Bone marrow adipose tissue

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Switzerland in 2017 (BMA2017). The statues were then signed at the fourth international meeting, held in 2018 again in Lille (BMA2018). As discussed in the following section, there have since been three further international meetings, held in Odense, Denmark in 2019 (BMA2019), virtually in 2020 (BMA2020), and in Athens, Greece in 2022 (BMA2022). The first BMAS Summer School was held virtually in the summer of 2021.

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meeting was a great success and led to a second international meeting (BMA2016) in August 2016 held in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Both meetings were a success in that they for the first time brought together scientists and physicians from different backgrounds (bone metabolism, cancer, obesity and diabetes) to share ideas and advance research into, and our understanding of, the patho/physiological role of BMAds.

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This success led to a network of researchers discussing the formation of a new society, focusing on bone marrow adiposity (BMA). This network worked together in 2016–2017 to lay the foundations for this society, which was then discussed further during the third international meeting held in Lausanne,

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Because of the increasing interest in BMAT from both researchers and clinicians, in 2018 The International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS) was founded. Work to build the society began in Lille, France in 2015, when the first International Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity (BMA2015) was held. The

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This figure demonstrates the use of the osmium- μCT method with advanced image processing to quantify BMAT. In this figure, running exercise is shown to suppress BMAT despite PPARγ agonist. Fat binder osmium is imaged via μCT (A ) in n =5 per group overlaid images. Quantification of osmium as BMAT/

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of osmium-bound lipid volume (in mm) relative to bone volume. This technique provides reproducible quantification and visualization of BMAT, enabling the ability to consistently quantify changes in BMAT with diet, exercise, and agents that constrain precursor lineage allocation. Although the osmium

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Several studies have also analysed BMAT function in vivo using positron emission tomography - computed tomography (PET-CT) combined with the tracer 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). This allows glucose uptake, a measure of metabolic activity, to be quantified in living organisms, including humans. Two

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therapies. BMAT decreases in anaemia, leukaemia, and hypertensive heart failure; in response to hormones such as oestrogen, leptin, and growth hormone; with exercise-induced weight loss or bariatric surgery; in response to chronic cold exposure; and in response to pharmacological agents such as

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This figure demonstrates the use of MRI imaging (9.4T scanner) along with advanced image processing to quantify BMAT. The images and graph demonstrate that BMAT is higher in obese compared with lean mice. B6 mice were fed HFD from age 4 wk until age 16 wk. BMAT was quantified by MRI. A) n=10

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quantification can be used to purify adipocytes from the stromal vascular fraction of most fat depots. Early research with such machinery cited adipocytes as too large and fragile for cytometer-based purification, rendering them susceptible to lysis; however, recent advances have been made to

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was published in 2014; Now, exercise regulation of BMAT has been confirmed in a human, adding clinical importance. Several studies demonstrated exercise reduction of BMAT which occurs along with an increase in bone quantity. Since exercise increases bone quantity, reduces BMAT and increases

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have published three position papers relating to nomenclature, methodologies and biobanking for BMA research. These working groups remain active, with other working groups also focussing on clinical and translational issues, public engagement, and young researchers (Next Generation BMAS)

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method is quantitatively precise, osmium is toxic and cannot be compared across batched experiments. Recently, researchers developed and validated a 9.4T MRI scanner technique that allows localization and volumetric (3D) quantification that can be compared across experiments, as in.

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recent studies found that, unlike brown adipose tissue, BMAT does not increase glucose uptake in response to cold exposure, demonstrating that BMAT is functionally distinct from BAT. The full extent of BMAT's impact on systemic metabolic homeostasis remains to be determined.

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Rosen CJ, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Adamo ML, Shultz KL, Rubin J, Donahue LR, et al. (November 2004). "Congenic mice with low serum IGF-I have increased body fat, reduced bone mineral density, and an altered osteoblast differentiation program".

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and cannot adequately quantify the volume of fat in the marrow. Nevertheless, histological techniques and fixation make possible visualization of BMAT, quantification of BMAd size, and BMAT's association with the surrounding

3785:"Reporting Guidelines, Review of Methodological Standards, and Challenges Toward Harmonization in Bone Marrow Adiposity Research. Report of the Methodologies Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society" 3664:

Scheller EL, Troiano N, Vanhoutan JN, Bouxsein MA, Fretz JA, Xi Y, et al. (2014). "Use of Osmium Tetroxide Staining with Microcomputerized Tomography to Visualize and Quantify Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue in Vivo".

277:+ marrow MSC is separated from non-bone fat storage by larger expression of bone transcription factors", and likely indicates a different fat phenotype. Recently, BMAT was noted to "produce a greater proportion of 257:(VAT) is a distinct type of WAT that is "proportionally associated with negative metabolic and cardiovascular morbidity", regenerates cortisol, and recently has been tied to decreased bone formation Both types of 321:

also decrease BMAT while increasing bone density, supporting an inverse relationship between bone quantity and BMAT. During aging, bone quantity declines and fat redistributes from subcutaneous to

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Meunier P, Aaron J, Edouard C, Vignon G (October 1971). "Osteoporosis and the replacement of cell populations of the marrow by adipose tissue. A quantitative study of 84 iliac bone biopsies".

205:. A notable exception occurs in the setting of caloric restriction: exercise suppression of BMAT does not yield an increase in bone formation and even appears to cause bone loss. Indeed, 2866:"Aging activates adipogenic and suppresses osteogenic programs in mesenchymal marrow stroma/stem cells: the role of PPAR-gamma2 transcription factor and TGF-beta/BMP signaling pathways" 1040:"Standardised Nomenclature, Abbreviations, and Units for the Study of Bone Marrow Adiposity: Report of the Nomenclature Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society" 4178: 387:

In order to understand the physiology of BMAT, various analytic methods have been applied. BMAds are difficult to isolate and quantify because they are interspersed with bony and

4205: 3286:"Mechanical loading down-regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in bone marrow stromal cells and favors osteoblastogenesis at the expense of adipogenesis" 527:

Representative distal femur histologic section of a 16-week-old C57BL/6 mouse after 6 weeks of calorie restriction demonstrating an increased quantity of marrow adipocytes.

3836:"Guidelines for Biobanking of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Related Cell Types: Report of the Biobanking Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society" 3885:

Hardouin P, Marie PJ, Rosen CJ (December 2016). "New insights into bone marrow adipocytes: Report from the First European Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity (BMA 2015)".

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expression or decreased Wnt10b. Thus, bone fragility, osteoporosis, and osteoporotic fractures are thought to be linked to mechanisms which promote BMAT accumulation.

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based on the inverse relationship between bone and BMAT in bone-fragile osteoporotic states. An increase in BMAT is noted in osteoporosis clinical studies measured by

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is associated with lower osteogenic and greater adipogenic biasing of MSC. This aging-related biasing of MSC away from osteoblast lineage may represent higher basal

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Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, Morton NM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, Flier JS (December 2001). "A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome".

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fat. However, more-recent functional and -omics studies have shown that BMAT is a unique adipose depot that is molecularly and functionally distinct to WAT or BAT.

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BMAT increases in states of bone fragility. BMAT is thought to result from preferential MSC differentiation into an adipocyte, rather than osteoblast lineage in

171:, rather than osteoblast, lineage in the setting of osteoporosis. Since BMAT is increased in the setting of obesity and is suppressed by endurance exercise, or 2588:"Quantification of vertebral bone marrow fat content using 3 Tesla MR spectroscopy: reproducibility, vertebral variation, and applications in osteoporosis" 2355:"Human stromal (mesenchymal) stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue and skin exhibit differences in molecular phenotype and differentiation potential" 439:-based marrow density measurements. A volumetric method to identify, quantify, and localize BMAT in rodent bone has been recently developed, requiring 953:"Effects of rosiglitazone vs metformin on circulating osteoclast and osteogenic precursor cells in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus" 302: 334: 2257:"Abdominal fat is associated with lower bone formation and inferior bone quality in healthy premenopausal women: a transiliac bone biopsy study" 478:

bone volume in the whole femur is shown. a, significant due to Rosi. b, significant due to exercise. Rosi=rosiglizaone, CTL=control, E=exercise.

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Recent advances in cell surface and intracellular marker identification and single-cell analyses led to greater resolution and high-throughput

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Representative distal femur histologic section of a 16-week-old healthy C57BL/6 mouse demonstrating a typical quantity of marrow adipocytes.

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mitigate this; nevertheless, this methodology continues to pose technical challenges and is inaccessible to much of the research community.

363:, a microenvironment that contains cells and secreted factors that promote appropriate renewal and differentiation of HSC. The study of the 4182: 3374:

Majka SM, Miller HL, Helm KM, Acosta AS, Childs CR, Kong R, Klemm DJ (2014). "Analysis and Isolation of Adipocytes by Flow Cytometry".

1512:"Mechanical Signals As a Non-Invasive Means to Influence Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fate, Promoting Bone and Suppressing the Fat Phenotype" 2539:"Osteoporosis is associated with increased marrow fat content and decreased marrow fat unsaturation: a proton MR spectroscopy study" 2447:"Bone marrow adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that contributes to increased circulating adiponectin during caloric restriction" 84: 1299:"A High Fat Diet Increases Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue (MAT) But Does Not Alter Trabecular or Cortical Bone Mass in C57BL/6J Mice" 424: 306: 132: 2494:

Duque G, Li W, Adams M, Xu S, Phipps R (May 2011). "Effects of risedronate on bone marrow adipocytes in postmenopausal women".

3103:"Short-term exposure to low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets induces low bone mineral density and reduces bone formation in rats" 1011: 869:"Transforming growth factor beta2 inhibits adipocyte differentiation induced by skeletal unloading in rat bone marrow stroma" 17: 2686:"Effects of sex and age on bone microstructure at the ultradistal radius: a population-based noninvasive in vivo assessment" 351:

cells (also known as blood cells) reside in the bone marrow along with BMAds. These hematopoietic cells are derived from

3468:"Vertebral bone marrow fat is positively associated with visceral fat and inversely associated with IGF-1 in obese women" 197:

expression of markers of fatty acid oxidation in bone, BMAT is thought to be providing needed fuel for exercise-induced

2915:"Wnt10b deficiency results in age-dependent loss of bone mass and progressive reduction of mesenchymal progenitor cells" 1091:"Adipocyte differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: cross talk with the osteoblastogenic program" 3682: 3391: 2112:

Wronska A, Kmiec Z (June 2012). "Structural and biochemical characteristics of various white adipose tissue depots".

355:(HSC) which give rise to diverse cells: cells of the blood, immune system, as well as cells that break down bone ( 2069:

Tilg H, Moschen AR (October 2006). "Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity".

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has been used with success to quantify vertebral BMAT in humans, it is difficult to employ in laboratory animals.

4242: 2774:

Tchkonia T, Morbeck DE, Von Zglinicki T, Van Deursen J, Lustgarten J, Scrable H, et al. (October 2010).

1617:"Exercise and Diet: Uncovering Prospective Mediators of Skeletal Fragility in Bone and Marrow Adipose Tissue" 209:

availability appears to be a factor in the ability of exercise to regulate BMAT. Another exception occurs in

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Wronski TJ, Morey ER (1982-01-01). "Skeletal abnormalities in rats induced by simulated weightlessness".

376: 310: 238: 1758:"Bone marrow fat has brown adipose tissue characteristics, which are attenuated with aging and diabetes" 1297:

Doucette CR, Horowitz MC, Berry R, MacDougald OA, Anunciado-Koza R, Koza RA, Rosen CJ (September 2015).

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has published hundreds of presentations and articles on BMAT featured in the ASBMR annual meetings, The

175:, it is likely that BMAT physiology, in the setting of mechanical input/exercise, approximates that of 762:

Fazeli PK, Horowitz MC, MacDougald OA, Scheller EL, Rodeheffer MS, Rosen CJ, Klibanski A (March 2013).

658: 428: 3517:"VDR haploinsufficiency impacts body composition and skeletal acquisition in a gender-specific manner" 1867:"Bone marrow adipose tissue does not express UCP1 during development or adrenergic-induced remodeling" 3718:"Human Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue is a Metabolically Active and Insulin-Sensitive Distinct Fat Depot" 3564:

Fazeli PK, Bredella MA, Freedman L, Thomas BJ, Breggia A, Meenaghan E, et al. (September 2012).

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de Paula FJ, Dick-de-Paula I, Bornstein S, Rostama B, Le P, Lotinun S, et al. (September 2011).

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Bielohuby M, Matsuura M, Herbach N, Kienzle E, Slawik M, Hoeflich A, Bidlingmaier M (February 2010).

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Al-Nbaheen M, Vishnubalaji R, Ali D, Bouslimi A, Al-Jassir F, Megges M, et al. (February 2013).

1922:

Scheller EL, Khandaker S, Learman BS, Cawthorn WP, Anderson LM, Pham HA, et al. (January 2019).

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Suchacki KJ, Tavares AA, Mattiucci D, Scheller EL, Papanastasiou G, Gray C, et al. (June 2020).

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Rubin MR, Manavalan JS, Agarwal S, McMahon DJ, Nino A, Fitzpatrick LA, Bilezikian JP (October 2014).

1353:"Exercise Regulation of Marrow Fat in the Setting of PPARγ Agonist Treatment in Female C57BL/6 Mice" 3834:

Lucas S, Tencerova M, von der Weid B, Andersen TL, Attané C, Behler-Janbeck F, et al. (2021).

3566:"Marrow fat and preadipocyte factor-1 levels decrease with recovery in women with anorexia nervosa" 3054:"Bone marrow adipocytes promote the regeneration of stem cells and haematopoiesis by secreting SCF" 1810:"Bone marrow adipose tissue is a unique adipose subtype with distinct roles in glucose homeostasis" 820:"Exercise Degrades Bone in Caloric Restriction, Despite Suppression of Marrow Adipose Tissue (MAT)" 3325:

Majka SM, Miller HL, Sullivan T, Erickson PF, Kong R, Weiser-Evans M, et al. (October 2012).

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McGrath C, Sankaran JS, Misaghian-Xanthos N, Sen B, Xie Z, Styner MA, et al. (January 2020).

4227: 4190: 3716:

Pham TT, Ivaska KK, Hannukainen JC, Virtanen KA, Lidell ME, Enerbäck S, et al. (July 2020).

352: 4124:"Next Generation Bone Marrow Adiposity Researchers: Report From the 1st BMAS Summer School 2021" 3466:

Bredella MA, Torriani M, Ghomi RH, Thomas BJ, Brick DJ, Gerweck AV, et al. (January 2011).

1924:"Bone marrow adipocytes resist lipolysis and remodeling in response to β-adrenergic stimulation" 1705:

McGrath C, Little-Letsinger SE, Sankaran JS, Sen B, Xie Z, Styner MA, et al. (2022-01-25).

1248:"Changes in Skeletal Integrity and Marrow Adiposity during High-Fat Diet and after Weight Loss" 67: 4122:

Labella R, Little-Letsinger S, Avilkina V, Sarkis R, Tencerova M, Vlug A, Palmisano B (2022).

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David V, Martin A, Lafage-Proust MH, Malaval L, Peyroche S, Jones DB, et al. (May 2007).

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Khosla S, Riggs BL, Atkinson EJ, Oberg AL, McDaniel LJ, Holets M, et al. (January 2006).

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Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, Learman BS, Parlee SD, Simon BR, Mori H, et al. (August 2014).

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Bredella MA, Lin E, Gerweck AV, Landa MG, Thomas BJ, Torriani M, et al. (November 2012).

1865:

Craft CS, Robles H, Lorenz MR, Hilker ED, Magee KL, Andersen TL, et al. (November 2019).

2402:

Gimble JM, Zvonic S, Floyd ZE, Kassem M, Nuttall ME (May 2006). "Playing with bone and fat".

444: 436: 164: 153: 2637:"Effects of estrogen therapy on bone marrow adipocytes in postmenopausal osteoporotic women" 1971:

Attané C, Estève D, Chaoui K, Iacovoni JS, Corre J, Moutahir M, et al. (January 2020).

1666:"Energy Deficiency Suppresses Bone Turnover in Exercising Women With Menstrual Disturbances" 1151:"The Role of Bone Marrow Fat in Skeletal Health: Usefulness and Perspectives for Clinicians" 678:

Cohen A, Dempster DW, Stein EM, Nickolas TL, Zhou H, McMahon DJ, et al. (August 2012).

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superimposed group average images are shown B) BMAT normalized to bone volume in each group.

4222: 3783:

Tratwal J, Labella R, Bravenboer N, Kerckhofs G, Douni E, Scheller EL, et al. (2020).

3240: 2164: 1878: 1821: 322: 286: 282: 262: 258: 242: 241:

contain excess energy, indicating a clear evolutionary advantage during times of scarcity.

234: 230: 176: 3615:"Differential effects of exercise on tibial shaft marrow density in young female athletes" 3142:

Spatz JM, Ellman R, Cloutier AM, Louis L, van Vliet M, Suva LJ, et al. (April 2013).

662: 653: 8: 2913:

Stevens JR, Miranda-Carboni GA, Singer MA, Brugger SM, Lyons KM, Lane TF (October 2010).

1707:"Exercise Increases Bone in SEIPIN Deficient Lipodystrophy, Despite Low Marrow Adiposity" 124: 3244: 2735:"Age-related changes in trabecular architecture differ in female and male C57BL/6J mice" 2168: 1882: 1825: 1115: 1090: 1038:

Bravenboer N, Bredella MA, Chauveau C, Corsi A, Douni E, Ferris WF, et al. (2020).

4232: 4150: 4123: 4099: 4072: 4048: 4021: 3997: 3970: 3946: 3921: 3862: 3835: 3811: 3784: 3742: 3717: 3693: 3674: 3590: 3565: 3541: 3516: 3492: 3467: 3402: 3383: 3351: 3326: 3261: 3228: 3168: 3144:"Sclerostin antibody inhibits skeletal deterioration due to reduced mechanical loading" 3143: 3078: 3053: 3029: 3004: 2939: 2914: 2890: 2865: 2800: 2775: 2710: 2685: 2661: 2636: 2612: 2587: 2568: 2519: 2471: 2446: 2427: 2379: 2354: 2330: 2305: 2281: 2256: 2255:

Cohen A, Dempster DW, Recker RR, Lappe JM, Zhou H, Zwahlen A, et al. (June 2013).

2232: 2207: 2188: 2137: 2094: 2046: 2021: 2002: 1948: 1923: 1899: 1866: 1842: 1809: 1782: 1757: 1733: 1706: 1641: 1616: 1536: 1511: 1487: 1462: 1435: 1410: 1377: 1352: 1351:

Styner M, Pagnotti GM, Galior K, Wu X, Thompson WR, Uzer G, et al. (August 2015).

1323: 1298: 1274: 1247: 1246:

Scheller EL, Khoury B, Moller KL, Wee NK, Khandaker S, Kozloff KM, et al. (2016).

1223: 1198: 1128: 1066: 1039: 1017: 1003: 898: 844: 819: 788: 763: 704: 679: 372: 254: 3229:"Bone-marrow adipocytes as negative regulators of the haematopoietic microenvironment" 1463:"Combating osteoporosis and obesity with exercise: leveraging cell mechanosensitivity" 1461:

Pagnotti GM, Styner M, Uzer G, Patel VS, Wright LE, Ness KK, et al. (June 2019).

285:", suggesting an endocrine function for this depot, akin, but different, from that of 4247: 4155: 4104: 4053: 4002: 3971:"Brief Report From the 3rd International Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity (BMA 2017)" 3951: 3902: 3867: 3816: 3747: 3698: 3678: 3646: 3641: 3595: 3546: 3497: 3448: 3407: 3387: 3356: 3307: 3266: 3209: 3173: 3124: 3083: 3034: 2985: 2962:

Bennett CN, Ouyang H, Ma YL, Zeng Q, Gerin I, Sousa KM, et al. (December 2007).

2944: 2895: 2881: 2846: 2841: 2824: 2805: 2791: 2756: 2715: 2666: 2635:

Syed FA, Oursler MJ, Hefferanm TE, Peterson JM, Riggs BL, Khosla S (September 2008).

2617: 2560: 2511: 2476: 2419: 2384: 2335: 2286: 2237: 2180: 2129: 2125: 2086: 2051: 2006: 1994: 1953: 1904: 1847: 1787: 1738: 1687: 1646: 1592: 1587: 1541: 1492: 1440: 1382: 1328: 1279: 1228: 1199:"Bone marrow fat accumulation accelerated by high fat diet is suppressed by exercise" 1172: 1120: 1071: 1021: 1007: 993: 974: 933: 929: 890: 849: 793: 744: 740: 709: 136: 4022:"Brief Report From the 4th International Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity (BMA2018)" 2523: 2431: 2141: 2098: 1559:

Belavy DL, Quittner MJ, Ridgers ND, Shiekh A, Rantalainen T, Trudel G (April 2018).

1411:"Exercise Decreases Marrow Adipose Tissue Through ß-Oxidation in Obese Running Mice" 902: 88:

Bone marrow adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation.

4237: 4145: 4135: 4094: 4084: 4043: 4033: 3992: 3982: 3941: 3933: 3894: 3857: 3847: 3806: 3796: 3737: 3729: 3688: 3670: 3636: 3626: 3613:

Rantalainen T, Nikander R, Heinonen A, Cervinka T, Sievänen H, Daly RM (May 2013).

3585: 3577: 3536: 3528: 3487: 3479: 3438: 3397: 3379: 3346: 3338: 3297: 3256: 3248: 3201: 3163: 3155: 3114: 3073: 3065: 3024: 3016: 2975: 2964:"Wnt10b increases postnatal bone formation by enhancing osteoblast differentiation" 2934: 2926: 2885: 2877: 2836: 2795: 2787: 2746: 2705: 2697: 2656: 2648: 2607: 2599: 2572: 2550: 2503: 2466: 2458: 2411: 2374: 2366: 2325: 2317: 2276: 2268: 2227: 2219: 2172: 2121: 2078: 2041: 2033: 1984: 1943: 1935: 1894: 1886: 1837: 1829: 1777: 1769: 1728: 1718: 1677: 1636: 1628: 1582: 1572: 1531: 1523: 1482: 1474: 1430: 1422: 1372: 1364: 1318: 1310: 1269: 1259: 1218: 1210: 1162: 1132: 1110: 1102: 1061: 1051: 999: 964: 925: 880: 839: 831: 783: 775: 736: 699: 691: 432: 423:

techniques have been developed as a means to visualize and quantify BMAT. Although

120: 3937: 2192: 1409:

Styner M, Pagnotti GM, McGrath C, Wu X, Sen B, Uzer G, et al. (August 2017).

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Styner M, Thompson WR, Galior K, Uzer G, Wu X, Kadari S, et al. (July 2014).

163:, among other cell types. Thus, it is thought that BMAT results from preferential 2037: 1989: 1972: 420: 364: 360: 318: 274: 156: 1756:

Krings A, Rahman S, Huang S, Lu Y, Czernik PJ, Lecka-Czernik B (February 2012).

680:"Increased marrow adiposity in premenopausal women with idiopathic osteoporosis" 3898: 3205: 2586:

Li X, Kuo D, Schafer AL, Porzig A, Link TM, Black D, Schwartz AV (April 2011).

2462: 2208:"Determinants of bone microarchitecture and mechanical properties in obese men" 1939: 1890: 1833: 1773: 1632: 1214: 885: 868: 625: 448: 412: 396: 391:

elements. Until recently, qualitative measurements of BMAT have relied on bone

214: 128: 108: 4140: 4089: 4073:"Report From the 6th International Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity (BMA2020)" 3852: 3532: 3052:

Zhou BO, Yu H, Yue R, Zhao Z, Rios JJ, Naveiras O, Morrison SJ (August 2017).

2652: 2507: 2370: 1723: 1478: 1106: 4216: 4038: 3987: 3801: 3733: 1973:"Human Bone Marrow Is Comprised of Adipocytes with Specific Lipid Metabolism" 1561:"Specific Modulation of Vertebral Marrow Adipose Tissue by Physical Activity" 1264: 1056: 388: 348: 266: 210: 3227:

Naveiras O, Nardi V, Wenzel PL, Hauschka PV, Fahey F, Daley GQ (July 2009).

2176: 629: 4159: 4108: 4057: 4006: 3955: 3906: 3871: 3820: 3751: 3702: 3650: 3599: 3550: 3501: 3443: 3426: 3425:

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3411: 3360: 3311: 3270: 3213: 3177: 3128: 3087: 3038: 2989: 2948: 2899: 2850: 2809: 2760: 2719: 2670: 2621: 2564: 2515: 2480: 2423: 2388: 2339: 2321: 2290: 2241: 2184: 2133: 2090: 2055: 1998: 1957: 1908: 1851: 1791: 1742: 1691: 1650: 1596: 1545: 1496: 1444: 1386: 1332: 1283: 1232: 1176: 1124: 1075: 978: 894: 853: 797: 713: 598: 298: 198: 116: 40: 4206:"Why are our bones full of fat? The secrets of bone marrow adipose tissue" 4191:"Another reason to exercise: Burning bone fat a key to better bone health" 3452: 3003:

Chen Q, Shou P, Zheng C, Jiang M, Cao G, Yang Q, et al. (July 2016).

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1682: 1665: 937: 748: 614: 561: 73: 3631: 3614: 3483: 3302: 3285: 3020: 2272: 2223: 1368: 1167: 1150: 969: 952: 779: 695: 630:

Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism

539: 326: 314: 278: 270: 250: 206: 112: 3252: 3119: 3102: 2980: 2963: 2751: 2734: 2701: 3342: 2825:"Senescence-associated intrinsic mechanisms of osteoblast dysfunctions" 2773: 2603: 2555: 2538: 1615:

Little-Letsinger SE, Pagnotti GM, McGrath C, Styner M (December 2020).

356: 246: 160: 4179:"Bone marrow fat tissue secretes hormone that helps body stay healthy" 3581: 3159: 2415: 2022:"Adiponectin, driver or passenger on the road to insulin sensitivity?" 1577: 1560: 1426: 1314: 1144: 1142: 835: 4121: 3514: 3005:"Fate decision of mesenchymal stem cells: adipocytes or osteoblasts?" 2930: 1614: 1527: 1033: 1031: 610: 401: 392: 218: 202: 172: 168: 149: 3327:"Adipose lineage specification of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells" 3069: 2082: 1664:

Southmayd EA, Williams NI, Mallinson RJ, De Souza MJ (August 2019).

4070: 3612: 2912: 2864:

Moerman EJ, Teng K, Lipschitz DA, Lecka-Czernik B (December 2004).

1139: 817: 586: 368: 3833: 1704: 1663: 1149:

Paccou J, Hardouin P, Cotten A, Penel G, Cortet B (October 2015).

1028: 253:) and negative effects on metabolic and cardiovascular endpoints. 3969:

Corsi A, Palmisano B, Tratwal J, Riminucci M, Naveiras O (2019).

3782: 2863: 2352: 867:

Ahdjoudj S, Lasmoles F, Holy X, Zerath E, Marie PJ (April 2002).

605: 3663: 1921: 1807: 761: 661: by Gabriel M. Pagnotti and Maya Styner available under the 3283: 3190: 3100: 2306:"Adaptive thermogenesis in adipocytes: is beige the new brown?" 1296: 1037: 462:

Methods for Quantification of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue (BMAT)

440: 193: 3968: 2154: 548: 345:

BMAds secrete factors that promote HSC renewal in most bones.

192:

The first study to demonstrate exercise regulation of BMAT in

3715: 2732: 2444: 640: 330: 55: 3563: 2733:

Glatt V, Canalis E, Stadmeyer L, Bouxsein ML (August 2007).

2634: 1510:

Luu YK, Pessin JE, Judex S, Rubin J, Rubin CT (April 2009).

950: 3465: 3324: 3226: 1558: 3922:"Meeting report of the 2016 bone marrow adiposity meeting" 3765: 3424: 1970: 1803: 1801: 866: 677: 340: 281:– an adipokine associated with improved metabolism – than 3669:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 537. pp. 123–39. 3378:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 537. pp. 281–96. 1148: 726: 249:

and inflammatory markers which have both positive (e.g.,

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Scheller EL, McGee-Lawrence ME, Lecka-Czernik B (2021).

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Logo for The International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society

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The International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS)

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