Joséphine de Beauharnais

1058: 937: 878: 772: 1497: 630: 842: 7751: 729: 1367: 1186: 71: 1412: 7686: 7618: 644:, from a less ancient but richer noble family. While living on Martinique, de Beauharnais had a son, Alexandre, by his wife. Soon, the parents returned to France, and left the infant with the Tascher family until 1766. When he had come of age, his father's mistress, who was also Alexandre's godmother, decided that it would be advantageous to her if he married one of her nieces. Aged seventeen, he judged fifteen-year-old Joséphine to be too close to him in age, and thus, Catherine-Désirée was chosen for him. As the bride's father was impoverished and the bridegroom was to become a wealthy man upon his marriage, he asked for no dowry. 1508: 5545: 3415: 986: 1280: 1521: 1219: 7492: 7150: 1301: 1288:

cultivars grew exponentially. Of the roughly 200 types of roses known to Joséphine, Dupont had created 25 while in her employ. Subsequent French hybridizers created over 1000 new rose cultivars in the 30 years following Joséphine's death. In 1910, less than 100 years after her death, there were about 8000 rose types in Gravereaux's garden. Bechtel also feels that the popularity of roses as garden plants was boosted by Joséphine's patronage. She was a popular ruler and fashionable people copied her.

3998: 997: 1403:. This painting would become a big part of Napoleon's propaganda and iconography. Gros would go on to paint other portraits of Napoleon, which always portrayed him as a fierce conqueror, propagating the image of Napoleon as powerful and unstoppable. Joséphine as a supporter and patron of Gros, aided him in becoming a central conduit for the message that the government was trying to disseminate about the rule of the Emperor in that time. 7716: 7661: 3052: 1240:, and the horticulturist, André Dupont. The rose garden was begun soon after purchase; inspired by Dupont's love of roses. Joséphine took a personal interest in the gardens and the roses, and learned a great deal about botany and horticulture from her staff. Joséphine wanted to collect all known roses so Napoleon ordered his warship commanders to search all seized vessels for plants to be forwarded to Malmaison. 613:, occasional lodging, for when they wanted to stay with his mother-in-law. Saint Lucia switched hands between Great Britain and France fourteen times, and there were no civil registers on the island when Joséphine was born. Saint Lucia's frequent change of ownership between Britain and France could be seen as the reason her birthplace was left out of her birth record, as it would have affected her nationality. 4007: 333: 833:. Joséphine had delayed the party while getting a new silk shawl draped correctly, and Napoleon went ahead in the first carriage. The bomb exploded as her carriage was passing. The bomb killed several bystanders and one of the carriage horses, and blew out the carriage's windows; Hortense was struck in the hand by flying glass. There were no other injuries and the party proceeded to the Opéra. 1043:, and stayed locked in his room for two days, refusing to see anyone. He claimed to a friend, while in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Joséphine, but I did not respect her." Despite numerous affairs, eventual marriage annulment, and his remarriage, the Emperor's last words on his death bed at St. Helena were: "France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Joséphine." (" 1892: 1349:

relationships with contemporary artists. Joséphine became a patron to several different artists, helping to build their careers though their connection to her. After buying the Château de Malmaison, Joséphine had a blank canvas to showpiece her art and style and used it to create salons, galleries, a theater and her famous garden. The Malmaison and

1057: 621:, run by the Bénédictines de la Providence. There, they learned to read, write, sing, dance, and embroider for four years. After the death of Catherine-Désirée, Joséphine returned to her parents' plantation. Joséphine's nurse was an enslaved person called Marion, whose freedom she would secure in 1807. 690:

in Paris. Considering Joséphine as being too close to the counter-revolutionary financial circles, the Committee ordered her arrest on 18 April 1794. A warrant of arrest was issued against her on 21 April 1794, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes Prison until 28 July. During this time, Joséphine was

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Officially, Marie-Josèphe-Rose Tascher de La Pagerie was born in Les Trois-Îlets on Martinique on 23 June 1763. However, this has been disputed by several sources. The church registry in Les Trois-Îlets states that Joséphine was baptised there by Emmanuel Capuchin but does not say she was born there.

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Modern hybridization of roses through artificial, controlled pollination began with Joséphine's horticulturalist Andre Dupont. Prior to this, most new rose cultivars were spontaneous mutations or accidental, bee-induced hybrids, and appeared rarely. With controlled pollination, the appearance of new

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and becoming Empress she was surrounded by the works of the time, however Joséphine also appreciated the works of old masters. She was also drawn to artists and styles that were not widely used in her time, searching for artists that challenged the accepted standards. She visited the Salon to build

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Empress Joséphine was a great lover of all art. Her great interest in horticulture is well-known, but she also liked all things artistic. She surrounded herself with creative people whose work ranged from paintings and sculpture to furniture and the architecture all around her. Joséphine always had

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was a major supplier, despite Britain and France being at war, his shipments were allowed to cross blockades. Specifically, when Hume's Blush Tea-Scented China was imported to England from China, the British and French Admiralties made arrangements in 1810 for specimens to cross naval blockades for

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in April. Napoleon once remarked that despite her quick infatuation with him, "It is a womb that I am marrying". Even after their separation, Napoleon insisted Joséphine retain the title of empress. "It is my will that she retain the rank and title of empress, and especially that she never doubt my

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Upon meeting with Gros and seeing his work, Joséphine asked him to come back to Milan with her and to live in her residences. Joséphine then commissioned him to create a portrait of her husband, the then General Bonaparte. The work took several sittings between Gros and Napoleon and would be named

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an interest in art but it was with her marriage to her first husband that she would gain more access to art and artists. Due to her husband's high position in society she was often able to frequent many influential people's homes and learned from the works that were in their houses. After marrying

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Joséphine was described as being of average height, svelte, shapely, with silky, long, chestnut-brown hair, hazel eyes, and a rather sallow complexion. Her nose was small and straight, and her mouth was well-formed; however she kept it closed most of the time so as not to reveal her bad teeth. She

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in 1807. Once again requested per Napoleon’s family, he began to create lists of eligible princesses. At dinner on 30 November 1809, he let Joséphine know that—in the interest of France—he must find a wife who could produce an heir. He let Joséphine know that this was his family's wish and that he

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Bonaparte, six years her junior, and became his mistress. In a letter to her in December, he wrote, "I awake full of you. Your image and the memory of last night's intoxicating pleasures has left no rest to my senses." In January 1796, Napoleon proposed to her and they were married on 9 March. On

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By the time Alexandre's father had proposed in a letter, however, Catherine-Désirée had died. Not wanting to lose the rich suitor, her father offered his youngest daughter instead, which was accepted by Alexandre. Marie-Françoise was not yet twelve, however, and her mother and grandmother were not

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After spending three years from 1752 in France, Joseph-Gaspard returned to Martinique and married Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois (1735–1807), whose maternal grandfather, Anthony Brown, may have been Irish. Rose-Claire was from one of the oldest European families on the island, and the Tascher

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essentially became the decorators for Joséphine and Napoleon. Many of Joséphine's most well-known furnishings were created especially for her by Percier and Fontaine. The two architects worked within many of the empire's residences, creating spaces for the Empress to feel at home in. Percier and

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After the annulment, Joséphine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. (Joséphine remarked privately, "The only thing that ever came between us was my debts; certainly not his

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Although she is often referred to as "Joséphine de Beauharnais", it is not a name she herself used. "Beauharnais" is the name of her first husband, which she ceased to use upon her marriage to Napoleon, taking the last name "Bonaparte". And she did not use the name "Joséphine" before meeting

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became centers for Napoleon's government but was recognized as an important place for the arts in any forms. Joséphine's court became the leading court in Europe for the arts. She became the first French female royal collector of this scale, leading in the Consular and

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wrote, "In choosing her lovers followed her head first, then her heart", meaning that she was adept in terms of identifying the men who were most capable of fulfilling her financial and social needs. She was aware of Napoleon's potential. Joséphine was a renowned

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wished it were not so. Joséphine agreed to the divorce so the Emperor could remarry in the hope of having an heir. The divorce ceremony took place on 10 January 1810 and was a grand but solemn social occasion, and each read a statement of devotion to the other.

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Fontaine had their own unique style and created pieces for both the Emperor and his Empress, which can be easily identified as their work, even when they were not stamped as created by Percier or Fontaine. Percier and Fontaine are known for their use of

1441:. The work was commissioned in 1802 but was not finished until 1812, Joséphine allowed him to create on his own terms, which were based on the classics but with a more relaxed and joyful appearance. He would create several sculptures based on dancing. 1266:

The general assumption is that she had about 250 roses in her garden when she died in 1814. Unfortunately the roses were not catalogued during her tenure. There may have been only 197 rose varieties in existence in 1814, according to calculations by

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The marriage was not well received by Napoleon's family, who were shocked that he had married an older widow with two children. His mother and sisters were especially resentful of Joséphine, as they felt clumsy and unsophisticated in her presence.

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Regardless of where she was born, Joséphine was her parents' first child, and they had two more: Catherine-Désirée in 1764 and Marie-Françoise in 1766. At the ages of ten and nine, Joséphine and Catherine-Désirée were sent to a boarding school in

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Napoleon, who was the first to call her such, perhaps from her middle name, Josèphe. Before she met Napoleon, she went by the name of Rose, or Marie-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, later de Beauharnais. She sometimes reverted to using her

588:" who were convinced that Empress Joséphine had been born there. Breen presented some evidence for this, including a newspaper clipping from 1831 which said that it was "alleged" that the de Taschers were among the first settlers of 1479:

and the use of a feminine, softer feel for the pieces used in the boudoir of the Empress. These pieces were unique for the time and appreciated for their creativity. The architects Percier and Fontaine are connected to the

592:, and that the future empress was born on a small estate on a hill then called La Cauzette, and later known as Morne Paix Bouche. According to this story, the family lived there until 1771, when the father went to serve as 1727: 1452:. The work's plaster cast was completed in 1807 but the marble statue was not finished until 1812. arriving in Malmaison in 1813 a year before Joséphine's death. The final sculpture that the Empress would commission was 1296:

became "Cuisse de Nymphe Emue" in her garden. After Joséphine's death in 1814 the house was vacant at times, the garden and house ransacked and vandalised, and the garden's remains were destroyed in a battle in 1870.

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Joséphine worked with and sought out the works of many artists throughout her lifetime. In the area of painters she mainly was a collector of paintings but she was painted by and worked with several artists such as

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of Roseraie de l’Haye. There were 12 species, about 40 centifolias, mosses and damasks, 20 Bengals, and about 100 gallicas. The botanist Claude Antoine Thory, who wrote the descriptions for Redouté's paintings in

1563:(including Martinique). The statue was never repaired by the city administration, and every year more red paint was added to it. In July 2020, the statue was torn down and destroyed by rioters in the wake of the 1291:

Brenner and Scanniello call her the "Godmother of modern rosomaniacs" and attribute her with our modern style of vernacular cultivar names as opposed to Latinized, pseudo-scientific cultivar names. For instance,

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and Barras may have encouraged the relationship with General Bonaparte in order to get her off his hands. Joséphine was naturally full of kindness, generosity and charm, and was praised as an engaging hostess.

1276:, noted that Joséphine's Bengal rose R. indica had black spots on it. She produced the first written history of the cultivation of roses, and is believed to have hosted the first rose exhibition, in 1810. 8838: 749:

the marriage certificate, Joséphine reduced her age by 4 years and increased Napoleon's by 18 months, making the newly-weds appear to be roughly the same age. Until meeting Bonaparte, she was known as

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manhood." In April 1810, by letters patent, Napoleon created her Duchess of Navarre. Some claim Napoleon and Joséphine were still secretly in love, though it is impossible to verify this.

3554: 7514: 1555:. In 1991, the statue was symbolically decapitated and spattered with red paint. The acts of vandalism were done on the belief that Joséphine had influenced her husband to issue the 5330: 2409: 874:, on 2 December. Napoleon first crowned himself, then put the crown on Joséphine's head, proclaiming her empress. This showed his rejection of the clergy as the power of Europe. 3431: 1393:. Gros, upon hearing that Joséphine would be visiting Genoa, worked to get an introduction knowing that the association with Joséphine would help him become more well-known. 825:, accompanied by several friends and family. The party travelled in two carriages. Joséphine was in the second, with her daughter, Hortense; her pregnant sister-in-law, 888:

In her role as empress, Josephine had a court appointed to her and reinstated the offices which composed the household of the queen before the French revolution, with

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appeared in 1844, 30 years after her death, named in her honor by a Russian Grand Duke planting one of the first specimens in the Imperial Garden in St. Petersburg.

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was praised by the art community because it was not based on any specific ancient sculpture, but with a classical style, making it a completely original sculpture.

5478: 1914:, a close friend of Empress Joséphine best known for introducing the Merino sheep breed in France, who later became an associate member of the Institut of France 596:

of Martinique. Some people even claimed to have been among Joséphine's playmates, and one of them said that he had been "graciously received" by the empress in

7381: 5723: 2716: 2532:"Notes and Queries, Vol. V, Number 123, March 6, 1852 | A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. | Page 220" 1012:, to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of Rome". Two years later Napoleon arranged for Joséphine to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many tears". 795: 456:. She became one of the leading collectors of different forms of art of her time, such as sculpture and painting. The Château de Malmaison was noted for its 7755: 8545: 3822: 3500: 8777: 5867: 5353: 5324: 1084: 667:

in 1802). Joséphine and Alexandre's marriage was not a happy one. Alexandre abandoned his family for over a year to live with a mistress and frequented

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Samoyault, Jean-Pierre. "Furniture and Objects Designed by Percier for the Palace of Saint-Cloud". The Burlington Magazine 117, no. 868 (1975): 457–65.

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When after a few years it became clear she could not have a child, Napoleon, while still loving Joséphine, began to think about the possibility of an

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in the gardens of Malmaison, where she allegedly begged to join Napoleon in exile. She was buried in the nearby church of Saint Pierre-Saint Paul in

8475: 3436: 2497:"Empress Josephine's short biography in Napoleon & Empire website, displaying photographs of the castle of Malmaison and the grave of Josephine" 2436: 698:

in July 1793, and being considered an aristocratic suspect, was sentenced to death and guillotined with his cousin Augustin on 23 July 1794, on the

7703: 5371: 936: 7763: 5398: 5365: 5359: 1437:, but because of unforeseen circumstances it was gifted to Joséphine. She would commission Canova to create a sculpture and the result would be 7556: 5501: 1688: 877: 287: 5347: 7902: 7698: 5404: 3453: 1458:. This work would not be completed until after Joséphine's death in 1816. All four works were eventually sold to Tsar Alexander of Russia. 8094: 8036: 7825: 5911: 332: 8933: 5639: 2680: 509: 4681: 2660:"Empress Josephine's Collection of Sculpture by Canova at Malmaison". Journal of the History of Collections 16, no. 1 (May 2004): 19–33. 8928: 8525: 7882: 7221: 4764: 2462: 771: 1134:

A number of jewels worn by modern-day royals are often said to have been worn by Joséphine. Through the Leuchtenberg inheritance, the

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The Taschers were an ancient French family of country gentry, and Joséphine's grandfather, Gaspard-Joseph was the first to settle in

292: 8480: 7932: 7835: 813:, an attempt on Napoleon's life with a bomb planted in a parked cart. On 24 December, she and Napoleon went to see a performance of 8938: 6102: 8059: 5730: 1151: 8828: 7897: 7810: 7271: 5090: 3889: 7466: 2297: 106: 8736: 8510: 8227: 5835: 4010: 1496: 7638: 7577: 7535: 7366: 5819: 5377: 5226: 5199: 5179: 5160: 4556: 4442: 3030: 2981: 2963: 2949: 2934: 2898: 2881: 2860: 2828: 2144: 1922: 1471: 1332: 1222: 859: 8540: 8084: 7592: 6144: 8001: 7418: 7311: 6235: 4462: 4407: 3901: 1317: 1305: 8863: 7291: 8943: 8883: 8878: 8515: 8470: 7643: 6795: 6556: 5811: 5553: 4491: 4427: 1756: 8016: 7970: 629: 8893: 8888: 8833: 8823: 7587: 6893: 6543: 3642: 3269: 2999: 2248: 2187: 2013: 1853:

references the pop-culture expression, supposedly spoken by Napoleon: "Not tonight, Joséphine" and his military career.

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only allowed to communicate with her children by their scrawls on the laundry list, which the jailers soon prohibited.

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According to those who believe that Joséphine was born on Saint Lucia, the de Tascher estate in Martinique was only a

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in 1726. He seems to have lived in poverty there, but secured a position for his son, Joseph-Gaspard (1735–1790) as a

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that nearly sundered the marriage between the two. Joséphine caught Napoleon in the bedroom of her lady-in-waiting,

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said that his inspiration was dressing the pregnant rock star Madonna — and then thinking "Empress Josephine."

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also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married

8913: 8578: 8287: 7226: 5688: 5660: 5632: 3929: 3883: 3527: 1434: 720:, and soon after that of Joséphine. In June 1795, a new law allowed her to recover the possessions of Alexandre. 8420: 8317: 7907: 6901: 8813: 8415: 8192: 6885: 6023: 5875: 5529: 5108: 4773: 4757: 4654: 3532: 3423: 3329: 3295: 3182: 1747:(2002) is a historical TV miniseries of Napoleon's life, in which Joséphine features prominently, portrayed by 1228:

In 1799 while Napoleon was in Egypt, Joséphine purchased the Chateau de Malmaison. She had it landscaped in an

964: 841: 728: 709: 448:, Joséphine worked closely with sculptors, painters and interior decorators to establish a unique Consular and 402: 366: 7820: 3081: 8818: 7341: 6816: 6660: 6639: 6577: 6497: 6360: 6095: 6015: 5980: 5300: 4452: 4065: 4034: 3461: 1366: 810: 478: 177: 91: 7251: 7241: 5928: 5318: 5221: 3850: 2117:

Notes and Queries: A medium of Inter-communication for literary men, artists, antiquaries, genealogists, etc

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Delorme, Eleanor P. Joséphine and the Arts of the Empire. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2005, 3–4.

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in later life. After her marriage to then-General Bonaparte, she adopted the name Joséphine Bonaparte. The

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from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also

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was published 1817–20 with 168 plates of roses; 75–80 of the roses grew at Malmaison. The English nursery

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Delorme, Eleanor P. Josephine and the Arts of the Empire. Los Angeles: The J. PaulGetty museum, 2005, 1.

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Joséphine's paternal aunt, Marie-Euphémie-Désirée Renaudin, was the mistress of a French naval officer,

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Joséphine l'impératrice créole. L'esclavage aux Antilles et la traite pendant la Révolution française.

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until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of

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In October 1779, she went to France with her father. She married Alexandre on 13 December 1779, in

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Over her lifetime Joséphine commissioned four major pieces from the Italian Neoclassical sculptor

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Bechtel, Edwin de Turk. 1949, reprinted 2010. "Our Rose Varieties and their Malmaison Heritage".

2496: 1389:. However, there was one painter whom Joséphine favored and commissioned more often than others, 1190: 1072: 660: 434: 8347: 8242: 7296: 1279: 1236:, a Scottish horticultural expert, another Scottish gardener, Alexander Howatson, the botanist, 597: 562: 453: 8132: 7965: 7569: 7261: 7246: 7119: 6986: 6864: 6610: 6530: 6199: 6074: 6066: 5956: 5078: 4620: 4308: 4155: 3648: 3607: 3580: 3490: 3355: 3262: 3239: 3206: 2739: 1560: 1174: 1135: 863: 765: 426: 116: 70: 7076: 5544: 4293: 2112: 2092: 930: 531:

On Martinique, Joseph-Gaspard earned his living as a plantation owner and a lieutenant of the

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was praised for her elegance, style, and low, "silvery", beautifully modulated voice.

517: 8724: 8657: 8647: 8627: 7733: 7031: 6970: 6954: 6747: 5827: 5681: 5648: 4955: 4937: 4838: 4585: 4501: 4437: 4372: 4362: 4303: 4283: 4248: 4001: 3766: 3718: 3658: 3631: 3613: 3568: 3399: 3255: 3141: 3026: 2995: 2977: 2959: 2945: 2930: 2912: 2894: 2877: 2856: 2842: 2824: 2806: 2781: 2775: 2747: 2604: 2536: 2442: 2415: 2294: 2244: 2219: 2193: 2183: 2140: 2019: 2009: 1849: 1736: 1676: 1390: 1162: 1096: 1088: 788: 577:". He asserted that he was well acquainted with Joséphine's cousin, his parishioner. 533: 279: 76: 8282: 7981: 6271: 6171: 6118: 4467: 3620: 3544: 2816: 2485:(in French). Vol. 38. Bureaux de l'Administration du recueil. 1859. p. 76. 799: 740:

Madame de Beauharnais had affairs with several leading political figures, including

8792: 8652: 8445: 8440: 8430: 8162: 8089: 8026: 7996: 7768: 7738: 7633: 7336: 7186: 7111: 6848: 6832: 6787: 6723: 6694: 6489: 6368: 6251: 6216: 5758: 5709: 5702: 5596: 5561: 5460: 5456: 5084: 4994: 4976: 4943: 4931: 4916: 4811: 4664: 4630: 4596: 4536: 4521: 4412: 4233: 3934: 3876: 3800: 3636: 3511: 3448: 3376: 3371: 3363: 3149: 2969: 2904: 2467: 2175: 2001: 1927: 1897: 1643: 1350: 1268: 1197: 8571: 5674: 3009: 2179: 2005: 1866:, in which Josephine narrates her life to Redouté, and talks of her love of roses. 1327: 806:." The relationship between Joséphine and Napoleon was never the same after this. 8717: 8505: 8182: 8177: 8142: 7892: 7496: 7491: 7393: 7316: 7206: 7176: 6535: 6411: 6136: 6082: 5883: 5581: 5566: 5006: 4988: 4982: 4615: 4477: 4347: 3951: 3845: 3788: 3783: 3740: 3682: 3484: 3476: 3404: 3381: 3229: 3216: 2301: 2072: 1669:

The Queen's Fortune: Desiree, Napoleon, and the Dynasty That Outlasted the Empire

1467: 1251: 1025: 904: 679: 672: 664: 394: 378: 349: 189: 173: 157: 149: 58: 8362: 3337: 1091:

and founded the Russian line of the Beauharnais family, while Eugene's daughter

609: 8787: 8729: 8535: 8357: 8137: 7857: 7720: 7715: 7665: 7660: 7480: 6668: 5902: 4511: 4333: 4313: 3919: 3870: 3771: 3653: 3626: 3290: 1911: 1831: 1761: 1732: 1664: 1601: 1589: 1552: 1426: 1415: 1300: 1166: 990: 918: 826: 652: 634: 618: 498: 2354: 1173:, who was briefly engaged to Archduke Maximilian of Austria, before he became 8857: 8801: 8772: 8642: 8460: 8237: 8079: 7975: 7867: 7428: 7371: 5571: 5054: 4486: 4323: 3865: 3018: 2751: 1876: 1788: 1146:

owns several pieces of jewelry frequently linked to Joséphine, including the

1066: 867: 687: 600:

outside Paris. Breen received further confirmation from Joséphine's enslaved

445: 398: 8267: 3084:(in French), Joséphine's residence from 1799 to 1814, the site of her death. 2097:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Paternoster Row. p. 159. 8808: 8753: 8667: 8622: 8450: 8332: 8124: 7281: 7266: 7236: 5608: 5591: 5444: 4790: 4367: 4190: 4019: 3734: 2771: 2197: 2023: 1814: 1778: 1765: 1631: 1544: 1481: 1476: 1355: 1256: 1076: 951:. The final die was cast when Napoleon's nephew (and Joséphine's grandson) 814: 575:

it is in the vicinity of parish that the wife of the first consul was born

449: 5448: 8662: 8520: 8410: 8187: 8157: 7306: 6626: 6419: 5534: 5169: 4817: 4205: 4185: 4180: 4135: 4130: 3924: 3347: 2841:éd. Payot & Rivages, coll. «Petite bibliothèque Payot», Paris, 2001. 1202: 1009: 822: 783:

Joséphine, left behind in Paris, in 1796 began an affair with a handsome

741: 589: 558: 457: 438: 153: 8760: 1232:, hiring landscapers and horticulturalists from Britain. These included 8566: 8405: 8021: 7376: 5851: 5500: 4868: 4796: 4220: 4170: 4145: 4090: 3075: 2886: 2278: 1857: 972:

sentiments, and that she ever hold me as her best and dearest friend."

648:

willing to let her go. In the end, Joséphine was engaged to Alexandre.

570: 538: 494: 390: 8273: 2119:. Vol. V. London: George Bell 186 Fleet Street. pp. 220–221. 8400: 8046: 7957: 7540: 6909: 4961: 4892: 4880: 4784: 4298: 4288: 4150: 4125: 4120: 4115: 1844: 1827:— to portray Turner's wish that he has his own muse to influence him. 1548: 1448:

Joséphine would commission Canova again for another sculpture called

1169:, and became Empress of Brazil, and they had one surviving daughter, 1039:

Napoleon learned of her death via a French journal while in exile on

1021: 996: 948: 830: 803: 593: 490: 5617: 573:

on Saint Lucia, wrote a letter to one of his friends, stating that "

385:

Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband,

8748: 8743: 8682: 8561: 8435: 7201: 5519: 4844: 4253: 4224: 4175: 4165: 4160: 4140: 4100: 4095: 4085: 3278: 3061: 1345: 1100: 1087:

married into the Russian Imperial family, was granted the style of

798:. During this campaign, Napoleon started an affair of his own with 745: 474: 30:

For her granddaughter, the queen consort of Sweden and Norway, see

5745: 4742: 369:

from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as

4925: 4110: 713: 668: 410: 302: 802:, the wife of a junior officer, who became known as "Napoleon's 4105: 1547:

commissioned a statue of Joséphine, which was installed in the

1246:

was commissioned by her to paint the flowers from her gardens.

1139: 968: 784: 732:

Joséphine de Beauharnais at the château de Malmaison. 1801. By

708:) in Paris. Joséphine was freed five days later, thanks to the 566: 7816:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

5138: 2266:

Ambition and Desire: The Dangerous Life of Josephine Bonaparte

1760:

called "Naughty Napoleon" and "Ridiculous Romantics" featured

925:

Shortly before their coronation, there was an incident at the

7750: 5237:

Joséphine Tascher de La Pagerie (later Empress of the French)

1033: 956: 764:

Two days after the wedding, Bonaparte left Paris to lead the

604:, Dede, who said that she nursed Joséphine at La Cauzette. 601: 525: 2285:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., pp. 54, 66–67. 3247: 2681:"Beheaded Statue of Empress Josephine: Uncommon Attraction" 2637:

Bowermaster, Russ (1993). "Judging: From Whence to Hence".

2074:

Antilles françaises, Guyane, Haïti, croisières aux Caraïbes

1040: 1008:

In March 1811, Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited heir,

7790: 1810:: "If I were Napoleon, you could be my Josephine ..." 7630: 357:; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of 2373:, London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995, pg.445. 881:

Empress Josephine in coronation costume in 1807–1808 by

686:

ordered the arrest of her husband. He was jailed in the

3023:

The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine.

2438:

Napoleon Conquers Austria: The 1809 Campaign for Vienna

1840:

references Napoleon and Josephine in the opening lines.

2241:

The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine

2359:. Cornell University Library. New York, E. P. Dutton. 809:

In December 1800, Joséphine was nearly killed in the

561:, called Malmaison, which later was also the name of 8546:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

2136:

The British Bonapartes: Napoleon's Family in Britain

2128: 2126: 1887: 633:

Alexandre-Francois-Marie, Vicomte de Beauharnais by

8778:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

5868:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

3076:

Joséphine de Beauharnais (de Tascher de la Pagerie)

2974:

Napoleon and Josephine; the Biography of a Marriage

2094:

St. Lucia: Historical, Statistical, and Descriptive

1657:

More Than a Queen: The Story of Josephine Bonaparte

1085:

Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg

908:, and the wives of his own officials and generals, 712:, which ended the Reign of Terror. On 27 July 1794 2623:Brenner, Douglas, and Scanniello, Stephen (2009). 2561:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 3. 1731:(1987) is a miniseries with Napoleon portrayed by 1606:The Many Lives & Secret Sorrows of Josephine B 5607:Several family members held additional titles in 2123: 2043:Andrea Stuart: Josephine: The Rose of Martinique. 8855: 7704:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 4731:Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in 2855:Presses de la Renaissance, Paris, 1988., 466 p., 1429:. The Empress was given a copy of Canova's work 1028:on 29 May 1814, soon after walking with Emperor 967:by proxy; the formal ceremony took place at the 940:The Divorce of the Empress Josephine in 1809 by 441:written by Napoleon, many of which still exist. 3072:. Complete transcription of the 1963 biography. 2803:Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage. 2627:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books. 5746:Significant civil and political events by year 2994:Vuibert éd. Vuibert, Paris, 2008, 305 p. 2851:Chevallier, Bernard; Pincemaille, Christophe. 2837:Chevallier, Bernard; Pincemaille, Christophe. 2218:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 82. 1908:, a distant cousin-in-law of Empress Joséphine 1036:. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her. 477:"Joséphine de Beauharnais" emerged during the 5633: 5486: 5154: 4758: 4035: 3263: 3014:. NY: Hutchinson's Library of Standard Lives. 3011:The Empress Josephine, Napoleon's Enchantress 1180: 1063:Joséphine, Queen consort of Sweden and Norway 8799: 8758: 8734: 8715: 7699:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 5222:François VI, Marquis de La Ferté-Beauharnais 4049: 3199:as consort to the last crowned monarch, 1530 2740:"Galliano's Empire Line Shines for Givenchy" 2603:. London, England: Frances Lincoln Limited. 1787:, Joséphine is portrayed by English actress 1594:Destiny: A Novel Of Napoleon & Josephine 1044: 6386: 5295:Eugénie, Princess of Hohenzollern-Hechingen 5195:François V, Marquis de La Ferté-Beauharnais 5180:Claude de Beauharnais, seigneur de Beaumont 3097:Memoirs of the Empress Josephine (Volume 2) 3089:Memoirs of the Empress Josephine (Volume 1) 2874:Josephine: Napoleon's Incomparable Empress. 2636: 2441:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 194. 1576: 1433:, which was originally promised to Colonel 288:Eugène de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg 7903:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 5640: 5626: 5493: 5479: 5161: 5147: 4765: 4751: 4042: 4028: 3270: 3256: 2582: 2580: 2306: 2133:Davis, Edward Hilary (15 September 2022). 955:, who had been declared his heir, died of 437:. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous 69: 18:Marie Josephine Rose Tascher de la Pagerie 8168:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 7826:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 7649:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 2411:Napoleon's Wars: An International History 2070: 1699: 694:Her husband was accused of having poorly 524:, which is now a museum, was part of her 293:Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland 8600: 5884:Nationalization of the Church properties 5331:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia 3004: 2968: 2903: 2891:Josephine: the Empress and Her Children. 2815: 2263: 2213: 1654: 1642: 1410: 1365: 1321:to her sometime before 1815. Similarly, 1299: 1278: 1217: 1184: 1056: 1046:France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine 995: 984: 935: 876: 840: 836: 770: 727: 628: 355:Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie 226: 138:Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie 8829:Historiography of the French Revolution 8100:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 7811:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 5360:Eugenia, Duchess Alexander of Oldenburg 2956:Joséphine: Une impératrice de légendes. 2929:Éditions L'Harmattan 2010. 390 p. 2770: 2678: 2619: 2617: 2577: 2559:Josephine, The Empress and Her Children 2407: 2352: 2283:Josephine, the Empress and Her Children 2159: 1985: 1675: 1621: 1612: 1600: 989:Portrait of Joséphine later in life by 975: 862:in 1804, making Joséphine empress. The 775:Napoléon Bonaparte as first Consul. By 723: 267: 27:Empress of the French from 1804 to 1810 14: 8856: 7836:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 7791:Other significant figures and factions 3501:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 2796:Pauline Bonaparte, A Woman of Affairs. 2737: 2593: 2483:Recueil général des lois et des arrêts 2434: 2238: 1957: 1768:, portraying Joséphine de Beauharnais. 1663: 1630: 1588: 1150:, a suite of amethyst jewels, and the 753:, but Bonaparte preferred to call her 663:(who later married Napoleon's brother 553:Joséphine's father owned an estate in 544: 8704: 8599: 7883:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 7789: 7639:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 7578:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 7536:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 7139: 6385: 6016:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 5744: 5647: 5621: 5474: 5378:Duchess Therese Petrovna of Oldenburg 5289:Joséphine, Queen of Sweden and Norway 5142: 4904:Anna of Constantinople (900–905) 4746: 4023: 3251: 2209: 2207: 2139:. Pen and Sword History. p. 11. 2132: 2113:"Birthplace of the Empress Josephine" 2110: 2090: 1533: 1213: 980: 757:, the name she adopted from then on. 377: 348: 8037:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 7449:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 7140: 6236:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 5319:Théodolinde, Countess of Württemberg 5227:Claude, 2nd Count of Roches-Baritaud 5200:Claude, 1st Count of Roches-Baritaud 4006: 3037:L'Impératrice Joséphine (1763–1814). 2777:Napoleon and Josephine: A Love Story 2614: 2408:Esdaile, Charles (27 October 2009). 2314:Napoleon and Josephine: A Love Story 2106: 2104: 2086: 2084: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1944: 1942: 1728:Napoléon and Josephine: A Love Story 1687: 484: 315:Joseph Gaspard Tascher de La Pagerie 259: 230: 8705: 7644:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 5530:Marie Louise, Empress of the French 4772: 2499:. Napoleon-empire.net. 11 June 2011 2461: 2162:"Chapter 3: A Marriage is Arranged" 2077:(in French). Hachette. p. 249. 1461: 1142:said to have been Joséphine's. The 188:Church of Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul, 24: 8934:People from the French West Indies 8834:Influence of the French Revolution 8824:Symbolism in the French Revolution 7588:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 7549:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 5804:Convocation of the Estates General 5232:Alexandre, Viscount of Beauharnais 3643:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 2992:Femmes remarquables au XIX siècle. 2601:The Graham Stuart Thomas Rose Book 2384:"Napoleon: Napoleon and Josephine" 2204: 1923:The Swedish Royal Family's jewelry 1856:The song 'Paint me, Redouté' from 1823:references Joséphine — as well as 1820:Positive Songs for Negative People 1559:, which reinstated slavery in the 1061:Joséphine's eldest granddaughter, 584:, he stated that he had met with " 323:Rose Claire des Vergers de Sannois 210:Alexandre, Viscount of Beauharnais 126:23 May 1805 – 10 January 1810 101:18 May 1804 – 10 January 1810 25: 8955: 8929:People of the First French Empire 8476:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 8208:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 7510:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 7292:François Christophe de Kellermann 6531:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 5272:Stéphanie, Grand Duchess of Baden 4702:Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily 3942:"China is a sleeping giant" quote 3044: 2679:Bennett, Steve (4 October 2012). 2590:, The American Rose Society. 7(3) 2101: 2081: 2030: 2000:. pp. 15–16, 18, 20, 22–23. 1966: 1939: 1484:associated with the time period. 1419:Dancer with Her Hands on her Hips 1154:, worn by Sweden's royal brides. 1138:possesses an emerald and diamond 624: 244:Napoleon I, Emperor of the French 8203:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 8110:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 8080:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 7971:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 7749: 7714: 7684: 7659: 7616: 7490: 7367:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 7148: 5920:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 5543: 5525:Joséphine, Empress of the French 5382:Princess Anastasia of Montenegro 5348:Marie, Princess William of Baden 5325:Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg 4005: 3997: 3996: 3413: 3050: 2909:Josephine; A Life of the Empress 2839:Douce et incomparable Joséphine. 2216:Josephine: A Life of the Empress 2111:Breen, Henry H. (6 March 1852). 1988:"Chapter 2: Bird of the Islands" 1890: 1754:In 2015 and 2017, an episode of 1570: 1519: 1506: 1495: 1338: 1079:, became Emperor of the French. 655:. They had two children: a son, 460:, which she supervised closely. 431:grand ducal family of Luxembourg 397:, and she was imprisoned in the 331: 263: 8939:Deaths from pneumonia in France 8541:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 8288:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 8213:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 7424:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 7419:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 7399:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 7227:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 6145:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 5520:Napoleon, Emperor of the French 5399:Alexander, Duke of Leuchtenberg 5168: 4913:Anna of Provence (915–924) 3884:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker 3039:Flammarion; Paris, 1999, 504 p. 2731: 2709: 2691: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2630: 2564: 2551: 2524: 2511: 2489: 2475: 2455: 2428: 2401: 2376: 2363: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2288: 2272: 2257: 2232: 2153: 1960:Josephine: Le Paradoxe du Cygne 1800:The love song 'Josephine' from 1331:in her honor in 1823. The rose 1171:Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil 1157:Another of Eugène's daughters, 1127:and of the grandducal house of 1000:Château de Malmaison near Paris 963:On 11 March, Napoleon married 255: 222: 8814:Women in the French Revolution 8416:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 7593:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 7257:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 6886:French invasion of Switzerland 5435:also a Prince or Princess des 5354:Nicholas, Duke of Leuchtenberg 5178:Generations are numbered from 3211:26 May 1805 – 10 January 1810 3172:18 May 1804 – 10 January 1810 2940:Knapton, Ernest John. (1963). 2599:Thomas, Graham Stuart (2004). 2064: 2046: 1951: 1615:Tales of Passion, Tales of Woe 1400:Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole 1373:Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole 1052: 710:Fall of Maximilien Robespierre 541:and suffered from ill health. 403:Emperor Napoleon III of France 13: 1: 8819:Incroyables and merveilleuses 8638:Pierre Claude François Daunou 8426:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 7557:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 7528:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 6825:Naval Engagement off Brittany 6578:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 6552:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 6361:Constitution of the Year VIII 6096:Committee of General Security 5981:National Legislative Assembly 5836:National Constituent Assembly 5443:also a Prince or Princess of 5301:Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg 4453:Joan II, Countess of Burgundy 4066:List of French royal consorts 3168:Empress consort of the French 2958:Timée-éditions; 2010, 141 p. 2180:10.4159/harvard.9780674188761 2160:Knapton, Ernest John (1963). 2006:10.4159/harvard.9780674188761 1986:Knapton, Ernest John (1963). 1933: 1720: 1624:The Last Great Dance on Earth 1283:Rosa Joséphine de Beauharnais 860:elected Emperor of the French 811:Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise 586:several well-informed persons 92:Empress consort of the French 80: 8737:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 8531:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 8421:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 8318:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 8218:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 7908:Charles Malo François Lameth 7583:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 7414:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 7357:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 6557:Second Battle of Wissembourg 6244:Constitution of the Year III 5513:Emperor and immediate family 5405:Sergei, Duke of Leuchtenberg 5372:Georgi, Duke of Leuchtenberg 5254:Eugène, Duke of Leuchtenberg 4967:Berta di Luni (1002–14) 4962:Theophanu of Constantinople 4497:Joan I, Countess of Auvergne 3277: 2872:Delorme, Eleanor P. (2002). 2738:Menkes, Suzy (8 July 1996). 2243:. Grove Press. p. 489. 2091:Breen, Henry Hegart (1844). 2071:Monmarché, François (1973). 1847:' 1999 partially live album 1406: 1361: 1148:Leuchtenberg Sapphire Parure 890:Adélaïde de La Rochefoucauld 678:On 2 March 1794, during the 7: 8633:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 8258:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 8193:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 8153:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 8032:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 8017:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 8012:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 7821:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 7674:William V, Prince of Orange 6544:First Battle of Wissembourg 6501:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 6217:Closing of the Jacobin Club 6086:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 6043:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 5903:Abolition of the Parlements 5876:Women's March on Versailles 5366:Eugen, Duke of Leuchtenberg 5260:Princess Augusta of Bavaria 3677:War of the Fourth Coalition 3234:9 April 1810 – 29 May 1814 3159:Queen consort of the French 3060:public domain audiobook at 2893:Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2801:Bruce, Evangeline. (1995). 2356:The great Napoleon's mother 1962:. Paris: Perrin. p. 9. 1883: 716:arranged the liberation of 563:her famous French residence 479:restoration of the Bourbons 10: 8960: 8944:French patrons of the arts 8884:19th-century French people 8879:18th-century French people 8768:French Republican calendar 8323:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 7948:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 7302:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 7252:Charles François Dumouriez 7242:Jacques François Dugommier 7056:League of Armed Neutrality 6889:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 6841:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 6664:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 6643:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 6307:Second Congress of Rastatt 6091:Committee of Public Safety 6078:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 5307:Queen Maria II of Portugal 5266:Hortense, Queen of Holland 4859:Cunigunda of Laon (?) 4856:Bertha of Gellone (?) 4244:Desiderata of the Lombards 3986:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven) 3851:Column of the Grande Armée 3713:War of the Sixth Coalition 3689:War of the Fifth Coalition 3665:War of the Third Coalition 2944:Harvard University Press. 2214:Erickson, Carolly (2000). 2174:. pp. 26, 29, 30–31. 1870: 1843:The song 'Josephine' from 1830:The song ‘Impressed’ from 1813:The song 'Josephine' from 1711:Parkyn, Stephanie (2019). 1333:'Souvenir de la Malmaison' 1261:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1223:'Souvenir de la Malmaison' 1181:Personality and appearance 1177:, before her early death. 953:Napoléon Charles Bonaparte 847:The Coronation of Napoleon 796:led a French army to Egypt 684:Committee of Public Safety 55:Viscountess of Beauharnais 29: 8894:19th-century French women 8889:18th-century French women 8783:Cult of the Supreme Being 8711: 8700: 8606: 8595: 8554: 8388: 8381: 8266: 8123: 8045: 7956: 7943:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 7849: 7798:Patriotic Society of 1789 7796: 7785: 7747: 7712: 7682: 7657: 7614: 7601:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 7523:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 7488: 7479: 7457: 7162: 7146: 7135: 7104: 7067: 7040:Convention of Alessandria 7022: 6929: 6876: 6807: 6677: 6651: 6568: 6465: 6392: 6381: 6337: 6326:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 6318: 6291: 6228: 6164: 6059: 5992: 5941: 5895: 5787:What Is the Third Estate? 5778: 5751: 5740: 5655: 5605: 5552: 5541: 5512: 5431: 5414: 5391: 5340: 5313:Amélie, Empress of Brazil 5281: 5246: 5214: 5187: 5176: 4823:Gundiberga (626–652) 4780: 4729: 4710: 4691: 4663: 4639: 4595: 4570: 4476: 4332: 4214: 4075: 4055: 3994: 3910: 3838: 3816:Saint-Domingue expedition 3754: 3701:French invasion of Russia 3602:French Revolutionary Wars 3591: 3422: 3411: 3312: 3285: 3236: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3204: 3189: 3174: 3165: 3136: 3131: 3108:Joséphine de Beauharnais 3106: 2954:de Montjouven, Philippe. 2794:Brent, Harrison. (1946). 2588:The OGR and Shrub Journal 2435:Arnold, James R. (1995). 2268:. New York: Random House. 1538: 1443:Dancer with Hands on Hips 1439:Dancer with Hands on Hips 910:Jeanne Charlotte du Lucay 580:In Henry H. Breen's 1844 409:. Members of the current 379:[ʒozefindəboaʁnɛ] 350:[ʒozefinbɔnapaʁt] 327: 319: 311: 301: 278: 197: 183: 163: 134: 130: 122: 115: 105: 97: 90: 68: 50: 45: 36:Empress Josephine (horse) 34:. For the racehorse, see 32:Josephine of Leuchtenberg 8864:Joséphine de Beauharnais 8491:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 8456:Joséphine de Beauharnais 8338:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 8308:François-Nicolas Vincent 8293:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 7467:Charles-Alexandre Linois 7362:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 7342:François Séverin Marceau 7322:François Joseph Lefebvre 7217:Jean-Étienne Championnet 7192:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 7187:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 7182:Alexandre de Beauharnais 7172:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 6894:French Invasion of Egypt 6772:Second Battle of Bassano 6506:Battle of Kaiserslautern 6280:Conspiracy of the Equals 5973:The Constitution of 1791 5844:Storming of the Bastille 5502:Imperial House of France 5103:Joséphine de Beauharnais 5043:Isabella II of Jerusalem 5031:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen 4675:Marie Joséphine of Savoy 4650:Joséphine de Beauharnais 4050:Royal consorts of France 3729:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube 3325:Joséphine de Beauharnais 2853:L'impératrice Joséphine. 2798:NY and Toronto Rinehart. 2639:The American Rose Annual 2172:Harvard University Press 1998:Harvard University Press 1794: 1543:In 1859, French Emperor 1255:Joséphine's garden. Sir 1015: 582:The History of St. Lucia 501:in the household of the 407:Empress Amélie of Brazil 387:Alexandre de Beauharnais 371:Joséphine de Beauharnais 46:Joséphine de Beauharnais 8924:Queens consort of Italy 8919:Italian Roman Catholics 8909:Empresses of the French 8471:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 8343:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 8303:Antoine-François Momoro 8298:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 8115:François de Neufchâteau 8065:Charles-François Lebrun 8007:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 7888:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 7764:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 7570:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 7565:Karl Mack von Leiberich 7197:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 7011:Second Battle of Zurich 6902:Irish Rebellion of 1798 6748:First Battle of Bassano 6586:Second Battle of Boulou 6387:Revolutionary campaigns 6345:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 6260:Council of Five Hundred 6048:First republic declared 5984:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 5965:Declaration of Pillnitz 5689:Constitutional monarchy 5109:Marie Louise of Austria 4971:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 4826:Guntrude (712–744) 4802:Berthora (549–552) 4061:List of Frankish queens 3861:Palace of Fontainebleau 3183:Marie Louise of Austria 3057:The Heroines of History 2353:Tschudi, Clara (1900). 2264:Williams, Kate (2014). 2239:Stuart, Andrea (2005). 2054:"Sights in Trois-Îlets" 1958:Branda, Pierre (2016). 1772: 1578:Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur 1512:Empress of the French's 1487: 1263:, also sent her roses. 965:Marie-Louise of Austria 895:Première dame d'honneur 661:Hortense de Beauharnais 642:François de Beauharnais 565:. In 1802, Dom Daviot, 510:Maria Josepha of Saxony 463: 435:Marie Louise of Austria 8914:French Roman Catholics 8800: 8759: 8735: 8716: 8228:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 8223:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 8133:Maximilien Robespierre 7966:Jacques Pierre Brissot 7831:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 7262:Louis-Charles de Flers 7247:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 7212:Jean François Carteaux 6987:First Battle of Zurich 6950:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 6905:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 6865:Treaty of Campo Formio 6611:Glorious First of June 6539:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 6498:Expedition to Sardinia 6176:Desmoulins guillotined 6111:Assassination of Marat 6103:Fall of the Girondists 6075:Revolutionary Tribunal 6067:Execution of Louis XVI 5957:Champ de Mars massacre 5860:Abolition of Feudalism 5535:Napoleon, King of Rome 5079:Elizabeth of Pomerania 5067:Margaret II of Hainaut 5019:Beatrice I of Burgundy 4893:Ageltrude of Benevento 4667:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 4621:Maria Theresa of Spain 4309:Beatrice of Vermandois 4156:Brunhilda of Austrasia 3649:Battle of the Pyramids 3454:Assassination attempts 3356:Carlo Maria Buonaparte 3240:Auguste de Beauharnais 3207:Queen consort of Italy 3070:by Ernest John Knapton 2976:. Simon and Schuster. 2925:Fauveau, Jean-Claude. 2911:. St. Martin's Press. 2865:Cole, Hubert. (1962). 2699:"The Headless Empress" 2572:Napoleon and Josephine 2300:27 August 2009 at the 1906:Aimée du Buc de Rivéry 1648:Napoleon and Josephine 1561:French colonial empire 1422: 1377: 1313:Jacques-Louis Descemet 1309: 1284: 1225: 1193: 1175:Maximilian I of Mexico 1159:Amélie of Leuchtenberg 1136:Norwegian royal family 1069: 1045: 1001: 993: 944: 942:Henri Frédéric Schopin 927:Château de Saint-Cloud 885: 855: 780: 737: 700:Place de la Révolution 637: 117:Queen consort of Italy 8673:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 7938:Jean-Charles Pichegru 7918:Jean-François Rewbell 7404:Jean-Charles Pichegru 7287:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 7277:Jacques Maurice Hatry 7048:Battle of Hohenlinden 6921:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 6756:Battle of Emmendingen 6703:Battle of Castiglione 6590:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 6521:Battle of Hondschoote 6192:Thermidorian Reaction 6156:(throughout the year) 5929:Fête de la Fédération 5855:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 5839:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 5823:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 5577:Eugène de Beauharnais 5127:Marie-José of Belgium 4845:Fastrada of Franconia 4829:Tassia (744–749) 4383:Adelaide of Maurienne 4343:Adelaide of Aquitaine 4274:Ermentrude of Orléans 4264:Ermengarde of Hesbaye 3112:Tascher de La Pagerie 2371:Napoleon and Josphine 1837:Pictures for Pleasure 1807:Distant Plastic Trees 1565:George Floyd protests 1501:Empress of the French 1414: 1369: 1328:Joséphine Beauharnais 1318:Impératrice Joséphine 1306:Impératrice Joséphine 1303: 1282: 1244:Pierre-Joseph Redouté 1221: 1189:Josephine in 1805 by 1188: 1103:'s one-time fiancée, 1060: 1030:Alexander I of Russia 999: 988: 939: 900:Émilie de Beauharnais 880: 844: 837:Empress of the French 774: 731: 657:Eugène de Beauharnais 632: 363:Empress of the French 307:Tascher de La Pagerie 8601:Influential thinkers 8348:Jean-François Varlet 8248:Jean-Lambert Tallien 8243:Jean Bon Saint-André 8070:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 7992:Marquis de Condorcet 7841:Nicolas de Condorcet 7606:Dagobert von Wurmser 7439:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 7382:Pierre-Jacques Osten 7297:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 7232:Louis-Nicolas Davout 7222:Chapuis de Tourville 6764:Battle of Schliengen 6711:Battle of Theiningen 6632:Battle of Aldenhoven 6516:Battle of Wattignies 6485:Battle of Neerwinden 6299:Coup of 18 Fructidor 5812:Death of the Dauphin 5097:Isabella of Portugal 5013:Richenza of Northeim 4875:Richilde of Provence 4557:Elisabeth of Austria 4547:Catherine de' Medici 4448:Clementia of Hungary 4443:Margaret of Burgundy 4423:Margaret of Provence 4403:Isabella of Hainault 4393:Constance of Castile 4388:Eleanor of Aquitaine 4378:Bertrade of Montfort 4279:Richilde of Provence 3671:Battle of Austerlitz 3528:Weaponry and warfare 3193:Isabella of Portugal 3082:Château de Malmaison 3035:Wagener, Françoise, 2557:Epton, Nina (1975). 1191:Pierre-Paul Prud'hon 1144:Swedish royal family 976:Later life and death 724:Marriage to Napoleon 705:Place de la Concorde 598:Château de Malmaison 454:Château de Malmaison 229:; died 8688:Mary Wollstonecraft 8466:Jean Sylvain Bailly 8253:Pierre Louis Prieur 8198:Jean-Henri Voulland 8173:Jacques-Louis David 8105:Jean Joseph Mounier 7806:Jean Sylvain Bailly 7444:Belgrand de Vaubois 7332:Jean-Antoine Marbot 7272:Emmanuel de Grouchy 7077:Treaty of Lunéville 6716:Battle of Neresheim 6661:Siege of Luxembourg 6640:Siege of Luxembourg 6595:Battle of Tourcoing 6526:Siege of Bellegarde 6353:Coup of 18 Brumaire 6265:Council of Ancients 6040:National Convention 6032:September Massacres 6008:Brunswick Manifesto 6000:France declares war 5767:Assembly of Vizille 5506:First French Empire 5121:Elena of Montenegro 5115:Margherita of Savoy 5091:Eleanor of Portugal 5061:Margaret of Brabant 5049:Isabella of England 5037:Constance of Aragon 5025:Constance of Sicily 5001:Constance of Sicily 4926:Marozia of Tusculum 4922:Alda (924–932) 4881:Richardis of Swabia 4869:Engelberga of Parma 4863:Ermengarde of Tours 4851:Luitgard of Sundgau 4463:Marie of Luxembourg 4458:Blanche of Burgundy 4408:Ingeborg of Denmark 4294:Théodrate of Troyes 4196:Balthild of Chelles 3930:Cultural depictions 3724:Battle of Vauchamps 3444:Coup of 18 Brumaire 3303:First French Empire 2570:Mossiker, Frances, 1918:Notre-Dame de Paris 1802:The Magnetic Fields 1749:Isabella Rossellini 1701:Winterson, Jeanette 1383:Jacques-Louis David 1370:Antoine-Jean Gros, 931:Élisabeth de Vaudey 872:Notre-Dame de Paris 864:coronation ceremony 852:Jacques-Louis David 744:. In 1795, she met 545:Disputed birthplace 342:Joséphine Bonaparte 8899:House of Bonaparte 8526:Loménie de Brienne 8501:Madame de Lamballe 8436:Napoléon Bonaparte 8233:Prieur de la Marne 8148:Camille Desmoulins 8002:Marie Jean Hérault 7878:Jean-Sifrein Maury 7873:Arnaud de La Porte 7729:Alexander Korsakov 7515:Count of Clerfayt 7434:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 7347:Auguste de Marmont 7202:Napoléon Bonaparte 7093:Algeciras campaign 7085:Treaty of Florence 6963:Battle of Stockach 6796:Ireland expedition 6780:Battle of Calliano 6740:Battle of Rovereto 6732:Battle of Würzburg 6184:Law of 22 Prairial 6153:Anti-clerical laws 6128:The Death of Marat 5949:Flight to Varennes 5205:Françoise Mouchard 5007:Matilda of England 4908:Bertila of Spoleto 4887:Bertila of Spoleto 4721:Eugénie de Montijo 4712:House of Bonaparte 4641:House of Bonaparte 4606:Margaret of Valois 4573:House of Lancaster 4562:Louise of Lorraine 4542:Eleanor of Austria 4517:Charlotte of Savoy 4507:Isabeau of Bavaria 4492:Blanche of Navarre 4428:Isabella of Aragon 4418:Blanche of Castile 4398:Adela of Champagne 4358:Constance of Arles 4353:Bertha of Burgundy 4319:Gerberga of Saxony 3968:Retour des cendres 3947:German Romanticism 3897:Rue de la Victoire 3811:Law of 20 May 1802 3746:Battle of Waterloo 3707:Battle of Borodino 3395:Caroline Bonaparte 3343:Alexandre Walewski 3230:Duchess of Navarre 3179:Title next held by 3146:Title last held by 3142:Monarchy abolished 2990:Schiffer, Liesel. 2869:William Heinemann. 2744:The New York Times 2685:Uncommon Caribbean 2625:A Rose by Any Name 1825:Josephine Brunsvik 1757:Horrible Histories 1714:Josephine's Garden 1693:Becoming Josephine 1677:Selinko, Annemarie 1636:The Emperor's Lady 1557:Law of 20 May 1802 1534:In popular culture 1525:Duchess of Navarre 1423: 1378: 1323:Jean-Pierre Vibert 1310: 1285: 1259:, Director of the 1226: 1214:Patroness of roses 1194: 1161:, married Emperor 1070: 1020:Joséphine died of 1002: 994: 981:Duchess of Navarre 945: 886: 856: 794:In 1798, Napoleon 781: 738: 659:, and a daughter, 638: 555:Soufrière District 359:Emperor Napoleon I 59:Duchess of Navarre 8851: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8725:Cockade of France 8696: 8695: 8658:Antoine Lavoisier 8648:Benjamin Franklin 8628:Anacharsis Cloots 8591: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8511:Louis de Breteuil 8353:Theophile Leclerc 7781: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7734:Alexander Suvorov 7475: 7474: 7409:Józef Poniatowski 7327:Étienne Macdonald 7131: 7130: 7032:Battle of Marengo 6995:Battle of Trebbia 6979:Battle of Cassano 6971:Battle of Magnano 6955:Battle of Ostrach 6857:Battle of Neuwied 6619:Battle of Fleurus 6603:Battle of Tournay 6480:War in the Vendée 6416:Royalist Revolts 6377: 6376: 5934: 5910:Abolition of the 5828:Tennis Court Oath 5820:National Assembly 5649:French Revolution 5615: 5614: 5468: 5467: 5136: 5135: 5117: (1878–1900) 4956:Adelaide of Italy 4938:Adelaide of Italy 4740: 4739: 4643:(1804–1814; 1815) 4626:Marie Leszczyńska 4586:Margaret of Anjou 4502:Joanna of Bourbon 4438:Joan I of Navarre 4373:Bertha of Holland 4363:Matilda of Frisia 4304:Eadgifu of Wessex 4284:Adelaide of Paris 4269:Judith of Bavaria 4017: 4016: 3912:Legacy and memory 3856:Equestrian statue 3839:Homes and honours 3767:Concordat of 1801 3719:Battle of Leipzig 3695:Battle of Eckmühl 3659:Battle of Marengo 3632:Battle of Bassano 3614:French Revolution 3496:Sale of Louisiana 3400:Pauline Bonaparte 3246: 3245: 3237:Succeeded by 3202: 3163: 3068:Empress Josephine 3031:978-0-8021-4202-3 2983:978-0-00-000000-2 2970:Mossiker, Frances 2964:978-2-35401-233-5 2950:978-0-671-51346-7 2942:Empress Josephine 2935:978-2-296-11293-3 2905:Erickson, Carolly 2899:978-0-393-07500-7 2882:978-0-8109-1229-8 2876:Harry N. Abrams. 2861:978-2-85616-485-3 2830:978-4-87187-853-1 2780:. St Martins Pr. 2537:Project Gutenberg 2334:Epton, pp. 94–95. 2295:Hippolyte Charles 2167:Empress Josephine 2146:978-1-3990-8855-8 1993:Empress Josephine 1850:To Venus and Back 1737:Jacqueline Bisset 1735:and Joséphine by 1644:Mossiker, Frances 1551:park in downtown 1531: 1530: 1391:Antoine-Jean Gros 1294:R. alba incarnata 1163:Pedro I of Brazil 1097:Oscar I of Sweden 1089:Imperial Highness 914:Madame de Rémusat 789:Hippolyte Charles 534:Troupes de marine 516:family home near 485:Family background 339: 338: 178:Kingdom of France 77:Antoine-Jean Gros 16:(Redirected from 8951: 8805: 8793:Temple of Reason 8764: 8740: 8721: 8702: 8701: 8653:Thomas Jefferson 8597: 8596: 8516:de Chateaubriand 8446:Joseph Bonaparte 8441:Lucien Bonaparte 8431:Marie Antoinette 8386: 8385: 8373:Sylvain Maréchal 8328:François Hanriot 8163:Louis Philippe I 8090:Louis Philippe I 8085:Philippe Égalité 8027:Olympe de Gouges 7997:Charlotte Corday 7987:Étienne Clavière 7787: 7786: 7769:Antonio Ricardos 7754: 7753: 7739:Andrei Rosenberg 7719: 7718: 7689: 7688: 7664: 7663: 7634:Ralph Abercromby 7621: 7620: 7596: 7573: 7560: 7552: 7544: 7531: 7518: 7495: 7494: 7486: 7485: 7390: 7337:Marcellin Marbot 7160: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7141:Military leaders 7137: 7136: 7124: 7116: 7112:Treaty of Amiens 7097: 7089: 7081: 7060: 7052: 7044: 7036: 7015: 7014:(25–26 Sep 1799) 7007: 6999: 6998:(17–20 Jun 1799) 6991: 6983: 6982:(27–28 Apr 1799) 6975: 6967: 6959: 6958:(20–21 Mar 1799) 6951: 6943: 6939:Second Coalition 6922: 6914: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6869: 6861: 6853: 6849:Treaty of Leoben 6845: 6837: 6836:(14–15 Jan 1797) 6833:Battle of Rivoli 6829: 6821: 6817:Italian campaign 6800: 6792: 6791:(15–17 Nov 1796) 6788:Battle of Arcole 6784: 6776: 6768: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6728: 6724:Battle of Amberg 6720: 6707: 6699: 6695:Battle of Lonato 6691: 6687:Italian campaign 6665: 6644: 6636: 6623: 6615: 6607: 6599: 6591: 6582: 6561: 6560:(26–27 Dec 1793) 6548: 6540: 6502: 6494: 6490:Battle of Famars 6458: 6383: 6382: 6365: 6357: 6349: 6330: 6311: 6303: 6284: 6276: 6256: 6248: 6240: 6221: 6213: 6205: 6196: 6188: 6180: 6157: 6149: 6141: 6133: 6123: 6115: 6107: 6087: 6079: 6071: 6052: 6044: 6036: 6028: 6020: 6012: 6004: 5985: 5977: 5969: 5961: 5953: 5952:(20–21 Jun 1791) 5932: 5924: 5916: 5907: 5888: 5880: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5824: 5816: 5808: 5800: 5792: 5771: 5763: 5759:Day of the Tiles 5742: 5741: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5597:Lucien Bonaparte 5587:Jérôme Bonaparte 5562:Joseph Bonaparte 5547: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5140: 5139: 5085:Barbara of Cilli 5073:Anna of Świdnica 4995:Eupraxia of Kiev 4977:Gisela of Swabia 4944:Willa of Tuscany 4932:Bertha of Swabia 4917:Bertha of Swabia 4767: 4760: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4693:House of Orléans 4665:House of Bourbon 4631:Marie Antoinette 4611:Marie de' Medici 4597:House of Bourbon 4537:Claude of France 4522:Anne of Brittany 4487:Joan of Burgundy 4433:Marie of Brabant 4413:Agnes of Merania 4234:Bertrada of Laon 4044: 4037: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4009: 4008: 4000: 3999: 3935:Napoleon complex 3877:Maison Bonaparte 3831: 3801:Organic Articles 3637:Battle of Rivoli 3593:Battles and wars 3577: 3563: 3512:Mesures usuelles 3440: 3417: 3387:Jérôme Bonaparte 3377:Lucien Bonaparte 3372:Joseph Bonaparte 3364:Letizia Ramolino 3272: 3265: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3196: 3190:Preceded by 3154: 3150:Marie Antoinette 3127: 3120: 3104: 3103: 3054: 3053: 3015: 3006:Sergeant, Philip 2987: 2922: 2834: 2791: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2634: 2628: 2621: 2612: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2528: 2522: 2517:Markham, Felix, 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2468:Napoleon: A Life 2459: 2453: 2452: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2380: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2310: 2304: 2292: 2286: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2088: 2079: 2078: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2028: 2027: 1983: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1928:Tuileries Palace 1900: 1898:Biography portal 1895: 1894: 1893: 1708: 1696: 1684: 1672: 1660: 1651: 1639: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1523: 1510: 1499: 1492: 1491: 1462:Furniture/Design 1455:The Three Graces 1431:Cupid and Psyche 1351:Tuileries Palace 1269:Jules Gravereaux 1198:Carolly Erickson 1048: 870:, took place at 866:, officiated by 718:Thérèse Cabarrus 522:sugar plantation 381: 376: 352: 347: 335: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 234: 232: 228: 224: 212: 170: 146: 144: 85: 82: 73: 43: 42: 21: 8959: 8958: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8854: 8853: 8852: 8843: 8718:La Marseillaise 8707: 8706:Cultural impact 8692: 8602: 8583: 8550: 8506:Madame du Barry 8496:Catherine Théot 8486:Thérésa Tallien 8377: 8368:Gracchus Babeuf 8313:François Chabot 8270: 8262: 8183:Georges Couthon 8178:Marquis de Sade 8143:Jean-Paul Marat 8119: 8075:Bertrand Barère 8041: 7952: 7933:Boissy d'Anglas 7928:Madame de Staël 7893:Antoine Barnave 7861: 7854: 7845: 7792: 7773: 7748: 7743: 7713: 7708: 7683: 7678: 7658: 7653: 7615: 7610: 7594: 7571: 7558: 7550: 7542: 7529: 7516: 7505:József Alvinczi 7489: 7471: 7453: 7394:Nicolas Oudinot 7384: 7317:Claude Lecourbe 7312:Charles Leclerc 7207:Guillaume Brune 7177:Pierre Augereau 7147: 7142: 7127: 7122: 7120:Treaty of Paris 7114: 7100: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7063: 7058: 7050: 7042: 7034: 7018: 7013: 7005: 6997: 6989: 6981: 6973: 6965: 6957: 6949: 6941: 6925: 6920: 6912: 6904: 6896: 6888: 6872: 6867: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6835: 6827: 6819: 6803: 6798: 6790: 6782: 6774: 6766: 6758: 6750: 6742: 6734: 6726: 6718: 6705: 6697: 6689: 6673: 6663: 6647: 6642: 6634: 6621: 6613: 6605: 6597: 6589: 6580: 6564: 6559: 6546: 6538: 6536:Siege of Toulon 6500: 6492: 6475:First Coalition 6461: 6452: 6388: 6373: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6333: 6328: 6314: 6309: 6301: 6287: 6282: 6274: 6254: 6246: 6238: 6224: 6219: 6211: 6203: 6194: 6186: 6178: 6160: 6155: 6147: 6139: 6137:Law of Suspects 6131: 6121: 6113: 6105: 6085: 6083:Reign of Terror 6077: 6069: 6055: 6050: 6042: 6034: 6026: 6018: 6010: 6002: 5988: 5983: 5975: 5967: 5959: 5951: 5937: 5922: 5914: 5905: 5891: 5886: 5878: 5870: 5863:(4–11 Aug 1789) 5862: 5854: 5846: 5838: 5830: 5822: 5814: 5806: 5798: 5796:Réveillon riots 5790: 5774: 5769: 5761: 5747: 5736: 5651: 5646: 5616: 5611: 5601: 5582:Elisa Bonaparte 5567:Louis Bonaparte 5548: 5539: 5508: 5499: 5469: 5464: 5452: 5440: 5427: 5410: 5387: 5336: 5277: 5242: 5210: 5183: 5172: 5167: 5137: 5132: 5123: (1900–46) 5111: (1810–14) 5105: (1805–10) 5099: (1530–39) 5093: (1452–67) 5087: (1431–37) 5081: (1363–78) 5075: (1355–62) 5069: (1327–47) 5051: (1235–41) 5045: (1225–28) 5039: (1212–22) 5027: (1191–97) 5021: (1156–84) 5015: (1128–37) 5009: (1114–25) 5003: (1095–98) 4997: (1089–93) 4991: (1080–87) 4989:Bertha of Savoy 4985: (1043–56) 4983:Agnes of Poitou 4979: (1026–39) 4973: (1004–24) 4964: (972–983) 4958: (951–973) 4952: (957–963) 4946: (950–953) 4940: (948–950) 4934: (937–948) 4928: (932–933) 4919: (922–926) 4910: (905–915) 4901: (896–899) 4899:Ota of Neustria 4895: (889–894) 4889: (888–889) 4883: (879–888) 4877: (875–877) 4871: (851–875) 4865: (821–851) 4853: (794–800) 4847: (784–794) 4841: (774–783) 4835: (756–774) 4820: (589–616) 4814: (567–573) 4799: (536–540) 4793: (526–534) 4787: (493–526) 4776: 4774:Queens of Italy 4771: 4741: 4736: 4725: 4706: 4687: 4659: 4635: 4616:Anne of Austria 4591: 4566: 4478:House of Valois 4472: 4348:Rozala of Italy 4328: 4219: 4210: 4071: 4070: 4051: 4048: 4018: 4013: 3990: 3952:Napoleonic Code 3906: 3902:Warsaw monument 3846:Arc de Triomphe 3834: 3825: 3789:Infamous Decree 3784:Grand Sanhedrin 3762:Catholic Church 3750: 3741:Battle of Ligny 3683:Battle of Eylau 3608:Siege of Toulon 3587: 3571: 3557: 3485:Napoleonic Wars 3434: 3432:Stay in Auxonne 3424:Life and career 3418: 3409: 3405:Elisa Bonaparte 3382:Louis Bonaparte 3308: 3307: 3281: 3276: 3242: 3233: 3217:French nobility 3210: 3195: 3180: 3171: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3051: 3047: 3042: 2984: 2919: 2831: 2817:Castelot, André 2788: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2615: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2463:Roberts, Andrew 2460: 2456: 2449: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2302:Wayback Machine 2293: 2289: 2277: 2273: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2212: 2205: 2190: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2131: 2124: 2109: 2102: 2089: 2082: 2069: 2065: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2031: 2016: 1984: 1967: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1936: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1873: 1797: 1775: 1723: 1665:Pataki, Allison 1602:Gulland, Sandra 1590:Fields, Bertram 1573: 1541: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1502: 1500: 1490: 1472:Pierre Fontaine 1468:Charles Percier 1466:The architects 1464: 1409: 1387:François Gérard 1364: 1341: 1252:Lee and Kennedy 1216: 1196:Her biographer 1183: 1055: 1026:Rueil-Malmaison 1018: 983: 978: 883:François Gérard 839: 777:François Gérard 734:François Gérard 726: 680:Reign of Terror 673:Pentemont Abbey 665:Louis Bonaparte 627: 547: 518:Les Trois-Îlets 487: 466: 395:Reign of Terror 374: 345: 297: 274: 273: 253: 249: 246: 236: 220: 216: 213: 208: 193: 190:Rueil-Malmaison 174:Rueil-Malmaison 172: 168: 158:Lesser Antilles 148: 142: 140: 139: 111:2 December 1804 86: 83: 63: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8957: 8947: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8849: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8788:Cult of Reason 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8732: 8730:Flag of France 8727: 8722: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8698: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8593: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8536:Jacques Necker 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8392: 8390: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8358:Claire Lacombe 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8283:Jacques Hébert 8279: 8277: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8138:Georges Danton 8135: 8129: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7982:Henri Grégoire 7978: 7973: 7968: 7962: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7923:Camille Jordan 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7864: 7862: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7725: 7723: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7695: 7693: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7627: 7625: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7567: 7562: 7554: 7546: 7538: 7533: 7525: 7520: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7463: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7157: 7144: 7143: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7117: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7090: 7082: 7073: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7053: 7045: 7037: 7028: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7008: 7003:Battle of Novi 7000: 6992: 6990:(4–7 Jun 1799) 6984: 6976: 6968: 6960: 6952: 6944: 6935: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6915: 6907: 6899: 6891: 6882: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6862: 6854: 6846: 6838: 6830: 6822: 6813: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6793: 6785: 6783:(6–7 Nov 1796) 6777: 6769: 6761: 6753: 6745: 6737: 6729: 6721: 6713: 6708: 6700: 6698:(3–4 Aug 1796) 6692: 6683: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6669:Peace of Basel 6666: 6657: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6637: 6629: 6624: 6616: 6608: 6600: 6592: 6583: 6574: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6554: 6549: 6541: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6511:Siege of Mainz 6508: 6503: 6495: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6447: 6442: 6440:Siege of Mainz 6437: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6422: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6358: 6350: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6304: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6277: 6272:13 Vendémiaire 6269: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6249: 6241: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6214: 6206: 6197: 6189: 6181: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6124: 6119:Levée en masse 6116: 6108: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6080: 6072: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6045: 6037: 6029: 6024:10th of August 6021: 6013: 6005: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5978: 5970: 5962: 5954: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5925: 5917: 5908: 5906:(Feb–Jul 1790) 5899: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5881: 5873: 5865: 5857: 5849: 5841: 5833: 5825: 5817: 5809: 5801: 5793: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5764: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5645: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5554:French Princes 5550: 5549: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5475: 5466: 5465: 5455:also a Prince 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5418: 5416: 5415:8th generation 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5402: 5395: 5393: 5392:6th generation 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5344: 5342: 5341:5th generation 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5298: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5282:4th generation 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5250: 5248: 5247:3rd generation 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5215:2nd generation 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5188:1st generation 5185: 5184: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4770: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4670: 4668: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4602: 4600: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4581: 4579: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4527:Joan of France 4524: 4519: 4514: 4512:Marie of Anjou 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4468:Joan of Évreux 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4334:House of Capet 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4314:Emma of France 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4024: 4015: 4014: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3927: 3922: 3920:Bank of France 3916: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3880: 3873: 3871:Longwood House 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3654:Siege of Jaffa 3651: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3627:Battle of Lodi 3624: 3621:13 Vendémiaire 3617: 3610: 3605: 3597: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3550:2nd abdication 3547: 3545:Route Napoléon 3542: 3541: 3540: 3533:1st abdication 3530: 3525: 3520: 3518:Looting of art 3515: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3458:Constitutions 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3366: 3358: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3332: 3327: 3318: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3291:Napoleonic era 3287: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3252: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3203: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3173: 3164: 3145: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3110: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3099:at archive.org 3093: 3091:at archive.org 3085: 3079: 3073: 3064: 3046: 3045:External links 3043: 3041: 3040: 3033: 3019:Stuart, Andrea 3016: 3002: 3000:978-2711744428 2988: 2982: 2966: 2952: 2938: 2923: 2917: 2901: 2884: 2870: 2863: 2849: 2835: 2829: 2823:. Ishi Press. 2813: 2805:NY: Scribner. 2799: 2792: 2786: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2730: 2708: 2690: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2629: 2613: 2592: 2576: 2563: 2550: 2523: 2510: 2488: 2474: 2454: 2447: 2427: 2420: 2400: 2375: 2362: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2312:Theo Aronson, 2305: 2287: 2271: 2256: 2250:978-0802117700 2249: 2231: 2224: 2203: 2189:978-0674252011 2188: 2152: 2145: 2122: 2100: 2080: 2063: 2045: 2029: 2015:978-0674252011 2014: 1965: 1950: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1912:Jean Chanorier 1909: 1902: 1901: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1860:'s 2001 album 1854: 1841: 1834:’s 1985 album 1832:Charlie Sexton 1828: 1817:'s 2015 album 1811: 1796: 1793: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1762:Natalie Walter 1752: 1740: 1733:Armand Assante 1722: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1697: 1685: 1673: 1661: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1619: 1610: 1598: 1586: 1572: 1569: 1553:Fort-de-France 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1517: 1504: 1489: 1486: 1463: 1460: 1427:Antonio Canova 1416:Antonio Canova 1408: 1405: 1363: 1360: 1340: 1337: 1234:Thomas Blaikie 1215: 1212: 1182: 1179: 1167:Rio de Janeiro 1065:. Portrait by 1054: 1051: 1017: 1014: 991:Andrea Appiani 982: 979: 977: 974: 919:Dame de Palais 838: 835: 829:; and General 827:Caroline Murat 800:Pauline Fourès 725: 722: 696:defended Mainz 653:Noisy-le-Grand 635:Georges Rouget 626: 625:First marriage 623: 546: 543: 486: 483: 465: 462: 411:royal families 367:Queen of Italy 337: 336: 329: 325: 324: 321: 317: 316: 313: 309: 308: 305: 299: 298: 296: 295: 290: 284: 282: 276: 275: 251: 247: 242: 241: 240: 239: 218: 214: 207: 206: 205: 204: 201: 199: 195: 194: 187: 185: 181: 180: 171:(aged 50) 165: 161: 160: 136: 132: 131: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 113: 112: 109: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 88: 87: 74: 66: 65: 62: 61: 56: 52: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8956: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8802:Sans-culottes 8798: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8773:Metric system 8771: 8769: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8713: 8710: 8703: 8699: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8598: 8594: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8572:Panthéon Club 8570: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8461:Joachim Murat 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8269: 8265: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8238:Gilbert Romme 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8060:de Cambacérès 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7977: 7976:Madame Roland 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7913:André Chénier 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7868:Grace Elliott 7866: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7788: 7784: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7555: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7429:Joseph Souham 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7372:Joachim Murat 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7352:André Masséna 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7151: 7145: 7138: 7134: 7123:(25 Jun 1802) 7121: 7118: 7115:(25 Mar 1802) 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7094: 7091: 7088:(18 Mar 1801) 7086: 7083: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7057: 7054: 7049: 7046: 7043:(15 Jun 1800) 7041: 7038: 7035:(14 Jun 1800) 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7012: 7009: 7006:(15 Aug 1799) 7004: 7001: 6996: 6993: 6988: 6985: 6980: 6977: 6972: 6969: 6966:(25 Mar 1799) 6964: 6961: 6956: 6953: 6948: 6947:Siege of Acre 6945: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6919: 6918:Peasants' War 6916: 6911: 6908: 6903: 6900: 6895: 6892: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6868:(17 Oct 1797) 6866: 6863: 6860:(18 Apr 1797) 6858: 6855: 6852:(17 Apr 1797) 6850: 6847: 6844:(25 Jan 1797) 6842: 6839: 6834: 6831: 6828:(13 Jan 1797) 6826: 6823: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6797: 6794: 6789: 6786: 6781: 6778: 6773: 6770: 6767:(26 Oct 1796) 6765: 6762: 6759:(19 Oct 1796) 6757: 6754: 6749: 6746: 6741: 6738: 6733: 6730: 6727:(24 Aug 1796) 6725: 6722: 6719:(11 Aug 1796) 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6704: 6701: 6696: 6693: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6667: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6641: 6638: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6622:(26 Jun 1794) 6620: 6617: 6612: 6609: 6606:(22 May 1794) 6604: 6601: 6598:(18 May 1794) 6596: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6581:(24 Apr 1794) 6579: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6547:(13 Oct 1793) 6545: 6542: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6499: 6496: 6493:(23 May 1793) 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6367: 6364:(24 Dec 1799) 6362: 6359: 6354: 6351: 6348:(18 Jun 1799) 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6329:(11 May 1798) 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6308: 6305: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6281: 6278: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6247:(22 Aug 1795) 6245: 6242: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6220:(11 Nov 1794) 6218: 6215: 6210: 6207: 6204:(28 Jul 1794) 6201: 6198: 6195:(27 Jul 1794) 6193: 6190: 6187:(10 Jun 1794) 6185: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6154: 6151: 6148:(16 Oct 1793) 6146: 6143: 6140:(17 Sep 1793) 6138: 6135: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6122:(23 Aug 1793) 6120: 6117: 6114:(13 Jul 1793) 6112: 6109: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6076: 6073: 6070:(21 Jan 1793) 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6051:(22 Sep 1792) 6049: 6046: 6041: 6038: 6033: 6030: 6027:(10 Aug 1792) 6025: 6022: 6017: 6014: 6011:(25 Jul 1792) 6009: 6006: 6003:(20 Apr 1792) 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5982: 5979: 5974: 5971: 5968:(27 Aug 1791) 5966: 5963: 5960:(17 Jul 1791) 5958: 5955: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5933:(14 Jul 1790) 5931: 5930: 5926: 5923:(12 Jul 1790) 5921: 5918: 5915:(23 Jun 1790) 5913: 5909: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5885: 5882: 5877: 5874: 5871:(26 Aug 1789) 5869: 5866: 5861: 5858: 5853: 5850: 5847:(14 Jul 1789) 5845: 5842: 5837: 5834: 5831:(20 Jun 1789) 5829: 5826: 5821: 5818: 5815:(4 June 1789) 5813: 5810: 5805: 5802: 5799:(28 Apr 1789) 5797: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5770:(21 Jul 1788) 5768: 5765: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5675:Ancien Régime 5672: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5638: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5610: 5609:vassal states 5604: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5572:Joachim Murat 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5438: 5430: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5057: (1244?) 5056: 5055:Bianca Lancia 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4682:Marie-Thérèse 4679: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4324:Emma of Italy 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4012: 4003: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3866:Les Invalides 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3779:Jewish people 3777: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3132:Royal titles 3130: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3025:Grove Press. 3024: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2918:1-86105-637-0 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 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Joséphine de Beauharnais

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