261:
1466:, writes "King Manuel theoretically abolished discrimination between Old and New Christians by the law of March 1, 1507 which permitted the departure of New Christians to any part of the Christian world, declaring that they “be considered, favored and treated like the Old Christians and not distinct and separated from them in any matter.” Nevertheless, in apparent contradiction to that law, in a letter dated Almeirim, February 18, 1519, King Manuel promoted legislation henceforth prohibiting the naming of New Christians to the position of judge, town councilor or municipal registrar in Goa, stipulating, however, that those already appointed were not to be dismissed. This shows that even during the first nine years of Portuguese rule, Goa had a considerable influx of recently baptized Spanish and Portuguese Jews."
2181:"El doctor Calafell matiza que (...) los marcadores genéticos usados para distinguir a la población con ancestros sefardíes pueden producir distorsiones". "ese 20% de españoles que el estudio señala como descendientes de sefardíes podrían haber heredado ese rasgo de movimiento más antiguos, como el de los fenicios o, incluso, primeros pobladores neolíticos hace miles de años." "Dr. Calafell clarifies that (...) the genetic markers used to distinguish the population with Sephardim ancestry may produce distortions. The 20% of Spaniards that are identified as having Sephardim ancestry in the study could have inherited that same marker from older movements like the Phoenicians, or even the first Neolithic settlers thousands of years ago"
1436:, in one of his first acts as king in 1498, issued a general expulsion order of the Jews of Provence. Though not enforced at the time, the order was renewed in 1500 and again in 1501. On this occasion, it was definitively implemented. The Jews of Provence were given the option of conversion to Christianity and a number chose that option. However, after a short while – if only to compensate partially for the loss of revenues caused by the departure of the Jews – the king imposed a special tax, referred to as "the tax of the neophytes." These converts and their descendants soon became the objects of social discrimination and slanders.
1639:, writes that "After August 1531, when the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal was in the offing and especially after June 14, 1532 when New Christian emigration from Portugal became a capital offense, anti-New Christian sentiment surged on all sides. The New Christians were panic-stricken and emigrants, legal or clandestine, headed for Flanders, Italy, the Ottoman Empire, the Portuguese possessions in India, North Africa. After the middle of the century, England, France, the Spanish Americas and Brazil were the favorite destinations, not necessarily in that order." The New Christians breathed more freely when
1157:"They sought ways and means to win them from Catholicism and bring them back to Judaism. They instructed the Marranos in the tenets and ceremonies of the Jewish religion; held meetings in which they taught them what they must believe and observe according to the Mosaic law; and enabled them to circumcise themselves and their children. They furnished them with prayer-books; explained the fast-days; read with them the history of their people and their Law; announced to them the coming of the Passover; procured unleavened bread for them for that festival, as well as
1723:"Shaare Tikvah". During his stay, Shlomo Moshe Amar met descendants of Jewish families persecuted by the Inquisition who still practice Judaism at the house of rabbi Boaz Pash. This was an historical meeting that had not happened between a Chief Rabbi and Portuguese Bnei Anusim in centuries. Rabbi Shlomo Moshe Amar promised to create a committee to evaluate the Halachic situation of the community. The delay of the Chief Rabbi to create the committee and help the descendants of
1499:
427:
46:
145:
342:
targeted and forced by the
Spanish Crown had no choice but to adopt Christianity, either leave the Kingdom of Spain all while the Crown seized their property and money and gave them no support to leave, be murdered either for not showing complete loyalty to Christianity or for leaving Spain and coming back showing that these Jews were traitors to the Spanish Crown.
1026:
609:
in glass from which a peculiar light issued in a side-chapel of their church, where several New
Christians were present. A New Christian who tried to explain the miracle as due to natural causes was dragged from the church and killed by an infuriated woman. A Dominican roused the populace still more.
566:
to conduct interviews with families about their religious practice. After being asked to prove he knew Hebrew before they would talk, he found people still reluctant to speak openly. Nevertheless, he did eventually gain a remarkable insight into their version of Jewish customs, prayers and songs. The
1643:
came to the throne. By the law of April 4, 1601, he granted them the privilege of unrestricted sale of their real estate as well as free departure from the country for themselves, their families, and their property. Many, availing themselves of this permission, followed their coreligionists to North
1185:
and Jewish communities. Whilst historians such as
Yitzhak Baer state, "the conversos and Jews were one people", Kamen claims, "Yet if the conversos were hated by the Christians, the Jews liked them no better." He documented that "Jews testified falsely against them when the Inquisition was finally
1691:
Late 20th century political and social changes in Spain caused reappraisal of Jewish and Muslim contributions to its culture. There has been much new scholarship on
Sephardic Jews, Moors and the consequences of conversion and expulsion. In addition, there have been official governmental efforts to
641:
João
Rodrigo Mascarenhas, a New Christian; although a wealthy and distinguished man, his work also made him resented by many. They demolished his house. Within 48 hours, many "conversos" were killed; by the third day all who could leave escaped, often with the help of other Portuguese. The killing
1565:
from Spain, the majority of
Sephardic communities, such as that of Salonika having been formed as a result of the Alhambra Decree in 1492. However, there was a steady trickle of crypto-Jewish marranos who wished to practice their faith freely to more liberal environments. One of their leaders who
1198:
had abandoned
Judaism and been assimilated into Spain's dominant Catholic culture, many of those continuing to secretly practice their former religion felt threatened and persecuted by the Inquisition which continued to actively persecute heresy. Some of these chose to leave Spain, in bands or as
899:
Fernando and Alvaro de la Torre, Alvar wished to take revenge for an insult by the counts de
Fuensalida, leaders of the Old Christians. His intention was to seize control of the city, but fierce conflict erupted. Opponents set fire to houses of New Christians near the cathedral. The conflagration
653:
severely punished those who took part in the killings. The ringleaders and the
Dominicans who encouraged the riot were also executed. Local people convicted of murder or pillage suffered corporal punishment and their property was confiscated. The king granted religious freedom for 20 years to all
341:
However, as applied to Crypto-Jews, the term
Marrano derives from the Spanish & Portuguese verb "marrar" and "amarrar" meaning "to fail", "to plan to go wrong", "to break away", "to defraud", "to target", "to tie up", "to refrain", "to deviate", "to clinch", "to moor", illuminating that those
731:
Papal Bull Meditatio Cordis of July 16, 1547, Inquisition in Portugal. This Bull Meditatio Cordis still did not have the "Power of Confiscation". Portuguese Marranos continued, with many bribes of the Popes in Rome, and with prolonged negotiation against this "Power of Confiscation" succeeded to
1215:: physicians, merchants, and others (ib. xv. 113 et seq.). A thoroughly researched history of these migrations is also contained in the book about one of their leaders Dona Gracia Nasi called, "The Woman Who Defied Kings", by the historian and journalist Andree Aelion Brooks.
1631:
laws, they constituted a significant portion of the over three thousand people executed for heresy by the Spanish Inquisition. In his luminous book the "Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765", Professor Antonio Jose Saraiva
1699:
historically linked with Spain allowing them to seek citizenship after five years rather than the customary ten required for residence in Spain. Later it was dropped to two years. In November 2012, the residency requirement was eliminated. In October 2006, the
547:). He claimed that members had managed to survive more than four centuries without being fully assimilated into the Old Christian population. The last remaining crypto-Jewish community in Belmonte officially returned to Judaism in the 1970s and opened a
394:
ancestry. This percentage was suggested as representing the proportion of Sephardi in the population at the time of mass conversions in the 14th and 15th centuries. However, the authors concede that other historical population movements from the
3658:
732:
delay it 32 years, but finally conceded this "deadly weapon" in 1579. The Portuguese Inquisition now had been endowed, 101 years after the Spanish Inquisition of November 1, 1478, with the same extremities of rigor as the Spanish prototype. The
1037:
Tens of thousands of Jews were baptised in the three months before the deadline for expulsion, some 40,000 if one accepts the totals given by Kamen: most of these undoubtedly to avoid expulsion, rather than as a sincere change of faith. These
1145:
established in 1478. They rendered considerable service to the king, and held high legal, financial, and military positions. The government issued an edict directing traditional Jews to live within a ghetto and be separated from
942:. D. Alonso called upon the mob to retire. Its leader insulted the count, who immediately felled him with his lance. Aroused, the people considered him a martyr. Incited by Alonso de Aguilar's enemy, they again attacked the
220:
was established prior to the decree, surveilled New Christians to detect whether their conversion to Christianity was sincere. The vast majority of Jews in Spain had converted to Catholicism, perhaps under pressure from the
1161:
meat throughout the year; encouraged them to live in conformity with the law of Moses, and persuaded them that there was no law and no truth except the Jewish religion." These were the charges brought by the government of
1473:), while others went on to be extremely influential in the spice trade, and the gems trade between Portugal, and India. This activity aroused the ire of the Catholic clergy. During this period, the first bishop of Goa,
2048:
Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; et al. (2008), "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula",
3628:
852:
It is estimated that 200,000 Jews saved their lives by converting to Christianity in the wake of these persecutions. Other Jews left the country altogether and around 100,000 openly practicing Jews remained.
345:
It also has Arabic origin meaning "to deviate" or "to err", in the sense that they deviated from their newly adopted faith by secretly continuing to practice Judaism. A third origin has been cited from
378:
which affected Spain's remaining openly Jewish population in 1492. The numbers who converted and the effects of various migrations in and out of the area have been the subject of historical debate. A
2144:
3339:
3646:
919:
had been excluded by Bishop D. Pedro.) A local blacksmith started arousing a rabble against the Jews, who he blamed for the insult, which immediately joined in a fierce shout for revenge.
2425:), printed by Navarro y Navarro, Zaragoza, collaboration with the Government of Navarre, Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarre, pp. 445-450
338:. The Arabic word in this context means "swine" or "pork", and either expresses the same repulsion towards the converts that the converts previously had for these ritually unclean meat.
1312:
in Papal states be thrown into the prisons of the Inquisition which he had instituted. Sixty of them, who acknowledged the Catholic faith as penitents, were transported to the island of
2537:
Starr-LeBeau, Gretchen; Saraiva, António José; Salomon, H. P.; Sassoon, I. S. D. (1 October 2003). "The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536-1765".
911:, where they formed two hostile parties. On March 14, 1473, during a dedication procession, a girl accidentally threw dirty water from the window of the house of one of the wealthiest
3663:
590:
were discovered who had in their possession "some lambs and poultry prepared according to Jewish custom; also unleavened bread and bitter herbs according to the regulations for the
2168:" "The genetic makeup of Sephardic Jews is probably common to other Middle Eastern populations, such as the Phoenicians, that also settled the Iberian Peninsula, Calafell says. "
2213:
2235:
Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; et al. (2008), "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean",
531:
continued to practice as crypto-Jews. In the early 20th century, historian Samuel Schwartz wrote about crypto-Jewish communities discovered in northeastern Portugal (namely,
1625:, however, remained in Spain and Portugal and were suspected of "Marranism" by the Spanish Inquisition. Although the wealthier among them could easily bypass discriminatory
1727:
Jews in Portugal forced the creation of a second Jewish community in Lisbon, Comunidade Judaica Masorti Beit Israel, to ensure the recognition of the Bnei Anusim as Jews.
3623:
1328:
of Turkey select Pesaro as a commercial center; when that did not happen, he expelled the New Christians from Pesaro and other districts in 1558 (ib. xvi. 61 et seq.).
1199:
individual refugees. Many migrated to Italy, attracted by the climate, which resembled that of the Iberian Peninsula, and by the kindred language. When they settled at
2321:
2899:
829:, considerable power in her realm. Martinez gave speeches that led to violence against the Jews, and this influence culminated in the sack of the Jewish quarter of
260:
3107:
1126:
2980:
1250:, and numerous other Italian cities, they freely exercised the Jewish religion again. They were soon so numerous that Fernando de Goes Loureiro, an abbot from
946:. The rioting lasted three days. Those who escaped sought refuge in the castle, where their protectors also took shelter. The government decreed that Jews and
2513:
582:
continued to be suspect in socially strained times. In Lisbon in 1506, a months-long plague caused people to look for scapegoats. Some became suspicious that
1389:
in Argentina. Legal emigration to the New World was strictly controlled and required proof of three generations of Christian ascendance. Nevertheless, many
2152:
2096:: "Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin, these proportions attest to a high level of religious conversion"
3737:
3562:
799:
and reestablished ties with the Jews of Israel. The Museu Judaico de Belmonte was opened in 2005 in Belmonte, it is the first Jewish museum in Portugal.
558:
Two documentary films have been made in north-eastern Portugal where present-day descendants of marranos were interviewed about their lives. In 1974 for
2993:
1100:, founded in 1536. This led to a rapid increase in the trials of crypto-Jews, among them a number of important financiers. In 1691, during a number of
555:
founded the Belmonte Project to raise funds to acquire Judaic educational material and services for the Belmonte community, who then numbered 160–180.
2611:
788:, a Marrano family who served as Agents to the Crown of Spain and Portugal. They held diplomatic positions across Europe until the late 18th century.
637:
victims from their houses and killed some. Old Christians who were in any way associated with New Christians were also attacked. The mob attacked the
614:
friar Bernardo, crucifix in hand, were said to have gone through the streets of the city, crying "Heresy!" and calling upon the people to destroy the
3679:
2906:
915:(the customary way to dispose of it.) The water splashed on an image of the Virgin being carried in procession in honor of a new society (from which
930:, killing them, and burning their houses. To stop the excesses, the highly respected D. Alonso Fernandez de Aguilar, whose wife was a member of the
3691:
2923:
2105:"La cifra de los sefardíes puede estar sobreestimada, ya que en estos genes hay mucha diversidad y quizá absorbieron otros genes de Oriente Medio"
3052:
3732:
2883:
2107:("The Sephardic result may be overestimated, since there is much diversity in those genes and maybe absorbed other genes from the Middle East")
386:
appeared to support the idea that the number of conversions has been significantly underestimated, as 20% of the tested Iberian population had
2185:
3752:
3186:
1042:
were the principal concern of the Inquisition; being suspected of continuing to practice Judaism put them at risk of denunciation and trial.
3651:
201:, whether or not they secretly still practised Jewish rites. Converts from either Judaism or Islam were referred to by the broader term of "
3462:
1084:
among the Inquisition trials dropped to 3% of the total. There was a rebound of persecutions when a group of crypto-Jews was discovered in
297:, literally standing for "self-destroyed" or a heretic to Judaism, for a Jew who deliberately rebels against the observance of Jewish law.
868:
and tax-farmer. They also attacked the residences of wealthy New Christians in the quarter of la Magdelena. Under Juan de la Cibdad, the
1704:
asked the three parliamentary groups that form the majority to support an amendment that would similarly ease the way for nationals of
728:
2408:
Cf. Salcedo Izu, Joaquín, Gran Enciclopedia Navarra, Caja de Ahorros de Navarra, Pamplona 1990, Tomo VI, voz Inquisición, pp. 131–134.
2203:
2109:. ¿Pone en duda Calafell la validez de los tests de ancestros? "Están bien para los americanos, nosotros ya sabemos de dónde venimos"
3522:
3242:
2114:
2756:. Vol. I: History, edited by Josep M. Solà-Solé, Samuel G. Armistead, and Joseph H. Silverman, 23–35. Barcelona: Puvil-Editor, 1980.
2111:(Does Calafell doubt the validity of ancestry tests? "They can be good for the Americans, we already know from where we come from.")
2434:
864:. Instigated by two canons, Juan Alfonso and Pedro Lopez Galvez, the mob plundered and burned the houses of Alonso Cota, a wealthy
3334:
3085:
738:
suffered immensely both from mob violence and interrogation and testing by the Inquisition. Attacks and murders were recorded at
2588:
3381:
3230:
1595:
2947:
1692:
welcome tourists of both ancestries to Spain. Towns and regions have worked to preserve elements of Jewish and Moorish pasts.
358:
means "forced one", indicating the compulsory nature of the religious conversions. José Meir Estrugo Hazán writes in his book
3447:
3090:
2659:
1903:
1386:
765:, there were rumors that the people planned to massacre all the New Christians on one day. In 1562, prelates petitioned the
2894:
2313:
1356:
1316:; twenty-four, who adhered to Judaism, were publicly burned (May 1556). Those who escaped the Inquisition were received at
818:
3727:
3722:
3277:
3045:
1069:" Later the resistance to the inquisitors was so strong that its aldermen ordered commissioners and attorneys to ask the
1281:
and granted them commercial and industrial privileges, as well as the free exercise of their religion. Rome was full of
817:, Spanish political intrigues had earlier promoted the anti-Jewish policies which culminated in 1391, when Regent Queen
3597:
3371:
1818:
2873:
1009:, led the attacks. Without the intervention of the alcalde, Andres de Cabrera, all New Christians might have died. At
491:
110:
3747:
3344:
3218:
2902:, The Jewish History Resource Center, Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
2818:
2720:
2691:
2493:
2036:
1801:
1784:
1767:
1750:
1546:
1266:
1170:
against the Jews. They constituted the grounds for their expulsion and banishment in 1492, so they could not subvert
935:
510:
383:
129:
3354:
2846:
From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto. Isaac Cardoso: A Study in Seventeenth-Century Marranism and Jewish Apologetics
1644:
Africa and Turkey. After a few years, however, the privilege was revoked, and the Inquisition resumed its activity.
1528:
463:
82:
3298:
2509:
594:, which festival they celebrated far into the night." Officials seized several but released them after a few days.
2987:
664:(municipal) privileges. The foreigners who had taken part generally escaped punishment, leaving with their ships.
3762:
3757:
3424:
3376:
3364:
3359:
3235:
3191:
3166:
1861:
1856:
626:
and others from ships in the port of Lisbon, joined the Dominicans and formed a mob with local men to pursue the
416:
264:
240:
can be considered offensive and pejorative, although some scholars continue to use the term interchangeably with
1474:
1469:
Some New Christians sought to re-join Jewish populations in India (particularly through the Jewish community in
1030:
3452:
3403:
3320:
3293:
3196:
3181:
3038:
2889:
2280:
1974:
1898:
1708:
descent to gain Spanish citizenship. The proposal was originally made by IULV-CA, the Andalusian branch of the
1524:
470:
448:
89:
67:
3782:
3547:
3272:
3267:
3257:
2967:
2768:
The Marranos of Spain: From the Late 14th to the Early 16th Century, According to Contemporary Hebrew Sources
1406:
1364:
1360:
717:
216:, which prohibited the practice of Judaism in Spain and required all remaining Jews to convert or leave. The
229:
numbered hundreds of thousands. They were monitored by the Spanish Inquisition and subject to suspicions by
3787:
3772:
3613:
3349:
3303:
3213:
3095:
2606:
1866:
1741:
1459:
1445:
808:
552:
1695:
In Spanish Civil Code Art. 22.1, the government created concessions to nationals of several countries and
3742:
3328:
1851:
872:
opposed the mob, but were repulsed. They were executed with their leader. As a result, several prominent
477:
173:
169:
96:
2917:
3777:
3618:
3579:
2936:, in Half-Jewish.org, Website covering topics relevant to descendants of assimilation and intermarriage
2283:, nda, last update 02/12/2005, haaretz.com, in English; review of Hebrew translation of Schwarz's 1925
1321:
574:
After the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain (1492) and the Forced Conversion by Portugal's King
1417:
3767:
3557:
3252:
3225:
2754:
Hispania Judaica: Studies on the History, Language, and Literature of the Jews in the Hispanic World
712:
made financial sacrifices. Alfonso Gutierrez, Garcia Alvarez "el Rico" (the rich), and the Zapatas,
459:
78:
2182:
1520:
1509:
1378:
444:
63:
17:
3398:
1586:
from Flanders, and others direct from the Iberian Peninsula, went under the guise of Catholics to
3587:
3386:
3287:
2971:
2878:
1701:
1603:
1513:
1458:
In the "Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765", Professor
1449:
704:
437:
56:
1789:
1297:, even if belonging to the class of New Christians." By 1553 three thousand Portuguese Jews and
3490:
1429:
1163:
1097:
1092:
in the last decade of the sixteenth century. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, some
692:
638:
994:
3480:
3457:
3413:
1167:
1085:
248:
means "pig", or, more often, "dirty person". Because of these possible meanings for the term
2939:
970:
680:
536:
3717:
1636:
1463:
1428:
From 1484, one town after another had called for expulsion, but the calls were rejected by
650:
575:
567:
film was commended at the 1976 Jerusalem Jewish Film and TV Festival. Another documentary,
2813:, edited by Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, 125–148. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001.
2122:
691:, mobs massacred former Jews. Because of these excesses, the king began to believe that a
8:
3201:
3020:
2633:
1709:
1640:
1453:
1433:
1382:
1208:
1142:
888:
347:
302:
217:
1238:
they materially advanced the interests of the city with their industry and commerce. At
3712:
2800:
2742:
2648:
2554:
2257:
2071:
1627:
1567:
1204:
1141:
of Seville and other cities of Castile, and especially of Aragon, bitterly opposed the
792:
739:
532:
370:
Under state pressure in the late 14th and early 15th century, over half of Jews in the
3313:
1293:
for commercial reasons. He granted complete liberty "to all persons from Portugal and
1174:. Jews who did not want to leave Spain had to accept baptism as a sign of conversion.
279:
is unclear, since there have been several proposed etymologies in addition to swine.
3684:
3569:
3495:
3175:
2814:
2716:
2687:
2655:
2583:
2489:
2342:
2262:
2076:
2032:
1970:
1933:
1814:
1797:
1780:
1763:
1746:
1716:
1070:
887:) of the city was Alvar Gomez de Cibdad Real, who had been private secretary to King
668:
484:
371:
293:
103:
3011:
3002:
2666:
Kamen has published 4 editions under 3 titles: "First edition published 1965 ... as
1025:
838:
3472:
2944:
2933:
2792:
2737:
Cohen, Martin A. "Antonio Díaz De Cáceres: Marrano Adventurer in Colonial Mexico."
2546:
2252:
2244:
2066:
2058:
1720:
1262:
826:
751:
544:
540:
222:
1659:, where Jewish refugees had settled after the expulsion from Spain, as well as to
1096:
who had fled to Portugal began to return to Spain, fleeing the persecution of the
586:
might be practicing Judaism and therefore be at fault. On April 17, 1506, several
3552:
3485:
3206:
3100:
2951:
2927:
2900:
Resources > Medieval Jewish History > "Expulsion from Spain and The Anusim"
2825:
The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765
2615:
2592:
2189:
1591:
1482:
1422:
1054:
643:
602:
375:
324:
283:
213:
2016:
1651:
had settled at an early date) and other colonies in the Americas. Migrations to
3539:
3510:
3500:
3419:
3070:
3061:
2248:
2062:
2004:
1846:
1772:
1755:
1736:
1652:
1598:
and held commercial relations with their former homes. Some migrated as far as
1258:
who had drawn large sums from Portugal and had openly avowed Judaism in Italy.
1010:
879:
Nearly 20 years later in July 1467, another riot occurred where a mob attacked
849:
and many others saw their Jewish quarters destroyed and inhabitants massacred.
834:
563:
379:
191:
The term specifically refers to the charge of crypto-Judaism, whereas the term
150:
1129:, tried in Córdoba in 1818, was the last person tried for being a crypto-Jew.
1102:
176:, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but who continued to practice
3706:
3391:
3308:
3155:
3148:
2841:, trans. Nikki Halpern. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
2208:
1871:
1696:
1151:
939:
861:
842:
785:
391:
230:
202:
3027:, "it gives a remarkably graphic impression of a typical Inquisitional case"
1607:
3517:
2486:
Inquisition and Society in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
2266:
2080:
1908:
1656:
1633:
1412:
1344:
1305:
1179:
Inquisition and Society in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
990:
900:
spread so rapidly that 1,600 houses were consumed. Both Old Christians and
156:
2367:
1680:
1150:. Despite the law, however, the Jews remained in communication with their
3262:
3030:
2956:
2643:
1923:
1470:
1234:, where they were protected from the persecutions of the Inquisition. In
833:
on June 4, 1391. Throughout Spain during this year, the cities of Ecija,
702:
worked to forestall such actions, and spent immense sums to win over the
404:
387:
276:
198:
181:
3127:
2746:
2558:
781:) in cities and villages as their ancestors had before the conversions.
3527:
3247:
3141:
3024:
2997:
2804:
1806:
1647:
Some migrated to London, whence their families spread to Brazil (where
998:
814:
451: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
320:
is voluntary for a Min and a Meshumad, while for the Anusim it is not.
265:
First Cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, Shearith Israel
2945:
Jewish by candlelight – from Spanish converso to modern mixed marriage
2608:
Propuesta de IU sobre derecho preferente de moriscos a la nacionalidad
982:
938:("El Gran Capitán"), and a troop of soldiers, hastened to protect the
762:
3120:
2853:
The Other Within: The Marranos: Split Identity and Emerging Modernity
2550:
1928:
1841:
1336:
974:
962:
846:
606:
548:
396:
233:
of the secret practice of Judaism, whether or not that was the case.
2796:
1989:
Melammed, Renée Levine (2005). "Marranos". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).
1913:
1719:
traveled to Portugal to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the
1498:
1347:. In May 1544, a ship landed there filled with Portuguese refugees.
426:
45:
3113:
3079:
3021:
Trial of Gabriel de Granada by the Inquisition in Mexico, 1642–1645
2775:
The History of Anti-Semitism, vol. 2: From Mohammed to the Marranos
1918:
1724:
1672:
1599:
1579:
1571:
1374:
1286:
1223:
773:
to wear special badges, and to order Jewish descendants to live in
724:
676:
672:
591:
193:
35:
2752:
Cohen, Martin A. "Toward a New Comprehension of the Marranos." In
986:
822:
642:
spree lasted from 19 to 21 April, in what came to be known as the
3505:
2574:
Henry Kamen: The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. 1999
2536:
1893:
1705:
1668:
1587:
1575:
1340:
1294:
1278:
1239:
1227:
1200:
1107:
1080:
lasted until 1530. From 1531 to 1560, however, the percentage of
1050:
1002:
958:
830:
796:
688:
623:
619:
400:
317:
177:
144:
27:
Jews from the Iberian Peninsula forcibly converted to Catholicism
2170:
In our study, that would have all fallen under the Jewish label.
1566:
helped them get there was the Lisbon-born international banker,
1063:
if any inquisitor enters their city, he will be thrown into the
3659:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
2761:
Inquisición y judaizantes en América española (siglos XVI-XVII)
1836:
1676:
1664:
1574:, where they were attracted by its flourishing cities, such as
1317:
1290:
1251:
1247:
1231:
1158:
966:
927:
774:
743:
684:
611:
312:
31:
2986:("New Christians and Old Christians in Portugal"), written by
2918:
Michael Freund, "Miracle in Orlando", originally published in
2827:, trans. H.P. Salomon and I.S.D. Sassoon. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
716:
from Toledo, offered 80,000 gold crowns to Holy Roman Emperor
3429:
2912:
1876:
1660:
1615:
1313:
1270:
1235:
1053:
from Aragon's repression, where they were allowed to remain.
904:
perished. The brothers De la Torre were captured and hanged.
876:
men were deposed from office, in obedience to a new statute.
755:
747:
660:
334:
252:
might also be offensive to some descendants of Spanish Jews.
1421:(xiv. 162–183), about 3,000 Jews came to Provence after the
1324:, Duke of Urbino. Guidobaldo had hoped to have the Jews and
3592:
2963:
Shavei Israel – a group that helps our lost brethren return
2882:. Further relevant material can be found in its article on
2811:
The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800
1881:
1377:, often the Castilian territories of the Vice-royalties of
1243:
1064:
727:
also tried to help. None were successful in preventing the
2638:
Chronica do Felicissimo Rey D. Emanuel da Gloriosa Memória
2145:"Spanish Inquisition couldn't quash Moorish, Jewish genes"
1393:
managed to evade these restrictions and managed to obtain
1005:, there was a massacre (May 16, 1474). D. Juan Pacheco, a
184:, the term increasingly preferred in scholarly works over
3012:
Dramatic episodes of the Portuguese Inquisition, volume 2
3003:
Dramatic episodes of the Portuguese Inquisition, volume 1
2860:
Spinoza and Other Heretics, vol. 1: The Marrano of Reason
1061:
haven. The Tudelans had already proclaimed in 1486 that "
1001:, groups looted the belongings of the New Christians. At
720:, if he would mitigate the harshness of the Inquisition.
180:
in secrecy or were suspected of it. They are also called
2962:
562:, the Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA) sent reporter
197:
was used for the wider population of Jewish converts to
172:
who converted to Christianity, either voluntarily or by
2832:
Masks in the Mirror: Marranism in the Jewish Experience
2777:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
1610:
about 1626, granting certain privileges to them and to
1181:
questions whether there were such strong links between
950:
should remain in their neighborhood or leave the city.
708:
and most influential cardinals. Spanish and Portuguese
2909:, Spring 2003, p. 9, American Sephardi Federation
571:, was made by the New York Jewish Media Fund in 1997.
2488:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 27,
2437:. Website with historical and graphical study on the
2419:
The Love for Truth: Life and Work of Michael Servetus
1439:
1186:
founded." This issue is being debated by historians.
907:
Tensions arose in Córdoba between Old Christians and
2234:
2093:
2047:
1125:
accused by the Inquisition decreased significantly.
362:
that "marrano" is the term the Spanish Jews prefer.
2809:Rowland, Robert. "New Christian, Marrano, Jew." In
2204:"Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia"
70:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2647:
1088:in 1588; and there was a rise in denunciations of
2770:, 3rd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999.
2763:. Bogota: Editorial Universidad de Rosario, 2008.
2423:El amor a la verdad. Vida y obra de Miguel Servet
2285:Hanotzrim Hakhadashim Beportugal Be'meah Ha'esrim
1683:, continued into the middle of the 18th century.
1606:invited some New Christian families to settle at
3704:
1993:. Vol. 8. McMillan Reference. p. 5716.
1965:". Chapter 8 (pp. 55-58) in Karen Primack (ed.)
934:family of Pacheco, together with his brother D.
2686:(4th ed.), New York: Sepher-Hermon Press,
2627:
1984:
1982:
1559:There was no significant wave of emigration of
1230:a leading seaport. They received privileges at
1211:confirmed the privileges to twenty-one Spanish
1073:to limit the power of the Inquisition in 1510.
212:came into later use in 1492 with the Castilian
2981:"Cristãos Novos e Cristãos Velhos em Portugal"
2862:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.
2855:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.
2676:The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision
2650:The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision
2479:
2477:
2475:
2289:New Christians in Portugal in the 20th Century
2228:
1887:
1194:Although the vast majority of Spain's 250,000
3046:
2787:Roth, Cecil. "The Religion of the Marranos,"
2570:
2568:
2017:https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/amarrar
1560:
733:
374:converted to Christianity, thus avoiding the
3463:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
2848:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.
2839:The Faith of Remembrance: Marrano Labyrinths
2005:https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/marrar
1979:
1132:
1121:During the eighteenth century the number of
328:
287:
2741:, vol. 60, no. 2, 1970, pp. 169–184.,
2715:, São Paulo: Editora & Livraria Sêfer,
2710:
2472:
1527:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1415:, in a special study of the subject in the
1397:papers of legal identity in the New World.
658:in an attempt at compensation. Lisbon lost
3738:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
3060:
3053:
3039:
2565:
1481:, and called for the establishment of the
1254:, filled an entire book with the names of
1076:The most intense period of persecution of
784:In 1641, João IV of Portugal ennobled the
2256:
2070:
1957:
1955:
1547:Learn how and when to remove this message
1369:During the 16th and 17th centuries, some
511:Learn how and when to remove this message
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
2940:Descendants of Marranos arrive in Israel
2681:
2201:
1988:
1024:
618:. Attracted by the outcry, sailors from
267:(1656–1833), in Manhattan, New York City
259:
153:in Spain during the times of Inquisition
143:
2670:. Second edition published 1985 ... as
2417:González Echeverría, Francisco Javier.
2395:, p. 268, Jerusalem 1962, while citing
1479:contra os Judeos" (tracts against Jews)
323:One source of the term derives from an
14:
3705:
2674:. Third edition published 1998 ... as
1969:, KTAV Publishing House, Inc. (1998),
1952:
3733:Converts to Christianity from Judaism
3448:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3034:
2642:
2532:
2530:
2483:
2466:
2454:
2143:Saey, Tina Hesman (4 December 2008).
1904:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
1189:
3753:History of the Jews in South America
2905:Kathleen Telch, "Belmonte Project",
2739:American Jewish Historical Quarterly
2700:
2654:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2166:We think it might be an overestimate
2142:
1525:adding citations to reliable sources
1492:
1357:History of the Jews in Latin America
449:adding citations to reliable sources
420:
407:may also account for these results.
174:Spanish or Portuguese royal coercion
68:adding citations to reliable sources
39:
3647:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
2510:"Jewish Virtual Library – Provence"
2502:
2445:Michael de Villanueva ("Servetus").
2216:from the original on March 28, 2014
2202:Callaway, Ewen (December 4, 2008),
1967:Jews in Places You Never Thought Of
695:might help control such outbreaks.
329:
288:
24:
3598:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
2730:
2527:
2237:American Journal of Human Genetics
2051:American Journal of Human Genetics
1961:Karen Primack, "That Word 'Marrano
1440:Estado da India (Portuguese India)
1425:expelled Jews from Spain in 1492.
316:is that the act of abandonment of
244:or crypto-Jew. In modern Spanish,
25:
3799:
2913:Society For Crypto Judaic Studies
2867:
2682:Roth, Cecil; Roth, Irene (1974),
2391:Gedaliah b. Jachia the Spaniard,
2015:SpanishDictionary.com. (n.d.-a).
1829:
1485:(which was established in 1560).
1207:granted them privileges. His son
883:in Toledo. The chief magistrate (
382:study in 2008 of 1,150 volunteer
2968:Alhambra Decree: 521 Years Later
2672:Inquisition and Society in Spain
1730:
1497:
1350:
957:arose in numerous other cities:
667:New Christians were attacked in
425:
44:
3664:Institute for Sephardic Studies
2600:
2577:
2516:from the original on 2016-03-04
2460:
2448:
2428:
2411:
2402:
2385:
2360:
2335:
2324:from the original on 2020-09-23
2306:
2294:
2273:
2195:
2175:
2003:SpanishDictionary.com. (n.d.).
1862:History of the Jews in Portugal
1857:History of the Jews in Belmonte
1013:, it was reported that not one
977:, and elsewhere. Mobs attacked
856:In 1449, feelings rose against
436:needs additional citations for
417:History of the Jews in Portugal
365:
327:word for "forbidden, illicit",
55:needs additional citations for
3453:Antisemitism in the Arab world
2136:
2099:
2087:
2041:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1899:Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva
1308:issued orders to have all the
1020:
791:In the 1970s, the Marranos of
300:The main difference between a
13:
1:
2988:António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches
2834:. New York: Peter Lang, 2006.
2539:The Sixteenth Century Journal
2441:in Navarre, specifically the
2303:, xxxvii, p. 270 et seq.
1940:
1621:The vast majority of Spain's
1488:
1477:wrote his anti-Semitic work "
1407:History of the Jews in France
1365:History of the Jews in Brazil
1361:History of the Jews in Mexico
597:On the same day on which the
3614:American Sephardi Federation
3607:Major communal organizations
2780:Révah, I.S. "Les marranes."
2711:Diesendruck, Arnold (2002),
2628:General and cited references
2343:"Criptojudaismo de Belmonte"
2281:"Cryptic, these crypto Jews"
1945:
1867:History of the Jews in Spain
1779:, Constable & Robinson,
1742:The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon
1475:Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira
1446:History of the Jews in India
1177:The historian Henry Kamen's
936:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
891:. He was a protector of the
860:, breaking out in a riot at
809:History of the Jews in Spain
553:American Sephardi Federation
384:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
255:
7:
3329:Western Europe and overseas
2895:The Jewish Story – Marranos
2789:The Jewish Quarterly Review
2393:Sefer Shalshelet HaKabbalah
2314:"Curiel | Encyclopedia.com"
2094:Adams, Bosch, et al. (2008)
1888:Related groups and concepts
1852:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
1824:
683:, and other places. In the
605:displayed a crucifix and a
410:
170:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
10:
3804:
3728:15th century in al-Andalus
3723:14th century in al-Andalus
3619:Sephardi Community Council
2759:Escobar Quevedo, Ricardo.
2705:, New York: Schocken Books
2249:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012
2063:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007
1443:
1404:
1354:
1339:, formerly a considerable
1322:Guidobaldo II della Rovere
1045:During 1492, about 12,000
806:
414:
29:
3672:
3639:
3624:World Sephardi Federation
3606:
3578:
3538:
3471:
3440:
3165:
3069:
2994:A history of the Marranos
2884:South and Central America
2844:Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim.
2684:A history of the Marranos
2435:Michael Servetus Research
2115:"Tres culturas en el ADN"
2027:José Meir Estrugo Hazán,
1400:
1133:Converso-Jewish relations
1118:of Majorca, were burned.
723:The Mendes of Lisbon and
610:Friar João Mocho and the
3748:History of the conversos
2374:(in European Portuguese)
2349:(in European Portuguese)
1991:Encyclopedia of Religion
1686:
1570:. They also migrated to
1226:and contributed to make
895:Together with prominent
802:
560:The Marranos of Portugal
3108:Expulsion from Portugal
2972:Law Library of Congress
2879:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2823:Saraiva, António José.
2782:Revue des études juives
2713:Os Marranos em Portugal
2678:. Fourth edition 2014."
2668:The Spanish Inquisition
2301:Revue des Etudes Juives
1702:Parliament of Andalusia
1604:Christian IV of Denmark
1596:established a community
1594:about 1580, where they
1450:Sephardic Jews in India
1418:Revue des Études Juives
1301:were living at Ancona.
1218:Spanish and Portuguese
821:gave the Archdeacon of
813:According to historian
271:The origin of the term
3763:Jewish Spanish history
3758:Jewish Mexican history
1745:, The Overlook Press,
1561:
1164:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1098:Portuguese Inquisition
1034:
734:
693:Portuguese Inquisition
551:in 1996. In 2003, the
268:
160:
155:. An 1893 painting by
3458:Antisemitism in Islam
3176:Eastern Mediterranean
2970:, a blog post on the
2874:Corresponding article
2784:118 (1959–60): 29–77.
2703:A History of the Jews
2484:Kamen, Henry (1985),
2347:Município de Belmonte
1168:Isabella I of Castile
1127:Manuel Santiago Vivar
1086:Quintanar de la Orden
1028:
926:, denouncing them as
354:means "to force" and
263:
147:
30:Further information:
3783:Sephardi Jews topics
3563:Sephardi chief rabbi
3540:Religion and culture
3096:Expulsion from Spain
2766:Netanyahu, Benzion.
2701:Roth, Cecil (1961),
2318:www.encyclopedia.com
1790:Antonio Muñoz Molina
1777:Guardian of the Dawn
1637:University of Lisbon
1521:improve this section
1464:University of Lisbon
1460:Antonio Jose Saraiva
1031:Mariana de Carabajal
953:In 1473, attacks on
795:officially rejoined
578:in Portugal (1497),
445:improve this article
64:improve this article
3788:Spanish Inquisition
3773:Passing (sociology)
3014:, by Antonio Baião
3005:, by Antonio Baião
2890:Dona Gracia Project
1641:Philip III of Spain
1454:The Goa Inquisition
1143:Spanish Inquisition
995:Almodóvar del Campo
922:The mob went after
889:Henry IV of Castile
376:Decree of Expulsion
348:Galician-Portuguese
218:Spanish Inquisition
149:Marranos: A secret
3743:History of Judaism
2954:by Miriam Shaviv,
2950:2009-05-11 at the
2926:2012-02-29 at the
2920:The Jerusalem Post
2858:Yovel, Yirmiyahu.
2851:Yovel, Yirmiyahu.
2614:2008-12-11 at the
2591:2009-02-20 at the
2188:2011-04-25 at the
1628:Limpieza de sangre
1568:Gracia Mendes Nasi
1483:Inquisition in Goa
1267:Emmanuel Philibert
1190:Conversos in Italy
1035:
819:Leonora of Castile
687:and the island of
269:
161:
3778:Puerto Rican Jews
3700:
3699:
3496:Judaeo-Portuguese
2976:In Custodia Legis
2837:Wachtel, Nathan.
2791:22 (1931): 1–33.
2661:978-0-300-18051-0
2031:(The Sephardim),
1934:Kakure Kirishitan
1811:The Coffee Trader
1796:, Harvest Books,
1717:Shlomo Moshe Amar
1557:
1556:
1549:
1304:Two years later,
1289:received them at
1071:Catholic Monarchs
1055:Tudela in Navarre
569:The Last Marranos
521:
520:
513:
495:
372:Iberian Peninsula
140:
139:
132:
114:
16:(Redirected from
3795:
3768:Judaism in Spain
3688:
3655:
3632:
3558:Rite and customs
3531:
3414:Crypto-Sephardim
3055:
3048:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3017:
3008:
2985:
2930:, Jewish Society
2773:Poliakov, Leon.
2725:
2706:
2696:
2665:
2653:
2621:
2620:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2551:10.2307/20061561
2534:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2432:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:Sefer HaYuchasin
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2260:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2199:
2193:
2179:
2173:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2151:. Archived from
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2121:. Archived from
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2045:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1977:
1964:
1959:
1760:Hunting Midnight
1721:Lisbon Synagogue
1564:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1501:
1493:
1222:also settled at
1033:in Mexico, 1601.
1017:was left alive.
827:Ferrand Martinez
737:
633:The mob dragged
601:were freed, the
523:Some Portuguese
516:
509:
505:
502:
496:
494:
453:
429:
421:
390:consistent with
332:
331:
291:
290:
223:Massacre of 1391
135:
128:
124:
121:
115:
113:
72:
48:
40:
21:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3682:
3680:Philosephardism
3668:
3649:
3635:
3626:
3602:
3574:
3534:
3525:
3486:Sephardi Hebrew
3467:
3436:
3161:
3101:Alhambra Decree
3065:
3062:Sephardi Jewish
3059:
3023:. According to
3016:(in Portuguese)
3015:
3007:(in Portuguese)
3006:
2984:(in Portuguese)
2983:
2952:Wayback Machine
2934:Return to Sinai
2928:Wayback Machine
2870:
2865:
2830:Simms, Norman.
2797:10.2307/1451908
2733:
2731:Further reading
2723:
2694:
2662:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2616:Wayback Machine
2605:
2601:
2595:
2593:Wayback Machine
2582:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2535:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2482:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2433:
2429:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2368:"Museu Judaico"
2366:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2278:
2274:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2200:
2196:
2190:Wayback Machine
2180:
2176:
2158:
2156:
2155:on 29 June 2011
2141:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2046:
2042:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1987:
1980:
1962:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1890:
1832:
1827:
1733:
1689:
1553:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1518:
1502:
1491:
1456:
1444:Main articles:
1442:
1423:Alhambra Decree
1409:
1403:
1387:Río de la Plata
1367:
1355:Main articles:
1353:
1343:seaport on the
1205:Ercole I d'Este
1192:
1135:
1023:
811:
805:
698:The Portuguese
644:Lisbon massacre
517:
506:
500:
497:
454:
452:
442:
430:
419:
413:
380:phylogeographic
368:
258:
236:In modern use,
214:Alhambra Decree
136:
125:
119:
116:
73:
71:
61:
49:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3692:Sephardization
3689:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3588:Black Panthers
3584:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3511:Tetuani Ladino
3508:
3501:Judaeo-Spanish
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3441:Modern history
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2978:
2965:
2960:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2869:
2868:External links
2866:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2807:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2708:
2698:
2692:
2679:
2660:
2640:
2634:Damião de Góis
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2599:
2576:
2564:
2526:
2501:
2494:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2427:
2410:
2401:
2384:
2359:
2334:
2305:
2293:
2272:
2243:(5): 633–642,
2227:
2194:
2174:
2135:
2098:
2086:
2057:(6): 725–736,
2040:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1978:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Crypto-Judaism
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1830:Jews in Iberia
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1819:978-0349115009
1804:
1787:
1773:Richard Zimler
1770:
1756:Richard Zimler
1753:
1737:Richard Zimler
1732:
1729:
1688:
1685:
1653:Constantinople
1555:
1554:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1441:
1438:
1405:Main article:
1402:
1399:
1352:
1349:
1191:
1188:
1134:
1131:
1057:turned into a
1022:
1019:
940:New Christians
807:Main article:
804:
801:
564:Ron Ben-Yishai
529:cristãos-novos
519:
518:
433:
431:
424:
415:Main article:
412:
409:
367:
364:
275:as applied to
257:
254:
231:Old Christians
203:New Christians
168:is a term for
151:Passover Seder
138:
137:
52:
50:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3800:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Belmonte Jews
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:Paradesi Jews
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3365:New Amsterdam
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3156:New Christian
3153:
3151:
3150:
3149:Maghrebi Jews
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:9781571811530
2816:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2724:
2722:85-85583-36-3
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2693:0-87203-040-7
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2497:
2495:0-253-22775-5
2491:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2469:, p. 370
2468:
2463:
2457:, p. 369
2456:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:New Scientist
2205:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2167:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2125:on 2009-02-09
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2037:84-8472-034-9
2034:
2030:
2029:Los Sefardíes
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:New Christian
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:9780156034746
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:9781845290917
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:9780385336444
1765:
1762:, Delacorte,
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:9781585670222
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:In literature
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1697:Sephardi Jews
1693:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1551:
1548:
1540:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1506:This section
1504:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1411:According to
1408:
1398:
1396:
1395:"encomiendas"
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:Latin America
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:also went to
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1152:New Christian
1149:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1029:Execution of
1027:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:alcalde mayor
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
800:
798:
794:
789:
787:
786:Curiel family
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
645:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
515:
512:
504:
501:December 2019
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
469:
465:
462: –
461:
457:
456:Find sources:
450:
446:
440:
439:
434:This section
432:
428:
423:
422:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
363:
361:
360:Los Sefardíes
357:
353:
349:
343:
339:
337:
336:
326:
321:
319:
315:
314:
309:
305:
304:
298:
296:
295:
285:
280:
278:
274:
266:
262:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
195:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:
158:
154:
152:
146:
142:
134:
131:
123:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81: –
80:
76:
75:Find sources:
69:
65:
59:
58:
53:This article
51:
47:
42:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3518:Judeo-Gascon
3491:Judeo-Arabic
3481:Judeo-Berber
3412:
3327:
3299:Gibraltarian
3288:North Africa
3286:
3278:Thessalonian
3174:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3086:Roman Empire
3078:
2975:
2955:
2919:
2877:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2810:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2738:
2712:
2702:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2649:
2644:Kamen, Henry
2637:
2619:(in Spanish)
2607:
2602:
2596:(in Spanish)
2585:Código Civil
2584:
2579:
2542:
2538:
2518:. Retrieved
2504:
2485:
2467:Kamen (2014)
2462:
2455:Kamen (2014)
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2376:. Retrieved
2371:
2362:
2351:. Retrieved
2346:
2337:
2326:. Retrieved
2317:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2279:Ruth Almog,
2275:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2220:September 4,
2218:, retrieved
2207:
2197:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:the original
2149:Science News
2148:
2138:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2118:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2089:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2028:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1990:
1966:
1810:
1793:
1776:
1759:
1740:
1714:
1694:
1690:
1657:Thessaloniki
1648:
1646:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1618:about 1649.
1614:who came to
1611:
1583:
1558:
1543:
1534:
1519:Please help
1507:
1478:
1468:
1457:
1430:Charles VIII
1427:
1416:
1413:Isidore Loeb
1410:
1394:
1390:
1375:the Americas
1373:migrated to
1370:
1368:
1345:Adriatic Sea
1332:
1330:
1325:
1309:
1306:Pope Paul IV
1303:
1298:
1282:
1274:
1260:
1255:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1014:
1006:
978:
954:
952:
947:
943:
931:
923:
921:
916:
912:
908:
906:
901:
896:
892:
884:
880:
878:
873:
869:
865:
857:
855:
851:
812:
790:
783:
778:
770:
766:
760:
722:
713:
709:
703:
699:
697:
666:
659:
655:
648:
634:
632:
627:
615:
598:
596:
587:
583:
579:
573:
568:
559:
557:
528:
524:
522:
507:
498:
488:
481:
474:
467:
455:
443:Please help
438:verification
435:
369:
366:Demographics
359:
355:
351:
344:
340:
333:
322:
311:
307:
301:
299:
292:
281:
272:
270:
249:
245:
241:
237:
235:
226:
209:
207:
192:
190:
185:
164:
163:
162:
157:Moshe Maimon
148:
141:
126:
120:October 2015
117:
107:
100:
93:
86:
74:
62:Please help
57:verification
54:
3718:Crypto-Jews
3683: [
3650: [
3627: [
3526: [
3248:Palestinian
2957:The Forward
2636:(1567), in
1924:Linobambaki
1710:United Left
1432:. However,
1103:autos-da-fé
1021:Inquisition
769:to require
746:, Miranda,
729:Inquisition
405:Phoenicians
388:haplogroups
277:crypto-Jews
199:Catholicism
182:crypto-Jews
3707:Categories
3231:Macedonian
3219:Alexandria
3167:Dispersion
3142:Megorashim
3121:Degredados
3091:Golden Age
3025:Cecil Roth
2998:Cecil Roth
2907:Newsletter
2545:(3): 827.
2520:2016-03-13
2378:2024-03-14
2353:2024-03-14
2328:2019-10-02
2183:Elmundo.es
2129:2009-04-13
2119:Público.es
1975:0881256080
1941:References
1813:, Abacus,
1807:David Liss
1608:Glückstadt
1489:Migrations
1385:, and the
1154:brethren.
999:Valladolid
893:conversos.
815:Cecil Roth
639:tax-farmer
603:Dominicans
471:newspapers
310:, and the
289:מְשֻׁמָּד
90:newspapers
3713:Conversos
3473:Languages
3420:Amazonian
3404:Livornese
3382:Hamburger
3226:Hungarian
3192:Bulgarian
3114:Conversos
2990:, in 1748
2439:conversos
1946:Citations
1929:Judaizers
1842:Conversos
1715:In 2004,
1681:Timișoara
1649:conversos
1623:conversos
1612:conversos
1584:Conversos
1562:conversos
1537:June 2016
1508:does not
1434:Louis XII
1391:conversos
1379:New Spain
1371:conversos
1337:Dubrovnik
1333:conversos
1326:conversos
1310:conversos
1299:conversos
1283:conversos
1275:conversos
1273:welcomed
1256:conversos
1220:conversos
1213:conversos
1196:conversos
1183:conversos
1172:conversos
1148:conversos
1139:conversos
1123:conversos
1116:conversos
1094:conversos
1090:conversos
1082:conversos
1078:conversos
1047:conversos
1040:conversos
997:also. In
979:conversos
975:Santaella
971:La Rambla
963:Bujalance
955:conversos
948:conversos
944:conversos
924:conversos
917:conversos
913:conversos
909:conversos
902:conversos
897:conversos
881:conversos
870:conversos
858:conversos
847:Barcelona
779:judiarias
771:conversos
735:conversos
718:Charles V
714:conversos
710:conversos
700:conversos
656:conversos
628:conversos
616:conversos
612:Aragonese
607:reliquary
599:conversos
588:conversos
584:conversos
580:conversos
549:synagogue
525:conversos
460:"Marrano"
397:Near East
286:word for
256:Etymology
227:conversos
208:The term
79:"Marrano"
3580:Politics
3360:Suriname
3335:American
3321:Tunisian
3309:Moroccan
3294:Algerian
3253:Romanian
3236:Monastir
3214:Egyptian
3207:Splicani
3197:Croatian
3182:Albanian
3135:Marranos
3128:Lançados
3080:Sepharad
2948:Archived
2924:Archived
2747:23877946
2646:(2014).
2612:Archived
2589:Archived
2559:20061561
2514:Archived
2443:converso
2372:Belmonte
2322:Archived
2267:18976729
2214:archived
2186:Archived
2081:19061982
1919:Allahdad
1825:See also
1794:Sepharad
1725:Sephardi
1673:Bulgaria
1600:Scotland
1580:Brussels
1572:Flanders
1341:Croatian
1287:Paul III
1263:Piedmont
1224:Florence
1059:converso
1049:entered
1015:converso
1007:converso
932:converso
928:heretics
874:converso
866:converso
793:Belmonte
740:Trancoso
725:Flanders
681:Santarém
677:Olivença
673:Alentejo
635:converso
592:Passover
576:Manuel I
537:Bragança
533:Belmonte
411:Portugal
399:such as
392:Sephardi
350:, where
335:Muḥarram
330:مُحَرّمٌ
308:Meshumad
294:Meshumad
242:converso
194:converso
186:Marranos
165:Marranos
36:Converso
18:Marranos
3640:Studies
3570:Haredim
3548:Cuisine
3523:Bagitto
3506:Haketia
3399:Italian
3372:English
3355:Curaçao
3340:Antwerp
3314:Tetuani
3273:Rhodian
3258:Serbian
3243:Ottoman
3202:Ragusan
3187:Bosnian
3071:Origins
2805:1451908
2258:2668035
2159:6 April
2072:2668061
1894:Neofiti
1706:Morisco
1669:Romania
1635:of the
1588:Hamburg
1576:Antwerp
1529:removed
1514:sources
1462:of the
1295:Algarve
1285:. Pope
1279:Coímbra
1265:, Duke
1240:Bologna
1228:Livorno
1209:Alfonso
1203:, Duke
1201:Ferrara
1112:chuetas
1108:Majorca
1051:Navarre
1011:Carmona
1003:Segovia
983:Andújar
959:Montoro
839:Córdoba
835:Carmona
831:Seville
797:Judaism
775:ghettos
763:Covilhã
689:Madeira
669:Gouveia
624:Zeeland
620:Holland
541:Miranda
485:scholar
401:Syrians
356:marrano
318:Judaism
273:Marrano
250:Marrano
246:marrano
238:marrano
210:marrano
178:Judaism
104:scholar
3430:Xuetas
3387:Indian
3377:French
3304:Libyan
3263:Syrian
3064:topics
2817:
2803:
2745:
2719:
2690:
2658:
2557:
2492:
2265:
2255:
2079:
2069:
2035:
1973:
1914:Dönmeh
1837:Anusim
1817:
1800:
1783:
1766:
1749:
1679:, and
1677:Vienna
1665:Serbia
1592:Altona
1471:Cochin
1452:, and
1401:France
1363:, and
1318:Pesaro
1291:Ancona
1252:Oporto
1248:Naples
1232:Venice
1159:kosher
1067:river.
993:, and
967:Adamuz
862:Toledo
843:Toledo
767:Cortes
754:, and
752:Guarda
744:Lamego
685:Azores
651:Manuel
545:Chaves
543:, and
487:
480:
473:
466:
458:
352:marrar
325:Arabic
313:Anusim
284:Hebrew
225:, and
106:
99:
92:
85:
77:
32:Anusim
3687:]
3673:Other
3654:]
3631:]
3553:Music
3530:]
3350:Aruba
3345:Dutch
3268:Greek
2996:, by
2801:JSTOR
2743:JSTOR
2555:JSTOR
1909:Chala
1877:Xueta
1687:Today
1661:Italy
1616:Emden
1331:Many
1314:Malta
1277:from
1271:Savoy
1236:Milan
1114:, or
1110:, 37
991:Baeza
987:Úbeda
823:Écija
803:Spain
756:Braga
748:Viseu
705:Curia
661:Foral
649:King
492:JSTOR
478:books
111:JSTOR
97:books
3593:Shas
2815:ISBN
2717:ISBN
2688:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2263:PMID
2222:2017
2161:2009
2077:PMID
2033:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1882:Vaez
1815:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1655:and
1590:and
1578:and
1512:any
1510:cite
1383:Peru
1244:Pisa
1166:and
1137:The
1065:Ebro
464:news
403:and
306:, a
282:The
83:news
34:and
2974:'s
2876:in
2793:doi
2547:doi
2253:PMC
2245:doi
2164:: "
2067:PMC
2059:doi
1523:by
1320:by
1269:of
1261:In
1106:in
981:in
761:At
527:or
447:by
303:Min
205:".
66:by
3709::
3685:es
3652:es
3629:he
3528:it
2799:.
2567:^
2553:.
2543:34
2541:.
2529:^
2512:.
2474:^
2370:.
2345:.
2320:.
2316:.
2261:,
2251:,
2241:83
2239:,
2212:,
2206:,
2147:.
2117:.
2075:,
2065:,
2055:83
2053:,
1981:^
1954:^
1809:,
1792:,
1775:,
1758:,
1739:,
1712:.
1675:,
1671:,
1667:,
1663:,
1602:.
1582:.
1448:,
1381:,
1359:,
1246:,
1242:,
989:,
985:,
973:,
969:,
965:,
961:,
845:,
841:,
837:,
825:,
758:.
750:,
742:,
679:,
675:,
671:,
646:.
630:.
622:,
539:,
535:,
188:.
3054:e
3047:t
3040:v
2886:.
2795::
2749:.
2726:.
2707:.
2697:.
2664:.
2561:.
2549::
2523:.
2499:.
2421:(
2399:.
2381:.
2356:.
2331:.
2291:)
2287:(
2270:.
2247::
2225:.
2192:.
2172:"
2132:.
2084:.
2061::
1963:'
1550:)
1544:(
1539:)
1535:(
1531:.
1517:.
777:(
514:)
508:(
503:)
499:(
489:·
482:·
475:·
468:·
441:.
159:.
133:)
127:(
122:)
118:(
108:·
101:·
94:·
87:·
60:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.