Mars Express - Knowledge

1040: 5170: 919: 771: 1141: 2309: 7457: 7449: 92: 2240: 1896: 1630:. Although the amount is small, about 10 parts in a thousand million, it has excited scientists to question its source. Since methane is removed from the Martian atmosphere very rapidly, there must be a current source that replenishes it. Because one of the possible sources could be microbial life, it is planned to verify the reliability of these data and especially watch for difference in the concentration in various places on Mars. It is hoped that the source of this gas can be discovered by finding its location of release. 7030: 6809: 40: 7441: 6542: 488: 985: 632: 4681: 1431: 2491: 6566: 1389:, and actively controlled heaters. The spacecraft must provide a benign environment for the instruments and on-board equipment. Two instruments, PFS and OMEGA, have infrared detectors that need to be kept at very low temperatures (about −180 °C). The sensors on the camera (HRSC) also need to be kept cool. But the rest of the instruments and on-board equipment function best at room temperatures (10–20 °C). 6578: 737:

raised for the Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP) and all critical operational phases was that it was not enough merely to interface; the teams had to be integrated into one Mission Control Team. All the different experts had to work together in an operational environment and the interaction and interfaces between all elements of the system (software, hardware and human) had to run smoothly for this to happen:

9951: 6554: 4715: 1773: 964: 1422:, prevents data loss, and allows better use of the DSN for other space operations as well. The AI decides how to manage the spacecraft's 12 gigabits of storage memory, when the DSN will be available and not be in use by another mission, how to make the best use of the DSN bandwidth allocated to it, and when the spacecraft will be oriented properly to transmit back to Earth. 1063:(Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding) experiment. At first the boom did not lock fully into place; however, exposing it to sunlight for a few minutes on May 10 fixed the glitch. The second 20 m boom was successfully deployed on June 14. Both 20 m booms were needed to create a 40 m 1467:

mystery until it was announced in January 2015 that NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, using HiRISE, had found the probe intact on the surface of Mars. It was then determined that an error had prevented two of the spacecraft's four solar panels from deploying, blocking the spacecraft's communications.

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Lauro, Sebastian Emanuel; Pettinelli, Elena; Caprarelli, Graziella; Guallini, Luca; Rossi, Angelo Pio; Mattei, Elisabetta; Cosciotti, Barbara; Cicchetti, Andrea; Soldovieri, Francesco; Cartacci, Marco; Di Paolo, Federico; Noschese, Raffaella; Orosei, Roberto (September 28, 2020). "Multiple subglacial

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payload are to obtain global high-resolution photo-geology (10 m resolution), mineralogical mapping (100 m resolution) and mapping of the atmospheric composition, study the subsurface structure, the global atmospheric circulation, and the interaction between the atmosphere and the subsurface, and the

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The spacecraft is covered in gold-plated aluminium-tin alloy thermal blankets to maintain a temperature of 10–20 °C inside the spacecraft. The instruments that operate at low temperatures to be kept cold are thermally insulated from this relatively high internal temperature, and emit excess heat

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The Mission Control Team is composed of the Flight Control Team, Flight Dynamics Team, Ground Operations Managers, Software Support and Ground Facilities Engineers. All of these are located at ESOC but there are additionally external teams, such as the Project and Industry Support teams, who designed

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for MARSIS to work; a less crucial 7-meter-long monopole antenna was deployed on June 17. The radar booms were originally scheduled to be deployed in April 2004, but this was delayed out of fear that the deployment could damage the spacecraft through a whiplash effect. Due to the delay it was decided

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The spacecraft is run by two Control and Data management Units with 12 gigabits of solid state mass memory for storage of data and housekeeping information for transmission. The on-board computers control all aspects of the spacecraft functioning including switching instruments on and off, assessing

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In the years preceding the launch of a spacecraft numerous teams of experts distributed over the contributing companies and organisations prepared the space and ground segments. Each of these teams focussed on the area of its responsibility and interfacing as required. A major additional requirement

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main engine. The two 267-liter propellant tanks have a total capacity of 595 kg. Approximately 370 kg are needed for the nominal mission. Pressurized helium from a 35-liter tank is used to force fuel into the engine. Trajectory corrections will be made using a set of eight 10 N thrusters,

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The spacecraft originally carried seven scientific instruments, a small lander, a lander relay and a Visual Monitoring Camera, all designed to contribute to solving the mystery of Mars' missing water. All of the instruments take measurements of the surface, atmosphere and interplanetary media, from

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in the Martian atmosphere. Just like methane discovered earlier (see above), ammonia breaks down rapidly in Mars' atmosphere and needs to be constantly replenished. This points towards the existence of active life or geological activity; two contending phenomena whose presence so far have remained

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The Near Earth commissioning phase extended from the separation of the spacecraft from the launcher upper stage until the completion of the initial check out of the orbiter and payload. It included the solar array deployment, the initial attitude acquisition, the declamping of the Beagle-2 spin-up

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ESA announced that the deployment of the boom carrying the radar-based MARSIS antenna was delayed. It described concerns with the motion of the boom during deployment, which can cause the spacecraft to be struck by elements of it. Further investigations are planned to make sure that this will not

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wings extending from opposite sides. The launch mass of 1223 kg includes a main bus with 113 kg of payload, the 60 kg lander, and 457 kg of propellant. The main body is 1.5 m × 1.8 m × 1.4 m in size, with an aluminium honeycomb structure covered by an aluminium skin. The solar

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intermediate check-outs. Although it was originally meant to be a "quiet cruise" phase, It soon became obvious that this "cruise" would be indeed very busy. There were star Tracker problems, a power wiring problem, extra manoeuvres, and on October 28, the spacecraft was hit by one of the largest

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identified several possible causes, including airbag problems, severe shocks to the lander's electronics which had not been simulated adequately before launch, and problems with parts of the landing system colliding; but was unable to reach any firm conclusions. The spacecraft's fate remained a

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has been progressively fulfilling its original scientific goals. Nominally the spacecraft points to Mars while acquiring science and then slews to Earth-pointing to downlink the data, although some instruments like Marsis or Radio Science might be operated while spacecraft is Earth-pointing.

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This five month phase lasted from the end of the Near Earth Commissioning phase until one month prior to the Mars capture manoeuvre and included trajectory correction manoeuvres and payloads calibration. The payload was mostly switched off during the cruise phase, with the exception of some

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First evaluation of the orbital insertion showed that the orbiter had reached its first milestone at Mars. The orbit was later adjusted by four more main engine firings to the desired 259 km × 11,560 km near-polar (86 degree inclination) orbit with a period of 7.5 hours. Near

1326:(2.1 GHz) and is used during nominal science phase around Mars. The low gain antennas are used during launch and early operations to Mars and for eventual contingencies once in orbit. Two Mars lander relay UHF antennas are mounted on the top face for communication with the 4438:

Hernández-Bernal, J.; Sánchez-Lavega, A.; del Río-Gaztelurrutia, T.; Ravanis, E.; Cardesín-Moinelo, A.; Connour, K.; Tirsch, D.; Ordóñez-Etxeberria, I.; Gondet, B.; Wood, S.; Titov, D. (March 2021). "An Extremely Elongated Cloud over Arsia Mons Volcano on Mars: I. Life Cycle".

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Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) (Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité) – France – Determines mineral composition of the surface up to 100 m resolution. Is mounted inside pointing out the top face. Instrument mass:

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tool (MEXAR2). The primary purpose of the AI tool is the scheduling of when to download various parts of the collected scientific data back to Earth, a process which used to take ground controllers a significant amount of time. The new AI tool saves operator time, optimizes

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mechanism, the injection error correction manoeuvre and the first commissioning of the spacecraft and payload (final commissioning of payload took place after Mars Orbit Insertion). The payload was checked out one instrument at a time. This phase lasted about one month.

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The first boom of the MARSIS antenna was successfully deployed. At first, there was no indication of any problems, but later it was discovered that one segment of the boom did not lock. The deployment of the second boom was delayed to allow for further analysis of the

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scientists reported that the OMEGA (Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer)(Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité) instrument data indicates the presence of hydrated sulphates, silicates and various rock-forming

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cruise towards the surface. It entered Mars' atmosphere on the morning of December 25. Landing was expected to occur at about 02:45 UT on December 25 (9:45 p.m. EST December 24). However, after repeated attempts to contact the lander failed using the

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This inter-agency cooperation has proven effective, flexible and enriching for both sides. On the technical side, it has been made possible (among other reasons) thanks to the adoption of both Agencies of the Standards for Space Communications defined in

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needed to reach Mars. The final stage of the Fregat was jettisoned once the probe was safely on a course for Mars. The spacecraft's on-board means of propulsion was used to slow the probe for Mars orbit insertion and subsequently for orbit corrections.

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lander objectives were to characterize the landing site geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry, the physical properties of the atmosphere and surface layers, collect data on Martian meteorology and climatology, and search for possible signatures of

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The small camera VMC (used only once to monitor the lander ejection) was recommissioned and first steps were taken to offer students the possibility to participate in a campaign "Command Mars Express Spacecraft and take your own picture of

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was designed and built. However, "Express" also describes the spacecraft's relatively short interplanetary voyage, a result of being launched when the orbits of Earth and Mars brought them closer than they had been in about 60,000 years.

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Arriving at Mars in 2003, 20 years, 9 months and 6 days ago (and counting), it is the second longest surviving, continually active spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth, behind only NASA's still active

1519:(HRSC) – Germany – Produces color images with up to 2 m resolution. Is mounted inside the spacecraft body, aimed through the top face of the spacecraft, which is nadir pointing during Mars operations. Instrument mass: 20.4 kg 1127:

The team build-up, headed by the Spacecraft Operations Manager, started about four years before launch. He was required to recruit a suitable team of engineers that could handle the varying tasks involved in the mission. For

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mission in order to increase reliability and reduce development cost and time. Because of these redesigns and repurposings, the total cost of the project was about $ 345 million- less than half of comparable U.S. missions.

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orbiter then fired its main engine and went into a highly elliptical initial-capture orbit of 250 km × 150,000 km with an inclination of 25 degrees on December 25 at 03:00 UT (10:00 p.m., December 24 EST).

1510:) – Italy – Makes observations of atmospheric temperature and pressure (observations suspended in September 2005). Is mounted inside pointing out the top face and is currently working. Instrument mass: 30.8 kg 576:

has been granted several mission extensions. The latest was approved on March 7, 2023, consisting of a confirmed operating period until December 31, 2026, and a further provisional extension to December 31, 2028.

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and geochemistry research. Although the lander failed to fully deploy after it landed on the Martian surface, the orbiter has been successfully performing scientific measurements since early 2004, namely,

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spacecraft emerged from an unusually demanding eclipse introducing a special, ultra-low-power mode nicknamed 'Sumo' – an innovative configuration aimed at saving the power necessary to ensure spacecraft

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Mars Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) – Uses radio signals to investigate atmosphere, surface, subsurface, gravity and solar corona density during solar conjunctions. It uses the communications subsystem

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used to assess composition of sub-surface aimed at search for frozen water. Is mounted in the body and is nadir pointing, and also incorporates the two 20 m antennas. Instrument mass: 13.7 kg

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payload instruments have been nominally and regularly operated. The HRSC camera has been consistently mapping the Martian surface with unprecedented resolution and has acquired multiple images.

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Ultraviolet and Infrared Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM) – France – Assesses elemental composition of the atmosphere. Is mounted inside pointing out the top face. Instrument mass: 4.7 kg

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ESA announces that MARSIS is fully operational and will soon begin acquiring data. This comes after the deployment of the third boom on June 17, and a successful transmission test on June 19.

4872: 4856: 4840: 1094:. The team began preparations for the mission about 3 to 4 years prior to the actual launch. This involved preparing the ground segment and the operational procedures for the whole mission. 5039: 4906: 1513:

Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA) – Sweden – Investigates interactions between upper atmosphere and solar wind. Is mounted on the top face. Instrument mass: 7.9 kg

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mission is dedicated to the orbital (and originally in-situ) study of the interior, subsurface, surface and atmosphere, and environment of the planet Mars. The scientific objectives of the

4766: 1856:. Operational measures were undertaken to minimize the impact of the link degradation, since the higher density of electrons in the solar plasma heavily impacts the radio frequency signal. 5077: 5057: 4944: 4822: 5019: 2383:

filled with approximately 2200 cubic kilometers of water ice on the Martian surface. Based on further evidence the crater ice is still part of much vaster ice resources at Mars poles.

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spacecraft encountered a superior solar conjunction (alignment of Earth-Sun-Mars-orbiter). The angle Sun-Earth-orbiter reached a minimum on October 23 at 0.39° at a distance of 2.66

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Consisting of a lightweight bespoke transponder and transceiver weighing less than 650 grams, the system will provide the 10,000-kilometre UHF radio communications link between the

7102: 5384: 6135: 8043: 6614: 5108: 2417:. The size of the first lake found, and the largest, has been corrected to 30 km (19 mi) wide. It is surrounded by 3 smaller lakes, each a few kilometres wide. 5485: 5982: 6160: 1302:. Pointing accuracy is 0.04 degree with respect to the inertial reference frame and 0.8 degree with respect to the Mars orbital frame. Three on-board systems help 1369:

have made possible the use of American stations for nominal mission planning, thus increasing complexity but with a clear positive impact in scientific returns.

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Science operations are resumed using the Short Mission Timeline and Command Files instead of the Long Time Line resident on the suspect Solid-State Mass Memory.

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of MGS provided by JPL, the on-board high definition HRSC camera swept a region of the MGS orbit. Two attempts were made to find the craft, both unsuccessful.

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The deployment of the booms was a critical and highly complex task requiring effective inter-agency cooperation ESA, NASA, Industry and public Universities.

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orbiter, it was declared lost on February 6, 2004, by the Beagle 2 management board. An inquiry was held and its findings were published later that year.

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mission, complemented by exobiology research with Beagle-2. Mars exploration is crucial for a better understanding of the Earth from the perspective of

9321: 7132: 7069: 3618: 3432: 9599: 9467: 6273: 5475: 6261: 10001: 4686: 3113:, Gendrin A, Gondet B, Mangold N, Pinet P, Forget F (2006). "Global mineralogical and aqueous mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars express data". 1484:

atmosphere and the interplanetary medium. The total mass budgeted for the science payload is 116 kg. The payload scientific instruments are:

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imaging and mineralogical mapping of the surface, radar sounding of the subsurface structure down to the permafrost, precise determination of the

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one attached to each corner of the spacecraft bus. The spacecraft configuration is optimized for a Soyuz/Fregat, and was fully compatible with a

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Although communications with Earth were originally scheduled to take place with the ESA 35-meter wide Ground Station in New Norcia (Australia)

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Spacecraft power is provided by the solar panels which contain 11.42 square meters of silicon cells. The originally planned power was to be 660

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system Validation Tests (SVTs) with the satellite had to be performed to demonstrate the correct interfacing of the ground and space segments;

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An experiment to test whether the Mars Express and TGO lander relay communications radio could be used to perform occultation radio science

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mission in 1996 (European countries had provided much of the instrumentation and financing for that unsuccessful mission). The design of

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After 100 days the apoapsis was lowered to 10,107 km and periapsis raised to 298 km to give an orbital period of 6.7 hours.

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This mode was developed through teamwork between ESOC mission controllers, principal investigators, industry, and mission management.

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to split the four-week commissioning phase in two parts, with two weeks running up to July 4 and another two weeks in December 2005.

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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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Activated new AOCMS software which includes a gyroless attitude estimator to prolong the lifetime of the spacecraft's laser gyros

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The delayed deployment of the MARSIS antenna has been given a green light by ESA. It is planned to take place in early May 2005.

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maintain a very precise pointing accuracy, which is essential to allow the spacecraft to use some of the science instruments.

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Scientists working with the PFS instrument announced that they tentatively discovered the spectral features of the compound

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Bargery, AS; et al. (2006). "NEAR-INFRARED ANALYSIS OF TEMPE TERRA, OLYMPICA FOSSAE AND NILI FOSSAE FROM OMEGA DATA".

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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

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and two omnidirectional antennas. The first one provide links (telecommands uplink and telemetry downlink) in both

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team was requested to perform actions in the hopes of visually identifying the American spacecraft. Based on last

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ESA announced the discovery of water ice in the south polar ice cap, using data collected by the OMEGA instrument.

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The onboard software of the MARSIS experiment was upgraded in order to improve the performance of the instrument.

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was the first Russian-launched probe to successfully make it out of low Earth orbit since the Soviet Union fell.

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As result of the science return, the Science Program Committee (SPC) granted a mission extension until May 2009.

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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.

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Based on data from the HRSC camera, there is geological evidence of an ancient planet-wide groundwater system.

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the engineers came from various other missions. Most of them had been involved with Earth orbiting satellites.

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Attitude control (3-axis stabilization) is achieved using two 3-axis inertial measurement units, a set of two

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W. This loss of power does significantly impact the science return of the mission. Power is stored in three

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arrived at Mars after a 400 million km journey and course corrections in September and in December 2003.

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Resumes full science operations. There is still enough fuel for up to 14 additional years of operation.

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The spacecraft was launched on June 2, 2003, at 23:45 local time (17:45 UT, 1:45 p.m. EDT) from

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Salese, Francesco; Pondrelli, Monica; Neeseman, Alicia; Schmidt, Gene; Ori, Gian Gabriele (2019).

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The communications subsystem is composed of three antennas: A 1.6 m diameter parabolic dish

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extend from opposite side faces perpendicular to the solar panels as part of the radar sounder.

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and even farther south. The image was released in December 20, 2017, and was captured by HRSC.

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the flight operations procedures had to be written and validated down to the smallest detail;

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the main spacecraft in polar orbit, which will allow it to gradually cover the whole planet.

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Orbiter. The image recorded with a ground resolution of approximately 13.7 metres per pixel.

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to act as a communication relay for landers on the Martian surface. (Has been used on both

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The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) has produced images of key tectonic features in

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mission represent an attempt to fulfill in part the lost scientific goals of the Russian

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were then deployed and a trajectory correction manoeuvre was performed on June 4 to aim

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ESA's Science Programme Committee has approved the extension of mission operations for

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but a faulty connection has reduced the amount of power available by 30%, to about 460

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Jensen, H.; Laursen, J. (2002). "Power Conditioning Unit for Rosetta/Mars Express".

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are carried out by a multinational team of engineers from ESA's Operation Centre (

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towards Mars and allow the Fregat booster to coast into interplanetary space. The

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Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne; Jones, Nancy; Steigerwald, Bill (October 19, 2014).

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fired a short thruster burst to put it into position to orbit the planet. The

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Some of the instruments on the orbiter, including the camera systems and some

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flyby of Mars on October 19, 2014 — as were all NASA Mars orbiters and

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was the first British and first European probe to achieve a landing on Mars.

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The second boom was deployed, and on June 16 ESA announced it was a success.

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Due to the valuable science return and the highly flexible mission profile,

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Symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned

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The body is built around the main propulsion system, which consists of a

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and built the spacecraft. The Flight Control Team currently consists of:

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water bodies below the south pole of Mars unveiled by new MARSIS data".

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Sept 2020, a discovery is reported based on MARSIS radar studies, of a

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the spacecraft orientation in space and issuing commands to change it.

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This article is about the space exploration mission. For the film, see

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lander was released on December 19, 2003, at 8:31 UTC (9:31 CET) on a

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The ESA's Science Programme Committee has extended the operations of

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The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) has obtained images of the

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was streamed online, marking the first livestream direct from Mars.

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To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the spacecraft's launch, a

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Announcement by the European Space Agency on the launch of the

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and Fregat booster were initially put into a 200 km Earth

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Ah for use during eclipses. The power is fully regulated at 28

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produced a near-complete topographical map of Mars' surface.

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Thermal control is maintained through the use of radiators,

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Mars Express Lander Communications (MELACOM) – UK – Allows

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Six Operations Engineers (including three Mission Planners)

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Mars Express Mission: Overview and Scientific Observations

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150 million. The prime contractor for the construction of

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21 years, 3 months and 29 days since launch

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http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/hsdcp03p-229-9844-633819

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space probe: "Mars en route for the red planet". (2004).

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First agreements with NASA undertaken for the support by

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orbiter reaches final science orbit altitude around Mars.

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panels measure about 12 m tip-to-tip. Two 20 m long wire

72: 9329: 4658: 4646: 4543:"Software Upgrade for 19-Year-Old Martian Water-Spotter" 3964:"All Three NASA Mars Orbiters Healthy After Comet Flyby" 3433:"Green light for deployment of ESA's Mars Express radar" 1626:

A press release announces that the orbiter has detected

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Visible and Infrared Mineralogical, Mapping Spectrometer

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

3883:"Radio sounding of the solar corona with Mars Express" 2125:

Safe mode following a Solid-State Mass Memory problem.

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Safe mode following a Solid-State Mass Memory problem.

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Safe mode following a Solid-State Mass Memory problem.

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The Soyuz/Fregat launcher provided most of the thrust

584:, reuse designs from the failed launch of the Russian 9939: 3992:"I'm safe and sound, tweets MOM after comet sighting" 3358:"Olivine and Pyroxene Diversity in the Crust of Mars" 3331:"Water and methane maps overlap on Mars: a new clue?" 3058:. Noordwijk, Netherlands: ESA Publications Division. 2337:

Takes noted image spanning from the North pole up to

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Nominal science observations began during July 2005.

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and composition, and study of the interaction of the

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20 years, 9 months and 6 days at Mars

4096:"Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars" 3936:"Spacecraft in great shape – our mission continues" 2356:July 2018, a discovery is reported based on MARSIS 2298:Assisted with data collection and transfer for the 8199:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM) 8044:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer 3741:"Mission extensions approved for science missions" 3541:"Smooth deployment for second MARSIS antenna boom" 2974:"Artificial Intelligence Boosts Science from Mars" 1111:Six spacecraft controllers (SpaCons), shared with 990:Artist's impression of the expected appearance of 870: 8115: 3861:"Mars Express back in business at the red planet" 3808:"Mars Express observations temporarily suspended" 3055:ESA SP-1240: Mars Express: the scientific payload 861: 774:Animation of Mars Express's trajectory around Sun 451:Ultraviolet and Infrared Atmospheric Spectrometer 9963: 5385:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre 3273:"Detection of Methane in the Atmosphere of Mars" 2535: – Exploration of space, planets, and moons 1604:Orbiter detects polar ice caps that contain 85% 1544:, a small camera to monitor the lander ejection. 1530:, and was used to support the landing of NASA's 1396: 1135: 7276: 4721:Clicking on the labels will open a new article. 2653:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2441:Tests of data relay from the CNSA Zhurong Rover 1330:or other landers, using a Melacom transceiver. 1077: 16:European orbiter mission to Mars (2003–Present) 5395:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility 3051: 2413:on Mars, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) below the 1277: 9315: 8417: 8403: 7856: 7262: 6608: 5275: 5109: 3955: 2875: 1181:orbiter is a cube-shaped spacecraft with two 994:at the time of the Mars Global Surveyor image 4162: 4156: 4087: 3927: 2997:"Mexar2: AI Solves Mission Planner Problems" 2751: 1984:The Mars Express Team was the winner of the 1055:deployed the first of its two 20-metre-long 6764: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 2568:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive 1549:Scientific discoveries and important events 9322: 9308: 8410: 8396: 8125:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey 7269: 7255: 6615: 6601: 5544:European Launcher Development Organisation 5282: 5268: 5116: 5102: 4093: 4016: 4014: 3052:Wilson, Andrew; Chicarro, Agustin (2004). 2782: 2780: 2673:"Extended life for ESA's science missions" 2541: – Flight into or through outer space 1365:In addition, further agreements with NASA 933:from December 25, 2003, to January 1, 2010 486: 90: 38: 8160:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C) 6969: 5607: 5289: 4452: 4398: 4335: 4131: 4113: 4094:Orosei, R.; et al. (July 25, 2018). 4026:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3515:"First MARSIS boom successfully deployed" 3381: 3298: 2731:Washington, DC: CQ Press. Retrieved from 2618:"Mars Express Frequently Asked Questions" 1474: 1167: 846:separated at approximately 19:17 UT. The 672:Learn how and when to remove this message 4679: 4441:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 4377: 4308:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 3643: 3176: 3159: 2747:. European Space Agency. March 29, 2011. 2307: 2238: 1899:Greyscale view of Phobos over Mars, 2007 1894: 1429: 1139: 1038: 917: 769: 10002:Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-FG rockets 7179: 6985: 4641:Mars Express article on eoPortal by ESA 4011: 3826: 3412: 3355: 2968: 2966: 2926: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2788:"Beagle 2 ESA/UK Commission of Inquiry" 2777: 2737: 2379:relays images of the 80-kilometer wide 2368:, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) below the 2230:performed the closest flyby to date of 2198:in data collection and transfer on the 9964: 4275: 4269: 4224:"Liquid water 'lake' revealed on Mars" 3908:Gibney, Elizabeth (October 28, 2013). 3907: 3791: 3695:. European Space Agency. June 28, 2007 3689:"Tectonic signatures at Aeolis Mensae" 3681: 3202: 2647:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details" 2593:"European Space Agency's Mars Express" 2590: 2172:Solar corona studied with radio waves. 1919:on the landing of the American lander 1495:Sub-Surface Sounding Radar Altimeter ( 731: 9303: 8391: 8029:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection 7250: 7162: 6968: 6638: 6637: 6596: 5606: 5506:Space Situational Awareness Programme 5263: 5097: 4647:Payload principal investigators links 3989: 3933: 3858: 3271:; Ignatiev, N.; Giuranna, M. (2004). 2994: 2847: 2697: 1393:into space using attached radiators. 622:Mission profile and timeline overview 6553: 5549:European Space Research Organisation 5365:Space Research and Technology Centre 3859:Clark, Stephen (February 15, 2012). 2963: 2934:"QinetiQ to put Mars in the picture" 2808: 2698:Speed, Richard (December 24, 2023). 2641: 2639: 2586: 2584: 1034: 654:adding citations to reliable sources 625: 433:Sub-surface Sounding Radar Altimeter 6577: 4586:"Tune in for first Mars livestream" 4352: 4244: 3651:. European Space Operations Centre. 2591:Howell, Elizabeth (July 26, 2018). 684: 13: 9982:European Space Agency space probes 7455: 7447: 7439: 7303:List of artificial objects on Mars 4393:. Springer Nature Limited: 63–70. 3934:Denis, Michel (October 20, 2014). 3567:"Mars Express radar ready to work" 3487:"Delay hits Mars radar deployment" 3459:"First Marsis radar boom deployed" 3205:"Martian methane probe in trouble" 3203:Peplow, Mark (September 7, 2005). 3080:"Mars Express orbiter instruments" 913: 883: 492:ESA Solar System insignia for the 14: 10018: 9284:List of extraterrestrial orbiters 8316:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative 7228:indicates active current missions 6627:Planetary Missions Program Office 4603: 4276:Sample, Ian (December 21, 2018). 2636: 2581: 1628:methane in the Martian atmosphere 1479:The scientific objectives of the 1333: 1309: 1102:The Spacecraft Operations Manager 9949: 9177:Double Asteroid Redirection Test 8004:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters 7165:Solar System Exploration program 7028: 6807: 6576: 6564: 6552: 6541: 6540: 5370:ESA Centre for Earth Observation 5168: 5123: 5075: 5055: 5037: 5017: 4999: 4978: 4960: 4942: 4922: 4904: 4886: 4870: 4854: 4838: 4820: 4802: 4782: 4764: 4713: 4702:, overlaid with the position of 4636:NASA Art Gallery of Mars Express 2489: 2111:Solid-State Mass Memory problem. 2083:Solid-State Mass Memory problem. 1771: 1506:Planetary Fourier Spectrometer ( 983: 962: 754:mission Readiness Test with the 716:budget excluding the lander was 630: 519:mission is exploring the planet 459:Energetic Neutral Atoms Analyser 8175:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter 7981:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) 7234:indicate missions yet to launch 4578: 4556: 4535: 4514: 4493: 4431: 4295: 4216: 4188: 4062: 4032: 3901: 3875: 3852: 3775:. March 5, 2010. Archived from 3759: 3733: 3707: 3655: 3644:Morley, Trevor; Budnik, Frank. 3637: 3611: 3585: 3559: 3533: 3507: 3479: 3451: 3425: 3406: 3349: 3323: 3260: 3234: 3196: 3098: 3072: 3045: 2988: 2900: 2869: 2848:Stage, Mie (January 19, 2014). 2841: 2823:"The spacecraft / Mars Express" 871:The interplanetary cruise phase 761:a Simulations Campaign was run. 641:needs additional citations for 511:mission being conducted by the 6389:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer 5197:Planetary Fourier Spectrometer 2717: 2691: 2665: 2610: 2556: 2514: – Astrobiology programme 1804:, the location of the famous " 862:Near Earth commissioning phase 442:Planetary Fourier Spectrometer 298:10,107 km (6,280 mi) 102: 1: 10007:Space probes launched in 2003 8130:Astrobiology Field Laboratory 5185:High Resolution Stereo Camera 4256:German Aerospace Center (DLR) 3910:"Spectacular flyover of Mars" 3242:"Water at Martian South Pole" 2549: 1870:Following the loss of NASA's 1553:For more than 20,000 orbits, 1517:High Resolution Stereo Camera 1397:Control unit and data storage 1249:with a total capacity of 64.8 1193: 1136:Routine phase: science return 467:Mars Radio Science Experiment 414:High Resolution Stereo Camera 8511:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 3593:"Cydonia – the face on Mars" 2958:orbiter and Beagle-2 lander. 1172: 1078:Operations of the spacecraft 1047:with MARSIS antenna deployed 390:December 25, 2003, 02:54 UTC 352:December 25, 2003, 03:00 UTC 7: 9274:List of Solar System probes 8054:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper 7999:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return 7975:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX) 7343:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 5205:(VMC, e.g Mars Webcam (MW)) 3415:Lunar and Planetary Science 3267:Formisano, V.; Atreya, S.; 2729:Historic documents of 2003. 2482: 2411:three more subglacial lakes 2195:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2050:to measure Phobos' gravity. 1278:Attitude control - Avionics 1264:power module (also used in 534:consists of two parts, the 171:666 kg (1,468 lb) 10: 10023: 6459:Mars sample return mission 6279:European Data Relay System 5959:Meteosat Second Generation 5872:James Webb Space Telescope 5734:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 5416:European Data Relay System 5390:Concurrent Design Facility 3990:Staff (October 21, 2014). 2386: 1988:for Best Team Achievement. 1405:Another key aspect of the 1380: 20: 9925: 9866: 9825: 9767: 9721: 9671: 9650: 9548: 9512: 9460: 9430: 9409: 9354: 9269: 9155: 8921: 8787: 8776: 8747: 8694: 8629: 8546: 8458: 8437: 8426: 8378: 8329: 8298: 8232: 8223: 8111: 8021: 7939: 7932: 7852: 7815: 7750: 7652: 7543: 7473: 7466: 7437: 7384: 7361:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 7318: 7311: 7288: 7221: 7175: 7171: 7158: 7090: 7044: 7037: 7026: 6981: 6977: 6964: 6886: 6823: 6816: 6805: 6756: 6657: 6650: 6646: 6633: 6532: 6497: 6359: 6288: 6218: 6150: 6082:Meteosat Third Generation 5941:Meteosat First Generation 5927: 5776: 5671: 5622: 5615: 5602: 5590:Planetary Science Archive 5557: 5536: 5424: 5403: 5375:European Astronaut Centre 5352: 5324: 5301: 5297: 5239: 5212: 5177: 5166: 5133: 4700:global topography of Mars 4409:10.1038/s41550-020-1200-6 1770: 1765: 1425: 1298:, and four 12 N·m·s 1113:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 765: 485: 471: 463: 455: 447: 437: 427: 419: 409: 402: 398: 394: 386: 374: 366: 348: 338: 330: 326: 322: 312: 302: 292: 288:298 km (185 mi) 282: 272: 262: 257: 253: 249: 239: 226: 212: 196: 191: 187: 183: 175: 167: 159: 154: 150: 146: 130: 112: 99: 78: 68: 57: 53: 37: 9997:Satellites orbiting Mars 9289:List of space telescopes 8311:Mars Exploration Program 7293:List of missions to Mars 5203:Visual Monitoring Camera 3105:Bibring JP, Langevin Y, 3004:IEEE Intelligent Systems 2886:Astrophysics Data System 2528:List of missions to Mars 2474:Visual Monitoring Camera 2027:until December 31, 2012. 2009:until December 31, 2009. 1612:) ice and 15% water ice. 1542:Visual Monitoring Camera 1222: 1151:Site of Subglacial Water 476:Visual Monitoring Camera 7401:Mars Science Laboratory 5501:Living Planet Programme 5360:Space Operations Centre 4133:10.1126/science.aar7268 3383:10.1126/science.1109098 3300:10.1126/science.1101732 3177:Chicarro, A.F. (2003). 3137:10.1126/science.1122659 2745:"Mars Express: Summary" 2455: 2445: 2421: 2403: 2393: 2347: 2324: 2300:Schiaparelli EDM lander 2285: 2250: 2208: 2200:Mars Science Laboratory 2145: 2056: 2033: 1992: 1986:Sir Arthur Clarke Award 1978: 1890: 1758: 1670: 1560: 1528:Mars Exploration Rovers 1411:artificial intelligence 726:EADS Astrium Satellites 703:comparative planetology 559:atmospheric circulation 7770:Mars Exploration Rover 7460: 7452: 7444: 6781:Moon Mineralogy Mapper 5812:Hubble Space Telescope 5380:Space Astronomy Centre 5232:(Comet orbiter/lander) 4761: 4661:Uni Roma "La Sapienza" 4654:Mars Express FU Berlin 4040:"Relaunch explanation" 3767:"Phobos Flyby Success" 2995:Cesta, Amedeo (2007). 2539:Uncrewed space mission 2415:southern polar ice cap 2370:southern polar ice cap 2321: 2312:South pole of Mars by 2267:was healthy after the 2247: 1904: 1475:Scientific instruments 1448: 1387:multi-layer insulation 1168:Orbiter and subsystems 1159:Since orbit insertion 1156: 1108:One Spacecraft Analyst 1048: 955: 815: 9237:Peregrine Mission One 8781:(by termination date) 8556:Emirates Mars Mission 8431:(deep space missions) 7965:(2024, flyby in 2025) 7957:(2024, flyby in 2025) 7536:(2023, flyby in 2026) 7527:Mars Cube One (MarCO) 7459: 7451: 7443: 7298:List of Mars orbiters 6971:New Frontiers program 6894:Enceladus Life Finder 5609:Projects and missions 5291:European Space Agency 5244:European Space Agency 4696:Interactive image map 4683: 3941:European Space Agency 3221:10.1038/news050905-10 2976:. ESA. April 29, 2008 2523:List of Mars orbiters 2506:European Space Agency 2431:cloud extending from 2387:Further information: 2311: 2242: 1898: 1446:Science Museum London 1433: 1247:lithium-ion batteries 1143: 1042: 921: 773: 567:interplanetary medium 513:European Space Agency 263:Reference system 155:Spacecraft properties 9591:Optus and Defence C1 9338:Orbital launches in 9279:List of lunar probes 8866:Mars Global Surveyor 8778:Completed after 2000 8321:Mars Next Generation 8280:Permanent settlement 8170:Mars Surveyor Lander 7636:Mars Climate Orbiter 7622:Mars Global Surveyor 6209:European Robotic Arm 6053:Sentinel-5 Precursor 4624:– scientific website 4471:10.1029/2020JE006517 4328:10.1029/2018JE005802 4028:. December 20, 2017. 3779:on February 21, 2014 3625:. September 26, 2006 3599:. September 21, 2006 3356:Mustard, JF (2005). 3337:. September 20, 2004 2277:Mars Orbiter Mission 1873:Mars Global Surveyor 1848:In October 2006 the 1499:) – Italy – A radar 1440:lander component of 975:Mars Global Surveyor 758:had to be performed; 748:had to be validated; 650:improve this article 548:designed to perform 536:Mars Express Orbiter 375:Spacecraft component 339:Spacecraft component 9977:Attached spacecraft 8428:Active space probes 7278:Spacecraft missions 6871:Io Volcano Observer 6839:Titan Mare Explorer 6534:Future missions in 5580:European Space Camp 5311:Guiana Space Centre 4897:Mars Polar Lander ↓ 4756:Mars Memorials list 4463:2021JGRE..12606517H 4320:2019JGRE..124..374S 4124:2018Sci...361..490O 4070:"Mars Express v2.0" 4050:on October 19, 2019 4044:NAV_NODE DLR Portal 3840:. November 24, 2011 3814:. November 24, 2011 3669:. February 27, 2007 3374:2005Sci...307.1594M 3291:2004Sci...306.1758F 3285:(5702): 1758–1761. 3129:2006Sci...312..400B 3086:. November 30, 2005 3016:10.1109/MIS.2007.75 2894:2002ESASP.502..249J 2793:NASASpaceFlight.com 2763:NSSDC ID: 2003-022A 2651:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 2624:. February 18, 2009 2518:Exploration of Mars 2472:of images from the 2269:Comet Siding Spring 2186:Assisted US probes 1346:Ground Stations in 1322:(8.4 GHz) and 973:in orbit, taken by 939: Mars Express 820:Baikonur Cosmodrome 732:Mission preparation 284:Periareion altitude 204:2003-06-02UTC17:45Z 200:June 2, 2003, 17:45 34: 23:Mars Express (film) 9202:Hakuto-R Mission 1 8748:Interstellar space 8445:Parker Solar Probe 8306:Mars Scout Program 8145:Mars 4NM & 5NM 8069:Mars Micro Orbiter 8059:Mars Geyser Hopper 7461: 7453: 7445: 6924:Mars Geyser Hopper 6867:Mission 15 and 16 6384:Ceres Polar Lander 6219:Telecommunications 5213:Related spacecraft 4762: 4615:– official website 4174:The New York Times 3721:. February 9, 2009 3439:. February 8, 2005 2944:on August 31, 2006 2829:. October 10, 2005 2497:Spaceflight portal 2322: 2248: 1905: 1449: 1367:Deep Space Network 1340:New Norcia Station 1157: 1049: 956: 929:trajectory around 816: 780: Mars Express 712:The total initial 594:is based on ESA's 294:Apoareion altitude 258:Orbital parameters 30: 9987:Geography of Mars 9937: 9936: 9297: 9296: 9265: 9264: 8772: 8771: 8577:2001 Mars Odyssey 8385: 8384: 8374: 8373: 8345:The Case for Mars 8255:Atmospheric entry 8219: 8218: 8150:Mars 5M (Mars-79) 8107: 8106: 8084:Next Mars Orbiter 7992:Rosalind Franklin 7928: 7927: 7848: 7847: 7703:Mars Polar Lander 7435: 7434: 7329:2001 Mars Odyssey 7244: 7243: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7193:JUICE instruments 7154: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7024: 7023: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6846:Mission 13 and 14 6803: 6802: 6640:Discovery program 6590: 6589: 6528: 6527: 6146: 6145: 5928:Earth observation 5758:Comet Interceptor 5749:Rosalind Franklin 5721:Trace Gas Orbiter 5672:Planetary science 5598: 5597: 5511:Science Programme 5257: 5256: 5160: 5148: 5087: 5069: 5049: 5031: 5011: 4993: 4972: 4970:Rosalind Franklin 4954: 4936: 4916: 4898: 4880: 4864: 4848: 4832: 4814: 4796: 4776: 4719:Clickable image: 4167:(July 25, 2018). 4108:(6401): 490–493. 3863:. Spaceflight Now 3747:. October 7, 2009 3215:: news050905–10. 3123:(5772): 400–404. 3065:978-92-9092-556-9 2914:on April 13, 2016 2533:Space exploration 2427:Investigation of 2320: 2319:ESA/DLR/FU Berlin 1903: 1902:ESA/DLR/FU Berlin 1790: 1789: 1786: 1434:A replica of the 1316:high-gain antenna 1035:MARSIS deployment 682: 681: 674: 615:2001 Mars Odyssey 509:space exploration 500: 499: 481: 480: 362: 349:Orbital insertion 308:86.3 degrees 142: 138: 10014: 9992:Missions to Mars 9954: 9953: 9952: 9945: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9301: 9300: 8785: 8784: 8435: 8434: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8389: 8388: 8351:Inspiration Mars 8338:The Mars Project 8230: 8229: 8113: 8112: 7937: 7936: 7854: 7853: 7471: 7470: 7316: 7315: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7248: 7247: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7160: 7159: 7042: 7041: 7032: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6966: 6965: 6821: 6820: 6811: 6675:Lunar Prospector 6655: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6635: 6634: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6594: 6593: 6580: 6579: 6568: 6556: 6555: 6544: 6543: 6520:Schiaparelli EDM 6379:Calathus Mission 6203:Georges Lemaître 6161:ISS contribution 5620: 5619: 5604: 5603: 5299: 5298: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5172: 5158: 5146: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5052: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4975: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4890: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4779: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4717: 4682: 4629:ESA Mars Express 4620:ESA Mars Express 4611:ESA Mars Express 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4456: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4402: 4387:Nature Astronomy 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4339: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4163:Chang, Kenneth; 4160: 4154: 4153: 4135: 4117: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4046:. Archived from 4036: 4030: 4029: 4018: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3804: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3772:Space Fellowship 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3385: 3368:(5715): 1594–7. 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3302: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3248:. March 17, 2004 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3183: 3174: 3157: 3156: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3033:on March 5, 2012 3032: 3026:. Archived from 3001: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2970: 2961: 2960: 2951: 2949: 2940:. Archived from 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2908:"MEX — ASI-PROC" 2904: 2898: 2897: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2819: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2560: 2544: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2318: 1901: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1763: 1762: 1356:Malargüe Station 1348:Cebreros Station 1273: 1256: 1252: 1244: 1237: 1230: 1219:launch vehicle. 1051:On May 4, 2005, 1043:Illustration of 987: 966: 954: 949: 940: 938: 928: 814: 812: 803: 801: 792: 790: 781: 779: 685:Mission overview 677: 670: 666: 663: 657: 634: 626: 490: 405: 400: 399: 354: 207: 205: 192:Start of mission 140: 136: 131:Mission duration 126: 123: 121: 119: 104: 95: 94: 88: 48:arriving at Mars 42: 35: 29: 10022: 10021: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10012: 10011: 9962: 9961: 9960: 9950: 9948: 9940: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9921: 9862: 9821: 9763: 9717: 9667: 9646: 9600:Molniya-3 No.53 9544: 9508: 9468:Molniya-1 No.92 9456: 9426: 9405: 9350: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9328: 9298: 9293: 9261: 9151: 9071:LISA Pathfinder 8917: 8780: 8768: 8743: 8690: 8625: 8542: 8454: 8430: 8422: 8416: 8386: 8381: 8370: 8325: 8294: 8215: 8117: 8103: 8049:Mars Base Alpha 8039:Icebreaker Life 8017: 7924: 7906:Mars 3MS No.170 7858: 7844: 7811: 7746: 7697:Mars Pathfinder 7648: 7539: 7498:Mariner 6 and 7 7462: 7454: 7446: 7431: 7380: 7307: 7284: 7275: 7245: 7240: 7205: 7167: 7142: 7086: 7033: 7020: 6973: 6948: 6939:Phobos Surveyor 6899:Icebreaker Life 6882: 6812: 6799: 6752: 6670:Mars Pathfinder 6642: 6629: 6621: 6591: 6586: 6524: 6493: 6361: 6355: 6336:LISA Pathfinder 6293: 6291: 6284: 6214: 6197:Albert Einstein 6185:Johannes Kepler 6142: 5923: 5781: 5779: 5772: 5667: 5611: 5594: 5553: 5532: 5420: 5399: 5348: 5326:Launch vehicles 5320: 5293: 5288: 5258: 5253: 5249:Open University 5235: 5224:(Venus orbiter) 5208: 5173: 5164: 5129: 5122: 5092: 5091: 5082: 5080: 5073: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5053: 5044: 5042: 5035: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5015: 5006: 5004: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4976: 4967: 4965: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4920: 4911: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4843: 4836: 4827: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4800: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4780: 4771: 4769: 4760: 4749: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4711: 4694: 4680: 4676: 4649: 4631:operations site 4606: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4566:. June 29, 2022 4562: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4436: 4432: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4232:. July 25, 2018 4222: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4204:. July 25, 2018 4194: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4165:Overbye, Dennis 4161: 4157: 4092: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3889:. July 24, 2012 3881: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3573:. June 22, 2005 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3547:. June 16, 2005 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3492:BBC News Online 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3464:BBC News Online 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3411: 3407: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3160: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3030: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2964: 2947: 2945: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2796:. April 5, 2004 2786: 2785: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2679:. March 7, 2023 2671: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2589: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2458: 2448: 2424: 2406: 2396: 2391: 2362:subglacial lake 2350: 2327: 2317: 2288: 2253: 2211: 2148: 2059: 2036: 1995: 1981: 1900: 1893: 1779: 1772: 1761: 1673: 1611: 1563: 1551: 1477: 1428: 1409:mission is its 1399: 1383: 1336: 1312: 1300:reaction wheels 1280: 1271: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1196: 1188:dipole antennas 1175: 1170: 1155: 1154:(July 25, 2018) 1153: 1149: 1138: 1082:Operations for 1080: 1037: 1007:On December 20 999: 998: 997: 996: 995: 988: 979: 978: 977: 967: 947: 946: 936: 935: 934: 926: 916: 914:Orbit insertion 886: 884:Lander jettison 880:ever recorded. 873: 864: 810: 809: 799: 798: 788: 787: 777: 776: 775: 768: 756:Ground Stations 734: 687: 678: 667: 661: 658: 647: 635: 624: 555:high-resolution 491: 403: 353: 203: 201: 139: 135: 116: 89: 84: 49: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10020: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9959: 9958: 9935: 9934: 9930:Crewed flights 9926: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9881: 9876: 9870: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9849: 9840: 9835: 9829: 9827: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9819: 9814: 9805: 9800: 9793: 9788: 9781: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9748: 9735: 9725: 9723: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9675: 9673: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9576:Progress M1-10 9573: 9568: 9563: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9522: 9516: 9514: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9475: 9470: 9464: 9462: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9440: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9419: 9413: 9411: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9403: 9394: 9389: 9373: 9364: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9351: 9345: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9319: 9312: 9304: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9239: 9231: 9230: 9229: 9221: 9209: 9204: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9187: 9180: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9135: 9130: 9123: 9112: 9104: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9090: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9073: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9053: 9045: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9015: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8991: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8936: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8891: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8847: 8846: 8845: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8800: 8798:NEAR Shoemaker 8791: 8789: 8782: 8774: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8759: 8751: 8749: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8706: 8700: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8686: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8633: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8608: 8601: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8558: 8552: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8528: 8526:Tiandu 1 and 2 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8441: 8439: 8432: 8424: 8423: 8415: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8392: 8383: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8356:Mars Institute 8353: 8348: 8341: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8236: 8234: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8201: 8196: 8189: 8186:Northern Light 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8121: 8119: 8109: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8008: 8007: 8006: 7996: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7958: 7955:Europa Clipper 7952: 7943: 7941: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7891:Mars 2M No.521 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7862: 7860: 7850: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7821: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7767: 7760: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7736: 7729: 7721: 7714: 7709: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7597:Phobos program 7594: 7593: 7592: 7585: 7576:Viking program 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7529: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7479: 7477: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7390: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7370: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7339: 7332: 7324: 7322: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7274: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7251: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7229: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7200:Europa Clipper 7196: 7189: 7183: 7181: 7169: 7168: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7048: 7046: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6989: 6987: 6975: 6974: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6836: 6827: 6825: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6665:NEAR Shoemaker 6661: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6643: 6631: 6630: 6620: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6574: 6562: 6550: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6399:Darwin Mission 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6345: 6344:(2019–present) 6339: 6333: 6327: 6326:(2013–present) 6321: 6320:(2009–present) 6315: 6309: 6308:(2001–present) 6303: 6296: 6294: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6281:(2016–present) 6276: 6271: 6270:(2014–present) 6265: 6264:(2011–present) 6259: 6258:(2010–present) 6253: 6252:(2008–present) 6247: 6246:(2005–present) 6241: 6240:(2001–present) 6235: 6229: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6191:Edoardo Amaldi 6188: 6182: 6181:(2010–present) 6176: 6170: 6169:(2008–present) 6164: 6163:(1998–present) 6157: 6155: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6132: 6124: 6116: 6108: 6100: 6092: 6078: 6070: 6062: 6061:(2018–present) 6056: 6055:(2017–present) 6050: 6049:(2016–present) 6036: 6035:(2015–present) 6018: 6017:(2014–present) 6004: 6003:(2013–present) 5998: 5997:(2010–present) 5992: 5991:(2009–present) 5986: 5980: 5979:(2006–present) 5974: 5968: 5962: 5961:(2002–present) 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5937:(1988–present) 5931: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5889: 5881: 5880:(2023–present) 5875: 5874:(2021–present) 5869: 5868:(2019–present) 5863: 5862:(2013–present) 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5838:(2002–present) 5833: 5832:(1999–present) 5827: 5821: 5815: 5814:(1990–present) 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5784: 5782: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5745: 5737: 5731: 5730:(2018–present) 5725: 5724:(2016–present) 5716: 5710: 5700: 5699:(2003–present) 5694: 5688: 5682: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5657: 5656:(2020–present) 5651: 5645: 5644:(1995–present) 5639: 5633: 5626: 5624: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5570:ESA Television 5567: 5561: 5559: 5558:Related topics 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5404:Communications 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5295: 5294: 5287: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5264: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5225: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5150: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5074: 5061: 5054: 5036: 5023: 5016: 4998: 4984: 4977: 4959: 4941: 4928: 4921: 4903: 4892: 4885: 4869: 4853: 4837: 4819: 4808: 4801: 4788: 4781: 4763: 4748: 4744: Planned) 4737: Inactive 4723: 4712: 4704:Martian rovers 4684: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4625: 4616: 4605: 4604:External links 4602: 4599: 4598: 4577: 4555: 4534: 4513: 4492: 4430: 4376: 4351: 4314:(2): 374–395. 4294: 4268: 4243: 4215: 4187: 4155: 4086: 4061: 4031: 4010: 3982: 3954: 3926: 3900: 3874: 3851: 3825: 3790: 3758: 3732: 3706: 3680: 3654: 3636: 3610: 3584: 3558: 3532: 3521:. May 11, 2005 3506: 3478: 3450: 3424: 3405: 3348: 3322: 3259: 3233: 3195: 3158: 3097: 3071: 3064: 3044: 2987: 2962: 2925: 2899: 2868: 2840: 2807: 2776: 2759:"Mars Express" 2750: 2736: 2716: 2690: 2664: 2635: 2609: 2580: 2564:"Mars Express" 2554: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2536: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2385: 2384: 2381:Korolev Crater 2375:December 2018 2373: 2360:studies, of a 2354: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1910: 1909: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1802:Cydonia region 1795: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1777:Cydonia region 1768: 1767: 1766:External image 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1606:carbon dioxide 1599: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1504: 1493: 1490: 1476: 1473: 1427: 1424: 1398: 1395: 1382: 1379: 1335: 1334:Earth stations 1332: 1311: 1310:Communications 1308: 1296:accelerometers 1279: 1276: 1224: 1221: 1195: 1192: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1144: 1137: 1134: 1125: 1124: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1079: 1076: 1065:dipole antenna 1059:booms for its 1036: 1033: 989: 982: 981: 980: 968: 961: 960: 959: 958: 957: 915: 912: 901:craft and the 885: 882: 872: 869: 863: 860: 767: 764: 763: 762: 759: 752: 749: 746:control system 742: 733: 730: 686: 683: 680: 679: 638: 636: 629: 623: 620: 498: 497: 483: 482: 479: 478: 473: 469: 468: 465: 461: 460: 457: 453: 452: 449: 445: 444: 439: 435: 434: 431: 425: 424: 421: 417: 416: 411: 407: 406: 396: 395: 392: 391: 388: 384: 383: 376: 372: 371: 364: 363: 350: 346: 345: 340: 336: 335: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 318:7.5 hours 316: 310: 309: 306: 300: 299: 296: 290: 289: 286: 280: 279: 276: 270: 269: 264: 260: 259: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 228: 224: 223: 214: 210: 209: 198: 194: 193: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 179:460 watts 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 132: 128: 127: 114: 110: 109: 106: 97: 96: 82: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 59: 55: 54: 51: 50: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10019: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9957: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9931: 9924: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9912:Ekspress AM22 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9794: 9792: 9791:Resourcesat-1 9789: 9787: 9786: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9720: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9708:Progress M-48 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9649: 9643: 9642:Cubesat XI-IV 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9610:Monitor-E GVM 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9547: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9530: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9499: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9417:Progress M-47 9415: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9353: 9348: 9344: 9333: 9325: 9320: 9318: 9313: 9311: 9306: 9305: 9302: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9226: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9213: 9212:Chandrayaan-3 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9192: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9146: 9144: 9139: 9138:Chandrayaan-2 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9061: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9037: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9014: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8995:Venus Express 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8920: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8901:Chandrayaan-1 8899: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8765: 8764: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8696:Minor planets 8693: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8630:Other planets 8628: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8478:Chandrayaan-2 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8450:Solar Orbiter 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8418:21st-century 8413: 8408: 8406: 8401: 8399: 8394: 8393: 8390: 8377: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8275:Human mission 8273: 8271: 8270:Sample return 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8114: 8110: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7855: 7851: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7615:Mars Observer 7612: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7450: 7442: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7267: 7265: 7260: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7157: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7031: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6606: 6604: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6583: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6531: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6292:demonstrators 6287: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5778:Astronomy and 5775: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5714: 5713:Venus Express 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5654:Solar Orbiter 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623:Solar physics 5621: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5521:Cosmic Vision 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5221:Venus Express 5218: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5089: 5086: 5078: 5071: 5068: 5058: 5051: 5048: 5040: 5033: 5030: 5020: 5013: 5010: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4974: 4971: 4963: 4956: 4953: 4945: 4938: 4935: 4925: 4918: 4915: 4907: 4900: 4889: 4882: 4873: 4866: 4857: 4850: 4841: 4834: 4831: 4823: 4816: 4805: 4798: 4795: 4785: 4778: 4775: 4767: 4757: 4753: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4587: 4581: 4565: 4559: 4544: 4538: 4523: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4191: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4142:11573/1148029 4139: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4015: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3862: 3855: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3647: 3640: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3495:. May 9, 2005 3494: 3493: 3488: 3482: 3467:. May 5, 2005 3466: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2991: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2959: 2957: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2844: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2585: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2555: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2487: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2389:Water on Mars 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2315: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2278: 2275:orbiter, the 2274: 2270: 2266: 2263:ESA reported 2262: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1971: 1970:Aeolis Mensae 1967: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1897: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1778: 1769: 1764: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1248: 1240: 1233: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1165: 1162: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1133: 1131: 1122: 1121:Solar Orbiter 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1046: 1041: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 993: 986: 976: 972: 965: 953: 944: 932: 925: 922:Animation of 920: 911: 909: 908: 904: 900: 895: 891: 881: 879: 868: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 840:parking orbit 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 807: 796: 785: 772: 760: 757: 753: 750: 747: 743: 740: 739: 738: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 676: 673: 665: 655: 651: 645: 644: 639:This section 637: 633: 628: 627: 619: 617: 616: 609: 606: 605: 604:Venus Express 600: 598: 593: 589: 588: 583: 582:spectrometers 578: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 547: 543: 542: 537: 533: 529: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505: 495: 489: 484: 477: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 443: 440: 436: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 415: 412: 408: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 351: 347: 344: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 315: 311: 307: 305: 301: 297: 295: 291: 287: 285: 281: 277: 275: 271: 268: 265: 261: 256: 252: 248: 245: 242: 238: 235: 232: 229: 225: 222: 218: 215: 211: 199: 195: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 149: 145: 133: 129: 125: 115: 111: 107: 105: 98: 93: 87: 83: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 63: 60: 56: 52: 47: 41: 36: 33: 28: 24: 19: 9972:Mars Express 9956:Solar System 9929: 9851: 9812:Chuang Xin 1 9795: 9783: 9556:Mars Express 9555: 9535:Hellas Sat 2 9496: 9422:Intelsat 907 9382:SpaceHab RDM 9375: 9242: 9224: 9216: 9190: 9183: 9176: 9142: 9125: 9118: 9092: 9075: 9060:Schiaparelli 9058: 9048: 9040: 9034: 9017: 9010: 9001:Chang'e 5-T1 8993: 8976: 8954: 8942: 8931: 8893: 8876: 8864: 8852: 8840: 8828: 8821: 8814: 8804:Deep Space 1 8802: 8761: 8754: 8728:New Horizons 8726: 8719: 8708: 8678: 8664: 8650: 8636: 8617:Perseverance 8616: 8603: 8596: 8575: 8570:Mars Express 8569: 8568: 8492: 8420:space probes 8361:Mars Society 8343: 8336: 8290:Terraforming 8285:Colonization 8211:Voyager Mars 8203: 8191: 8184: 8010: 7990: 7961: 7948:Mangalyaan-2 7947: 7866:Mars 1M No.1 7825: 7805: 7789: 7775: 7763: 7739: 7732: 7726:Schiaparelli 7725: 7717: 7707:Deep Space 2 7696: 7689: 7682: 7642: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7587: 7580: 7532: 7519: 7512: 7414:Perseverance 7413: 7394: 7373: 7366: 7341: 7336:Mars Express 7335: 7334: 7327: 7231: 7225: 7198: 7191: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6994:New Horizons 6992: 6834:Comet Hopper 6792: 6785: 6763: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6569: 6558: 6545: 6535: 6444:Lunar Lander 6362:and proposed 6347: 6134: 6126: 6118: 6110: 6102: 6094: 6086: 6080: 6072: 6064: 5915: 5907: 5899: 5891: 5883: 5764: 5756: 5748: 5739: 5720: 5697:Mars Express 5696: 5659: 5537:Predecessors 5516:Horizon 2000 5227: 5219: 5152: 5142:Mars Express 5141: 5140: 5126:Mars Express 5125: 5124: 5084: 5066: 5046: 5028: 5008: 4990:Schiaparelli 4989: 4969: 4951: 4934:Perseverance 4933: 4913: 4829: 4813:Deep Space 2 4793: 4773: 4730: Active 4718: 4675: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4589:. Retrieved 4580: 4568:. Retrieved 4558: 4546:. Retrieved 4537: 4525:. Retrieved 4516: 4504:. Retrieved 4495: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4369:February 28, 4367:. Retrieved 4363: 4354: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4287:December 21, 4285:. Retrieved 4282:The Guardian 4281: 4271: 4261:December 20, 4259:. Retrieved 4255: 4246: 4234:. Retrieved 4227: 4218: 4206:. Retrieved 4199: 4190: 4178:. Retrieved 4172: 4158: 4105: 4099: 4089: 4077:. Retrieved 4073: 4064: 4052:. Retrieved 4048:the original 4043: 4034: 4025: 4001:. Retrieved 3995: 3985: 3973:. Retrieved 3967: 3957: 3945:. Retrieved 3939: 3929: 3919:November 17, 3917:. Retrieved 3913: 3903: 3891:. Retrieved 3877: 3865:. Retrieved 3854: 3842:. Retrieved 3828: 3816:. Retrieved 3781:. Retrieved 3777:the original 3770: 3761: 3749:. Retrieved 3735: 3723:. Retrieved 3709: 3697:. Retrieved 3692: 3683: 3671:. Retrieved 3657: 3639: 3627:. Retrieved 3613: 3601:. Retrieved 3587: 3575:. Retrieved 3561: 3549:. Retrieved 3535: 3523:. Retrieved 3509: 3497:. Retrieved 3490: 3481: 3469:. Retrieved 3462: 3453: 3441:. Retrieved 3427: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3339:. Retrieved 3325: 3282: 3276: 3269:Encrenaz, T. 3262: 3250:. Retrieved 3236: 3224:. Retrieved 3208: 3198: 3186:. Retrieved 3120: 3114: 3109:, Poulet F, 3100: 3088:. Retrieved 3074: 3054: 3047: 3035:. Retrieved 3028:the original 3010:(4): 12–19. 3007: 3003: 2990: 2978:. Retrieved 2956:Mars Express 2955: 2953: 2946:. Retrieved 2942:the original 2928: 2916:. Retrieved 2912:the original 2902: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2859:. Retrieved 2853: 2843: 2831:. Retrieved 2798:. Retrieved 2791: 2767:. Retrieved 2762: 2753: 2739: 2728: 2725:Mars Express 2724: 2719: 2707:. Retrieved 2704:The Register 2693: 2681:. Retrieved 2667: 2655:. Retrieved 2650: 2626:. Retrieved 2612: 2600:. Retrieved 2596: 2573:November 30, 2571:. Retrieved 2558: 2377:Mars Express 2376: 2314:Mars Express 2313: 2265:Mars Express 2264: 2228:Mars Express 2227: 2215:Mars Express 2214: 2193: 2189:Mars Odyssey 2187: 2090:September 23 2025:Mars Express 2024: 2007:Mars Express 2006: 1925:in May 2008. 1921: 1917:Mars Express 1916: 1878:Mars Express 1877: 1871: 1850:Mars Express 1849: 1828:Mars Express 1827: 1819:September 26 1809: 1806:Face on Mars 1793:September 21 1784:13.7 m/pixel 1588:Mars Express 1587: 1555:Mars Express 1554: 1552: 1531: 1524:Mars Express 1523: 1489:28.6 kg 1481:Mars Express 1480: 1478: 1468: 1463: 1460:life on Mars 1452: 1450: 1442:Mars Express 1441: 1435: 1407:Mars Express 1406: 1404: 1400: 1391: 1384: 1371: 1364: 1354:, Spain and 1337: 1327: 1313: 1304:Mars Express 1303: 1284:star cameras 1281: 1265: 1226: 1208:bipropellant 1205: 1200:Mars Express 1199: 1197: 1179:Mars Express 1178: 1176: 1161:Mars Express 1160: 1158: 1130:Mars Express 1129: 1126: 1096: 1084:Mars Express 1083: 1081: 1073: 1070: 1053:Mars Express 1052: 1050: 1045:Mars Express 1044: 1030: 1018: 1013:Mars Express 1012: 1009:Mars Express 1008: 1006: 1002:Mars Express 1001: 1000: 992:Mars Express 991: 971:Mars Express 970: 942: 924:Mars Express 923: 907:Mars Odyssey 905: 899:Mars Express 898: 887: 878:solar flares 874: 865: 856:Mars Express 855: 852:Mars Express 851: 848:solar panels 844:Mars Express 843: 836:Mars Express 835: 834:rocket. The 817: 805: 794: 783: 735: 724:orbiter was 722:Mars Express 721: 714:Mars Express 713: 711: 707: 695:Mars Express 694: 691:Mars Express 690: 688: 668: 659: 648:Please help 643:verification 640: 613: 610: 602: 596: 592:Mars Express 591: 585: 579: 574:Mars Express 573: 571: 539: 535: 532:Mars Express 531: 530: 517:Mars Express 516: 504:Mars Express 503: 502: 501: 494:Mars Express 493: 387:Landing date 378: 358:46206 08:27 343:Mars Express 342: 274:Eccentricity 58:Mission type 46:Mars Express 45: 44:CG image of 32:Mars Express 31: 27: 18: 9892:Kosmos 2404 9888:Kosmos 2403 9884:Kosmos 2402 9838:Shen Tong 1 9797:Soyuz TMA-3 9698:Kosmos 2401 9694:Kosmos 2400 9684:Kosmos 2399 9679:EchoStar IX 9658:Opportunity 9634:AAU-Cubesat 9566:Kosmos 2398 9498:Soyuz TMA-2 9492:Kosmos 2397 9133:Longjiang-2 9119:Opportunity 9100:Longjiang-1 8978:Deep Impact 8638:BepiColombo 8225:Exploration 8074:MELOS rover 7977:(mid 2020s) 7916:Fobos-Grunt 7790:Opportunity 6830:Mission 12 6757:Opportunity 6700:Deep Impact 6582:WikiProject 6454:MarcoPolo-R 6404:Don Quijote 6374:Ariane 5 ME 6338:(2015–2017) 6268:Galileo FOC 6262:Galileo IOV 6234:(1989–1993) 6173:Jules Verne 6154:spaceflight 5985:(2009–2013) 5973:(2003–2007) 5971:Double Star 5967:(2002–2012) 5955:(1995–2011) 5949:(1991–2000) 5943:(1977–1997) 5856:(2009–2013) 5850:(2009–2013) 5826:(1995–1998) 5808:(1989–1993) 5802:(1983–1986) 5796:(1978–1996) 5790:(1975–1982) 5728:BepiColombo 5715:(2005–2014) 5709:(2004–2016) 5693:(2003–2006) 5687:(1997–2005) 5681:(1985–1992) 5650:(2000–2024) 5638:(1990–2009) 5632:(1977–1987) 5565:Arianespace 5178:Instruments 4914:Opportunity 4750:(See also: 4054:October 19, 4003:October 21, 3975:October 20, 3947:October 21, 3914:Nature News 3209:News@nature 3037:December 7, 2878:Space Power 2769:December 7, 2244:Rabe crater 2220:December 29 2151:February 16 2132:November 24 1947:February 23 1664:undetected. 1418:use on the 1288:Sun sensors 1183:solar panel 1117:BepiColombo 802: Earth 515:(ESA). The 404:Instruments 304:Inclination 267:Areocentric 227:Launch site 197:Launch date 160:Launch mass 118:exploration 9966:Categories 9879:Gruzomaket 9785:Shenzhou 5 9779:Horizons-1 9245:helicopter 9184:Mangalyaan 8816:Pioneer 10 8734:OSIRIS-REx 8715:MINERVA-II 8299:Strategies 8193:Red Dragon 8155:Mars-Aster 8099:Sky-Sailor 8094:Phootprint 8064:Mars-Grunt 7881:2MV-3 No.1 7876:2MV-4 No.1 7828:helicopter 7643:Mangalyaan 7091:Candidates 7076:Mission 4 7061:Mission 3 7051:Mission 2 7008:OSIRIS-REx 6929:Moon Diver 6887:Candidates 6469:Phootprint 6449:Marco Polo 6290:Technology 6120:MetOp-SG-B 6112:MetOp-SG-A 6088:Sentinel-4 6059:ADM-Aeolus 6039:Sentinel-3 6021:Sentinel-2 6007:Sentinel-1 5935:Copernicus 5830:XMM-Newton 5648:Cluster II 5454:Copernicus 5425:Programmes 5353:Facilities 5303:Spaceports 5134:Spacecraft 4454:2103.03919 4400:2010.00870 4201:EurekAlert 4115:2004.04587 3111:Arvidson R 3107:Mustard JF 2855:Ingeniøren 2709:January 6, 2550:References 2470:livestream 2433:Arsia Mons 2429:orographic 2291:October 19 2256:October 19 2179:August 5/6 2118:October 16 2104:October 11 1998:February 4 1720:Using the 1684:February 8 1580:January 28 1566:January 23 1292:gyroscopes 1260:, and the 1194:Propulsion 826:, using a 824:Kazakhstan 813: Mars 563:atmosphere 550:exobiology 525:spacecraft 240:Contractor 9847:Yamal-202 9843:Yamal-201 9775:Galaxy 13 9722:September 9663:Rainbow 1 9605:Orbview-3 9581:Thuraya 2 9540:Beidou 1C 9487:AsiaSat-4 9482:Galaxy 12 9243:Ingenuity 9166:Chang'e 5 9127:Beresheet 9012:MESSENGER 8889:Chang'e 1 8763:Voyager 2 8756:Voyager 1 8710:Hayabusa2 8704:Chang'e 2 8611:Mars 2020 8605:Tianwen-1 8597:Curiosity 8531:Chang'e 6 8521:Queqiao 2 8501:Chang'e 5 8488:Chang'e 4 8483:Chang'e 3 8366:Mars race 8180:NetLander 8140:Marsokhod 8118:proposals 8116:Cancelled 7920:Yinghuo-1 7901:Mariner 8 7896:2M No.522 7886:Mariner 3 7838:Mars 2020 7826:Ingenuity 7764:Sojourner 7740:Tianwen-1 7561:Mariner 9 7488:Mariner 4 7420:Mars 2020 7395:Curiosity 7374:Tianwen-1 7226:Underline 7045:Finalists 7038:Proposals 7015:Dragonfly 6824:Finalists 6817:Proposals 6695:MESSENGER 6510:CryoSat-1 6484:STE-QUEST 6419:Eddington 6409:e.Deorbit 6360:Cancelled 6232:Olympus-1 6074:EarthCARE 5995:CryoSat-2 5844:(2006–13) 5820:(1992–93) 5806:Hipparcos 5780:cosmology 5009:Sojourner 4794:Curiosity 4527:April 11, 4506:April 11, 4487:232147554 4479:2169-9097 4425:222125007 4417:2397-3366 4079:April 12, 3997:The Hindu 3893:March 29, 3867:March 29, 3844:March 29, 3818:March 29, 3783:March 29, 3751:March 29, 3725:March 29, 3699:March 29, 3673:March 29, 3629:March 29, 3603:March 29, 3577:March 29, 3551:March 29, 3525:March 29, 3499:March 29, 3471:March 29, 3443:March 29, 3341:March 29, 3252:March 29, 3226:March 29, 3188:March 29, 3090:March 29, 2980:March 29, 2948:March 29, 2918:March 29, 2861:March 29, 2833:March 29, 2800:March 29, 2683:March 20, 2628:March 28, 2597:Space.com 2339:Alba Mons 2076:August 23 2062:August 13 2046:Flyby of 2016:October 7 1882:ephemeris 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