750:
1446:
332:
1472:
1460:
1078:
62:, clearly distinct from adjacent systems” dominated by “a small number of ecosystems and/or a distinct suite of oceanographic or topographic features”. Ecologically they “are strongly cohesive units, sufficiently large to encompass ecological or life history processes for most sedentary species.”
248:
Each of these systems, along with numerous regional biogeographic classifications, was used to inform the MEOW system. The WWF Global 200 work also identifies a number of major habitat types that correspond to the terrestrial
330:
Spalding, Mark D., Helen E. Fox, Gerald R. Allen, Nick
Davidson et al. "Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas". Bioscience Vol. 57 No. 7, July/August 2007, pp.
78:
waters of the world, and does not include deep ocean waters. The MEOW system integrated the biogeographic regionalization systems in use at national or continental scale, like
Australia's
909:
1401:
74:
was devised by an international team, including major conservation organizations, academic institutions and intergovernmental organizations. The system covers coastal and
245:
Other classifications of marine ecoregions or equivalent areas have been widely developed at national and regional levels, as well as a small number of global schemes.
79:
253:: polar, temperate shelves and seas, temperate upwelling, tropical upwelling, tropical coral, pelagic (trades and westerlies), abyssal, and hadal (ocean trench).
904:
343:
261:
One of the most comprehensive early classifications was the system of 53 coastal provinces developed by Briggs in 1974. The near-global system of 64
934:
2363:
1616:
426:
2507:
1508:
774:
386:
Olson DM, Dinerstein E. 2002; "The Global 200: priority ecoregions for conservation"; Annals of the
Missouri Botanical Garden 89: 199-224
2577:
519:
2149:
749:
2114:
924:
709:
399:
2587:
2315:
3198:
2592:
939:
2780:
1037:
899:
2533:
2356:
2197:
1609:
171:
The provinces in turn, are grouped into 12 major realms. The latter are considered analogous to the eight terrestrial
1869:
929:
3178:
564:
419:
2330:
82:
and the Nature
Conservancy’s system in the Americas, although it often uses different names for the subdivisions.
2612:
2325:
2192:
1904:
1501:
2997:
2870:
1391:
3043:
2642:
2597:
2349:
1602:
364:
2129:
2475:
1411:
1396:
17:
2832:
1723:
1406:
412:
184:
3188:
3168:
2897:
2617:
2104:
1821:
1718:
1494:
714:
189:
3078:
2690:
2582:
2440:
2425:
2420:
2099:
1811:
1022:
916:
294:
278:
224:
113:
1594:
3173:
3068:
3063:
3033:
2837:
2300:
2182:
1475:
1268:
1263:
559:
214:
2341:
1972:
3183:
2912:
2775:
2685:
2553:
2435:
2405:
2262:
2227:
1947:
1914:
1889:
1176:
987:
881:
609:
599:
219:
151:
These marine ecoregions form part of a nested system and are grouped into 62 provinces (e.g. the
3193:
3058:
3002:
2937:
2800:
2735:
2670:
2232:
2020:
1728:
1708:
1002:
992:
694:
679:
262:
2962:
2907:
2770:
2755:
2538:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2237:
2217:
2073:
2063:
2005:
2000:
1836:
1688:
1421:
1348:
1283:
1148:
1123:
1098:
982:
729:
509:
229:
1486:
3088:
3053:
3048:
2972:
2967:
2922:
2820:
2790:
2785:
2637:
2500:
2490:
2035:
1874:
1663:
1156:
1118:
449:
209:
204:
199:
86:
8:
3138:
3113:
2977:
2947:
2892:
2805:
2695:
2680:
2627:
2460:
2395:
2277:
2207:
2139:
1738:
1378:
1032:
841:
799:
569:
529:
274:
172:
59:
3149:
3098:
3093:
2902:
2865:
2607:
2563:
2528:
2385:
2310:
2212:
2144:
2134:
2068:
2015:
1826:
1771:
1733:
1658:
1298:
1293:
1161:
1103:
997:
846:
764:
649:
629:
539:
482:
123:
The Marine
Ecoregions of the World classification defines 232 marine ecoregions (e.g.
3038:
3007:
2795:
2622:
2430:
2295:
2272:
2010:
1786:
1698:
1683:
1668:
1648:
1521:
1308:
1186:
1133:
1052:
719:
684:
624:
584:
554:
524:
435:
358:
194:
156:
140:
90:
75:
2992:
2855:
2847:
2765:
2647:
2632:
2568:
2548:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2415:
2247:
2187:
2058:
1859:
1801:
1713:
1673:
1416:
1108:
1012:
964:
876:
769:
467:
304:
3128:
2987:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2875:
2860:
2740:
2720:
2602:
2470:
2376:
2267:
2177:
2119:
1703:
1629:
1386:
1353:
1214:
1166:
1042:
1017:
826:
779:
704:
549:
534:
152:
3108:
2932:
2885:
2815:
2810:
2705:
2572:
2445:
2252:
2242:
2222:
2025:
1990:
1929:
1806:
1761:
1653:
1517:
1250:
1204:
1199:
1171:
1138:
1007:
866:
794:
784:
634:
579:
497:
492:
487:
234:
104:
The digital ecoregions layer is available for download as an ArcGIS Shapefile.
58:
A more complete definition describes them as “Areas of relatively homogeneous
3162:
3133:
2109:
2083:
2040:
2030:
1985:
1952:
1844:
1678:
1633:
1464:
1358:
1323:
1224:
1219:
1194:
724:
689:
664:
514:
477:
299:
3118:
3103:
2760:
2730:
2675:
2558:
2523:
2400:
1899:
1537:
1450:
1229:
1209:
1113:
851:
734:
654:
614:
604:
574:
179:
160:
124:
47:
2410:
1957:
1919:
1894:
1884:
1849:
1796:
1776:
1542:
1363:
1338:
1333:
1303:
1086:
1062:
1027:
836:
739:
659:
619:
472:
85:
This system has a strong biogeographic basis, but was designed to aid in
3123:
2700:
2665:
2305:
2257:
2202:
2172:
2078:
1995:
1939:
1816:
1766:
1343:
1278:
1067:
1047:
831:
804:
589:
502:
282:
1459:
3028:
2982:
2710:
2154:
2124:
1924:
1879:
1854:
1791:
1781:
1756:
1748:
1693:
1624:
1368:
1273:
1057:
821:
814:
789:
699:
404:
128:
35:
3083:
3012:
2543:
2371:
2050:
1962:
1909:
1864:
1570:
1565:
1318:
1128:
674:
669:
594:
136:
132:
3073:
2880:
2750:
2745:
2372:
2320:
1980:
1625:
1583:
1557:
1532:
1328:
1288:
1258:
1236:
856:
644:
544:
98:
94:
1077:
447:
377:
Briggs JC (1974) Marine
Zoogeography. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA
1578:
1552:
1313:
639:
344:"MEOW digital ecoregions layer: ArcGIS Shapefile download link"
250:
1516:
39:
809:
80:
Integrated Marine and
Coastal Regionalisation of Australia
871:
861:
240:
43:
65:
3160:
175:, represent large regions of the ocean basins:
400:Nature.org: Marine Ecoregions of the World—MEOW
93:. Its subdivisions include both the seafloor (
2357:
1610:
1502:
710:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
420:
775:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
2578:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
2364:
2350:
1617:
1603:
1509:
1495:
427:
413:
346:. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19
326:
324:
322:
320:
2476:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
2115:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
27:Ecological region of the oceans and seas
2508:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
317:
14:
3161:
2316:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
434:
241:Other marine ecoregion classifications
2345:
1598:
1490:
963:
962:
446:
408:
2331:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
2781:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
1038:Oceanic physical-biological process
900:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
265:has a partial biogeographic basis.
72:Marine Ecoregions of the World—MEOW
66:Marine Ecoregions of the World—MEOW
24:
2534:Ecological effects of biodiversity
25:
3210:
1870:Generalist and specialist species
393:
70:The global classification system
2593:Occupancy–abundance relationship
1471:
1470:
1458:
1444:
1076:
748:
565:Colored dissolved organic matter
101:) biotas of each marine region.
46:identified and defined based on
2613:Relative abundance distribution
2326:Plant defense against herbivory
2193:Competitive exclusion principle
1905:Mesopredator release hypothesis
910:Latin America and the Caribbean
107:
53:
38:, or ecological region, of the
2198:Consumer–resource interactions
1392:Ecological values of mangroves
935:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
380:
371:
336:
13:
1:
3044:Biological data visualization
2871:Environmental niche modelling
2598:Population viability analysis
310:
118:
2529:Density-dependent inhibition
1412:Marine conservation activism
1397:Fisheries and climate change
161:Central Indian Ocean Islands
146:
7:
3199:Oceanographical terminology
2998:Liebig's law of the minimum
2833:Resource selection function
1724:Metabolic theory of ecology
1407:Human impact on marine life
1284:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
520:Aquatic population dynamics
288:
185:Temperate Northern Atlantic
10:
3215:
2898:Niche apportionment models
2618:Relative species abundance
1822:Primary nutritional groups
1719:List of feeding behaviours
279:priority marine ecoregions
190:Temperate Northern Pacific
111:
3147:
3079:Ecosystem based fisheries
3021:
2921:
2846:
2719:
2691:Interspecific competition
2656:
2583:Minimum viable population
2516:
2441:Maximum sustainable yield
2426:Intraspecific competition
2421:Effective population size
2384:
2301:Anti-predator adaptations
2286:
2165:
2092:
2049:
1971:
1938:
1835:
1812:Photosynthetic efficiency
1747:
1641:
1562:Pechton / Pecton / Pekton
1528:
1438:
1377:
1249:
1185:
1147:
1094:
1085:
1074:
1023:Marine primary production
975:
971:
958:
917:List of marine ecoregions
892:
757:
746:
460:
456:
442:
363:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
295:List of marine ecoregions
225:Temperate Southern Africa
166:
114:List of marine ecoregions
3069:Ecological stoichiometry
3034:Alternative stable state
1269:Coastal biogeomorphology
1264:Marine coastal ecosystem
257:Briggs Coastal Provinces
215:Tropical Eastern Pacific
3179:Biological oceanography
2913:Ontogenetic niche shift
2776:Ideal free distribution
2686:Ecological facilitation
2436:Malthusian growth model
2406:Consumer-resource model
2263:Paradox of the plankton
2228:Energy systems language
1948:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1915:Optimal foraging theory
1890:Heterotrophic nutrition
1177:Paradox of the plankton
988:Diel vertical migration
882:Freshwater swamp forest
600:GIS and aquatic science
448:General components and
263:large marine ecosystems
220:Temperate South America
3059:Ecological forecasting
3003:Marginal value theorem
2801:Landscape epidemiology
2736:Cross-boundary subsidy
2671:Biological interaction
2021:Microbial intelligence
1709:Green world hypothesis
1003:Large marine ecosystem
695:Shoaling and schooling
139:) for the coastal and
3064:Ecological humanities
2963:Ecological energetics
2908:Niche differentiation
2771:Habitat fragmentation
2539:Ecological extinction
2486:Small population size
2238:Feed conversion ratio
2218:Ecological succession
2150:San Francisco Estuary
2064:Ecological efficiency
2006:Microbial cooperation
1422:Marine protected area
1349:Salt pannes and pools
1124:Marine larval ecology
1099:Census of Marine Life
983:Deep scattering layer
940:San Francisco Estuary
905:Africa and Madagascar
730:Underwater camouflage
510:Aquatic biomonitoring
450:freshwater ecosystems
230:Temperate Australasia
143:waters of the world.
97:) and shelf pelagic (
3089:Evolutionary ecology
3054:Ecological footprint
3049:Ecological economics
2973:Ecological threshold
2968:Ecological indicator
2838:Source–sink dynamics
2791:Land change modeling
2786:Insular biogeography
2638:Species distribution
2377:Modelling ecosystems
2036:Microbial metabolism
1875:Intraguild predation
1664:Biogeochemical cycle
1630:Modelling ecosystems
1157:Marine bacteriophage
1119:Marine invertebrates
210:Eastern Indo-Pacific
205:Central Indo-Pacific
200:Western Indo-Pacific
3139:Theoretical ecology
3114:Natural environment
2978:Ecosystem diversity
2948:Ecological collapse
2938:Bateman's principle
2893:Limiting similarity
2806:Landscape limnology
2628:Species homogeneity
2466:Population modeling
2461:Population dynamics
2278:Trophic state index
1518:Groups of organisms
1033:Ocean fertilization
842:Trophic state index
800:Lake stratification
530:Aquatic respiration
277:—WWF identified 43
275:World Wildlife Fund
60:species composition
3150:Outline of ecology
3099:Industrial ecology
3094:Functional ecology
2958:Ecological deficit
2903:Niche construction
2866:Ecosystem engineer
2643:Species–area curve
2564:Introduced species
2379:: Other components
2311:Deimatic behaviour
2213:Ecological network
2145:North Pacific Gyre
2130:hydrothermal vents
2069:Ecological pyramid
2016:Microbial food web
1827:Primary production
1772:Foundation species
1522:aquatic ecosystems
1299:Intertidal wetland
1294:Intertidal ecology
1162:Marine prokaryotes
1104:Deep-sea community
998:Iron fertilization
921:Specific examples
847:Upland and lowland
765:Freshwater biology
630:Microbial food web
540:Aquatic toxicology
483:Aquatic adaptation
436:Aquatic ecosystems
3189:Fisheries science
3169:Marine ecoregions
3156:
3155:
3039:Balance of nature
2796:Landscape ecology
2681:Community ecology
2623:Species diversity
2559:Indicator species
2554:Gradient analysis
2431:Logistic function
2339:
2338:
2296:Animal coloration
2273:Trophic mutualism
2011:Microbial ecology
1802:Photoheterotrophs
1787:Myco-heterotrophy
1699:Ecosystem ecology
1684:Carrying capacity
1649:Abiotic component
1592:
1591:
1484:
1483:
1465:Oceans portal
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1309:Hydrothermal vent
1245:
1244:
1134:Seashore wildlife
965:Marine ecosystems
954:
953:
950:
949:
720:Thermal pollution
685:Ramsar Convention
625:Microbial ecology
585:Fisheries science
525:Aquatic predation
281:, as part of its
195:Tropical Atlantic
157:Mediterranean Sea
91:marine ecosystems
76:continental shelf
50:characteristics.
16:(Redirected from
3206:
2856:Ecological niche
2828:selection theory
2648:Umbrella species
2633:Species richness
2569:Invasive species
2549:Flagship species
2456:Population cycle
2451:Overexploitation
2416:Ecological yield
2366:
2359:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2248:Mesotrophic soil
2188:Climax community
2120:Marine food webs
2059:Biomagnification
1860:Chemoorganotroph
1714:Keystone species
1674:Biotic component
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1451:Lakes portal
1449:
1448:
1447:
1417:Marine pollution
1109:Deep-water coral
1092:
1091:
1080:
1013:Marine chemistry
973:
972:
960:
959:
877:Freshwater marsh
770:Freshwater biome
752:
468:Acoustic ecology
458:
457:
444:
443:
429:
422:
415:
406:
405:
387:
384:
378:
375:
369:
368:
362:
354:
352:
351:
340:
334:
328:
305:Marine ecosystem
32:marine ecoregion
21:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3174:Aquatic ecology
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3143:
3129:Systems ecology
3017:
2988:Extinction debt
2953:Ecological debt
2943:Bioluminescence
2924:
2917:
2886:marine habitats
2861:Ecological trap
2842:
2722:
2715:
2658:
2652:
2608:Rapoport's rule
2603:Priority effect
2544:Endemic species
2512:
2471:Population size
2387:
2380:
2370:
2340:
2335:
2288:
2282:
2268:Trophic cascade
2178:Bioaccumulation
2161:
2088:
2045:
1967:
1934:
1831:
1743:
1704:Ecosystem model
1637:
1623:
1593:
1588:
1524:
1515:
1485:
1480:
1457:
1456:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1426:
1387:Coral bleaching
1373:
1354:Seagrass meadow
1251:Marine habitats
1241:
1215:Coral reef fish
1181:
1167:Marine protists
1143:
1081:
1072:
1043:Ocean turbidity
1018:Marine food web
967:
946:
888:
827:River ecosystem
780:Freshwater fish
753:
744:
550:Bioluminescence
535:Aquatic science
452:
438:
433:
396:
391:
390:
385:
381:
376:
372:
356:
355:
349:
347:
342:
341:
337:
329:
318:
313:
291:
243:
169:
153:South China Sea
149:
121:
116:
110:
89:activities for
68:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Marine biology
3181:
3176:
3171:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3109:Microecosystem
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:Thorson's rule
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Assembly rules
2929:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2818:
2816:Patch dynamics
2813:
2811:Metapopulation
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2706:Storage effect
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:Neutral theory
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Native species
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2446:Overpopulation
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2253:Nutrient cycle
2250:
2245:
2243:Feeding frenzy
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Energy quality
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:Cascade effect
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2026:Microbial loop
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1991:Lithoautotroph
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1973:Microorganisms
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1930:Prey switching
1927:
1922:
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1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
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1877:
1872:
1867:
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1847:
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1833:
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1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Photosynthesis
1804:
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1762:Chemosynthesis
1759:
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1654:Abiotic stress
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1366:
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1255:
1253:
1247:
1246:
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1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1205:Saltwater fish
1202:
1200:Marine reptile
1197:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1172:Marine viruses
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1149:Microorganisms
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1139:Wild fisheries
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1073:
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1065:
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1055:
1053:Thorson's rule
1050:
1045:
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1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:Marine biology
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
979:
977:
969:
968:
956:
955:
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951:
948:
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886:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
867:Brackish marsh
864:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
818:
817:
807:
802:
797:
795:Lake ecosystem
792:
787:
785:Hyporheic zone
782:
777:
772:
767:
761:
759:
755:
754:
747:
745:
743:
742:
737:
732:
727:
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717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
635:Microbial loop
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
580:Eutrophication
577:
572:
567:
562:
560:Cascade effect
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
506:
505:
500:
495:
488:Aquatic animal
485:
480:
475:
470:
464:
462:
454:
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440:
439:
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417:
409:
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394:External links
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370:
335:
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297:
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287:
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269:WWF Global 200
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235:Southern Ocean
232:
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202:
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112:Main article:
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26:
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3195:
3194:Marine botany
3192:
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3175:
3172:
3170:
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3134:Urban ecology
3132:
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3120:
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3009:
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2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Kleiber's law
2991:
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2986:
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2792:
2789:
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2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Foster's rule
2764:
2762:
2759:
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2754:
2752:
2749:
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2737:
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2256:
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2239:
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2209:
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2138:
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2128:
2126:
2123:
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2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2084:Trophic level
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2041:Phage ecology
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Microbial mat
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Bacteriophage
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Decomposition
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Mesopredators
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
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1858:
1856:
1853:
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1848:
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1845:Apex predator
1843:
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1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
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1813:
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1727:
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1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Biotic stress
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
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1627:
1620:
1615:
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1608:
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1600:
1597:
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1569:
1567:
1564:
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1531:
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1523:
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1507:
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1500:
1498:
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1492:
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1469:
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1455:
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1441:
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1423:
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1400:
1398:
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1390:
1388:
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1384:
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1376:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:Sponge ground
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:Marine biomes
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
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1277:
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1272:
1270:
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1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:Demersal fish
1223:
1221:
1220:Deep-sea fish
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Marine mammal
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
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1137:
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1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
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1110:
1107:
1105:
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1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
957:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
918:
915:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
901:
898:
897:
895:
891:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
816:
813:
812:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
760:
756:
751:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:Trophic level
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
690:Sediment trap
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
665:Phytoplankton
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:Aquatic plant
513:
511:
508:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:Anoxic waters
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
441:
437:
430:
425:
423:
418:
416:
411:
410:
407:
401:
398:
397:
383:
374:
366:
360:
345:
339:
333:
327:
325:
323:
321:
316:
306:
303:
301:
300:Marine botany
298:
296:
293:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
268:
267:
266:
264:
256:
255:
254:
252:
246:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
176:
174:
164:
162:
158:
154:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
115:
105:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
63:
61:
51:
49:
48:biogeographic
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3119:Regime shift
3104:Macroecology
2825:
2821:
2761:Edge effects
2731:Biogeography
2676:Commensalism
2524:Biodiversity
2401:Allee effect
2140:kelp forests
2093:Example webs
1958:Detritivores
1797:Organotrophs
1777:Kinetotrophs
1729:Productivity
1538:Macrobenthos
1379:Conservation
1230:Pelagic fish
1210:Coastal fish
1114:Marine fungi
852:Water garden
735:Water column
680:Productivity
655:Pelagic zone
615:Macrobenthos
605:Hydrobiology
575:Ecohydrology
382:
373:
348:. Retrieved
338:
285:initiative.
272:
260:
247:
244:
170:
150:
125:Adriatic Sea
122:
108:Subdivisions
103:
87:conservation
84:
71:
69:
57:
54:Introduction
31:
29:
18:Marine realm
2756:Disturbance
2659:interaction
2481:Recruitment
2411:Depensation
2203:Copiotrophs
2074:Energy flow
1996:Lithotrophy
1940:Decomposers
1920:Planktivore
1895:Insectivore
1885:Heterotroph
1850:Bacterivore
1817:Phototrophs
1767:Chemotrophs
1739:Restoration
1689:Competition
1543:Meiobenthos
1364:Sponge reef
1339:Rocky shore
1334:Oyster reef
1304:Kelp forest
1187:Vertebrates
1087:Marine life
1063:Viral shunt
1028:Marine snow
930:Maharashtra
837:Stream pool
740:Zooplankton
660:Photic zone
620:Meiobenthos
473:Algal bloom
3163:Categories
3124:Sexecology
2701:Parasitism
2666:Antibiosis
2501:Resistance
2496:Resilience
2386:Population
2306:Camouflage
2258:Oligotroph
2173:Ascendency
2135:intertidal
2125:cold seeps
2079:Food chain
1880:Herbivores
1855:Carnivores
1782:Mixotrophs
1757:Autotrophs
1636:components
1344:Salt marsh
1279:Coral reef
1068:Whale fall
1048:Photophore
925:Everglades
893:Ecoregions
832:Stream bed
805:Macrophyte
758:Freshwater
590:Food chain
503:Water bird
350:2010-12-03
311:References
283:Global 200
119:Ecoregions
3029:Allometry
2983:Emergence
2711:Symbiosis
2696:Mutualism
2491:Stability
2396:Abundance
2208:Dominance
2166:Processes
2155:tide pool
2051:Food webs
1925:Predation
1910:Omnivores
1837:Consumers
1792:Mycotroph
1749:Producers
1694:Ecosystem
1659:Behaviour
1369:Tide pool
1274:Cold seep
1058:Upwelling
822:Rheotaxis
815:Fish pond
790:Limnology
715:Substrate
700:Siltation
570:Dead zone
147:Provinces
129:Cortezian
36:ecoregion
3084:Endolith
3013:Xerosere
2925:networks
2741:Ecocline
2287:Defense,
1963:Detritus
1865:Foraging
1734:Resource
1571:Pleuston
1566:Plankton
1476:Category
1402:HERMIONE
1319:Mangrove
1129:Seagrass
675:Pleuston
670:Plankton
650:Particle
595:Food web
359:cite web
331:573–583.
289:See also
137:Ross Sea
133:Ningaloo
3074:Ecopath
2881:Habitat
2751:Ecotype
2746:Ecotone
2723:ecology
2721:Spatial
2657:Species
2517:Species
2388:ecology
2373:Ecology
2321:Mimicry
2289:counter
2233:f-ratio
1981:Archaea
1669:Biomass
1642:General
1634:Trophic
1626:Ecology
1584:Tripton
1558:Neuston
1533:Benthos
1329:Mudflat
1289:Estuary
1259:Bay mud
1237:Seabird
993:f-ratio
976:General
857:Wetland
645:Neuston
610:Hypoxia
555:Biomass
545:Benthos
461:General
99:neritic
95:benthic
2105:Rivers
2001:Marine
1579:Seston
1575:Plocon
1553:Nekton
1549:Herpon
1314:Lagoon
640:Nekton
498:Mammal
493:Insect
251:biomes
180:Arctic
173:realms
167:Realms
40:oceans
34:is an
3022:Other
2923:Other
2876:Guild
2848:Niche
2100:Lakes
705:Spawn
141:shelf
2110:Soil
810:Pond
365:link
273:The
44:seas
42:and
1520:in
872:Fen
862:Bog
163:).
3165::
2571:/
2375::
1632::
1628::
361:}}
357:{{
319:^
159:,
155:,
135:,
131:,
127:,
30:A
2826:K
2824:/
2822:r
2365:e
2358:t
2351:v
1618:e
1611:t
1604:v
1510:e
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1496:v
428:e
421:t
414:v
367:)
353:.
20:)
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