31:
509:. However, Natanson's opposition to the anti-Bolshevik uprising of the Left SRs did not imply whole-hearted acceptance of the Bolsheviks' policies. In particular, he objected to Lenin's decision to ban all other political parties in the Soviet Union. In 1919, due to fear of arrest, he once again went into exile. “I have complete discord with Lenin ... I no longer believe in Lenin,” he told his relatives.
303:, the Corps of Ship Engineers needed an experienced and honest accountant, and Natanson took the job. His merits in organizing the construction are confirmed by the fact that on June 17, 1899, at the gala dinner in honor of the launch of the icebreaker "Baikal", there was a toast pronounced in honor of the political exile.
326:
Historian Shmuel Galai has argued that "for the first time in the annals of
Russian parties, it declared organized public opinion to be the main weapon in the struggle against autocracy," in contradistinction to peasant revolt, general strike, or terror. However, the People's Rights Party proved to
263:
After 'Land and
Liberty' split, he once again began work on the unification of disparate revolutionary circles. He set himself the goal of uniting the populist, social democratic and liberal movements in the Russian liberation movement. In September 1893, at the constituent congress in Saratov, a
276:, which printed the group's manifesto and revolutionary brochures. Narodnaya Volya favoured agitation among urban workers and intellectuals, rather than spreading propaganda among the peasants (a tactic adopted by the other offshoot of 'Land and Liberty', the '
327:
be a short-lived venture, as in 1894, Natanson was arrested again and banished to eastern
Siberia for ten years. Natanson remained an active revolutionary even in Siberian exile, maintaining the party treasury and coordinating various organisational tasks.
222:
380:
populists, the factory organisation favoured by the People's Rights Party and the terrorist tactics embraced by the remnants of 'The People's Will' and some of the revolutionary groups of Moscow and
Petrograd. In September 1904, together with
436:
broke out in 1914, the SRs, like most other
European socialist parties, split into those who supported a war of 'national defence' ('Defencists') and those who opposed the war ('Internationalists'). Natanson sided with the
461:
broke out, Natanson returned to Russia through German territory "in a sealed wagon", as did Lenin. He became one of the most prominent leaders of the left wing of the SRs, which became increasingly disenchanted with the
209:, who believed that any means were acceptable for achieving revolutionary goals. The Circle of Tchaikovsky, on the contrary, preached high morality and self-improvement. In 1869-71 he was arrested and imprisoned in the
188:
men's grammar school in 1868, studied in St
Petersburg at the Medical and Surgical Academy (1868–71) and then at the Institute of Agriculture (1871). Meanwhile, he became involved in radical student politics.
397:. At the first congress of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in early 1906, he was elected a member of the Party Central Committee. After the revolution was put down, he returned to exile in Switzerland.
497:
against the
Bolsheviks. Natanson opposed this course, fearing that a defeat of the Soviet government would spell the end of the revolution and usher in a counter-revolution. He founded the
470:
and sharply criticised the defensive position of the SR central committee. Natanson advocated the "deepening" of the revolution, the transfer of all land to peasants and of power to the
517:
In July 1919, Mark
Natanson died in Switzerland from complications of thromboembolism and purulent pneumonia after a surgical operation for a prostate tumor. He is buried in Bern.
404:, the decision on which was made without his consent. At his insistence, the party refused to take responsibility for this murder. In 1907, he opposed the plan for the murder of
800:
790:
493:), which imposed onerous terms on Russia in exchange for a separate peace with Russia. The Left SRs exited the Soviet government in protest, and some
184:
family but became a
Russian revolutionary. His parents died while he was still young and so he was brought up by his uncle. He graduated from the
362:. After some hesitation, Nathanson joined the Socialist Revolutionaries and became one of their leaders. The successful assassination of the
400:
Natanson still held a reserved position in relation to the party's terrorist tactics. In 1906, he was an opponent of the assassination of
389:, he negotiated with Plekhanov, Ulyanov and other social democrats in order to convince them to take part in the common cause. During the
645:
284:. Natanson was not directly involved in any terrorist act. In April 1894, Narodnaya Volya was liquidated by the police administrator
720:
Aptekman, O. V. “Dve dorogie teni: Iz vospominanii o G. V. Plekhanove i M. A. Natansone kak semidesiatnikakh.” Byloe, 1921, no. 16.
780:
770:
506:
775:
363:
765:
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Shmuel Galai, The
Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900-1905. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1973; pg. 64.
478:, which caused a split in the Socialist Revolutionary Party. In November 1917, he initiated the creation of the party of
740:
359:
482:. At the first Left SR congress, he was elected to the Presidium, and then to the Central Committee of the new party.
438:
249:
498:
252:. In 1877, he was once again arrested and, after serving his term in the Peter and Paul Fortress, he was exiled to
534:
479:
463:
149:
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The tactical position adopted by the SRs represented a compromise between the rural agitation favoured by
558:
502:
795:
280:' group). Narodnaya Volya also endorsed political terrorism as a tactic and in 1881, they assassinated
236:, a comrade from the Circle of Tchaikovsky. In the same year, he began work on the unification of the
241:
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420:, Nathanson defended Azef. Until the very end, he refused to believe in Azef's cooperation with the
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in Switzerland, signing the conference's manifestoes on behalf of the SR Internationalists.
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369:, Natanson began to support the terrorist tactics of the Socialist Revolutionaries.
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334:, where he worked as an accountant in the city government. In 1904 he emigrated to
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424:. In his memoirs, Burtsev wrote that Natanson was the most evil of his opponents.
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circles into a single revolutionary organization, which in 1878 was called "
30:
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268:' (Narodnaya Volya), was created. The organization's headquarters were in
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Together with his first wife, he was one of the organizers of the populist
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When a shipyard was organised for the construction of a ferry crossing on
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441:' and attended the international socialist peace conferences such as the
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85:
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Figner, V. N. “M. A. Natanson.” Poln. sobr. soch. vol. 5. Moscow, 1932.
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377:
347:
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702:"In the party of socialist revolutionaries: Memories of eight leaders"
342:. The Russian liberation movement had become permanently divided into
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The Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party Before the First World War.
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Rutenberg, Pinchas (1925). "The assassination of Gapon". Leningrad.
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273:
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501:, which supported the Bolsheviks and eventually merged with the
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The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition, Moscow, 1970–1979.
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686:. Vol. 24. Academic International Press. p. 79.
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The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History
256:. Upon returning from exile in 1889, he settled in
747:
505:. Natanson was a member of the Presidium of the
132:6 January 1851) – 29 July 1919) was a Russian
603:Krupskaya, N.K. (1979). "Memories of Lenin".
288:, and its leaders were arrested. In exile in
801:Party of Revolutionary Communism politicians
620:Pinchas Rutenberg. From terrorist to Zionist
584:New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000; pg. 382.
474:. Natanson and the "Left SRs" supported the
643:
260:, where he got a job on the local railway.
217:province. In the same 1872 he converted to
728:Dvizhenie revoliutsionnogo narodnichestva.
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221:in order to formally marry the noblewoman
29:
791:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution
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354:movements. In 1902, the followers of the
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507:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
330:Upon returning from exile, he lived in
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416:began a campaign to expose Azef as an
319:, where in 1893, he founded the party
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232:. He organized the escape abroad of
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682:Wieczynski, Joseph L., ed. (1976).
244:." In December 1876, together with
213:, and in 1872 he was exiled to the
136:who was one of the founders of the
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360:Party of Socialist Revolutionaries
248:, he organized a demonstration in
148:. In 1917, he was a leader of the
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311:After his release he returned to
272:and they ran a printing house in
96:Revolutionary, political activist
16:Russian revolutionary (1851–1919)
499:Party of Revolutionary Communism
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646:"The story of a traitor (Azef)"
557:"Nathanson Mark" (in Russian).
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225:who followed him into exile.
172:Natanson was born in 1850 in
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146:Socialist-Revolutionary Party
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128:: Bobrov; 25 December 1850 (
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559:Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia
503:Communist Party of the USSR
223:Olga Alexandrovna Shleisner
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669:In pursuit of provocateurs
667:Burtsev, Vladimir (1989).
536:Memoirs of a Revolutionist
485:The Left SRs rejected the
324:(Partiia Narodnogo Prava).
533:Kropotkin, Peter (1899).
489:(later superseded by the
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364:Minister of the Interior
391:1905 Russian Revolution
340:Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
211:Peter and Paul Fortress
766:People from Švenčionys
700:Chernov, V.M. (2007).
464:Provisional Government
160:. He was the uncle of
152:, which supported the
605:Memoirs of V.I. Lenin
580:Mandred Hildermeier,
443:Zimmerwald Conference
367:Vyacheslav von Plehve
321:People's Rights Party
315:and became active in
307:People's Rights Party
199:Circle of Tchaikovsky
138:Circle of Tchaikovsky
487:Brest-Litovsk Treaty
393:, Natanson moved in
338:, where he met with
201:. They opposed the '
618:Khazan, V. (2008).
459:February Revolution
453:Founder of Left SRs
294:Varvara Alexandrova
476:October Revolution
468:Alexander Kerensky
158:October Revolution
796:Jewish socialists
741:Russian biography
491:Versailles treaty
439:Internationalists
418:agent provocateur
344:social-democratic
282:Tsar Alexander II
278:Black Repartition
266:The People's Will
193:Populist movement
182:Lithuanian Jewish
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445:and one at
406:Nicholas II
336:Switzerland
301:Lake Baikal
215:Arkhangelsk
156:during the
86:Switzerland
750:Categories
457:After the
387:Yevno Azef
203:nihilistic
174:Švenčionys
168:Early life
154:Bolsheviks
126:party name
56:Švenčionys
48:1851-01-06
786:Narodniks
652:April 13,
542:April 13,
521:Footnotes
466:and with
432:When the
378:Ukrainian
356:Narodniks
230:Petrograd
219:Orthodoxy
178:Lithuania
447:Kienthal
352:populist
274:Smolensk
238:Narodnik
144:and the
107:(nephew)
472:soviets
395:Finland
348:liberal
317:Saratov
290:Yakutsk
258:Saratov
118:Russian
186:Kaunas
101:Family
513:Death
270:Oryol
180:to a
654:2020
544:2020
385:and
376:and
350:and
332:Baku
130:N.S.
82:Bern
71:Died
38:Born
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