357:, who had come before the Inquisition. With the outbreak of violence led by Hidalgo in September 1810, Abad y Queipo himself came under suspicion and was denounced to the Inquisition by FermĂn Peñalosa y AntĂłn for his being "delinquent in matters of faith". Abad y Queipo strongly and energetically opposed the violent movement for Mexican independence from Spain. This was perhaps due his belief that the economic and social progress he sought was threatened with destruction by movement led by his friend Hidalgo. Abad had also sought the friendship of members of the revolutionary juntas of Valladolid (now Morelia) and
449:
226:
292:
memorial to Bishop
Antonio de San Miguel. Their multiple languages, ties to their home communities, collective land tenure which the crown had protected now were their chains preventing individual advancement. Although Abad y Queipo deplored the situation of the Indians, he did not blame them for it, viewing it not due to inherent racial or character flaws but to crown protectionism. Abad y Queipo drew on the writings of reformist Spaniard
216:
376:. Hidalgo's excommunication was for Hidalgo's having "raised a standard of rebellion and seduced a number of innocent people," but it was for rebellion against the crown's authority not the Church's. The insurgents disputed the legality of the excommunication, based on the lack of papal approval of Abad y Queipo's appointment, which he disputed, and Archbishop Lizana confirmed the order of excommunication.
241:
despite its decline had "made the
American possessions flourish until they were the envy of Europeans". He considered the decline of Spain could be attributed to emigration to the overseas territories. He critiqued economic inequality in New Spain, "in America there is no graduation or middle ground: everyone is either rich or poverty stricken, noble or infamous" leading to conflict.
321:
275:. The Act of Consolidation sought to transfer wealth from the church to the crown by calling in all mortgages that were held by the church, which was a direct attack on the elite land holders in New Spain whose wealth was invested in haciendas and whose mortgages held by the church. This order was the equivalent of
345:
resentment and suggested that the rift be softened by sending criollos to Spain for education and that the crown appoint elite criollos to high positions in the government in Spain, in the military and the
Catholic Church, as well as allowing those in New Spain to be appointed to high office in Peru
279:
of the church because it ordered the transfer of income from the religious estates and foundations to the government, but its attack on the land holding elites' source of wealth did not shore up their loyalty to the crown. Abad y Queipo's memorial to the crown "pointed out that the withdrawal of the
206:
In 1807, he traveled to Spain to seek his habilitation, since his status as a child born out of wedlock prohibited his promotion to the higher levels of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. He returned to New Spain in the position of vicar general. In 1810, the
Regency (the Spanish government fighting the
240:
Although born in Spain, Abad y Queipo felt at home in New Spain, saying he was "an
American by voluntary adoption". He had strong views about New Spain and its place within the Spanish empire, saying that the crown gave Mexico's indigenous equal rights with the conquering Spaniards and that Spain
415:
He obtained an interview with
Ferdinand VII, who not only pardoned him, but named him Minister of Grace and Justice in the royal government. This occurred on 24 June 1816, but on 27 June the Inquisition brought its case again, accusing Abad y Queipo of being a friend of the insurgents, living an
291:
was one of his first publications from his five-year sojourn to
Spanish America and drew heavily on Abad's memorials. Humboldt took Abad y Queipo's argument about the low condition of Mexico's indigenous population as impeding progress in the viceroyalty, which Abad had first mentioned in a 1799
514:
in the post-independence period, with secular priest and liberal ideologue Mora reprinting important works, "thereby ensuring their influence over the development of
Mexican radicalism...Abad y Queipo is best regarded as the intellectual progenitor of Mexican Liberalism."
431:
again created a provisional junta and Abad y Queipo became a member of the provisional junta. He was charged with overseeing the conduct of King
Ferdinand. Later he was a deputy to the Cortes for the province of Asturias. Even later he was named
195:), where Bishop Antonio San Miguel made him a judge in a canon law court. In that position he gained considerable knowledge about church wealth in terms of capital and credit. In 1805 he obtained a doctorate in canon law from the
439:
In 1824 came the absolutist reaction, after
Ferdinand was again restored to the throne. Abad y Queipo was now old and deaf, but he was imprisoned again, this time in the monastery of Sisla, in Toledo. He died a prisoner in 1825.
207:
French invasion) named him bishop-elect of Michoacán. He took over the diocese before the arrival of the pontifical bull confirming his position. The pope did not approve his nomination, and thus the bull never arrived.
387:
and later scholars have emphasized priests' participation in the insurgency, and evidence shows that they participated in larger numbers than Abad y Queipo estimated, but in fewer numbers than contemporaries thought.
340:
had resulted in the virtual exclusion of American-born Spanish men from attaining high office, and increased alienation between peninsular-born Spaniards and the American-born. Abad y Queipo recognized the
383:. Abad y Queipo claimed in September 1812 that the majority of priests were loyal to the crown and few were insurgents, saying "even among Jesus's disciples there was a Judas." Contemporaries, including
399:
and the lack of prudence of Lardizábal, minister of the Indies. Ferdinand recalled Abad y Queipo to Spain since "he was suspected of dangerous liberal views." He was eventually confirmed as bishop of
264:
that would permit poor people to obtain 20- or 30-year "leases" on uncultivated land belonging to the large landowners, but without paying rent; and the right to establish cotton and woolen mills.
1040:
256:). In this document he outlined the social and political situation in New Spain and explained the symptoms of discontent. He proposed the general abolition of tribute levied on the
180:
396:
1098:
287:, who spent a year in the viceroyalty 1803–04. Abad y Queipo presented Humboldt with his published writings when the cleric visited Paris in 1806. Humboldt's
1093:
1025:
346:
and vice versa. The increasing alienation of criollos from the Spanish crown flared into open rebellion in 1810 with the revolt of secular priest
73:
1049:
497:
Colección de los escritos mas importantes que en diferentes épocas dirigió al gobierno D. Manual Abad Queipo, obispo electo de Michoacán
312:. The replication of Abad y Queipo's arguments in Humboldt's work doubtless gave them a larger audience than they previously garnered.
1108:
199:. In 1810 he was nominated as Bishop-elect of Michoacan, but was never confirmed in the post. On the death of Bishop San Miguel, the
562:
1103:
403:, but could not return to Mexico. Following Mexican independence in 1821, Abad y Queipo resigned that post and became bishop of
280:
vast loans of the Church would paralyze agriculture and business". In 1805 and 1807 he forwarded two other reports to the king.
1083:
1088:
1019:
572:
163:. He was "an acute social commentator of late colonial Mexico, ... an exemplification of the enlightened clergyman".
503:
notes that Abad y Queipo's writing are notable for "the complete absence of any material dealing with religion".
506:
Humboldt read the writings of Abad y Queipo, and the bishop-elect's observations made their way into Humboldt's
416:
irreligious life, and holding revolutionary ideas. He was imprisoned two months in the jail of the Inquisition.
487:) was published in Mexico City in 1813. His "Testamento polĂtico" ("Political Testament") was published in the
261:
1036:
424:
293:
257:
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with Bishop Monroy. In Guatemala he was ordained a priest. Beginning in 1784 he resided in Valladolid (now
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156:
428:
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184:
172:
1018:
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39:
609:
Colección de documentos para la historia de la guerra de independencia de México de 1808–1821
364:
On 24 September 1810, Abad y Queipo published the decree excommunicating insurgents Hidalgo,
358:
325:
200:
1078:
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511:
453:
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There were some prominent parish priests among the insurgents, most especially Hidalgo and
549:
The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867
8:
245:
219:
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991:
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The First America: Spanish Monarchs, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867
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named him canon of the cathedral of Valladolid, a position which he held until 1815.
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Magistrates of the Sacred: Priests and Parishioners in Eighteenth-Century Mexico
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137:
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119:
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Westport CT: Greenwood Press 1966, p. 156 quoting J.E. Hernández y Dávalos,
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Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico: The Crisis of Ecclesiastical Privilege
332:
and his insurgent followers, an act Abad y Queipo denounced as a sacrilege.
369:
309:
98:
966:
Fisher, Lillian E. (1935). "Manuel Abad y Queipo, Bishop of Michoacan".
436:, but once again the papal bull confirming his position did not arrive.
995:
301:
681:
Church and State in Bourbon Mexico: The Diocese of Michoacán 1749–1810
400:
225:
188:
176:
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215:
276:
102:
404:
192:
564:
Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture: Abad to Casa
667:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1966, p. 40.
320:
183:. He obtained his baccalaureate in law and canon law from the
758:
The Background of the Revolution for Mexican Independence
635:
The Background of the Revolution for Mexican Independence
622:
The Background of the Revolution for Mexican Independence
283:
His writings critiquing society in New Spain influenced
254:
Description to the King, of the Immunities of the Clergy
624:. Boston: Christopher Publishing House 1934, pp. 15–16.
535:, vol. 1, p. 1, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
510:. Abad y Queipo's writings had a significant impact on
475:(Observer of the Mexican Republic), the newspaper that
391:
In 1815 Abad y Queipo sent another report to the king (
883:
Mexico 1813, AGI 2571 (96-4-26). Audiencia de MĂ©jico.
683:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1994, p. 228.
551:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 565.
950:
The Hidalgo Revolt: Prelude to Mexican Independence
825:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1996, p. 453.
148:(26 August 1751 – 15 September 1825) was a Spanish
699:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, 527.
561:Tenenbaum, Barbara A.; Dorn, Georgette M. (1996).
533:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
250:RepresentaciĂłn al rey, sobre immunidades del clero
210:
665:Church and State in Latin America, second edition
1065:
315:
1099:19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Mexico
560:
495:. An important collection of his writings is
166:
1026:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1009:
567:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. p. 1.
531:R. Douglas Cope, "Manuel Abad y Queipo" in
508:Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain
289:Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain
234:Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain
236:was influenced by Abad y Queipo's writings
1094:People of the Mexican War of Independence
485:Collection of the Most Important Writings
459:, who republished some of Abad's writings
395:now), denouncing the mistakes of Viceroy
943:Champion of Reform, Manuel Abad y Queipo
447:
319:
260:; the free distribution of royal lands;
224:
214:
968:The Hispanic American Historical Review
463:Many of his writings were published in
74:Juan Cayetano GĂłmez de Portugal y SolĂs
1066:
965:
427:was restored and the crown becoming a
481:Colección de escritos más importantes
353:Abad y Queipo had been friends with
945:. New York: Library Publishers 1955
473:Observador de la RepĂşblica Mexicana
443:
13:
1050:Some more biographical information
932:
410:
273:CĂ©dula de la Caja de ConsolidaciĂłn
14:
1120:
1003:
810:Church and State in Latin America
797:Church and State in Latin America
1109:University of Guadalajara alumni
915:
902:
886:
877:
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828:
815:
802:
789:
776:
763:
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734:
718:
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211:Political activity in New Spain
1104:University of Salamanca alumni
657:
640:
627:
614:
597:
581:
554:
538:
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469:Political and Literary Seminar
465:Semanario PolĂtico y Literario
262:agrarian land reform in Mexico
179:nobleman on 26 August 1751 in
1:
1084:People from Grandas de Salime
1020:"Abad y Queipo, Manuel"
821:quoted in William B. Taylor,
518:
361:(now San Miguel de Allende).
316:During New Spain's insurgency
425:Spanish Constitution of 1812
308:and drew on the writings of
300:. He was also influenced by
294:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
65:Marcos de Moriana y Zafrilla
7:
1089:People from colonial Mexico
161:Mexican War of Independence
10:
1125:
620:quoted in Lillian Fisher,
421:Spanish revolution of 1820
181:Santa Maria de Villarpedre
167:Education and early career
1058:Decree of excommunication
847:Cope,"Abad y Queipo" p.1.
836:Magistrates of the Sacred
324:Banner with the image of
244:In 1799 he wrote to King
197:University of Guadalajara
171:Manuel Abad y Queipo was
133:
125:
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84:
79:
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30:
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1029:. New York: D. Appleton.
187:. Thereafter he went to
157:Viceroyalty of New Spain
939:Fisher, Lillian Estelle
429:constitutional monarchy
326:the Virgin of Guadalupe
185:University of Salamanca
1060:against Miguel Hidalgo
460:
333:
298:Informe de ley agraria
285:Alexander von Humboldt
237:
230:Alexander von Humboldt
222:
974:(4). JSTOR: 425–447.
874:Cope, "Abad y Queipo"
865:Cope, "Abad y Queipo"
856:Cope "Abad y Queipo."
451:
423:in which the liberal
323:
306:The Wealth of Nations
228:
218:
201:Council of the Indies
948:Hamill, Hugh M. Jr.
477:JosĂ© MarĂa Luis Mora
457:JosĂ© MarĂa Luis Mora
359:San Miguel el Grande
146:Manuel Abad y Queipo
49:1810 (not confirmed)
25:Manuel Abad y Queipo
16:Bishop of Valladolid
452:Nineteenth-century
397:FĂ©lix MarĂa Calleja
267:In 1804 he opposed
220:Charles IV of Spain
173:born out of wedlock
159:at the time of the
153:Bishop of Michoacán
784:The Hidalgo Revolt
771:The Hidalgo Revolt
611:. vol. II, p. 105.
605:The Hidalgo Revolt
512:Mexican liberalism
461:
381:JosĂ© MarĂa Morelos
334:
248:a report entitled
238:
223:
1037:A short biography
956:Farriss, Nancy M.
923:The First America
910:The First America
897:The First America
745:The First America
729:The First America
713:The First America
663:J. Lloyd Mecham,
652:The First America
592:The First America
434:bishop of Tortosa
143:
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113:15 September 1825
40:Michoacán, México
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603:Hugh M. Hamill,
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444:Works and legacy
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1017:, eds. (1900).
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980:10.2307/2506454
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374:Mariano Abasolo
366:Ignacio Allende
338:Bourbon Reforms
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48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1055:(in Spanish)
1047:(in Spanish)
1034:(in Spanish)
1024:
971:
967:
959:
949:
942:
922:
917:
909:
904:
896:
893:D.A. Brading
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
835:
830:
822:
817:
809:
804:
796:
791:
783:
778:
770:
765:
757:
752:
744:
741:D.A. Brading
736:
728:
725:D.A. Brading
720:
712:
709:D.A. Brading
704:
696:
693:D.A. Brading
688:
680:
677:D.A. Brading
672:
664:
659:
651:
648:D.A. Brading
642:
634:
629:
621:
616:
608:
604:
599:
591:
588:D.A. Brading
583:
563:
556:
548:
545:D.A. Brading
540:
532:
527:
507:
505:
501:D.A. Brading
499:. Historian
496:
493:Lucas Alamán
488:
484:
480:
479:edited. The
472:
468:
464:
462:
438:
418:
414:
390:
385:Lucas Alamán
378:
363:
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266:
253:
249:
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239:
233:
205:
170:
145:
144:
134:Denomination
115:(1825-09-15)
31:Bishop-elect
18:
1079:1825 deaths
1074:1751 births
1043:2009-11-01)
925:pp. 572–73.
370:Juan Aldama
328:carried by
310:Montesquieu
126:Nationality
99:Villarpedre
62:Predecessor
1068:Categories
646:quoted in
519:References
302:Adam Smith
258:indigenous
246:Charles IV
91:1751-08-26
54:Term ended
1015:Fiske, J.
988:0018-2168
921:Brading,
908:Brading,
899:, p. 565.
838:, p. 453.
786:, p. 157.
747:, p. 565.
731:, p. 568.
715:, p. 530.
654:, p. 567.
594:, p. 565.
471:) and in
401:Michoacan
189:Guatemala
70:Successor
46:Installed
1041:Archived
834:Taylor,
812:, p. 52.
808:Mecham,
799:, p. 52.
795:Mecham,
782:Hamill,
773:, p. 156
769:Hamill,
760:, p. 24.
756:Fisher,
637:, p. 23.
633:Fisher,
489:Historia
343:criollos
232:, whose
177:Asturian
103:Asturias
996:2506454
952:. 1966.
405:Tortosa
355:Hidalgo
193:Morelia
155:in the
129:Spanish
36:Diocese
994:
986:
962:. 1968
912:p. 527
571:
372:, and
175:to an
992:JSTOR
269:Godoy
984:ISSN
569:ISBN
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