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time later, when she contacted him; their renewed correspondence continued until his death. Historians such as Andrew
Burstein have suggested the relationship was romantic mostly on Jefferson's side, and that Cosway was his opposite, more artistic than rational. Their correspondence survives. Before Jefferson left Paris, he wrote her, "I am going to America and you are going to Italy. One of us is going the wrong way, for the way will ever be wrong that leads us further apart."
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1122:"How England first saw Bonaparte: a painting by Francesco Cossia commissioned by Maria Cosway in 1797 was the first true portrait of Napoleon to be seen in England. It was acquired by Sir John Soane, who, as Xavier F. Salomon and Christopher Woodward explain, juxtaposed it with a miniature by Isabey in a comparison of the youthful hero with the tyrannical dictator"
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from a drawing by Maria's husband. Trumbull was commissioned by Maria to paint a portrait of
Jefferson; this remained in the collection of Cosway's paintings and papers looked after by the nuns at the convent school she had founded in Lodi until the Italian government put immense pressure on the nuns
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A devout
Catholic who did not want to have children, she worried about pregnancy. Some historians believe nothing further developed besides correspondence. Since Jefferson was very discreet, no one knows for certain the extent of their relationship. Jefferson eventually stopped writing her until some
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Four of the
Hadfield children were killed by a mentally ill nursemaid, who was caught after being overheard talking about killing Maria. The nurse claimed that her young victims would be sent to Heaven after she killed them. She was sentenced to life in prison. Maria, her brothers Richard and
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in London, she commissioned artist
Francesco Cossia to create what was to be the first portrait of Napoleon seen in England. Cosway may have been the first person in Britain to see the face of Napoleon. Her commission of the portrait was later called the "earliest recorded evidence of British
994:
Gallery of the Louvre, represented by etchings executed solely by Mrs. Maria Cosway, with an
Historical and Critical Description of all the Pictures which compose the Superb Collection, and a Biographical Sketch of the Life of each Painter, by J. Griffiths, &c.
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introduced the
Cosways to Jefferson, then a widower at 43 serving as American minister to France. Maria was 27. Jefferson then begged off his scheduled dinner companion, saying he needed to tend to official business, and instead spent the evening with Maria at the
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At her husband's insistence, the
Cosways departed for London. Jefferson's 4,000-word "The Dialogue of the Head vs. the Heart" love letter followed dated 12–13 October 1786. He describes his head conversing with his heart—a struggle between the practical and the
525:(1790). At the same time, Richard was having an open affair with Mary Moser, with whom he travelled for six months. In his notebooks, he made "invidious comparisons between her and Mrs Cosway," implying that she was much more sexually responsive than his wife.
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Her
Italian manners were so foreign that her husband kept Maria secluded until she fully mastered the English language. Cosway also forbade his wife from selling her paintings, possibly out of fear of the gossip that surrounded female painters. Her
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is seen as a response to his limitation of her work, her folded arms acting as a sign of her inability to practice. But, in time he realised his wife's talent and helped her to develop it. More than 30 of her works were displayed at the
131:; 11 June 1760 – 5 January 1838) was an Italian-English painter, musician, and educator. She worked in England, France, and later Italy, cultivating a large circle of friends and clients, mainly as an initiate of Swedish and French
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In a letter to
Jefferson (held by the University of Virginia), Cosway mourned the loss of mutual old friends following the death of Angelica Schuyler Church. As a tribute to Church, Cosway designed a temple ceiling depicting the
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Raccolta di Disegni Originali scelti dai Portafogli del celebre Riccardo Cosway, R.A., e primo pittore del Serenissimo Principe di Wallia, posseduti dalla di lui vedova, la Signora Maria Cosway, e intagliati da Paolo Lasinio,
798:, she auctioned Richard's large art collection, and used the funds to support the convent school. For a short time, following the death of Richard Cosway, her close friend Sir John Soane served as the executor to her estate.
686:... In the evening, when one took a retrospect of the day, what a mass of happiness had we travelled over!" Over the course of six weeks, Jefferson developed a romantic attachment to Cosway, spending each day with her.
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Cosway and Jefferson shared an interest in art and architecture; together, they attended exhibits throughout the city and countryside. He would write of their adventures: "How beautiful was every object! the
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The end of her life included service at her school, and making substantial renovations and additions to the medieval building. Cosway died in 1838 at her school in Lodi. Amongst her bequests was one for
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in Italy, where she lived in the north for three years, and then returned to England after her daughter's death at age six, concentrating on painting, completing several religious pictures for chapels.
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had died four years before, he had just learned of the death of his youngest daughter Lucy, and his other two daughters were away at school. During the same period, Jefferson began a relationship with
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Despite Napoleon's war with England, she travelled to France. In Paris, Cardinal Joseph Fesch persuaded her to establish a college for young ladies, which she managed from 1803 until 1809. The
717:, a mixed-race enslaved girl and the half-sister of his late wife, at the time aged between 14 and 16, who was pregnant by him when the household returned to the United States in 1789.
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Richard and Maria had one child together, Louisa Paolina Angelica, but the couple eventually separated. Maria often travelled on the Continent, on one occasion accompanied by
618:, she gave British visitors tours of the cardinal's art collection. One historian pointed out that her admiration for Napoleon may have been inspired by her then-lover
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At least one account held that Cosway began to develop stronger feelings for Jefferson, but when she travelled to Paris to meet him again, she found him more distant.
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At her father's death, Maria expressed a strong desire to become a nun. Three years later, her mother and she travelled to England; they settled in London in 1779.
578:" ("one could not create a more ingenious or more natural poetic work"). Cosway became well known throughout France and had customers from all over the Continent.
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I feel more fit for death than life. But when I look back on the pleasures of which it is a consequence, I am conscious they were worth the price I am paying.
540:. This was to fulfill a vow she had made after giving birth to a living child. While she was travelling on the Continent, her young daughter Louisa died.
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Cosway's engravings from the Old Masters of the Louvre are held in the collection of the British Museum. Two of her paintings that relate to a poem by
506:. Maria Cosway organised concerts and recitals for her guests. She became known as "The Goddess of Pall-Mall". The Cosways employed the former slave
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401:. He was 20 years her senior, known as a libertine, and was repeatedly unfaithful to her. Richard was "commonly described as resembling a monkey."
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Cosway founded a girls' school in Paris, which she directed from 1803 to 1809. Soon after it closed, she founded a girls' college and school in
498:. She could speak several languages, and due to her travels in Italy and France, she gained an international circle of friends. These included
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in London in 1768. Kauffmann helped Maria Hadfield to participate in academy exhibitions. In 1781, she exhibited for the first time, showing:
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Throughout this period, Cosway cultivated international contacts in the art world. When she sent an engraving of her allegorical painting
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for publication as etchings in England. After the death of her daughter while she was in France, she did not finish the project.
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735:. Church kept up a correspondence with both Jefferson and Cosway in later life; her correspondence with them is held at the
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Annette Peach, ‘Jones, Charlotte (1768–1847)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
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in 1786 while he served in Paris as the envoy to France; the pair kept up a correspondence until his death in 1826.
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1886:
Divided Affections: The Extraordinary Life of Maria Cosway, Celebrity Artist and Thomas Jefferson's Impossible Love
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2016:
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In 1821, Cosway briefly returned to England to care for her husband before his death. With the aid of her friend
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Scholars suggest that Jefferson was particularly partial to a romantic attachment at this point in his life.
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from 1781 until 1801. She soon enhanced her reputation as an artist, especially when her portrait of the
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While living in Paris between 1801 and 1803, Cosway copied the paintings of the Old Masters from the
818:, who was a previous student of her husband's, but who had failing eyesight at the end of her life.
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as a servant. In 1791, they moved to Stratford Place where they undertook substantial renovations.
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Cosway was an accomplished composer, musician, and society hostess with her husband, painter
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Bordes, Philippe, "Jacques-Louis David's Anglophilia on the Eve of the French Revolution",
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997:(1802). Her numerous other plates, some in soft-ground etching, are held mostly by the
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252:. One of eight children, Maria demonstrated artistic talent at a young age during her
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at the American Bicentennial to relinquish it, so that Italy could give it to the
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Cosway's principal works exhibited at the Royal Academy and later engraved are:
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by her friend David. She became close friends with Napoleon's uncle, Cardinal
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Jefferson in Love: The Love Letters Between Thomas Jefferson and Maria Cosway
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Jefferson in Love: The Love Letters Between Thomas Jefferson and Maria Cosway
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Cosway and Jefferson both held images of the other. He kept an engraving by
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surrounding her friend's name. In June 1826, she wrote to Italian engraver
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Cosway also showed an interest in French politics. In 1797, then living on
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240:, England, and an Italian mother. Her father was a successful innkeeper at
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974:, published in 1800. She also published a series of 12 designs, entitled
704:– Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway, "A Dialogue of the Head vs. the Heart"
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Cosway eventually returned to the Continent, travelled with her brother
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in Florence in 1778. She also went to Rome, where she studied art under
177:. She had a brief romantic relationship with widowed American statesman
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On 18 January 1781, Maria Hadfield married a fellow artist, celebrated
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general in exile in London, who had been an associate of Bonaparte's.
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to be seen in England. Her paintings and engravings are held by the
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1169:"An artistic alliance – Richard and Maria Cosway – English artists"
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876:(engraved by V. Green; engraver's name shown in parentheses below)
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On ne peut pas faire une poésie plus ingénieuse et plus naturelle
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convent education. She remained a devout Catholic all her life.
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1198:(in French) (337). Société des études robespierristes: 227–230.
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Salomon, Xavier F., and Christopher Woodward. (1 October 2005).
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Richard and Maria Cosway: Regency Artists of Taste and Fashion,
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1192:"Pascal Paoli à Maria Cosway, Lettres et documents, 1782–1803"
532:, France, Maria Cosway made a pilgrimage to the shrine of the
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Why Mrs Blake Cried: William Blake and the Erotic Imagination
1279:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. pp. 278–279.
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1918:
Pascal Paoli à Maria Cosway, Lettres et documents, 1782–1803
432:, the Countess of Aylesbury; Lady Cecilia Johnston, wife of
236:, Italy, to Charles Hadfield, said to have been a native of
1623:"Statement on the Report by TJF President Daniel P. Jordan"
992:. She etched all the plates in a large folio work entitled
751:, where it remains aside from a brief display as part of a
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George, and a younger sister Charlotte were the survivors.
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While still in Florence, Maria Hadfield studied art under
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in Italian), a branch of the religious Order founded by
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H.R.H. the Princess of Wales and the Princess Charlotte
162:. Her work was included in London exhibitions at the
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590:, the painting is displayed in the Breakfast Room of
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was exhibited. Among her personal acquaintances were
361:. Hadfield went on to gain success as a painter of
306:. From 1773 to 1778, she copied Old Masters at the
954:The Preservation of Shadrach, Meshac, and Abednego
2012:Italian emigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain
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560:, described by Jacques-Louis David as "ingenious"
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1804:"Maria Cosway to Thomas Jefferson, 7 April 1819"
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1912:Jefferson's Demons: Portrait of a Restless Mind
1746:"Muse and Confidante: Angelica Schuyler Church"
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960:Louis VII, King of France, before Becket's Tomb
310:Gallery. For her work, she was elected to the
248:, frequented by British aristocrats taking the
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1299:"Thomas Jefferson's Engraving of Maria Cosway"
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1142:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1083:The Living Age: By Making of America Project
586:admiration for Napoleon." Later acquired by
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359:Like patience on a monument smiling at grief
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1770:Richard and Maria Cosway : a biography
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1086:. University of Michigan. 1858. p. 816
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1393:Seeing Ourselves: Women's Self-portriature
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1690:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 174.
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1124:. Apollo – The International Art Magazine
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892:The Judgment on Korah, Dathan, and Abiram
450:as Cynthia (another name for the goddess
341:, were among the original members of the
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1447:John Soane : an accidental romantic
1232:"Maria Cosway, née Hatfield (1760–1838)"
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604:Maria Cosway met Napoleon while copying
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1585:"Jefferson fathered slave's last child"
1301:. Monticello Foundation. Archived from
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1058:. Gazelle Book Services. Archived from
462:. Painting by Maria Cosway circa 1782,
1994:
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1773:. Tiverton, Devon: Westcountry Books.
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1019:in which Maria Cosway is portrayed by
857:in London held an exhibition entitled
135:and an enthusiastic revivalist of the
1928:Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History
1906:Richard and Maria Cosway: A Biography
1533:Jefferson, Thomas (12 October 1786).
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834:. They were included in the exhibit
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47:Maria Luisa Caterina Cecilia Hadfield
2117:18th-century English women musicians
2087:18th-century English women educators
1920:, Oxford, Voltaire Foundation (2003)
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1828:The folio volume is entitled :
1450:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1433:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1270:"Cosway, Maria Cecilia Louisa"
775:invited her to Italy to establish a
397:, in what is thought to have been a
1369:. American Heritage. Archived from
1190:Pomponi, Francis (September 2004).
125:Maria Luisa Caterina Cecilia Cosway
13:
2112:18th-century English women artists
2097:19th-century English women artists
2062:18th-century British women artists
2057:19th-century British women artists
2042:18th-century Italian women artists
2037:19th-century Italian women artists
1878:
1719:"Andrew Burstein : Historian"
1649:"Recollections of Madison Hemings"
1647:Hemings, Madison (13 March 1873).
1621:Jordan, Daniel (26 January 2000).
1583:Foster, Eugene (5 November 1998).
1409:A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography,
1317:
1297:DeMauri, Stephen (December 2003).
1171:. Magazine Antiques. December 1995
968:The Progress of Female Dissipation
630:Relationship with Thomas Jefferson
377:Richard Cosway's self-portrait in
16:Italian-British artist (1760–1838)
14:
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2032:Italian people of English descent
1957:
1421:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
779:and Catholic school for girls in
731:, the sister-in-law of his rival
674:, the rainbows of the Machine of
418:in the character of Cynthia from
270:became an architect and designed
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1276:Dictionary of National Biography
474:In 1784, the Cosways moved into
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1056:"Gazelle Book Services Limited"
861:displaying 250 of their works.
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201:She was made a Baroness of the
1935:Understanding Thomas Jefferson
1858:. Tate Britain. Archived from
1802:Cosway, Maria (7 April 1819).
1234:. Tate Britain. Archived from
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570:to her friend, French painter
407:Self-Portrait with Arms Folded
205:in 1834 (Lodi was then in the
1:
2107:19th-century English painters
2072:19th-century British painters
2067:18th-century British painters
2052:19th-century Italian painters
2047:18th-century Italian painters
1901:, Edinburgh and London (1995)
1340:"Thomas Jefferson: Biography"
1038:
972:The Progress of Female Virtue
758:
225:Maria Cosway by her husband,
2102:19th-century English artists
1810:. Princeton University Press
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2127:19th-century women painters
2122:18th-century women painters
2092:18th-century English people
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886:Astrea instructing Arthegal
836:Gothic Nightmares: Fuseli,
556:of Maria Cosway's painting
369:Marriage and social success
207:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
87:Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
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1682:Norman K. Risjord (1994).
1562:"Natalie Bober: Historian"
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948:Creusa appearing to Aeneas
880:The Descent from the Cross
850:museum in London in 2006.
653:), in Paris, August 1786,
607:Napoleon Crossing the Alps
351:Creusa appearing to Aeneas
211:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
2027:Italian British musicians
1930:. New York: Norton (1974)
1478:Schuchard, Marsha Keith,
855:National Portrait Gallery
544:Work in Napoleonic France
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164:National Portrait Gallery
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1916:Beretti, Francis (ed.).
1899:Richard and Maria Cosway
1767:Barnett, Gerald (1995).
1748:. University of Virginia
1444:Darley, Gillian (1999).
729:Angelica Schuyler Church
500:Angelica Schuyler Church
278:. It later was owned by
232:She was born in 1760 in
2077:Italian Roman Catholics
1535:"Head and Heart Letter"
1493:The Burlington Magazine
1482:, Pimlico, 2008, p. 253
1342:. National Park Service
942:The Birth of the Thames
923:by Francesco Bartolozzi
865:Works and reproductions
853:From 1995 to 1996, the
832:New York Public Library
592:Sir John Soane's Museum
399:marriage of convenience
160:New York Public Library
137:Masonic Knights Templar
2017:English women painters
1856:"Room 4: Gothic Gloom"
1653:Pike County Republican
937:Peltro William Tomkins
808:Giovanni Paolo Lasinio
737:University of Virginia
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438:Marchioness Townshend
434:General James Johnston
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328:Joseph Wright of Derby
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65:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1971:at Wikimedia Commons
1910:Beran, Michael Knox.
1808:founders.archives.gov
1430:Catholic Encyclopedia
830:were acquired by the
789:Collegio delle Grazie
787:). She directed the
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649:At the Grain Market (
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343:Royal Academy of Arts
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144:Royal Academy of Arts
142:She exhibited at the
1862:on 29 September 2007
1844:accessed 17 Jan 2015
1672:Ellis, Joseph (1996)
1424:"Maria Cosway"
1373:on 29 September 2007
1238:on 29 September 2007
916:Francesco Bartolozzi
554:Francesco Bartolozzi
412:Royal Academy of Art
312:Academia del Disegno
1627:www.monticello.org/
1509:"Jefferson, Thomas"
1367:"JEFFERSON'S PARIS"
983:Shakespeare Gallery
956:, by W. S. Reynolds
933:Going to the Temple
572:Jacques-Louis David
517:, a famous Italian
333:Two women artists,
320:Anton Raphael Mengs
318:. She studied with
286:general during the
107:portrait miniatures
97:Italian and English
37:Self-portrait, 1787
1986:Divided Affections
1939:Kaminski, John P.
1391:Frances Borzello,
1017:Merchant and Ivory
1012:Jefferson in Paris
927:The Guardian Angel
744:Luigi Schiavonetti
733:Alexander Hamilton
678:, the terraces of
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523:Luigi Schiavonetti
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391:miniature portrait
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357:by V. Green), and
288:American Civil War
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217:Childhood in Italy
2022:Italian engravers
1967:Media related to
1946:McCullough, David
1904:Barnett, Gerald.
1205:10.4000/ahrf.1565
906:by S. W. Reynolds
492:Gouverneur Morris
421:The Faerie Queene
335:Angelica Kauffman
209:, a State of the
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1067:
1052:
1015:, 1995 movie by
976:The Winter's Day
929:, by S. Phillips
894:(S. W. Reynolds)
711:Martha Jefferson
705:
651:Halles aux Bleds
639:Thomas Jefferson
528:When staying in
468:Chatsworth House
300:Violante Cerroti
266:Maria's brother
179:Thomas Jefferson
127:(ma-RYE-ah; née
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20:
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2141:
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2135:
2133:
2132:
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2082:Women engravers
1992:
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1984:Burnell, Carol
1980:at Google Books
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1881:
1879:Further reading
1876:
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1305:on 13 July 2007
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999:British Library
978:contributed to
867:
824:
816:Charlotte Jones
765:George Hadfield
761:
707:
703:
668:Pont du Neuilly
632:
616:Peace of Amiens
574:, he replied, "
546:
508:Ottobah Cugoano
484:Prince of Wales
476:Schomberg House
430:Hon. Mrs. Damer
371:
296:
272:Arlington House
268:George Hadfield
219:
203:Austrian Empire
166:in 1995–96 and
156:British Library
89:
80:
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50:
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2019:
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2009:
2004:
1990:
1989:
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1958:External links
1956:
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796:Sir John Soane
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620:Pasquale Paoli
614:. During the
588:Sir John Soane
545:
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515:Luigi Marchesi
488:Horace Walpole
426:Lady Lyttelton
395:Richard Cosway
370:
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304:Johann Zoffany
295:
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254:Roman Catholic
227:Richard Cosway
218:
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175:Richard Cosway
152:British Museum
120:
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117:Richard Cosway
114:
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102:Known for
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79:(aged 77)
75:5 January 1838
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1021:Greta Scacchi
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712:
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700:
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693:
687:
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680:Saint Germain
677:
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655:John Trumbull
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552:Engraving by
550:
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505:
504:John Trumbull
501:
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496:James Boswell
493:
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469:
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460:Faerie Queene
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353:(engraved in
352:
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331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:Pompeo Batoni
313:
309:
305:
301:
291:
289:
285:
282:, noted as a
281:
280:Robert E. Lee
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1961:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1924:Brodie, Fawn
1917:
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1891:
1885:
1864:. Retrieved
1860:the original
1850:
1838:
1829:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1807:
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1723:. Retrieved
1713:
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1592:
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1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1539:. Retrieved
1528:
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1512:
1492:
1487:
1479:
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1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1371:the original
1344:. Retrieved
1307:. Retrieved
1303:the original
1274:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1209:. Retrieved
1195:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1126:. Retrieved
1088:. Retrieved
1082:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:the original
1010:
993:
989:
975:
971:
967:
966:Cosway drew
965:
959:
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910:
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848:Tate Britain
835:
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812:
804:Three Graces
800:
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773:Duke of Lodi
770:
762:
755:exhibition.
741:
739:'s archive.
726:
722:
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708:
702:
698:
688:
684:Louveciennes
664:
660:Palais Royal
650:
648:
612:Joseph Fesch
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596:
580:
575:
565:
563:
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419:
406:
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358:
350:
346:
332:
324:Henry Fuseli
311:
297:
294:Early career
265:
262:
258:
231:
200:
191:Dame inglesi
189:
183:
172:
168:Tate Britain
141:
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57:11 June 1760
25:Maria Cosway
18:
2007:1838 deaths
2002:1760 births
1890:Byrd, Max.
950:by V. Green
844:Imagination
822:Collections
753:Smithsonian
749:White House
641:in 1788 by
534:Virgin Mary
502:and artist
284:Confederate
105:Painter of
94:Nationality
1996:Categories
1951:John Adams
1513:Britannica
1039:References
888:(V. Green)
882:(V. Green)
759:Later life
436:; and the
339:Mary Moser
250:Grand Tour
238:Shrewsbury
158:, and the
133:Illuminism
53:1760-06-11
1892:Jefferson
1721:. PBS.org
1564:. PBS.org
1537:. PBS.org
1138:cite news
987:Macklin's
980:Boydell's
911:The Hours
898:A Persian
567:The Hours
558:The Hours
480:Pall Mall
448:Georgiana
379:miniature
355:mezzotint
196:Mary Ward
170:in 2006.
1866:1 August
1789:36083752
1752:1 August
1725:1 August
1703:1 August
1568:1 August
1541:1 August
1518:1 August
1466:42038859
1377:1 August
1346:1 August
1309:1 August
1242:1 August
1211:1 August
1175:1 August
1128:1 August
1090:1 August
1066:1 August
1027:See also
995:&c.,
842:Romantic
840:and the
692:romantic
624:Corsican
519:castrato
464:Bakewell
393:painter
365:scenes.
276:Virginia
234:Florence
148:Napoleon
129:Hadfield
61:Florence
1833:(1826).
1814:7 April
1658:6 April
1632:6 April
1606:6 April
1005:In film
846:at the
777:convent
456:Spenser
454:) from
347:Rinaldo
246:Tuscany
242:Livorno
1894:(1993)
1831:figlio
1787:
1777:
1694:
1589:Nature
1464:
1454:
1411:p. 214
921:Lodona
874:Clytie
783:(near
599:Louvre
538:Loreto
494:, and
326:, and
308:Uffizi
154:, the
113:Spouse
1395:1998.
990:Poets
935:, by
838:Blake
785:Milan
676:Marly
672:Seine
452:Diana
383:circa
1868:2007
1816:2024
1785:OCLC
1775:ISBN
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1727:2007
1705:2007
1692:ISBN
1660:2024
1634:2024
1608:2024
1570:2007
1543:2007
1520:2007
1462:OCLC
1452:ISBN
1379:2007
1348:2007
1311:2007
1244:2007
1213:2007
1177:2007
1144:link
1130:2007
1092:2007
1068:2007
985:and
970:and
781:Lodi
622:, a
530:Lyon
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