854:
912:
1089:
981:
734:
749:
796:
361:
274:
574:
507:
669:
684:
24:
1011:
951:
881:
604:
897:
1043:
649:
842:
589:
869:
769:
558:
542:
619:
996:
1058:
811:
527:
634:
966:
924:
1073:
76:
936:
714:
1027:
699:
826:
781:
2834:
1103:
349:
270:, through which quarantine authority was shared with the U.S. Army and Navy; this arrangement was not reauthorized by Congress in 1883, and its powers reverted solely to the Marine Hospital Service. Over the next half a century, the Marine Hospital Service increasingly took over quarantine functions from individual state authorities.
911:
333:
In 1899, the Marine
Hospital Service first formed internal divisions: the Division of Marine Hospitals and Relief, Division of Domestic (Interstate) Quarantine, Division of Insular and Foreign Quarantine and Immigration, Division of Personnel and Accounts, Division of Sanitary Reports and Statistics,
317:
As the nation grew, the scope of Marine
Hospital Service's duties grew to include domestic and foreign quarantine and other national public health functions. Over time, the hospitals of the service were also expanded to include research and prevention work as well as the care of patients. Aside from
110:
It was the first federal health law. It authorized a tax, which was the deduction of twenty cents per month from the wages of the seamen. This tax raised funds for physicians and to support the network of hospitals. Funding for the hospitals was provided by a mandatory tax of about 1% of the wages of
356:
In 1902, the Marine
Hospital Service was renamed the "Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service." In 1912, as the emphasis of its responsibilities shifted from sailors to general public health, the name was changed again to the "Public Health Service" to encompass its diverse and changing mission.
480:
The hospitals themselves were, by the middle of the 19th century, fairly imposing and architecturally grand structures in many cases. As long as ample federal funding was available for their construction, these hospitals were impressive examples of government-provided health care. The hospitals of
376:
in 1973. Large new buildings were constructed for many Marine
Hospitals in the 1920s and 1930s, and the system reached its peak of 30 hospitals in 1943. A wave of closings in 1944–1953 mainly targeted hospitals that had not been upgraded, and another wave during 1965–1970 closed the remaining
185:
was subsequently appointed to the
Service as "Supervising Surgeon." He transformed the service into a disciplined organization based on his experience in the Union Army as a surgeon. Dr. Woodworth required his physicians to be a mobile work force stationed where the service was in need, and he
289:
The Marine
Hospitals, as their name suggests, were hospitals constructed at key sea and river ports across the nation to provide health care for merchant marine sailors. Aside from the well-being of these sailors, the hospitals provided a key monitoring and gate-keeping function against
733:
499:
A chronological gallery of hospitals constructed prior to 1912 follow, showing the year operations began as a U.S. Marine
Hospitals. Not all hospitals are shown. Structures that are still extant are marked with an asterisk (*).
201:
Woodworth created a cadre of mobile, career service physicians, who could be assigned as needed to the various Marine
Hospitals. The commissioned officer corps was established by legislation in 1889, and signed by President
853:
173:
In June 1870 the 41st
Congress formally converted the loose network of locally controlled marine hospitals, the Marine Hospital Fund, into a centrally controlled Marine Hospital Service, with its headquarters in
381:
operating. The system was abolished in 1981, with the last eight general hospitals transferred to other organizations, and the remaining functions of the Bureau of
Medical Services merged into the present
2268:
258:
when any of the crew was sick. This practice was normal procedure at United States harbors, with quarantine originally a function of the individual states, rather than of the Federal Government. The
1088:
1116:
250:
The scope of activities of the Marine Hospital Service began to expand well beyond the care of merchant seamen in the closing decades of the nineteenth century, beginning with the control of
1148:
194:
seal which is used to this day by the Public Health Service. In 1873, Dr. Woodworth's title was changed to "Supervising Surgeon General," a forerunner of the modern-day office of
980:
165:, a prominent Army surgeon, was appointed to head an investigation of the Marine Hospital Fund. Dr. Billings found the hospital fund to be inadequate and completely disorganized.
1449:
1880:
748:
2471:
2400:
2864:
2114:
1888:
594:
1994:
506:
1010:
437:
1294:
841:
689:
573:
795:
2148:
1977:
739:
92:
668:
2874:
2859:
2061:
2011:
816:
624:
609:
143:
2239:
896:
880:
429:
2275:
1908:
1896:
1352:
648:
425:
2884:
2879:
1869:
768:
588:
557:
387:
373:
134:, and harbors were built on other coasts, so too were marine hospitals. In the 1830s and 1840s they were built along inland waterways, the
84:
59:
683:
541:
2229:
1042:
950:
444:
114:
The act led to the gradual creation of a network of hospitals along coastal and inland waterways. They were initially located along the
1079:
832:
402:
1026:
2795:
713:
1794:
334:
Division of Scientific Research and Sanitation, and Miscellaneous Division, although there were minor name changes after this time.
2175:
2076:
2071:
2066:
239:
187:
104:
51:
314:. Commissioned officers played a major role in fulfilling the Service's commitment to prevent disease from entering the country.
306:. The Marine Hospital Service was assigned the responsibility for the medical inspection of arriving immigrants at sites such as
281:
began as a single room Laboratory of Hygiene for bacteriological investigation established by the U.S. Marine Hospital Service at
2338:
1858:
935:
1724:"Images From the History of the Public Health Service: Disease Control and Prevention, Fighting the Spread of Epidemic Diseases"
1057:
603:
2869:
2255:
618:
131:
1696:"The federal industrial hygiene agency: a history of the Division of Occupational Health, United States Public Health Service"
1268:
2721:
2659:
2348:
2331:
1924:
451:
323:
1072:
923:
810:
2109:
1837:
965:
868:
195:
96:
2343:
1872:
1243:
1121:
995:
343:
44:
1329:
2623:
1160:
825:
633:
526:
360:
95:" in 1798. This act created Marine Hospitals to care for sick seamen. The Marine Hospital Fund was placed under the
956:
698:
2708:
2487:
2374:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
1048:
259:
151:
115:
178:
This reorganization made the Marine Hospital Service into its own bureau within the Department of the Treasury.
2643:
2630:
2311:
2260:
2023:
1861:
433:
421:
285:. From 1887 to 1891, the hygienic laboratory was located in the attic of the Marine Hospital on Staten Island.
2715:
2654:
2458:
2035:
780:
517:
475:
417:
383:
278:
55:
36:
2636:
2561:
2440:
2321:
759:
459:
227:
393:
Other pre-1912 divisions of the Marine Hospital Service have descendants that operate to the present day:
2463:
1900:
902:
298:
increased dramatically in the late 19th century, the Federal Government also took over the processing of
273:
2406:
2369:
2353:
2141:
2119:
2094:
1912:
1033:
493:
displayed ornate architectural detail and reflected many of the changes sweeping medicine at the time.
406:
378:
369:
88:
2593:
1668:
1642:
1410:
1106:
Lazaretto (pesthouse) for the Columbia River Quarantine Station, Knappton Cove, Washington, built 1912
50:
It was the point of origin for several components of the current Public Health Service, including the
2733:
2449:
2390:
1999:
941:
887:
486:
410:
263:
111:
all maritime sailors. (In 1884, the tax was abolished and in 1906 funds were dispensed by Congress.)
100:
23:
2466:
2086:
1830:
398:
282:
267:
190:. Dr. Woodworth, using Army-style heraldry, created the Marine Hospital Service fouled anchor and
2234:
1360:
2727:
2687:
2548:
2180:
2170:
2136:
2045:
1944:
303:
2395:
2306:
1695:
35:
was an organization of Marine Hospitals dedicated to the care of ill and disabled seamen in the
2671:
2598:
2553:
2160:
2040:
1959:
1934:
1723:
564:
482:
182:
1775:
2569:
2422:
2316:
2131:
579:
127:
1503:
1461:
1436:
1218:
2745:
2516:
1949:
1804:
674:
659:
1810:
1592:
368:
The Division of Hospitals, which contained the Marine Hospital system, became part of the
8:
2837:
2694:
2649:
2385:
2195:
1823:
1001:
397:
The Division of Domestic Quarantine became the Division of States Relations and then the
372:
in 1943, and was eventually renamed as a different Bureau of Medical Services within the
235:
186:
mandated the daily wear uniforms. This eventually led to the creation of the modern-day
1939:
1749:
1382:
2618:
2495:
2201:
2124:
463:
251:
162:
158:
1777:
Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service of the United States
2811:
2700:
2588:
2540:
2532:
2190:
2185:
2165:
1982:
1803:- Website of the U.S. Hospital Foundation, which is restoring the Marine Hospital in
1533:
1525:
1156:
1094:
1063:
532:
490:
122:
being the site of the first such facility, followed later by others including in the
1972:
496:
In addition to the major hospitals, many lower-class hospitals and clinics existed.
390:(HRSA). PHS would however continue to operate the National Leprosarium until 1999.
2818:
2769:
2608:
2431:
2413:
2028:
2016:
1620:
1576:
1515:
859:
548:
203:
175:
75:
40:
1551:
1477:
2281:
1954:
971:
311:
147:
2763:
2613:
2503:
2379:
1967:
1520:
1387:
American Journal of Public Health and The Nation's Health (1943) 33(8):925-930.
161:, public outcry and scandal surrounded the Marine Hospital Fund. In 1869, Dr.
139:
43:
and other federal beneficiaries. The Marine Hospital Service evolved into the
2853:
2739:
2679:
2603:
2287:
1529:
1321:
1188:
755:
724:
2269:
A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America
1643:"Records of the Health Resources and Services Administration [HRSA]"
1295:"Congress Passes Socialized Medicine and Mandates Health Insurance -In 1798"
2787:
2781:
2757:
2006:
1989:
1579:
1017:
450:
The Division of Sanitary Reports and Statistics was an ancestor of the CDC
348:
307:
211:
1537:
262:
vested quarantine authority to the Marine Hospital Service. However, the
2775:
2751:
2511:
1244:"Justice Network - Sick and Disabled Seaman Act of 1798 Govt. Healthcare"
655:
295:
135:
2326:
2104:
1846:
377:
hospitals at inland locations, leaving eight general hospitals and the
291:
255:
219:
2349:
Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1117:
Timeline of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
1102:
330:
diseases found a source for health care in the MHS and its hospitals.
2099:
1797:
to the documents culled from various PHS hospitals when these closed.
1593:"A Policy History of the Community Health Centers Program: 1965-2012"
986:
801:
704:
299:
231:
210:, over the course of the 20th century, the Corps expanded to include
207:
123:
1219:"Images From the History of the Public Health Service: Introduction"
2524:
639:
327:
319:
191:
326:, other federal beneficiaries, and people affected by chronic and
786:
720:
254:. Starting in the mid-14th century, ships entering harbors were
215:
458:
Today, the records for these institutions sit in storage at the
1411:"Records of the Public Health Service [PHS], 1912-1968"
1299:
1153:
Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint, Revised and Expanded
513:
401:
in 1943. This bureau would eventually give rise to the modern
119:
1669:"Records of the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]"
917:
Second Cincinnati hospital in the former Kilgour Mansion, 1882
2472:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
1815:
1552:"United States. Public Health Service. Division of Hospitals"
1478:"United States. Public Health Service. Division of Hospitals"
1155:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. p. 156.
443:
The Division of Foreign Quarantine eventually became the CDC
223:
1800:
1621:"History of the National Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Program"
847:
Second New Orleans hospital, never completed, abandoned 1860
337:
79:
Marine Hospital in Charleston, South Carolina, built in 1833
1504:"What Happened to the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital?"
1437:"Reorganization and functions of the Public Health Service"
364:
Flag of the U.S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service
1703:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
774:
Fifth Boston hospital in Chelsea, Massachusetts, 1857*
277:
The Marine Hospital, Staten Island, N.Y. In 1887, the
1780:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1921. p. 301.
466:
and the National Archives in College Park, Maryland.
438:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
352:
U.S. Marine Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky (c.1909)
481:
the early 20th century in major port cities such as
240:
Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service
70:
2865:Closed facilities of the United States Coast Guard
1623:. HHS-Health Resources and Services Administration
58:, and multiple programs now incorporated into the
1466:. U.S. House of Representatives. 1965. p. 3.
440:), were spun off from it in the mid-20th century.
93:An Act for the Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen
2851:
118:, at the harbors of the major port cities, with
1754:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
416:The Division of Scientific Research became the
1149:"Box 8: The Federal Presence in Public Health"
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
430:FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health
2276:Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams
2062:United States presidential election 1788–1789
1831:
2322:Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace
1417:. August 15, 2016. Sections 90.3, 90.7, 90.8
388:Health Resources and Services Administration
218:, physician assistants, sanitary engineers,
60:Health Resources and Services Administration
2230:Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson
2012:Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779
1133:
445:Division of Global Migration and Quarantine
1838:
1824:
1439:. United States Senate. 1943. pp. 4–6
403:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2256:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings
1811:History Of National Institution Of Health
1519:
1384:"The National Board of Health, 1879-1883"
1286:
338:Transformation into Public Health Service
2354:United First Parish Church and gravesite
2176:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801
1613:
1502:Driscoll, Robert S. (February 1, 1986).
1501:
1101:
359:
347:
272:
188:Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
150:(1848) hospitals were built in 1850s at
74:
52:Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
22:
1793:The National Library of Medicine has a
1463:Public Health Service Hospital Closings
2875:Military medicine in the United States
2860:Hospital networks in the United States
2852:
2339:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
1375:
1146:
903:Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts hospital
1819:
1693:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1292:
452:National Center for Health Statistics
87:can be traced to the passage, by the
2110:United States Department of the Navy
2036:Constitution of Massachusetts (1780)
1661:
1590:
1544:
1429:
1353:"John Maynard Woodworth (1871-1879)"
1269:"Public Health in the United States"
1213:
1211:
1209:
1183:
1181:
1179:
196:Surgeon General of the United States
2880:United States Public Health Service
2149:Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act
1881:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom
1873:Vice President of the United States
1635:
1584:
1470:
1454:
1122:United States Public Health Service
595:Charleston, South Carolina hospital
344:United States Public Health Service
245:
27:Flag of the Marine Hospital Service
13:
1687:
1569:
1495:
1390:
1332:from the original on July 28, 2007
283:Stapleton, Staten Island, New York
14:
2896:
2589:"Adams and Liberty" campaign song
2459:Adams House at Harvard University
1787:
1728:U.S. National Library of Medicine
1206:
1176:
886:Second San Francisco hospital at
580:Stapleton, Staten Island hospital
99:(a forerunner of the present-day
89:5th Congress of the United States
2885:Seafarers' Welfare Organizations
2833:
2832:
2210:State of the Union Address (1797
1889:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands
1675:. August 15, 2016. Section 412.2
1649:. August 15, 2016. Section 512.2
1350:
1293:Ungar, Rick (January 17, 2011).
1087:
1071:
1056:
1041:
1025:
1009:
994:
979:
964:
949:
934:
929:Third New Orleans hospital, 1883
922:
910:
895:
879:
867:
852:
840:
824:
809:
794:
779:
767:
747:
732:
712:
697:
682:
667:
647:
632:
617:
602:
587:
572:
556:
540:
525:
505:
318:merchant seamen, members of the
168:
71:Background: Marine Hospital Fund
1768:
1742:
1716:
1049:Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital
426:Environmental Protection Agency
260:National Quarantine Act of 1878
142:. After the acquisition of the
2631:American Philosophical Society
2344:Presidents House, Philadelphia
2312:Adams National Historical Park
2261:Adams Papers Editorial Project
2240:Federal judiciary appointments
2024:Staten Island Peace Conference
1862:President of the United States
1845:
1344:
1322:"About the Commissioned Corps"
1314:
1261:
1236:
434:Division of Industrial Hygiene
422:Environmental Health Divisions
374:Health Services Administration
1:
2870:United States Merchant Marine
1935:Braintree Instructions (1765)
1447:– via Internet Archive.
1127:
874:Second Chicago hospital, 1873
690:Louisville, Kentucky hospital
476:List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
418:National Institutes of Health
384:Bureau of Primary Health Care
228:environmental health officers
56:National Institutes of Health
37:United States Merchant Marine
2637:Gazette of the United States
1995:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
1147:Gostin, Lawrence O. (2008).
469:
460:National Library of Medicine
302:from the individual states,
279:National Institute of Health
130:. As the boundaries of the
7:
2464:Mount Adams (New Hampshire,
2396:Jefferson Memorial pediment
1973:Declaration of Independence
1901:Second Continental Congress
1110:
1016:Tuberculosis sanatorium at
957:Memphis, Tennessee hospital
405:(CDC), as well as the HRSA
18:Former medical organization
10:
2901:
2142:Naturalization Act of 1798
2120:United States Marine Corps
1913:First Continental Congress
1034:Wilmington, North Carolina
740:Paducah, Kentucky hospital
563:Fourth Boston hospital in
547:Second Boston hospital at
473:
407:Bureau of Health Workforce
370:Bureau of Medical Services
341:
105:Department of the Treasury
85:system of Marine Hospitals
65:
45:U.S. Public Health Service
2806:
2670:
2581:
2528:(1997 documentary series)
2480:
2362:
2297:
2248:
2085:
2054:
1968:Lee Resolution (seconded)
1923:
1853:
942:Port Townsend, Washington
642:, Florida hospital, 1845*
411:Healthcare Systems Bureau
264:Public Health Act of 1879
238:. It is now known as the
206:. At first open only to
2307:Early life and education
1694:Doyle, Henry N. (1977).
1521:10.1093/milmed/151.2.128
817:Portland, Maine hospital
625:Lahaina, Hawaii hospital
610:Mobile, Alabama hospital
399:Bureau of State Services
268:National Board of Health
2594:Adams' personal library
2557:(2006 documentary film)
2181:Navy Department Library
2171:Slave Trade Act of 1800
2154:Marine Hospital Service
2137:Alien and Sedition Acts
2132:Mississippi Organic Act
2115:Commerce Protection Act
1945:Continental Association
1940:Boston Massacre defense
1750:"History of Quarantine"
33:Marine Hospital Service
2599:American Enlightenment
2555:John and Abigail Adams
2536:(2002 animated series)
2161:Bankruptcy Act of 1800
1961:Thoughts on Government
1600:University of Michigan
1107:
565:Chelsea, Massachusetts
365:
353:
286:
234:, and other types of
183:John Maynard Woodworth
132:United States expanded
97:Revenue Marine Service
80:
28:
2722:Thomas Boylston Adams
2391:John Adams Courthouse
2317:John Adams Birthplace
2100:Quasi War with France
2041:Treaty of Paris, 1783
1105:
549:Charlestown Navy Yard
474:Further information:
363:
351:
276:
78:
26:
2518:The Adams Chronicles
1950:Petition to the King
1805:Louisville, Kentucky
675:Natchez, Mississippi
436:(predecessor of the
424:(predecessor of the
379:National Leprosarium
236:health professionals
2812:← George Washington
2695:Abigail Adams Smith
2650:American Revolution
2644:The American Museum
2489:Profiles in Courage
2401:U.S. Postage stamps
2386:John Adams Building
2196:Midnight Judges Act
2166:Indiana Organic Act
1363:on December 1, 2017
1080:Pittsburgh hospital
1020:, New Mexico, 1898*
1002:Evansville, Indiana
833:Cincinnati hospital
83:The origins of the
2826:Thomas Jefferson →
2819:Thomas Jefferson →
2619:First Party System
2497:American Primitive
2202:Marbury v. Madison
2125:Convention of 1800
2000:Treaty of Alliance
1801:marinehospital.org
1730:. January 16, 2012
1357:surgeongeneral.gov
1273:sphweb.bumc.bu.edu
1193:marinehospital.org
1108:
464:Bethesda, Maryland
366:
354:
287:
252:infectious disease
163:John Shaw Billings
81:
29:
2847:
2846:
2734:Charles Adams Sr.
2701:John Quincy Adams
2573:(2024 miniseries)
2565:(2015 miniseries)
2520:(1976 miniseries)
2375:List of memorials
2191:Treaty of Tripoli
2186:Treaty of Tellico
1983:Committee of Five
1673:National Archives
1647:National Archives
1508:Military Medicine
1415:National Archives
1095:Buffalo, New York
1064:Savannah, Georgia
533:Norfolk, Virginia
304:beginning in 1891
2892:
2836:
2835:
2770:Susanna Boylston
2760:(great-grandson)
2754:(great-grandson)
2748:(great-grandson)
2660:Founding Fathers
2609:Federalist Party
2549:2008 miniseries)
2029:Conference House
2017:Continental Navy
1916:
1904:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1865:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1782:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1591:Erickson, Anna.
1588:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1407:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1359:. Archived from
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1144:
1091:
1075:
1060:
1045:
1029:
1013:
998:
983:
968:
953:
938:
926:
914:
899:
883:
871:
860:Galena, Illinois
856:
844:
828:
813:
798:
783:
771:
751:
736:
716:
701:
686:
671:
651:
636:
621:
606:
591:
576:
560:
544:
529:
509:
324:Native Americans
246:Increasing scope
204:Grover Cleveland
176:Washington, D.C.
144:Oregon Territory
41:U.S. Coast Guard
2900:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2802:
2792:daughter-in-law
2784:(second cousin)
2728:George W. Adams
2666:
2577:
2563:Sons of Liberty
2481:Popular culture
2476:
2443:President Adams
2410:(1783 painting)
2407:Treaty of Paris
2358:
2299:
2293:
2282:Founders Online
2244:
2081:
2050:
1978:May 15 preamble
1955:United Colonies
1926:
1925:Founding of the
1919:
1907:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1868:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1790:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1756:. July 20, 2020
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1391:
1381:Smillie, W. G.
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1189:"Public Health"
1187:
1186:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1145:
1134:
1130:
1113:
1098:
1097:hospital, 1909*
1092:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1066:hospital, 1906*
1061:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1021:
1014:
1005:
999:
990:
989:hospital, 1887*
984:
975:
972:Cairo, Illinois
969:
960:
954:
945:
939:
930:
927:
918:
915:
906:
900:
891:
884:
875:
872:
863:
862:hospital, 1861*
857:
848:
845:
836:
829:
820:
814:
805:
799:
790:
784:
775:
772:
763:
752:
743:
737:
728:
717:
708:
702:
693:
687:
678:
672:
663:
652:
643:
637:
628:
622:
613:
607:
598:
592:
583:
577:
568:
561:
552:
545:
536:
530:
521:
510:
478:
472:
346:
340:
312:New York Harbor
248:
171:
73:
68:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2764:John Adams Sr.
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Federalist Era
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2534:Liberty's Kids
2530:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2380:Adams Memorial
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2252:
2250:
2249:Other writings
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1866:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1798:
1789:
1788:External links
1786:
1784:
1783:
1767:
1741:
1715:
1686:
1660:
1634:
1612:
1583:
1568:
1543:
1514:(2): 128–129.
1494:
1469:
1453:
1428:
1389:
1374:
1343:
1313:
1285:
1260:
1235:
1205:
1175:
1162:978-0520253766
1161:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1036:hospital, 1898
1031:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:hospital, 1892
1000:
993:
991:
985:
978:
976:
974:hospital, 1886
970:
963:
961:
955:
948:
946:
944:hospital, 1883
940:
933:
931:
928:
921:
919:
916:
909:
907:
901:
894:
892:
885:
878:
876:
873:
866:
864:
858:
851:
849:
846:
839:
837:
830:
823:
821:
815:
808:
806:
804:hospital, 1858
800:
793:
791:
789:hospital, 1857
785:
778:
776:
773:
766:
764:
753:
746:
744:
738:
731:
729:
718:
711:
709:
707:hospital, 1852
703:
696:
694:
688:
681:
679:
677:hospital, 1852
673:
666:
664:
653:
646:
644:
638:
631:
629:
623:
616:
614:
608:
601:
599:
593:
586:
584:
578:
571:
569:
562:
555:
553:
546:
539:
537:
535:hospital, 1800
531:
524:
522:
511:
504:
471:
468:
456:
455:
448:
441:
414:
342:Main article:
339:
336:
322:, immigrants,
294:diseases. As
247:
244:
170:
167:
157:Following the
140:Gulf of Mexico
72:
69:
67:
64:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2897:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:John Q. Adams
2744:
2741:
2740:John Adams II
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2716:Charles Adams
2714:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:Quincy family
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2680:Abigail Adams
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2624:republicanism
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Congress Hall
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:(1969 musical
2506:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2491:(1964 series)
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2332:Stone Library
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2288:Gray v. Pitts
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1927:United States
1922:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1760:September 21,
1755:
1751:
1745:
1734:September 16,
1729:
1725:
1719:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1622:
1616:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1443:September 15,
1438:
1432:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1003:
997:
992:
988:
982:
977:
973:
967:
962:
958:
952:
947:
943:
937:
932:
925:
920:
913:
908:
904:
898:
893:
889:
882:
877:
870:
865:
861:
855:
850:
843:
838:
834:
827:
822:
818:
812:
807:
803:
797:
792:
788:
782:
777:
770:
765:
761:
757:
756:San Francisco
750:
745:
741:
735:
730:
726:
725:Fort Dearborn
722:
715:
710:
706:
700:
695:
691:
685:
680:
676:
670:
665:
661:
657:
650:
645:
641:
635:
630:
626:
620:
615:
611:
605:
600:
596:
590:
585:
581:
575:
570:
566:
559:
554:
550:
543:
538:
534:
528:
523:
519:
518:Castle Island
515:
508:
503:
502:
501:
497:
494:
492:
488:
487:San Francisco
484:
477:
467:
465:
461:
453:
449:
446:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:
394:
391:
389:
385:
380:
375:
371:
362:
358:
350:
345:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
284:
280:
275:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:veterinarians
209:
205:
199:
197:
193:
189:
184:
179:
177:
169:Establishment
166:
164:
160:
155:
153:
152:Pacific Coast
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
108:
106:
103:) within the
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
77:
63:
61:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
25:
21:
16:
2831:
2817:
2810:
2788:Louisa Adams
2782:Samuel Adams
2758:Brooks Adams
2672:Adams family
2642:
2635:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2405:
2370:Bibliography
2286:
2274:
2267:
2200:
2153:
2095:Inauguration
2007:Board of War
1990:Model Treaty
1960:
1776:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1708:September 3,
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1672:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:
1586:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1546:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1441:. Retrieved
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1414:
1383:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:the original
1356:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1325:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1298:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:
1166:. Retrieved
1152:
1018:Fort Stanton
888:the Presidio
760:Rincon Point
758:hospital at
723:hospital at
658:hospital at
516:hospital at
498:
495:
479:
457:
392:
367:
355:
332:
316:
308:Ellis Island
288:
266:created the
249:
200:
180:
172:
156:
126:vicinity at
113:
109:
82:
49:
32:
30:
20:
15:
2776:Elihu Adams
2752:Henry Adams
2499:(1969 play)
2467:Washington)
1903:(1775–1778)
1891:(1782–1788)
1883:(1785–1788)
1875:(1789–1797)
1864:(1797–1801)
1367:December 3,
1306:November 8,
1228:December 3,
1223:nlm.nih.gov
1168:November 8,
656:New Orleans
483:New Orleans
432:), and the
386:within the
296:immigration
256:quarantined
220:pharmacists
146:(1846) and
136:Great Lakes
101:Coast Guard
2854:Categories
2796:first lady
2742:(grandson)
2736:(grandson)
2730:(grandson)
2709:presidency
2697:(daughter)
2544:(2001 book
2542:John Adams
2512:1972 film)
2452:John Adams
2425:John Adams
2382:(proposed)
2327:Peacefield
2105:XYZ Affair
2087:Presidency
1847:John Adams
1679:August 29,
1653:August 29,
1605:August 30,
1561:August 31,
1487:August 31,
1421:August 28,
1300:Forbes.com
1128:References
512:Temporary
300:immigrants
292:pathogenic
232:scientists
208:physicians
148:California
138:, and the
128:Curtis Bay
116:East Coast
2778:(brother)
2055:Elections
2046:Diplomacy
1530:0026-4075
1326:usphs.gov
1248:nosue.org
987:Baltimore
802:St. Louis
705:Cleveland
470:Hospitals
159:Civil War
154:harbors.
124:Baltimore
2838:Category
2772:(mother)
2766:(father)
2655:patriots
2571:Franklin
2526:Liberty!
2298:Life and
1909:Delegate
1897:Delegate
1627:July 27,
1336:March 7,
1330:Archived
1278:March 7,
1253:March 7,
1198:March 7,
1111:See also
640:Key West
491:Savannah
328:epidemic
320:military
216:dentists
192:caduceus
2582:Related
2235:Cabinet
1911:to the
1899:to the
1538:3083292
1450:Alt URL
1082:, 1909*
1078:Second
1051:, 1902*
1032:Second
959:, 1884*
905:, 1879*
819:, 1859*
787:Detroit
721:Chicago
692:, 1852*
660:Algiers
627:, 1844*
612:, 1843*
597:, 1833*
582:, 1831*
420:. The
66:History
2455:(1963)
2446:(1941)
2437:(1874)
2428:(1799)
2419:(1799)
2363:Legacy
1963:(1776)
1915:(1774)
1536:
1528:
1351:ASPA.
1159:
890:, 1875
835:, 1860
831:First
762:, 1854
754:First
742:, 1852
727:, 1852
719:First
662:, 1847
654:First
567:, 1827
551:, 1804
520:, 1800
514:Boston
489:, and
224:nurses
120:Boston
91:, of "
54:, the
39:, the
2724:(son)
2718:(son)
2434:Adams
2416:Adams
2300:homes
2225:1800)
1795:guide
1699:(PDF)
1596:(PDF)
1580:38409
2684:wife
2505:1776
2450:USS
2441:USS
2432:USS
2423:USS
2414:USS
2220:1799
2215:1798
2077:1800
2072:1796
2067:1792
1762:2020
1736:2020
1710:2020
1681:2020
1655:2020
1629:2011
1607:2020
1563:2020
1556:SNAC
1534:PMID
1526:ISSN
1489:2020
1482:SNAC
1445:2020
1423:2020
1369:2017
1338:2018
1308:2012
1280:2018
1255:2018
1230:2017
1200:2018
1170:2012
1157:ISBN
428:and
409:and
181:Dr.
31:The
2705:son
1870:1st
1859:2nd
1575:47
1516:doi
1512:151
462:in
310:in
214:,
2856::
1752:.
1726:.
1701:.
1671:.
1645:.
1598:.
1577:FR
1554:.
1532:.
1524:.
1510:.
1506:.
1480:.
1413:.
1392:^
1355:.
1328:.
1324:.
1297:.
1271:.
1246:.
1221:.
1208:^
1191:.
1178:^
1151:.
1135:^
485:,
242:.
230:,
226:,
222:,
198:.
107:.
62:.
47:.
1839:e
1832:t
1825:v
1807:.
1764:.
1738:.
1712:.
1683:.
1657:.
1631:.
1609:.
1565:.
1540:.
1518::
1491:.
1425:.
1371:.
1340:.
1310:.
1282:.
1257:.
1232:.
1202:.
1172:.
454:.
447:.
413:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)