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constantly featured in the gossip columns. Her role was iconised photographically, copies of which she often inscribed for her admirers. Pictures of her as
Messalina adorned the theatre magazines and were sold in their thousands as postcards. This was as true in drama and opera as it was of those who portrayed the empress in movies and television films or miniseries. The role itself added to or established their reputations. And, with the growing permissiveness of modern times, that might rather amount to notoriety for those adult films in which athletic stamina was more of a requirement than acting ability.
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feelings were softening and he asked to see her in the morning for a private interview. Narcissus, pretending to act on
Claudius' instructions, ordered an officer of the Praetorian Guard to execute her. When the troop of guards arrived at the Gardens of Lucullus, where Messalina had taken refuge with her mother, she was given the honorable option of taking her own life. Unable to muster the courage to slit her own throat, she was run through with a sword by one of the guards. Upon hearing the news, the Emperor did not react and simply asked for another chalice of wine. The Roman Senate then ordered a
825:. Following the decision that she must die, "Evodus, one of the freedmen, was appointed to watch and complete the affair. Hurrying on before with all speed to the gardens, he found Messalina stretched upon the ground, while by her side sat Lepida, her mother, who, though estranged from her daughter in prosperity, was now melted to pity by her inevitable doom, and urged her not to wait for the executioner". In Messalina's hand is the thin dagger that she dare not use, while Evodus bends over her threateningly and Lepida tries to fend him off. In an earlier French treatment by
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409:, also met their death on the instigation of Messalina. The former was married to Messalina's mother Domitia Lepida, but according to Dio and Tacitus, Messalina coveted him for herself. In 42, Messalina and the freedman Narcissus devised an elaborate ruse, whereby they each informed Claudius that they had had identical dreams during the night portending that Silanus would murder Claudius. When Silanus arrived that morning (after being summoned by either Messalina or Narcissus), he confirmed their portent and Claudius had him executed.
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that Silius convinced
Messalina that Claudius' overthrow was inevitable, and her best hopes of survival lay in a union with him. Tacitus stated that Messalina hesitated even as Silius insisted on marriage, but ultimately conceded because "she coveted the name of wife", and because Silius had divorced his own wife the previous year in anticipation of a union with Messalina. Another theory is that Messalina and Silius merely took part in a sham marriage as part of a
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836:, the lesson of poetic justice is made plainer by specifically identifying the scene of Messalina's death as the garden which she had obtained by having its former owner executed on a false charge. Now she crouches at the foot of a wall carved with the name of Lucullus and is condemned by the dark-clothed intermediary as a soldier advances on her drawing his sword.
772:(1780). Chapter 29 deals with Messalina's public marriage to Gaius Silius. The following chapters are illustrated by cameos ascribed to a certain Pythodorus of TrallĂšs. In the first, Messalina sits naked while a maid dresses her hair in preparation for taking up her role as the courtesan Lisisica; in the other she offers fourteen myrtle wreaths to
424:. In 46, she convinced Claudius to order his arrest on charges of failing to maintain discipline amongst his soldiers, adultery with Sabina, and for engaging in homosexual acts. Although Claudius hesitated to condemn him to death, he ultimately did so on the recommendation of Messalina's ally, and Claudius' partner in the consulship for that year,
1570:(1964). Both have since been included under the genre "toga porn". They are rivalled by Italian and French adult comics, sometimes of epic proportions, such as the 59 episodes devoted to Messalina in the Italian Venus of Rome series (1967â74). More recent examples include Jean-Yves Mitton's four-part series in France (2011â13) and Thomas Mosdi's
843:, dated about 1650, is so like contemporary brothel scenes that its subject is ambiguous and has been disputed. A richly dressed drunkard lies back on a bed between two women while companions look anxiously out of the window and another struggles to draw his sword. The later "Landscape with Messalina's Wedding" by
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as the lights of Rome burn in the background. As well as a preparatory photograph of her dressed as in the painting, there were also posed cabinet photos of her in a plainer dress. Other stars were involved when the play went on tour in various translations. Lilla
BulyovszkynĂ© (1833â1909) starred in
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The earlier propaganda against
Cleopatra is described as "rooted in the hostile Roman literary tradition". Similar literary tactics, including the suggestive mingling of historical fact and gossip in the officially approved annals, is what has helped prolong the scandalous reputation of Messalina as
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According to
Suetonius, Messalina realized early on that the young Nero could be a potential rival to her own son, who was three years younger. He repeated a tale that Messalina sent several assassins into Nero's bedchamber to murder him, but they were frightened off by what they thought was a snake
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Contrasting views have lately been provided by two French biographies. Jacqueline
Dauxois gives the traditional picture in her lurid biography in Pygmalion's Legendary Queens series (2013), while the historian Jean-Noël Castorio (b.1971) seeks to uncover the true facts of the woman behind Juvenal's
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forebears, taken from his house and gifted to Silius by
Messalina. When Messalina attempted to gain access to her husband in the palace, she was repulsed by Narcissus and shouted down with a list of her various offences compiled by the freedman. Despite the mounting evidence against her, Claudius's
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decided to inform him. The exact motivations for
Messalina's actions are unknown – it has been interpreted as a move to overthrow Claudius and install Silius as Emperor, with Silius adopting Britannicus and thereby ensuring her son's future accession. Other historians have speculated
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saw the
Bordeaux production and was inspired to paint six scenes from it, including Messalina descending a staircase, seated while a bearded character in a dark tunic stands to one side, or the same character stands and kneels before her, as well as resting extras. Later there was also an Italian
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To call a woman "a Messalina" indicates a devious and sexually voracious personality. The historical figure and her fate were often used in the arts to make a moral point, but there was often as well a prurient fascination with her sexually-liberated behaviour. In modern times, that has led to
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From the last quarter of the 19th century onwards, the role of Messalina has been as much about the stardom of those who played her as about the social message of the works in which she appeared. The star's name appeared in large print on the posters of the works in which she played. She was
747:. It recounts a dialogue that takes place in hell between the three characters from the same imperial line. Messalina wins the debate by demonstrating that their sins were far worse than hers and suggests that they repent of their own wickedness before reproaching her as they had done.
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As well as plays, the story of Messalina was adapted to ballet and opera. The 1878 ballet by Luigi Danesi (1832-1908) to music by Giuseppe Giaquinto (d. 1881) was an Italian success with several productions. On its arrival in France in 1884 it was made a fantastical spectacle at the
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who, writing a century and a half after the period described, was dependent on the received account of those before him. It has also been observed of his attitude throughout his work that he was "suspicious of women". Neither can Suetonius be regarded as trustworthy.
1460:(1934â35), is better known. In it she is portrayed as a teenager at the time of her marriage but credited with all the actions mentioned in the ancient sources. An attempt to create a film based on them in 1937 failed, but they were adapted into a very successful
530:. The cult was directed from above by members of the imperial circle through official initiatives within the pro-imperial power structure. It was effective among the wider public, however, only insofar as there was personal assent. Theoretically the sentence of
334:). It has therefore been argued that the chorus of condemnation against Messalina from these writers is largely a result of the political sanctions that followed her death, although some authors have still seen "something of substance beyond mere invention".
330:, another critic remarks on "how the writers manipulate it in order to skew their audience's perception of Messalina". Indeed, Tacitus seems well aware of the impression he is creating when he admits that his account may seem fictional, if not melodramatic (
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After her accession to power, Messalina enters history with a reputation as ruthless, predatory, and sexually insatiable, while Claudius is painted as easily led by her and unaware of her many adulteries. The historians who relayed such stories, principally
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385:, whom it was alleged she directed to partake in "magical and superstitious practices". Taurus committed suicide, and, according to Tacitus, Messalina was only prevented from further persecuting Agrippina because she was distracted by her new lover,
1020:'s Italian verse tragedy, where Messalina figures as a totally unrestrained woman in pursuit of love. Another 5-act verse tragedy was published in Philadelphia in 1890, authored by Algernon Sydney Logan (1849â1925), who had liberal views on sex.
800:'s painting of 1916 is a reprise of the same scene. A mourning woman dressed in black leaves with her face covered as a soldier drags back Messalina's head, watched by a courtier with the order for execution in his hand. The Danish royal painter
428:. The murder of Asiaticus, without notifying the senate and without trial, caused great outrage amongst the senators, who blamed both Messalina and Claudius. Despite this, Messalina continued to target Poppaea Sabina until she committed suicide.
860:) and pictures Messalina leaning against a carved chest. Beneath is the explanation that "she reached such a point of insolence that, because of the stupidity of her husband, she dared to marry a young Roman publicly in the Emperor's absence".
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was supposed to erase all mention of the offender from the public sphere. The person's name was gouged from inscriptions and even from coinage. Sculptures might be smashed or at the very least would be dismounted and stored away out of sight.
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Two authors especially supplemented the gossip and officially dictated versions recorded by later historians and added to Messalina's notoriety. One such story is the account of her all-night sex competition with a prostitute in Book X of
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pictures the seated empress being attired before the ceremony. Neither scene looks much like a wedding, but rather they indicate the age's sense of moral outrage at this travesty of marriage. That was further underlined by a contemporary
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contains the notorious description of how the Empress used to work clandestinely all night in a brothel under the name of the She-Wolf. In the course of that account, Juvenal coined the phrase frequently applied to Messalina thereafter,
1251:, a completely fictionalized interpretation in which a reformed Messalina bids a penitential public farewell to her Christian gladiator lover, Demetrius, and takes her place on the throne next to her husband, the new emperor Claudius.
608:, who made an ink sketch of it, although identifying the woman erroneously as Agrippina. However, there is another version of this victory celebration known as the Hague cameo, which may be a later imitation. In a chariot drawn by
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While Messalina's wicked behavior towards others is given full emphasis, and even exaggerated in early works, her sexual activities have been treated more sympathetically. In the 1524 illustrations of 16 sexual positions known as
326:, who had arranged to displace Messalina's children in the imperial succession and was therefore particularly interested in sullying her predecessor's name. Examining his narrative style and comparing it to that of the satires of
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in Louis Colman's English translation), though lightly based on the historical account, is chiefly the product of the author's fanciful and extravagant imagination and has been compared with the treatment of Classical themes by
197:, she allegedly conspired against her husband and was executed on the discovery of the plot. Her notorious reputation probably resulted from political bias, but works of art and literature have perpetuated it into modern times.
3825:"The Amours of Messalina, Late Queen of Albion: In which are Briefly Couch'd, Secrets of the Imposture of the Cambrion Prince, The Gothick League And Other Court Intrigues of the Four Last Rears Reign, Not Yet Made Publick"
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suggests of his fictive approach that he was "free with scandalous gossip," and that "he used 'characteristic anecdote' without exhaustive inquiry into its authenticity." He manipulates the facts to suit his thesis.
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The amours of Messalina, late queen of Albion, in which are briefly couch'd secrets of the imposture of the Cambrion prince, the Gothick league, and other court intrigues of the four last years reign, not yet made
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the Hungarian production in 1878 and Irma TemesvĂĄrynĂ©-Farkas in that of 1883; Louise Fahlman (1856â1918) played in the 1887 Stockholm production, Marie PospĂĆĄilovĂĄ (1862â1943) in the 1895 Czech production.
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painted her leading another man onto the bed while an exhausted prostitute sleeps in the background, while in Paul Rouffio's painting of 1875 she reclines bare-breasted as a slave offers grapes. The Dane
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Alternatively, artists drew on Pliny's account of her sex competition. The Brazilian Henrique Bernardelli (1857â1936) showed her lying across the bed at the moment of exhaustion afterwards. So also did
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of 48, Nero won greater applause from the crowd than did Messalina's own son Britannicus, something which scholars have speculated led Messalina to plot to destroy Nero and his mother once and for all.
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depicted her standing, her full body apparent under the thin material of her dress. The ranks of her customers are just visible behind the curtain against which she stands (see above). Two drawings by
616:. Beside her sits Claudius with one arm about her neck and Jupiter's thunderbolt in his other hand. In front stands the child Britannicus in complete armour, with his elder sister Octavia next to him.
1038:, based on a 4-act verse tragedy by Armand Silvestre and EugĂšne Morand, centred upon the love of the empress for a poet and then his gladiator brother. It opened in Monte Carlo in 1899 and went on to
1405:, appeared in Venice in 1633. This managed to combine a high degree of eroticism with a demonstration of how private behavior has a profound effect on public affairs. Nevertheless, a passage such as
796:(1708). In this scene of vigorous action, a Roman soldier pulls back his arm to stab the Empress while fending off her mother. A witness in armour observes calmly from the shadows in the background.
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604:(Cabinet des MĂ©dailles). In its Roman adaptation, Messalina is in front guiding the chariot while Claudius stands behind her steadying his flying robe. The piece was once in the collection of
804:, however, preferred to feature "The Dying Messalina and her Mother" (1797) in a quieter setting. The mother weeps beside her daughter as she lies extended on the ground in a garden setting.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Special:Search&limit=100&offset=0&profile=default&search=File%3AMessalina&ns0=1#/media/File:Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Messalina,_1900.jpg
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following her triumph in exhausting as many fit young men in a sexual contest. She also sits before a private shrine to Priapus in an illustration for the author's other pornographic work,
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Yet another carved sardonyx now in the national library of France represents a bust of the laureled Messalina, with on either side of her the heads of her son and daughter emerging from a
3154:
757:, each was named after a couple from Classical history or myth, which included "Messalina in the Booth of Lisisca". Although early editions were destroyed by religious censorship,
346:; and her unrestrained sexual behaviour. Her husband's family, especially female, seemed to be specially targeted by Messalina. Within the first year of Claudius' reign, his niece
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reimagined the historical scene. There the disguised seductress is at work in a light-suffused alley, enticing a passer-by into the brothel from which a maid looks out anxiously.
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The wild scenes following the wedding that took place in Rome are dramatised by Tacitus. "Messalina meanwhile, more wildly profligate than ever, was celebrating in mid-autumn a
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1479:. In contrast, his wife CĂ©sarine (the female Caesar) is a creature totally corrupt at all levels, who sells her husband's work to the enemy and is eventually shot by him.
435: – because he refused to sleep with her according to gossip. About this time she also arranged for the execution of one of Claudius' freedmen secretaries,
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A very early treatment in English of Messalina's liaison with Gaius Silius and her subsequent death appeared in the fictionalised story included in the American author
1755:
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1527:(1903) Although Messalina is referenced throughout its episodic coverage of degenerate times, she features particularly in the third section, "The Naked Empress" (
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Such measures were not totally effective and several images of Messalina have survived for one reason or another. One such is the doubtfully ascribed bust in the
309:, wrote some 70 years after the events in an environment hostile to the imperial line to which Messalina had belonged. There was also the later Greek account of
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1531:), dealing with her activities in the brothel, and the sixth, "Messalina's End", beginning with her wedding to Silius and ending with her enforced death.
499:, Vibidia, came to entreat Claudius not to rush to condemn Messalina. He then visited the house of Silius, where he found a great many heirlooms of his
342:
The accusations against Messalina center largely on three areas: her treatment of other members of the imperial family; her treatment of members of the
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1299:. The series is noted for its historically accurate depiction of Roman history and personages, including a less sensationalised portrayal of Messalina.
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helps explain how the novel was at once among the most popular, and the most frequently banned, books of the century, despite its moral pretensions.
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358:. Claudius ordered her execution soon after, while Seneca was allowed to return seven years later, following the death of Messalina. Another niece,
1119:. Others who sang in the role were Maria Nencioni in 1903, Jeanne Dhasty in the Nancy (1903) and Algiers (1907) productions, Charlotte Wyns (1868â
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Two Low Countries painters emphasised the behaviour of Messalina that led up to her end by picturing her wedding with Gaius Silius. The one by
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to visit the new harbor he was constructing and was informed while there that Messalina had gone so far as to marry her latest lover, Senator
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slept at her side, prompting stirrings in her, robing and disrobing a thousand images that her sexual fantasies during the day had suggested
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One of the avenues to drawing a moral lesson from the story of Messalina in painting was to picture her violent end. An early example was
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Valerius Asiaticus was one of Messalina's final victims. Asiaticus was immensely rich and incurred Messalina's wrath because he owned the
322:
Tacitus himself claimed to be transmitting "what was heard and written by my elders" but without naming sources other than the memoirs of
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439:. According to Dio, this murder of one of their own turned the other freedmen, previously her close allies, against Messalina for good.
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1028:, with elephants, horses, massive crowd scenes and circus games in which rows of bare-legged female gladiators preceded the fighters.
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Other artistic illustrations of Messalina's reported depravity, supposedly based on ancient medals and cameos, appear in the works of
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Tacitus and Dio state that Narcissus convinced Claudius that it was a move to overthrow him and persuaded him to appoint the deputy
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377:(the later Emperor Nero). The public sympathized with Agrippina, who had twice been exiled and was the only surviving daughter of
222:
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3317:"[Album Reutlinger de portraits divers, vol. 29] : [photographie positive] : Thévenet dans Messaline;"
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260:, her first cousin once removed, who was then about 47 years old. Two children were born as a result of their union: a daughter
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3223:"Jager [i.e. Jaeger]. Eden. Messalina : [photographie, tirage de démonstration] / [Atelier Nadar]"
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Some of the surviving engraved gems that feature Messalina were also indebted to ancient Greek models. They include the carved
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After a slow start in the first half of the 20th century, the momentum of films about or featuring Messalina increased with
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768:. His main account, padded with more general quotations condemning the laxity of the times, takes up three chapters of his
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921:(1886). This takes place in an interior, with the empress reclining bare breasted against the knees of a naked gladiator.
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so that Messalina's name would be removed from all public and private places and all statues of her would be taken down.
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in the Succubus series (#4, 2014), in which "a woman without taboos or scruples throws light on pitiless ancient Rome".
1566:(The empress without principle, 2002). Oleck's novel went through many editions and was later joined by Kevin Matthews'
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was in doubt. Claudius rushed back to Rome, where he was met by Messalina on the road with their children. The leading
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3204:"Cornalba. Eden. [Messalina] : [photographie, tirage de démonstration] / [Atelier Nadar]"
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as a rival claimant to the imperial succession, – with the result that Claudius ordered her execution.
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1475:, where the hero is Claude Ruper, an embodiment of the French patriotic conscience after the country's defeat in the
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362:, was attacked for immorality and incest by Messalina in 43 – possibly because she feared Julia's son
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627:. A simple white portrait bust of the empress is also held by the BibliothĂšque nationale. A portrait oval in yellow
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in her new home. The presses were being trodden; the vats were overflowing; women girt with skins were dancing, as
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is thought to be of Messalina holding her child Britannicus. In fact it is based on a famous Greek sculpture by
3048:
Thomas F. Connolly, Genus Envy: Nationalities, Identities, and the Performing Body of Work, Cambria Press 2010,
1104:: Elena Cornalba in 1885 and Mlle Jaeger later. During its 1898 production in Turin, Anita Grassi was the lead.
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977:, where she is depicted as a monster and used as a foil to attack the Roman Catholic wife of the English king
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Katharine T. von Stackelberg, "Performative Space and Garden Transgressions in Tacitus' Death of Messalina",
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came into prominence and encouraged many more works featuring Messalina. 1874 saw the Austrian verse tragedy
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In the final two years of her life, she also intensified her attacks on her husband's only surviving niece,
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661:, according to which the competition lasted "night and day" and Messalina won with a score of 25 partners.
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after Messalina secured the execution of Julia Livilla. Agrippina was implicated in the alleged crimes of
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were maternal half sisters. Claudia Marcella Minor, Messalina's paternal grandmother, was the daughter of
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in Rome. It was only when Messalina held a costly wedding banquet in Claudius' absence that the freedman
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233:, making Nero Messalina's first cousin despite a seventeen-year age difference. Messalina's grandmothers
3063:"Stock Photo â Charlotte Wolter, Austrian actress, in costume as Messalina, lounging on a Chaise longue"
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Eric R. Varner, "Portraits, Plots, and Politics: "Damnatio memoriae" and the Images of Imperial Women",
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was once recorded as being in the collection of Lord Montague; another in sardonyx once belonged to the
561:
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that may in fact be of Agrippina, Messalina's successor as wife of Claudius (see above). Another in the
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mentions Messalina twice in his satires. As well as the story in his tenth satire that she compelled
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253:, and was Claudius' maternal aunt. There was, therefore, a large amount of inbreeding in the family.
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In 19th century France, the story of Messalina was subject to literary transformation. It underlaid
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2558:"Valeria Messalina; Messalline; Kaartspel met gerenommeerde heerseressen; Jeu des reynes renommées"
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1602:, Volume 5, 1992, p. 334, suggests that the group was preserved from the destruction following her
1519:(The Chimaera, Decadent Pages, 1902). However, the most successful and inventive stylistically was
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In fact, Jarry's was just one of five contemporary French novels treating Messalina in a typically
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Messalina tossing in the turbulence of her thoughts did not sleep at night; and if she did sleep,
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3133:"Arria Ă©s Messalina szomorujĂĄtĂ©k 5 felvonĂĄsban â irta: Willbrand â forditotta: dr. VĂĄrady Antal"
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Sarah Gutsche-Miller, Pantomime-Ballet on the Music-Hall Stage, McGill University thesis, 2010,
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was to follow with a full blown Venetian opera in 1679 that combined eroticism with morality.
961:'s standing statue of 1912 she is holding a last piece of clothing by her side at the outset.
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3115:"Arria Ă©s Messalina szomorujĂĄtĂ©k 5 felvonĂĄsban â irta Willbrant â forditotta Dr VĂĄradi Antal"
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879:, moved his head to some lascivious chorus". Such was the scene of drunken nudity painted by
623:. This too once belonged to Rubens and a Flemish engraving after his drawing of it is in the
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of Messalina accompanied by Claudius in a dragon chariot, which commemorated his part in the
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indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and
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Greta Walkyria in the 1930 Brazilian syncronized film Messalina, directed by Luiz de Barros.
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The Telling of the Act: Sexuality As Narrative in Eighteenth- And Nineteenth-Century France
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Susan Wood, "Messalina, wife of Claudius: propaganda successes and failures of his reign",
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Meyriane HĂ©glon starred in the Monte Carlo and subsequent London productions of De Lara's
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612:, the laurel-wreathed Messalina reclines in the post of honour, bearing the attributes of
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4173:, sous la direction de Christophe Cave, Paris, HonorĂ© Champion, 2010, pp. 151â160.
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which was staged with success across Europe for many years. It was followed in 1877 by
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48:
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914:
5180:
5009:
4808:
4742:
4625:
4600:
4589:
4527:
4481:
3936:
3150:
3074:
3029:
2613:
2343:
1976:
1830:
1363:
1314:
1226:
1039:
998:
880:
811:
set Messalina's death as the competition subject for that year. The winning entry by
643:
613:
605:
510:
504:
492:
363:
238:
121:
4935:
3789:
3255:
3241:
5185:
5130:
5041:
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5004:
4940:
4920:
4791:
4762:
4712:
4557:
4501:
4459:
4449:
4439:
4374:
4292:
3712:
3528:
3222:
3203:
2482:"The Death of Messalina :: Georges Antoine Rochegrosse â Antique world scenes"
2463:
1456:
1375:
1329:, which used many of the same set pieces as the earlier-filmed, but later-released
1206:
1202:
1177:
1082:
934:
758:
551:
382:
277:
5135:
4124:
2828:
2801:
1504:
5093:
5061:
4994:
4945:
4865:
4690:
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4645:
4567:
4522:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4389:
4364:
4299:
4243:
3937:"Kapitel 2 des Buches: Messalina von Alfred Schirokauer | Projekt Gutenberg"
3924:
3905:
3901:
3824:
3727:
3627:
2856:
2841:
2761:
2367:
1673:
1319:
1167:
1097:
In Italy, Cossa's drama was acted with Virginia Marini in the role of Messalina.
1029:
1013:
946:
941:
showed her on the way to the brothel, while a rejected drawing is usually titled
937:
were produced for a private printing of Juvenal's satires (1897). The one titled
901:
Other artists show similar scenes of debauchery or, like the Italian A. Pigma in
812:
652:
573:
569:
420:, with whom she was engaged in a fierce rivalry over the affections of the actor
416:, which she desired for herself, and because he was the lover of her hated rival
288:
261:
126:
4309:
1661:
431:
The same year as the execution of Asiaticus, Messalina ordered the poisoning of
5140:
4999:
4930:
4873:
4680:
4532:
4476:
4471:
4444:
4394:
4369:
3746:"Jennifer O'Neill as Messalina Pretty Portrait A.D. original 1985 NBC TV Photo"
3688:
Gary Allen Smith, Epic Films: Casts, Credits and Commentary, McFardland 2004,
2407:
1617:
Mutilation and Transformation, Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture
1437:
1430:
1402:
1153:
957:'s dramatic marble sculpture, dating from 1884 (see above), while in the Czech
925:
624:
539:
452:
402:
206:
166:
150:
3394:
Catalogue des films projetĂ©s Ă Saint-Ătienne avant la premiĂšre guerre mondiale
1619:, Leiden, Brill, 2004., p. 96, writes that the group was warehoused after her
871:
dance in their worship or their frenzy. Messalina with flowing hair shook the
5218:
5168:
5113:
5103:
4803:
4767:
4727:
4722:
4620:
4537:
3316:
1445:
1421:
1290:
1242:
1127:
1090:
969:
One of the earliest stage productions to feature the fall of the empress was
745:
Tiberius, Messalina, and Caligula reproach one another in the midst of flames
496:
394:
347:
264:(born 39 or 40), a future empress, stepsister, and first wife to the emperor
218:
4090:
Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romain â Devoirs, Intrigues & VoluptĂ©s
3958:
3869:
3808:
Emblems of Eloquence: Opera and Women's Voices in Seventeenth-Century Venice
2814:
Emblems of Eloquence: Opera and Women's Voices in Seventeenth-Century Venice
2602:"Stock Photo â When Claudius Is Away, Messalina Will Play by A.Pigma (1911)"
1706:
K.A.Hosack, "Can One Believe the Ancient Sources That Describe Messalina?",
1112:
958:
924:
Juvenal's account of her nights spent in the brothel is commonly portrayed.
4507:
4419:
1480:
1420:
Much the same point about the catastrophic effect of sexuality was made by
1370:
1266:
1190:
1017:
1005:
808:
500:
460:
4024:
681:(the imperial whore). In so doing, he coupled her reputation with that of
4454:
4193:
2662:"Messalina : Gustave Moreau : Museum Art Images : Museuma"
1989:
1534:
Sensational fictional treatments have persisted, as in Vivian Crockett's
1497:
1484:
1450:
1254:
1086:
1070:
Hans Makart's painting of Charlotte Wolter in Adolf Wilbrandt's tragedy,
905:(1911), hint that it will soon follow. What was to follow is depicted in
864:
488:
359:
310:
269:
250:
194:
130:
91:
3675:
3478:(Drama), Vicenzo Caiaffa, Remo Cesarini, NĂ©lson de Oliveira, Syncrocinex
3473:
3420:
2873:. J.B. Lippincott company. 21 October 1890 – via Internet Archive.
2222:
989:(1656). This was a 4-act prose tragedy with four songs, described as an
4675:
4349:
4238:
3921:
Reviviscences romaines: la latinité au miroir de l'esprit fin-de-siÚcle
1752:
The Art of Forgetting: Disgrace and Oblivion in Roman Political Culture
1551:
1139:
853:
690:
620:
491:, to the charge of the Guard because the loyalty of the senior Prefect
378:
350:, only recently recalled from banishment upon the death of her brother
4108:
I, Livia: The Counterfeit Criminal. the Story of a Much Maligned Woman
256:
Little is known about Messalina's life prior to her marriage in 38 to
4732:
4577:
4276:
4230:
3497:"Merle Oberon as Messalina in the London Film production, I Claudius"
2884:
1034:
732:
682:
673:
628:
306:
249:. Antonia Major was the elder daughter of Octavia by her marriage to
3005:"Theatre review: In Bed With Messalina at Courtyard Theatre, Hoxton"
4888:
4813:
4696:
4562:
4547:
4253:
4234:
4203:
4171:
Le rÚgne de la critique. L'imaginaire culturel des mémoires secrets
4165:
Dina Sahyouni, " Le pouvoir critique des modÚles féminins dans les
3185:"Messalina â Archivio digitale della Fondazione Giorgio Cini Onlus"
1722:
Meretrix Augusta: The Treatment of Messalina in Tacitus and Juvenal
638:
593:
585:
566:
351:
273:
257:
242:
190:
186:
178:
114:
280:
proclaimed Claudius the new emperor and Messalina became empress.
4843:
4777:
4747:
4630:
4615:
4434:
4288:
4221:
2941:"Messaline, "Maitres de l'Affiche" plate 187 | Limited Runs"
2787:
The Cultural Uses of the Caesars on the English Renaissance Stage
1130:, who made her debut in the 1905 productions in Nancy and Lille.
1115:
starred in the 1902 Paris production, where she was succeeded by
872:
822:
773:
665:
609:
597:
555:
477:
473:
421:
327:
302:
2362:
Margaret M. Miles, "Cleopatra in Egypt, Europe and New York" in
2266:
Copperplate engraving by Thomas Worlidge from James Vallentin's
1100:
Both the Parisian leads in Danesi's ballet were photographed by
565:
Messalina guides the dragon chariot in the triumph of Claudius.
4737:
4583:
1050:
In 2009 the theme was updated by Benjamin Askew in his UK play
982:
876:
868:
753:
543:
54:
2885:"Collecting Delaware Books â Vistas from a Kent County Stream"
1515:(Mesalina, a novel of imperial Rome, 1902) and Louis Dumont's
4640:
4359:
1433:
in this case, camouflaged behind the character of Messalina.
1101:
849:
731:
The ambivalent attitude to Messalina can be seen in the late
293:
4116:
Agrippina: Sex, Power and Politics in the Early Roman Empire
1803:
Agrippina: Sex, Power and Politics in the Early Roman Empire
1333:. An alternative European title for the 1977 production was
1004:
During the last quarter of the 19th century the idea of the
3793:
3424:
875:, and Silius at her side, crowned with ivy and wearing the
374:
265:
230:
182:
87:
4285:: Claudius 17, 26, 27, 29, 36, 37, 39; Nero 6; Vitellius 2
1184:. A cut version with dubbed dialogue was released in 1935.
3628:"Upstairs, Downstairs â Out of costume â Before UpDown 2"
3242:"Messlina : azione storica coreografica in 8 quadri"
193:. A powerful and influential woman with a reputation for
53:
Statue of Messalina holding her son Britannicus, at the
4123:
Klebs, E. (1897â1898). H. Dessau, P. Von Rohden (ed.).
2901:
A programme and resume of the 1898 Turin production at
2706:"'Messalina and her Companion', Aubrey Beardsley, 1895"
2400:
a full-on romp in the salacious world of Imperial Romeâ
1429:(1689). This was yet another satire on a Stuart Queen,
3244:. Torino: Tip. M. Artale – via Internet Archive.
3240:
Giaquinto, Giuseppe; Danesi, Luigi (21 October 1898).
3025:
The Roman Mistress: Ancient and Modern Representations
1857:
1855:
710:
exaggerated works which have been described as romps.
2857:"Messalina: commedia in 5 atti in versi, con prologo"
1146:
Madeleine Roch (1883â1930) in the French silent film
1768:
Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome
770:
Monuments of the Private Lives of the Twelve Caesars
476:
ritual as they were in the midst of celebrating the
1852:
225:, had been the first husband of the future Empress
27:
Roman empress (c.AD 17/20â48); 3rd wife of Claudius
4007:"Succubes, tome 4 : Messaline â Thomas Mosdi"
3989:"Comib Strips Cafe, librairie du portail CANAL BD"
2382:, University of Delaware 2001. Messalina chapter,
2268:One Hundred and Eight Engravings from Antique Gems
2030:
1690:Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, "Suetonius as Historian",
1340:Betty Roland in the Franco-Italian "porno peplum"
913:(1867â1868). A more private liaison is treated in
213:. Her mother was the youngest child of the consul
4339:
4079:Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the House of Caesar
4043:"Messaline, la putain impériale (J.-N. Castorio)"
2144:Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the House of Caesar
2047:
821:, is based on the description of the occasion by
526:followed on an offence within the context of the
5216:
229:and the biological father of the future Emperor
4103:(The University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
3239:
2408:a stupid little romp, and quite good at it too'
1800:
1507:manner. They also included Prosper Castanier's
1283:, an Italian sword-and-sandal film also titled
1142:'s decline. The following starred in her part:
783:
354:, was exiled again on charges of adultery with
4101:The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher
3904:; there has also been a recent translation as
3575:Cinema and Classical Texts: Apollo's New Light
3221:Photographe, Atelier Nadar (21 October 1885).
3202:Photographe, Atelier Nadar (21 October 1885).
2077:
2015:
1959:
1944:
1916:
1861:
1785:
981:. She is treated as equally villainous in the
558:, of which there were other Roman imitations.
4325:
2002:
2000:
1998:
141:Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus (consul 20)
5199:indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor,
3790:"Nymphomaniac Volume II â Full cast credits"
2842:"Arria und Messalina: Trauerspiel in 5 Aufz"
2283:Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
1351:, released in English as the "porno peplum"
1126:) in the 1904 Aix les Bains production, and
1057:
3854:Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom
3220:
3201:
2448:Monumens du Culte Secret des Dames Romaines
2319:"Juvenal (55â140) â The Satires: Satire VI"
2140:
1781:
1779:
1233:(Italy, 1953), which had the English title
778:Monuments of the Secret Cult of Roman Women
761:'s later copies have survived (see above).
642:Messalina working in a brothel: etching by
600:after his Indian victory and is now in the
451:A bust believed to be of Messalina, in the
4332:
4318:
4156:
4139:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4122:
3870:"La femme de Claude, Alexandre Dumas fils"
3314:
2840:Wilbrandt, Adolf "von" (21 October 1874).
2433:Monumens de la Vie Privée des Douze Césars
2121:
2119:
1995:
1889:Suetonius, "The Life of Claudius", 29, 37.
1805:. Yale University Press. pp. 87, 104.
903:When Claudius is away, Messalina will play
393:slithering out from under his bed. In the
47:
4176:
4159:Claudius: The Emperor and His Achievement
3646:"Messalina â I, Claudius (UK) Characters"
2839:
2034:Claudius: The Emperor and His Achievement
1397:An early fiction concerning the Empress,
945:. About that period, too, Roman resident
522:In Messalina's time, the condemnation of
2020:. Yale University Press. pp. 64â67.
1949:. Yale University Press. pp. 61â62.
1776:
1546:(Caesar's wife, 1928), Marise Querlin's
1347:Raquel Evans in the 1982 Spanish comedy
1065:
1047:production of the opera in translation.
885:
712:
704:
685:, another victim of imperially directed
637:
560:
446:
287:
4113:
4076:
3842:. F. Saunders – via Google Books.
3837:
3561:"Poster with Hayward in the foreground"
2859:. F. Casanova – via Google Books.
2335:
2159:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
2116:
2052:. Harvard University Press. p. 90.
2006:Cassius Dio, Roman History. Book LXI.31
1606:by a supporter who kept it in his home.
993:, that revolved around the affair with
852:card in which card 6, normally titled "
672:to divorce his wife and marry her, the
181:. She was a paternal cousin of Emperor
14:
5217:
4147:
3471:
2009:
1536:Messalina, the wickedest woman in Rome
964:
919:Messalina in the Arms of the Gladiator
592:. This was modelled on depictions of
517:
337:
283:
177:) was the third wife of Roman emperor
4313:
3499:. 16 January 2011 – via Flickr.
3396:, Université de Saint-Etienne, 2000,
2854:
2305:Satire X, translated by A. S. Kline,
2037:. W. Heffer & Sons. pp. 6â7.
1843:
1754:, University of North Carolina 2011,
1513:Messaline, roman de la Rome impériale
1511:(Roman Orgy, 1897), Nonce Casanova's
1471:(Claudius' wife, 1873), the novel by
807:In 1870 the French committee for the
165:
4094:La vie de Messaline, femme de Claude
3822:
3315:Reutlinger, Jean (21 October 1903).
3021:
2082:. Yale University Press. p. 67.
1964:. Yale University Press. p. 64.
1921:. Yale University Press. p. 62.
1866:. Yale University Press. p. 65.
1790:. Yale University Press. p. 56.
766:Pierre-François Hugues d'Hancarville
189:, and a great-grandniece of Emperor
5250:People executed by the Roman Empire
4152:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4118:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4092:, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2012, ch. 2,
3943:. Hamburg, Germany: Spiegel Online.
3887:The Nineteenth Century in Two Parts
3838:Maturin, Edward (21 October 1839).
3439:"Messalina â a photo on Flickriver"
3060:
2871:"Messalina: A Tragedy in Five Acts"
2599:
2464:"Death of Messalina (Getty Museum)"
2450:, Sabellus, Capri (Leclerc, Nancy)
2125:
2107:
2092:
2062:
1846:Lives of the Caesars: Claudius I.VI
1760:
1564:Messalina, die lasterhafte Kaiserin
1556:Messalina: a novel of imperial Rome
480:, a festival of the grape harvest.
24:
4169: : le cas de Messaline ", in
4161:. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.
3827:. Lyford – via Google Books.
3823:Leti, Gregorio (21 October 1689).
2844:. Rosner – via Google Books.
2759:
1933:Aspects of Roman History AD 14â117
1444:(1839). But the part she plays in
1293:in the 1968 ITV television series
1257:in the 1960 sword-and-sandal film
1054:, which features her final hours.
856:", has been retitled "Shameless" (
25:
5276:
3810:, University of California 2003,
3472:Barros, Luiz de (21 April 1930),
2855:Cossa, Pietro (21 October 1877).
2816:, University of California 2003,
2366:, University of California 2011,
1736:The American Journal of Philology
1517:La ChimĂšre, Pages de la DĂ©cadence
1285:Messalina vs. the Son of Hercules
1089:in 1875. There she reclines on a
1085:, who was painted in her role by
943:Messalina returning from the bath
211:Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus
18:Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus
4035:
4017:
3999:
3981:
3963:
3947:
3929:
3913:
3895:
3880:
3862:
3846:
3840:"Sejanus: And Other Roman Tales"
3831:
3816:
3800:
3782:
3768:
3738:
3725:
3719:
3705:
3694:
3682:
3668:
3638:
3620:
3609:
3597:
3583:
3567:
3553:
3535:
3521:
3503:
3489:
3465:
3453:
3431:
3413:
3402:
3386:
3375:
3349:
3335:
3323:
3308:
3278:
3266:
3248:
3233:
3214:
3195:
3177:
3159:
3143:
3125:
3107:
3093:
3054:
2468:The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles
1544:Messalina â Die Frau des Kaisers
1193:in the 1937 uncompleted film of
1170:in the 1923 Italian silent film
1156:in the 1910 Italian silent film
602:BibliothĂšque nationale de France
3955:Astonishing Adventures Magazine
3919:Marie-France David-de Palacio,
3286:"Missing Account | Piwigo"
3042:
3015:
2997:
2986:
2975:
2964:
2951:
2933:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2877:
2863:
2848:
2833:
2822:
2806:
2795:
2779:
2768:
2753:
2742:
2727:
2716:
2698:
2672:
2654:
2643:
2632:
2593:
2582:
2568:
2550:
2539:
2528:
2517:
2503:
2492:
2474:
2456:
2441:
2426:
2412:
2388:
2372:
2356:
2329:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2276:
2260:
2249:
2245:BM Museum number 1891,0414.1238
2238:
2227:
2216:
2200:
2189:
2178:
2167:
2151:
2134:
2101:
2086:
2071:
2056:
2041:
2024:
1983:
1968:
1953:
1938:
1925:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1870:
1837:
1822:
1809:
1794:
1744:
1728:
1674:"Suetonius | Roman author"
1382:Tabea Tarbiat in the 2013 film
1215:. This also carried the titles
1180:precursor alternatively titled
3319:– via Wikimedia Commons.
2764:– via Wikimedia Commons.
2664:. 4 March 2016. Archived from
1713:
1700:
1694:New Series, Vol. 36.2 (1986),
1684:
1666:
1658:The Bryn Mawr Classical Review
1650:
1637:
1625:
1609:
1592:
1580:Messaline, la putain impériale
1578:6th satire in his revisionist
997:that brought about her death.
292:Messalina in a coin minted in
205:Messalina was the daughter of
167:[waËlÉriamÉssaËËliËna]
13:
1:
5207:incidates an empress regnant.
4126:Prosopographia Imperii Romani
4069:
3577:, Cambridge University 2009,
2364:Cleopatra: A Sphinx Revisited
1632:Prosopographia Imperii Romani
1548:Messaline, impératrice du feu
1442:Sejanus And Other Roman Tales
1260:Messalina, venere imperatrice
1120:
896:Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes
865:representation of the vintage
401:Two very prominent senators,
200:
185:, a second cousin of Emperor
171:
5037:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
4267:Apocolocyntosis divi Claudii
4157:Momigliano, Arnoldo (1934).
4114:Barrett, Anthony A. (1996).
4110:(Trafford Publishing, 2012).
3543:"Archivo Storico del Cinema"
2723:Victoria & Albert Museum
2256:Cameo Jewels of Ancient Rome
1600:Journal of Roman Archaeology
1582:(The imperial whore, 2015).
1335:Messalina, Empress and Whore
1248:Demetrius and the Gladiators
1236:Nero and the Burning of Rome
784:Later painting and sculpture
373:, and Agrippina's young son
235:Claudia Marcella the Younger
7:
5255:People executed for treason
5240:1st-century Roman empresses
4282:Lives of the Twelve Caesars
4181:. Harvard University Press.
4177:Scramuzza, Vincent (1940).
3889:, Syracuse University 1994
3511:"Messalina Empress of Rome"
3028:. Oxford University Press.
2993:Published in Piacenza, 1904
2762:"Français : Messaline"
2031:Arnoldo Momigliano (1934).
1550:(The fiery empress, 1955),
939:Messalina and her companion
459:In AD 48, Claudius went to
442:
375:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
223:Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
215:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
10:
5281:
4187:
3603:Screen shot and poster at
3382:Photograph on Wiki-Commons
3149:photographic portraits on
3101:"Austrian picture archive"
2048:Vincent Scramuzza (1940).
1725:, McMaster University 2000
1392:
1281:The Gladiator of Messalina
1245:in the 1954 Biblical epic
1081:was specially written for
32:Messalina (disambiguation)
29:
5194:
5161:
5072:Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
4790:
4711:
4659:
4573:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
4546:
4490:
4348:
3038:– via Google Books.
2352:– via Google Books.
2336:Gilmore, John T. (2017).
2208:Handbook of Engraved Gems
2163:Vol. 46 (2001), pp. 41-93
1770:, Oxford University 1998
1058:Stars of stage and screen
1044:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
735:French prose work in the
693:had earlier described as
590:Roman conquest of Britain
146:
136:
120:
110:
97:
81:
77:
69:
62:
46:
41:
5245:Executed Roman empresses
4148:Levick, Barbara (1990).
2829:Text at Internet Archive
2802:Text at Internet Archive
2435:, Chez Sabellus, Capri
2404:My nights with Messalina
2130:. p. Book XI.XXXVI.
2097:. p. Book XI.XXVII.
1880:, iv. 68, vi. 9, xi. 29.
1801:Anthony Barrett (1996).
1585:
1353:My Nights with Messalina
1221:The Affairs of Messalina
1133:
971:The Tragedy of Messalina
726:Gothenburg Museum of Art
418:Poppaea Sabina the Elder
316:Encyclopaedia Britannica
276:was murdered in 41, the
221:. Her mother's brother,
4990:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
4596:Flavia Julia Constantia
4209:Antiquities of the Jews
2927:"Magazine illustration"
2323:poetryintranslation.com
2112:. p. Book XI.XXXV.
2078:Barbara Levick (1990).
2067:. p. Book XI.XXVI.
2016:Barbara Levick (1990).
1960:Barbara Levick (1990).
1945:Barbara Levick (1990).
1917:Barbara Levick (1990).
1862:Barbara Levick (1990).
1786:Barbara Levick (1990).
1678:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1424:'s political pamphlet,
1305:in the 1976 BBC serial
911:The orgies of Messalina
687:character assassination
5235:1st-century executions
4513:Marcia Otacilia Severa
3676:"Messalina, Messalina"
2185:Gallery of Ancient Art
1738:130.4 (Winter, 2009),
1385:Nymphomaniac Volume II
1361:in the 1985 TV series
1342:Caligula and Messalina
1323:, and the 1977 comedy
1229:during a flashback in
1182:The Fall of an Empress
1158:The Love of an Empress
1074:
898:
845:Victor Honoré Janssens
818:The Death of Messalina
794:The Death of Messalina
728:
647:
633:Antikensammlung Berlin
581:
548:Cephisodotus the Elder
456:
297:
85:25 January AD 17 or 20
5077:Theodora Palaiologina
5047:Anna Komnene Angelina
4985:Catherine of Bulgaria
4916:Eudokia Dekapolitissa
4385:Agrippina the Younger
4295:, XI. 1, 2, 12, 26â38
4077:Holland, Tom (1990).
4047:histoire-pour-tous.fr
3856:, Jefferson NC 2009,
3713:"Poster on Pinterest"
3171:Europeana Collections
3137:Europeana Collections
3119:Europeana Collections
3009:British Theatre Guide
2562:Europeana Collections
2378:Peter Maxwell Cryle,
1907:Tacitus, Annals, 11.2
1766:Thomas A. J. McGinn,
1708:Constructing the Past
1493:The Garden of Priapus
1373:in the 2004 TV movie
1069:
1052:In Bed With Messalina
955:EugĂšne Cyrille Brunet
892:EugĂšne Cyrille Brunet
889:
716:
705:Messalina in the arts
641:
578:Cabinet des MĂ©dailles
564:
450:
371:Agrippina the Younger
324:Agrippina the Younger
291:
227:Agrippina the Younger
209:and her first cousin
5148:Sophia of Montferrat
5067:Anna of Hohenstaufen
4926:Theophano Martinakia
4834:Theodora of Khazaria
4467:Julia Cornelia Paula
4430:Faustina the Younger
4215:The Wars of the Jews
4179:The Emperor Claudius
3971:"Messalina (Volume)"
3941:gutenberg.spiegel.de
3923:, Peter Lang, 2005,
3459:Poster and still at
3167:"PospĂĆĄilovĂĄ, Marie"
3022:Wyke, Maria (2007).
2293:Online translation,
2141:Tom Holland (2015).
2050:The Emperor Claudius
1898:Cassius Dio, ix. 14.
1692:The Classical Review
1473:Alexandre Dumas fils
1326:Messalina, Messalina
1279:), or alternatively
1205:in the 1951 Italian
931:Peder Severin KrĂžyer
737:J. Paul Getty Museum
718:Peder Severin KrĂžyer
697:(the harlot queen).
30:For other uses, see
5126:Keratsa of Bulgaria
5109:Helena Kantakouzene
5089:Irene of Montferrat
5052:Philippa of Armenia
5032:Margaret of Hungary
4884:Theophano of Athens
4703:Julius Nepos's wife
4518:Herennia Etruscilla
4341:Roman and Byzantine
4099:Tatum, W. Jeffrey;
3591:"The German poster"
3573:Martin M. Winkler,
2945:www.limitedruns.com
1750:Harriet I. Flower,
1560:Siegfried Obermeier
1477:Franco-Prussian War
1276:L'ultimo gladiatore
1271:The Final Gladiator
1079:Arria und Messalina
1072:Arria und Messalina
1010:Arria und Messalina
965:Drama and spectacle
798:Georges Rochegrosse
741:Master of Boucicaut
739:illustrated by the
646:, late 16th century
554:carrying the child
528:Roman imperial cult
518:Erasure from memory
414:Gardens of Lucullus
338:Messalina's victims
284:Messalina's history
272:. When the Emperor
247:Octavia the Younger
104:Gardens of Lucullus
5225:1st-century births
5153:Maria of Trebizond
5119:Irene Palaiologina
5099:Irene of Brunswick
5057:Maria of Courtenay
5017:Bertha of Sulzbach
4425:Faustina the Elder
4400:Statilia Messalina
4263:Seneca the Younger
4200:, LX. 14â18, 27â31
3953:Joanne Renaud, in
3874:epelorient.free.fr
3549:on 19 August 2018.
3421:"Messalina (1910)"
3296:on 21 October 2019
3085:has generic name (
2624:has generic name (
1719:Nicholas Reymond,
1540:Alfred Schirokauer
1521:Felicien Champsaur
1469:La femme de Claude
1231:Nerone e Messalina
1075:
975:Nathanael Richards
907:Federico Faruffini
899:
802:Nicolai Abildgaard
790:Francesco Solimena
729:
648:
582:
485:Praetorian Prefect
457:
407:Valerius Asiaticus
356:Seneca the Younger
298:
101:48 (aged 28 or 31)
73:24 January 41 â 48
5265:Wives of Claudius
5260:Valerii Messallae
5212:
5211:
5181:Byzantine emperor
5010:Dobrodeia of Kiev
4786:
4785:
4590:Valeria Maximilla
4528:Cornelia Salonina
4482:Sallustia Orbiana
4096:, pp. 39â64.
4053:on 13 August 2018
3776:"Publicity photo"
3756:on 19 August 2018
3728:"fixgalleria.net"
3656:on 19 August 2018
3605:World Cult Cinema
3363:on 11 August 2018
3256:"Meyriane Heglon"
1621:damnatio memoria.
1604:damnatio memoriae
1568:The Pagan Empress
1349:Bacanales Romanas
1317:in the 1979 film
1315:Anneka Di Lorenzo
1227:Ludmilla Dudarova
999:Carlo Pallavicino
881:fr:Gustave Surand
644:Agostino Carracci
606:Peter Paul Rubens
532:damnatio memoriae
524:damnatio memoriae
511:damnatio memoriae
493:Rufrius Crispinus
364:Rubellius Plautus
239:Antonia the Elder
159:Valeria Messalina
156:
155:
42:Valeria Messalina
16:(Redirected from
5272:
5131:Irene Gattilusio
5042:Eudokia Angelina
5022:Maria of Antioch
5005:Irene of Hungary
4941:Zoe Karbonopsina
4921:Eudokia Ingerina
4794:Byzantine Empire
4657:
4656:
4502:Caecilia Paulina
4460:Fulvia Plautilla
4450:Manlia Scantilla
4440:Bruttia Crispina
4375:Milonia Caesonia
4334:
4327:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4182:
4167:MĂ©moires secrets
4162:
4153:
4144:
4138:
4130:
4119:
4088:Minaud, GĂ©rard,
4087:
4082:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4049:. Archived from
4039:
4033:
4032:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3967:
3961:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3933:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3899:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3866:
3860:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3814:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3752:. Archived from
3742:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3652:. Archived from
3642:
3636:
3635:
3624:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3545:. Archived from
3539:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3449:on 8 March 2021.
3445:. Archived from
3435:
3429:
3428:
3417:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3392:Frédéric Zarch,
3390:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3359:. Archived from
3357:"Wyns Charlotte"
3353:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3292:. Archived from
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3157:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3061:Limited, Alamy.
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:Media storehouse
2979:
2973:
2971:Media storehouse
2968:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2903:Internet Archive
2899:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2783:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2682:. Archived from
2676:
2670:
2669:
2668:on 4 March 2016.
2658:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2600:Limited, Alamy.
2597:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2445:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2392:
2386:
2376:
2370:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2264:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2204:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1774:
1764:
1758:
1748:
1742:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1615:Eric R. Varner,
1613:
1607:
1596:
1529:L'impératice nue
1491:of 1901 (titled
1457:Claudius the God
1359:Jennifer O'Neill
1207:sword-and-sandal
1178:sword-and-sandal
1125:
1122:
1083:Charlotte Wolter
985:Pietro Zaguri's
935:Aubrey Beardsley
841:Nicolaus KnĂŒpfer
835:
827:Victor Biennoury
759:Agostino Caracci
689:, whom the poet
679:meretrix augusta
426:Lucius Vitellius
383:Statilius Taurus
344:senatorial order
278:Praetorian Guard
176:
173:
169:
164:
51:
39:
38:
21:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5190:
5157:
5094:Rita of Armenia
5082:Anna of Hungary
5062:Irene Laskarina
5027:Agnes of France
4995:Maria of Alania
4946:Helena Lekapene
4796:
4793:
4782:
4715:
4707:
4691:Marcia Euphemia
4686:Licinia Eudoxia
4663:
4655:
4646:Aelia Flaccilla
4568:Galeria Valeria
4550:
4542:
4523:Cornelia Supera
4494:
4486:
4415:Pompeia Plotina
4410:Domitia Longina
4405:Galeria Fundana
4390:Claudia Octavia
4365:Livia Orestilla
4352:
4344:
4338:
4304:Book of Caesars
4300:Aurelius Victor
4248:Natural History
4244:Pliny the Elder
4190:
4185:
4132:
4131:
4085:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4029:ArrĂȘte ton char
4023:
4022:
4018:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3993:www.canalbd.net
3987:
3986:
3982:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3952:
3948:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3918:
3914:
3902:Archived online
3900:
3896:
3885:
3881:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3852:William Hawes,
3851:
3847:
3836:
3832:
3821:
3817:
3805:
3801:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3732:fixgalleria.net
3724:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3403:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3238:
3234:
3219:
3215:
3200:
3196:
3189:archivi.cini.it
3183:
3182:
3178:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3020:
3016:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2952:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2853:
2849:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2796:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2686:on 4 March 2016
2678:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2633:
2621:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2486:fineartlib.info
2480:
2479:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2452:Illustration 32
2446:
2442:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2393:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2334:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2277:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2239:
2234:The Paris cameo
2232:
2228:
2223:The Hague cameo
2221:
2217:
2210:(London 1885),
2205:
2201:
2196:Photo on Flickr
2194:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2139:
2135:
2124:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2010:
2005:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1860:
1853:
1842:
1838:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1799:
1795:
1784:
1777:
1765:
1761:
1749:
1745:
1733:
1729:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1614:
1610:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1509:L'Orgie Romaine
1395:
1217:Empress of Rome
1168:Rina De Liguoro
1136:
1123:
1117:Cécile Thévenet
1060:
1030:Isidore de Lara
1014:Adolf Wilbrandt
967:
947:Pavel Svedomsky
915:JoaquĂn Sorolla
829:
813:Fernand Lematte
786:
707:
695:meretrix regina
658:Natural History
653:Pliny the Elder
520:
445:
433:Marcus Vinicius
340:
286:
262:Claudia Octavia
203:
175: 17/20â48
174:
162:
129:
127:Claudia Octavia
102:
86:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5278:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5210:
5209:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5141:Anna of Moscow
5133:
5128:
5123:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5002:
5000:Irene Doukaina
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4936:Eudokia BaĂŻana
4933:
4931:Zoe Zaoutzaina
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4874:Maria of Amnia
4871:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4713:Eastern Empire
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Galla Placidia
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4661:Western Empire
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4533:Ulpia Severina
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4498:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4477:Annia Faustina
4474:
4472:Aquilia Severa
4469:
4464:
4452:
4447:
4445:Flavia Titiana
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Poppaea Sabina
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4370:Lollia Paulina
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4353:27 BC â AD 235
4346:
4345:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4286:
4274:
4260:
4251:
4241:
4219:
4201:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4174:
4163:
4154:
4145:
4120:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4034:
4016:
3998:
3980:
3962:
3946:
3928:
3912:
3907:The Latin Orgy
3894:
3879:
3861:
3845:
3830:
3815:
3806:Wendy Heller,
3799:
3781:
3767:
3737:
3718:
3704:
3693:
3681:
3667:
3637:
3619:
3608:
3596:
3582:
3566:
3552:
3534:
3520:
3517:. 15 May 2012.
3502:
3488:
3464:
3452:
3443:flickriver.com
3430:
3412:
3401:
3385:
3374:
3348:
3334:
3322:
3307:
3277:
3273:Archived score
3265:
3247:
3232:
3213:
3194:
3176:
3158:
3142:
3124:
3106:
3092:
3053:
3041:
3035:978-0199228331
3034:
3014:
2996:
2985:
2974:
2963:
2950:
2932:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2876:
2862:
2847:
2832:
2821:
2812:Wendy Heller,
2805:
2794:
2785:Lisa Hopkins,
2778:
2767:
2752:
2741:
2726:
2715:
2697:
2671:
2653:
2642:
2631:
2592:
2581:
2567:
2549:
2538:
2527:
2516:
2502:
2491:
2473:
2455:
2440:
2437:chapters 29-31
2425:
2420:"Wiki-Commons"
2411:
2394:'Jack Oleck's
2387:
2371:
2355:
2349:978-1134106332
2348:
2328:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2275:
2259:
2248:
2237:
2226:
2215:
2199:
2188:
2177:
2166:
2150:
2147:. p. 334.
2133:
2115:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2055:
2040:
2023:
2008:
1994:
1982:
1967:
1952:
1937:
1924:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1869:
1851:
1836:
1821:
1808:
1793:
1775:
1759:
1743:
1727:
1712:
1699:
1683:
1665:
1656:Adam Kemezis,
1649:
1636:
1624:
1608:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1525:L'Orgie Latine
1485:'pataphysical'
1438:Edward Maturin
1431:Mary of Modena
1415:
1414:
1403:Francesco Pona
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1376:Imperium: Nero
1368:
1356:
1345:
1338:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1224:
1200:
1188:
1185:
1165:
1154:Maria Caserini
1151:
1135:
1132:
1059:
1056:
966:
963:
926:Gustave Moreau
785:
782:
706:
703:
625:British Museum
540:Uffizi Gallery
519:
516:
453:Uffizi Gallery
444:
441:
403:Appius Silanus
339:
336:
285:
282:
207:Domitia Lepida
202:
199:
154:
153:
151:Domitia Lepida
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
124:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
99:
95:
94:
83:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5277:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5169:Roman emperor
5167:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5136:Helena DragaĆĄ
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5114:Irene Asanina
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5104:Anna of Savoy
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Fabia Eudokia
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:Ino Anastasia
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Aelia Eudocia
4726:
4724:
4723:Aelia Eudoxia
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Marina Severa
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4538:Magnia Urbica
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4305:
4302:, epitome of
4301:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4198:Roman History
4195:
4192:
4191:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3777:
3771:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3726:Suni, Jetro.
3722:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3633:
3632:updown.org.uk
3629:
3623:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3562:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3498:
3492:
3477:
3476:
3468:
3462:
3461:Film Affinity
3456:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3378:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3344:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3318:
3311:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2872:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2760:Ć tursa, Jan.
2756:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2342:. Routledge.
2341:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2307:lines 329â336
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1662:7 March, 2005
1659:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:fin de siĂšcle
1501:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1446:Robert Graves
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1422:Gregorio Leti
1418:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1291:Nicola Pagett
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1243:Susan Hayward
1241:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1128:Claire Croiza
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:chaise-longue
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:. The ailing
1041:
1040:Covent Garden
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
991:opera scenica
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
962:
960:
956:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
893:
888:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
842:
837:
833:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
755:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
702:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
659:
654:
645:
640:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
575:
571:
568:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
533:
529:
525:
515:
513:
512:
506:
502:
498:
497:Vestal Virgin
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
470:
466:
462:
454:
449:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
399:
396:
395:Secular Games
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Julia Livilla
345:
335:
333:
329:
325:
320:
317:
312:
308:
304:
295:
290:
281:
279:
275:
271:
268:; and a son,
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Antonia Major
216:
212:
208:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
168:
160:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:, Rome, Italy
105:
100:
96:
93:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:Roman empress
61:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5139:
5117:
5080:
5008:
4977:
4970:
4908:
4866:
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4508:Tranquillina
4458:
4420:Vibia Sabina
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4107:
4106:Mudd, Mary;
4100:
4093:
4089:
4081:. Doubleday.
4078:
4055:. Retrieved
4051:the original
4046:
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3784:
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3754:the original
3749:
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3731:
3721:
3707:
3696:
3684:
3670:
3658:. Retrieved
3654:the original
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3616:Studio Canal
3611:
3599:
3585:
3574:
3569:
3555:
3547:the original
3537:
3523:
3515:filmplakater
3514:
3505:
3491:
3480:, retrieved
3474:
3467:
3455:
3447:the original
3442:
3433:
3415:
3404:
3393:
3388:
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3361:the original
3351:
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3298:. Retrieved
3294:the original
3289:
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2749:Wiki-Commons
2744:
2733:
2729:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2684:the original
2674:
2666:the original
2656:
2645:
2639:Wiki-Commons
2634:
2605:
2595:
2584:
2575:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2546:Wiki-Commons
2541:
2535:Wiki-Commons
2530:
2524:Wiki-Commons
2519:
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2043:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1918:
1912:
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1645:Vita Claudii
1644:
1639:
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1627:
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1616:
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1599:
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1488:
1481:Alfred Jarry
1468:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1399:La Messalina
1398:
1396:
1383:
1374:
1371:Sonia Aquino
1362:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1306:
1303:Sheila White
1294:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1267:Lisa Gastoni
1258:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1194:
1191:Merle Oberon
1181:
1171:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1108:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1078:
1077:Wilbrandt's
1076:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1033:
1026:Ăden-ThĂ©Ăątre
1022:
1018:Pietro Cossa
1009:
1006:femme fatale
1003:
995:Gaius Silius
990:
987:La Messalina
986:
970:
968:
951:
942:
938:
923:
918:
910:
902:
900:
862:
857:
854:The Lover(s)
838:
816:
809:Prix de Rome
806:
793:
787:
777:
769:
763:
752:
749:
744:
730:
721:
708:
699:
694:
678:
674:sixth satire
670:Gaius Silius
663:
656:
649:
618:
583:
537:
531:
523:
521:
509:
482:
465:Gaius Silius
458:
430:
411:
400:
391:
387:Gaius Silius
368:
341:
331:
321:
315:
299:
255:
204:
158:
157:
36:
5201:underlining
4773:Constantina
4455:Julia Domna
4194:Cassius Dio
4086:(in French)
4025:"Messaline"
3812:pp. 273â275
3650:sharetv.com
3083:|last=
3050:pp. 102â103
2889:jnjreid.com
2818:pp. 277â297
2791:pp. 135â137
2775:Online text
2680:"Art Value"
2622:|last=
1990:Cassius Dio
1844:Suetonius.
1756:pp. 182â189
1740:pp. 595â624
1710:12.1, 2011]
1696:pp. 243â245
1643:Suetonius,
1558:(1959) and
1498:Art Nouveau
1451:I, Claudius
1308:I, Claudius
1296:The Caesars
1255:Belinda Lee
1203:MarĂa FĂ©lix
1196:I, Claudius
1124: 1917
1087:Hans Makart
890:Messalina,
830: [
489:Lusius Geta
455:in Florence
360:Julia Livia
311:Cassius Dio
270:Britannicus
251:Mark Antony
195:promiscuity
131:Britannicus
5219:Categories
4904:Euphrosyne
4676:Thermantia
4636:Constantia
4350:Principate
4070:References
3975:Comic Vine
3343:"Postcard"
3300:21 October
3290:piwigo.com
2961:Wiki-Media
2738:AKG Images
2650:Wiki-Media
2499:Wiki-Media
2206:C.W.King,
1552:Jack Oleck
1448:' novels,
1140:censorship
1113:Emma Calvé
973:(1639) by
959:Jan Ć tursa
869:Bacchanals
691:Propertius
621:cornucopia
572:plaque in
379:Germanicus
296:, c. AD 42
201:Early life
57:, ca 45 CE
5230:48 deaths
4956:Theophano
4894:Theodosia
4869:of Athens
4824:Anastasia
4733:Pulcheria
4578:Minervina
4380:Messalina
4343:empresses
4277:Suetonius
4273:, 257â261
4135:cite book
4129:. Berlin.
4057:13 August
3959:pp. 52â55
3957:5, 2009,
3858:pp. 14â16
3760:19 August
3660:19 August
3482:15 August
3475:Messalina
3367:19 August
2734:Messalina
2589:Wikimedia
2396:Messalina
2384:pp. 281ff
2174:Wikimedia
2126:Tacitus.
2108:Tacitus.
2093:Tacitus.
2063:Tacitus.
1992:60, 27, 4
1974:Tacitus,
1876:Tacitus,
1828:Tacitus,
1815:Tacitus,
1572:Messaline
1523:'s novel
1500:artists.
1489:Messaline
1464:in 1976.
1462:TV series
1212:Messalina
1173:Messalina
1162:Messalina
1148:Messaline
1109:Messaline
1035:Messaline
1032:'s opera
979:Charles I
883:in 1905.
858:impudique
733:mediaeval
722:Messalina
683:Cleopatra
664:The poet
629:carnelian
574:enamelled
469:Narcissus
332:fabulosus
307:Suetonius
245:' sister
5186:Augustae
5162:See also
4979:Theodora
4961:Theodora
4951:Theodora
4910:Theodora
4889:Prokopia
4879:Theodote
4814:Gregoria
4797:610â1453
4792:Eastern/
4758:Theodora
4753:Euphemia
4697:Placidia
4606:Faustina
4563:Eutropia
4548:Dominate
4254:Plutarch
4204:Josephus
4150:Claudius
3529:"Poster"
3330:Postcard
3260:ipernity
3075:cite web
2614:cite web
2270:, 1863,
2080:Claudius
2018:Claudius
1980:, XI.1â3
1962:Claudius
1947:Claudius
1931:Alston,
1919:Claudius
1864:Claudius
1819:XII.59.1
1788:Claudius
1538:(1924),
1411:Morpheus
1331:Caligula
1320:Caligula
1111:, while
983:Venetian
894:(1884),
780:(1787).
724:, 1881,
610:centaurs
594:Dionysus
586:sardonyx
576:frame. (
567:Sardonyx
443:Downfall
437:Polybius
352:Caligula
274:Caligula
258:Claudius
243:Augustus
191:Augustus
187:Caligula
179:Claudius
115:Claudius
5197:Italics
4854:Eudokia
4844:Tzitzak
4829:Eudokia
4809:Martina
4778:Leontia
4748:Zenonis
4743:Ariadne
4716:395â610
4664:395â480
4631:Domnica
4626:Justina
4616:Charito
4601:Eusebia
4551:284â610
4495:235â285
4435:Lucilla
4298:Sextus
4289:Tacitus
4271:Octavia
4227:Satires
4222:Juvenal
4212:XX. 8;
4188:Sources
4011:Babelio
3891:p. 1214
3678:. IMDb.
3227:Gallica
3208:Gallica
2789:, 2008
2690:14 June
2576:Annales
2511:Annales
2295:X ch.83
1977:Annales
1935:, p. 95
1878:Annales
1834:, XI.10
1831:Annales
1647:, 26.29
1427:publick
1393:Fiction
1344:(1981).
1287:(1963).
1150:(1910).
873:thyrsus
823:Tacitus
774:Priapus
666:Juvenal
598:Ariadne
556:Ploutos
501:Claudii
478:Vinalia
474:Bacchic
422:Mnester
328:Juvenal
303:Tacitus
4966:Helena
4899:Thekla
4819:Fausta
4763:Sophia
4738:Verina
4611:Helena
4584:Fausta
4558:Prisca
4492:Crisis
4293:Annals
4218:II. 12
3925:p. 232
3701:Poster
3690:p. 168
3579:p. 232
3409:Poster
3032:
2346:
2339:Satire
2128:Annals
2110:Annals
2095:Annals
2065:Annals
1817:Annals
1772:p. 170
1487:novel
877:buskin
754:I Modi
701:well.
552:Eirene
544:Louvre
505:Drusii
163:Latin:
147:Mother
137:Father
111:Spouse
70:Tenure
55:Louvre
4867:Irene
4849:Maria
4839:Maria
4671:Maria
4651:Galla
4641:Laeta
4360:Livia
4258:Lives
3398:p.209
3155:Alamy
3067:Alamy
2915:p. 36
2606:Alamy
2578:11.31
2513:11.37
2368:p. 17
1586:Notes
1209:film
1134:Films
1102:Nadar
850:Tarot
834:]
614:Ceres
570:cameo
461:Ostia
294:Crete
122:Issue
92:Italy
5205:bold
5174:list
5138:(w.
5116:(w.
5079:(w.
5007:(w.
4860:Anna
4457:(w.
4141:link
4059:2018
3794:IMDb
3762:2018
3750:eBay
3662:2018
3484:2024
3425:IMDb
3369:2018
3302:2019
3153:and
3087:help
3030:ISBN
2710:Tate
2692:2013
2626:help
2344:ISBN
2212:p.57
1634:V 88
1454:and
1219:and
1176:, a
596:and
503:and
405:and
305:and
266:Nero
237:and
231:Nero
217:and
183:Nero
98:Died
88:Rome
82:Born
4972:Zoë
4580:(?)
4504:(?)
4306:, 4
2736:at
2406:is
2398:is
2272:#65
1562:'s
1554:'s
1542:'s
1483:'s
1440:'s
1401:by
1269:in
1012:by
917:'s
909:'s
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550:of
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4269:;
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
