Early life
346:al-Qurayya
238:Alma mater
177:al-Qurayya
4595:Symbolism
3939:Nasserism
3934:Ba'athism
3851:Symbolism
3807:Saddamism
3787:Ba'athism
3270:Al-Thawra
3260:Al-Ba'ath
3203:Palestine
3157:Palestine
2880:(interim)
2152:Palestine
1956:Pre-split
1877:Arab Belt
1787:Pre-split
1587:al-Abrash
1562:al-Halabi
1557:al-Yusufi
1552:al-Khatib
1547:al-Atrash
1496:al-Khoury
1491:al-Jabiri
1486:al-Khoury
1481:al-Atassi
1464:al-Atassi
1268:The Druze
751:Christian
546:Nasserite
483:Hashemite
471:al-Atrash
466:al-Ba'ath
433:socialist
320:(RCC). A
314:1963 coup
153:In office
106:In office
66:In office
4737:Category
4679:Islamism
4388:Al-Fatat
4155:Concepts
3922:Ideology
3760:Ideology
3563:Ahd Bloc
1766:Founders
1592:al-Laham
1582:al-Otari
1577:Kaddoura
1521:al-Kudsi
1511:al-Kudsi
1393:(1990).
1322:(2006).
1221:Archived
814:Archived
759:al-Midan
620:de facto
476:General
334:1967 War
303:pan-Arab
299:Egyptian
277:and its
229:(father)
54:Chairman
4383:Al-Awda
3958:History
3688:Unified
3683:Bakdash
3510:Current
3474:Al-Awda
3228:History
3193:Lebanon
3167:Tunisia
3142:Lebanon
3115:Bahrain
3110:Algeria
2225:of the
2222:Members
2131:Lebanon
1870:Members
1723:History
1602:Sabbagh
1476:Muayyad
771:Lebanon
646:Lebanon
634:Alawite
485:-ruled
411:in the
342:Lebanon
305:leader
209:of the
143:of the
56:of the
3556:Former
3188:Jordan
3137:Jordan
2104:Jordan
1542:Ghazzi
1501:Kikhya
1409:
1366:
1330:
1295:
1276:
1253:
775:Jordan
642:Jordan
632:, the
487:Jordan
338:Israel
287:Sultan
271:Syrian
263:Arabic
220:Parent
4483:Fatah
3658:Sawab
3338:Youth
3300:Wings
3240:Yemen
3218:Syria
3213:Sudan
3172:Yemen
3162:Sudan
3147:Libya
3120:Egypt
2950:Syria
2848:Syria
2798:Yemen
2565:Syria
2174:Syria
1597:Abbas
1572:Zuabi
1567:Hadid
1531:Sadat
786:Notes
542:Egypt
457:Paris
370:Druze
336:with
197:Syria
3125:Iraq
2910:Iraq
2823:Iraq
2360:Iraq
2057:Iraq
1470:Rida
1407:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1251:ISBN
773:and
720:Iraq
606:and
498:Homs
491:Iraq
489:and
451:and
435:and
191:Died
171:Born
1638:UAR
640:of
376:in
4754::
1405:.
1401:.
1381:.
1362:.
1358:.
1310:.
1219:.
1215:.
1200:^
1161:^
1128:^
1083:.
1053:.
997:^
958:^
943:^
910:^
857:^
828:^
793:^
738:.
473:.
415:.
348:.
265::
183:,
179:,
3907:e
3900:t
3893:v
3046:*
2889:*
2208:*
2166:*
2123:*
2096:*
2038:*
2001:*
1673:e
1666:t
1659:v
1634:†
1625:*
1533:†
1472:*
1466:*
1444:e
1437:t
1430:v
1415:.
1385:.
1372:.
1349:.
1336:.
1314:.
1301:.
1282:.
1259:.
1230:.
1098:.
1068:.
937:.
261:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
