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probe's solar panels. Images suggest one of the "petals" on which the solar panels of the lander are mounted failed to fully open, preventing deployment of its radio antenna and blocking communication. As the probe's antenna is beneath the last panel, it would have been unable to transmit or receive in such a configuration so the lander would have been beyond recovery even if its systems were still operational. Possible failure scenarios include mechanical damage during landing, fouling of the deployment mechanism and obstruction of the panels by an airbag.
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25:
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A number of other failure hypotheses were produced at the time. If the
Martian atmosphere was thinner than expected, the parachute's effectiveness would be reduced and therefore cause the lander to hit the surface with enough speed to destroy it. Turbulence in the atmosphere, which would affect the parachute, was also examined.
1587:
Pillinger speculated higher than expected levels of dust in the
Martian atmosphere, which captures heat, caused it to expand and reduce in density so the parachutes were not able to sufficiently slow the probe's descent. This would cause the landing to be too hard, damaging or destroying the probe.
1128:
is equipped with a small sample retrieval tool named
Planetary Undersurface Tool or PLUTO (nicknamed the mole), which would have been deployed by the robotic arm. PLUTO has a compressed spring mechanism that was designed to enable it to move across the surface at a rate of 20 mm per second and
791:
The Beagle 2 lander was funded through a partnership arrangement involving the Open
University, EADS-Astrium, the DTI, the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the Office of Science and Technology and ESA. Funding also came from the National Space Science Centre and the Wellcome
1961:
Imaging analysis appears to show the probe on the surface and partially deployed, in the expected landing area, with objects that have been interpreted as being its parachute and back cover nearby. Although several interpretations of the image are possible, all involve incomplete deployment of the
1833:
photographed the remains of the lander: pictures show the probe landed safely and started its operations, deploying some of the solar panels before an on-ground failure prevented the full deployment of all panels; this prevented the onboard antenna, hidden under the last solar panel, from gaining
1814:
The parachute deployment sequence was designed to be triggered by three accelerometers. The system was not designed for a "best out of three" logic but the first accelerometer was designed to compute a safe deployment velocity had been reached; this would trigger the parachute deployment sequence,
1465:
survived the landing and the first night on Mars. A panoramic image of the landing area was then supposed to be taken using the stereo camera and a pop-up mirror, after which the lander arm would have been released. The lander arm was to dig up samples to be deposited in the instruments for study,
1799:
may have jettisoned its airbags before it had come to a complete rest on the surface. For mass and cost reasons, the airbag-jettison device was designed to be triggered by a timer rather than by acceleration sensors that would have discerned when the lander package had stopped moving. Because the
1252:
antenna, the 0.75 m (2.5 ft) long robotic arm, and the scientific equipment. The main body also contains the battery, telecommunications, electronics, central processor, heaters, additional payload items, and radiation and oxidation sensors. The lid itself should have unfolded to expose
1741:
entered in atmospheric conditions outside the range assumed by its designers and could have burnt up. The scenario it may have "bounced off into space" was put forward but this does not stand up to close technical scrutiny. The amount of dust in the atmosphere often widely varies, changing its
1129:
to burrow into the ground, collecting a subsurface sample in a cavity in its tip. PLUTO is attached to the lander by a 3-metre (9.8 ft) power cable that could be used as a winch to bring the sample back to the lander. It had the capability to burrow to depths of 1.5 metres (4.9 ft).
467:
on 19 December 2003 and was scheduled to land on the surface of Mars on 25 December. ESA, however, received no communication from the lander at its expected landing time on Mars, and declared the mission lost in
February 2004 after numerous attempts to contact the spacecraft were made.
1081:
has a robotic arm known as the
Payload Adjustable Workbench (PAW) that was designed to be extended after landing. The arm is 109 cm (43 in) long when fully extended, and it can reach about 70 cm (28 in) to the nearest rocks. The PAW contains a pair of
1742:
density and temperature characteristics. The chosen margins on the design of the heat shield and the thermal loads it can withstand mean the burn-up scenario is unlikely given the steep entry-flight-path angle, the craft could conceivably have left the atmosphere again.
1452:
After deceleration in the
Martian atmosphere, parachutes deployed and at about 200 metres (660 ft) above the surface, large airbags inflated around the lander to protect it when it hit the surface. Landing occurred at about 02:45 UTC on 25 December 2003.
1117:. Since carbon is thought to be the basis of all life, these readings could have revealed whether the samples contained the remnants of living organisms. Atmospheric methane is another signature of existing life, although geological processes can also be a source.
1776:
backshell tangled with the parachute, preventing it from opening properly. It is not clear whether the difference in air drag between the probe with the parachute deployed and the back shell of the heat shield is sufficient to guarantee a safe separation
1456:
After analysis of the imagery obtained in 2015, it has been conjectured after landing, the bags deflated and the top of the lander opened. These images suggest at most only two of the four solar panels were deployed. A signal was supposed to be sent to
1783:
became wrapped up in its airbags or parachute on the surface and could not open. Entanglement with the parachute appears plausible because the parachute's strop was shortened from the original design to save mass. Assuming the airbags deployed,
1751:
parachute or cushioning airbags failed to deploy or deployed at the wrong time. This is supported by the observation throughout the transfer to Mars, the out-gassing of some substance and subsequent condensation on optical components of the
1953:(SRR) allows improvement in resolution by taking multiple views then intensively processing them. At the time, it took up to four days on the fastest-available computers to compute one improved image from five 1,000-by-2,000-pixel images.
792:
Foundation. UK principal investigators for Beagle 2 came from the Open
University (gas analysis package), Leicester University (environmental sensors and x-ray spectrometer) and Mullard Space Science Laboratory (imaging systems).
781:
systems, collected together to provide a full set of lander electronics. The GTM was used nearly continuously to validate the engineering and science commands, rehearse the landing sequence, and validate the onboard software.
777:, analysis tools for processing engineering and scientific telemetry, virtual reality tools for preparing activity sequences, communications systems, and the Ground Test Model (GTM). The GTM was composed of builds of the
1260:
The ground segment was derived from the
European Space Agency software kernel known as SCOS2000. In keeping with the low cost of the mission, the control software was the first of its type designed on a laptop computer.
1988:, it is possible the lander's Solid State Mass Memory (SSMM) recorded some data, even if it could not obtain full power from its solar panels. It might eventually be possible to retrieve the data. A study has revealed
1247:
The lander is shaped like a shallow bowl with a diameter of 1 m (39.4 in) and a depth of 0.25 m (9.8 in). The lander's cover is hinged and folded open to reveal the craft's interior, which holds a
615:
that overlies the boundary between the ancient highlands and the northern plains of Mars, was chosen as the landing site. The lander was expected to operate for about 180 days and an extended mission of up to one
742:
took over responsibility for program management, and
Leicester assumed responsibility for mission management which involved the preparations for the operations post launch and the operations control centre.
746:
In an effort to publicise the project and gain financial support, its designers sought and received the endorsement and participation of British artists. The mission's call-sign was composed by the band
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and the "mole" would have been deployed, crawling across the surface to a distance of about 3 metres (9.8 ft) from the lander and burrowing under rocks to collect soil samples for analysis.
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on science and technology, the report was made public and Leicester University independently published a detailed mission report, including possible failure modes and a "lessons learned".
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1257:. The lander package, including heat shield, parachutes, and airbags, had a mass of 69 kg (152 lb) at launch but the lander was only 33.2 kg (73 lb) at touchdown.
1546:
probe to fly overhead, and on 2 February, when the probe was supposed to resort to the last communication back-up mode, Auto-transmit. No communication was ever established with
1903:
on Mars was unknown from late 2003 to early 2015. On 16 January 2015, more than eleven years after its loss and eight months after Colin Pillinger died, news sources confirmed
1950:
1558:
would be held. The board of inquiry was unable to find concrete reasons for the probe's failure and listed plausible reasons on the report they released on 24 August 2004.
1571:
had landed in a crater at the landing site on Isidis Planitia. It was claimed the blurry images showed the primary impact site as a dark patch and, a short distance away,
1992:
may have gone into its pre-programmed surface operations mode and collected data after landing but did not transmit it or the transmission was blocked by a closed panel.
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1984:
was found, apparently intact and with some solar panels deployed, the events following its landing were re-evaluated. Because the early phase of mission ran on chemical
2757:
Bridges, J. C.; Clemmet, J.; Croon, M.; Sims, M. R.; Pullan, D.; Muller, J.P.; Tao, Y.; Xiong, S.; Putri, A. R.; Parker, T.; Turner, S. M. R.; Pillinger, J. M. (2017).
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Failures in missions to Mars are common. As of 2010, of 38 launch attempts to reach the planet, only 19 had succeeded. Failures are sometimes informally called the
2856:
556:. The project was designed and developed by several UK academics and companies. The spacecraft's name reflects its goal of searching for signs of past or present
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was the ship that took Darwin on his voyage around the world in the 1830s and led to our knowledge about life on Earth making a real quantum leap. We hope
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at about 20,000 km/h (12,000 mph). Its expected landing was on 2:54 UT on 25 December. The lander was protected from the heat of entry by a
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visibility to any orbiter, making any form of communication with the lander impossible and leading to mission loss. This status is detailed below.
1538:. The first of these occurred on 7 January 2004. Although regular calls were made, hope was placed on communication occurring on 12 January, when
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made it to the surface. This vindicates the engineering team's approach to landing on Mars." At a news conference in London, the UKSA noted; "
1728:. Initially the full report was not published on the grounds of confidentiality but a list of 19 recommendations was announced to the public.
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1445:. Compression of the Martian atmosphere and radiation from the hot gas are estimated to have led to a peak heating rate of around 100
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1949:
On 26 April 2016, new computer vision methods stacked multiple new images together to create a view of the lander. The technique called
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mission rebounded off the surface in Gusev crater numerous times before coming to a standstill—taking much more time than anticipated—
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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MGCM results are used to characterize the large-scale atmospheric fields over the primary mission (approximately 180 sols; to L
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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see also Section 6.1 of the Inquiry Report, which states explicitly: "the Commission concludes that deviation of the
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and was visible to the public visiting the centre. The control centre included operational systems for controlling
726:
680:– Project management, Mission management, Flight Operations Team, instrument management, and scientific experiments
478:
fate remained a mystery until January 2015, when it was located on the surface of Mars in a series of images from
5831:
5706:
5361:
4882:
4711:
3585:
1652:
1318:
1194:
1025:
910:
765:
The Lander Operations Control Center (LOCC), from which the spacecraft was to be controlled, was located at the
68:
5716:
5661:
5088:
Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
3891:
3716:
3099:
1630:
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1168:
999:
888:
46:
3748:
3556:
5929:
5764:
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1592:
6608:
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732:
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1201:
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1032:
917:
75:
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5883:
5799:
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4706:
4050:
2652:
1908:
1889:
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1505:, confirmation of a successful landing was not forthcoming. It should have come on 25 December 2003 when
853:
and was released near Mars a few days prior to its landing, after a multi-month long journey from Earth.
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840:
5731:
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orbiter. It was released from the orbiter on a ballistic trajectory towards Mars on 19 December 2003.
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5809:
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in the body of the lander. The Gas Analysis Package (GAP) was to measure the relative proportions of
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In addition, further scenarios appeared plausible and consistent with the available body of data:
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35:
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lander was observed. This observation would be consistent with a leak in the gas generators of
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1985:
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8:
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landing, he was Director of Science and Robotic Exploration at the European Space Agency.
1254:
537:, Merseyside, depicting the spacecraft in a state similar to the way it was found in 2015
289:
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How do you answer the life on Mars question? Use multiple small landers like Beagle 2
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The principal investigator, Colin Pillinger, set up a consortium to design and build
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Management Board. On 11 February, the ESA announced an inquiry into the failure of
3080:
2680:
Rafkin, Scot C. Randell; Michaels, Timothy I.; Haberle, Robert M. (January 2004).
1584:
HiRISE camera imaged the area in February 2007 and revealed the crater was empty.
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5170:
4746:
4588:
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3943:
3678:. Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration. 12–14 June 2012. Houston, Texas.
2411:
2273:
1912:
1731:
1709:
1527:. The team said they were "still hopeful" of finding a successful return signal.
1397:
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landing site was a 174 by 106 km (108 by 66 mi) landing ellipse within
686:
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1438:
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510:
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1946:, about 5 km (3.1 mi) from the planned centre of its landing zone.
1933:
1920:
857:
entered Mars orbit and has remained active ever since (as of 04 January 2023)
816:
594:
581:
398:
384:
2078:. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
1561:
On 20 December 2005, Pillinger released specially processed images from the
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2800:
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1801:
1734:, ESA's Director of Science, provided four scenarios of possible failures:
1520:
1405:
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759:
704:
657:
637:
557:
457:
453:
448:
309:
299:
4148:
3549:"Beagle-2, ESA's Mars Express Orbiter, Found 11 Years After Disappearance"
751:, and the 'test card' (Calibration Target Plate) intended for calibrating
6533:
6529:
6525:
6438:
6320:
6139:
6133:
5607:
5497:
5216:
5206:
4786:
4623:
2709:
1083:
748:
649:
492:
439:
156:
2782:
6426:
6420:
5584:
5271:
4967:
4947:
4862:
4806:
4801:
4771:
4613:
4182:
4093:
3312:(Report). ESA and UK Ministry of Science and Innovation. Archived from
2386:
2071:
1633: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1575:
surrounded by the deflated airbags and with its solar panels extended.
1299: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1087:
891: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
633:
503:
1705:
1371:
6488:
6484:
6416:
5721:
5578:
5539:
5517:
5073:
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4847:
4627:
4608:
4593:
4545:
4446:
4268:
4195:
4127:
2406:
2063:
770:
2831:"Beagle 2 spacecraft found intact on surface of Mars after 11 years"
2555: – Scientific assessments on the microbial habitability of Mars
1608:
1386:
1274:
1142:
973:
866:
495:
failed to deploy, blocking the spacecraft's communications antenna.
24:
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6396:
6383:
6330:
6271:
6166:
6119:
6023:
5779:
5769:
5701:
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5441:
4872:
4852:
4842:
4719:
4676:
4396:
4389:
4314:
4309:
4296:
4289:
3194:
2484:
2449:
2444:
2431:
2424:
2133:
2012:
1530:
Attempts were made throughout January and February 2004 to contact
1410:
534:
275:
130:
832:. Some of the work is known to have been donated or done at-cost.
682:
544:
was conceived by a group of British academics headed by Professor
6543:
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6400:
6387:
6236:
6114:
6093:
6038:
6018:
6012:
5635:
5461:
4857:
4618:
4439:
3530:"Beagle 2: most detailed images yet of lost Mars lander revealed"
2888:"Mars Orbiter Spots Beagle 2, European Lander Missing Since 2003"
2526:
2194:
2189:
2032:
1788:
would have bounced off the surface into the descending parachute.
739:
698:
667:. The principal members and their initial responsibilities were:
6548:
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6279:
6255:
6161:
6042:
6008:
5878:
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5421:
5411:
5371:
5095:
4465:
4384:
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4374:
4369:
4278:
4273:
4263:
4258:
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2566: – Pair of NASA landers and orbiters sent to Mars in 1976
2244:
2239:
2228:
2223:
2212:
2207:
716:
710:
576:
A 50 by 8 kilometres (31.1 by 5.0 mi) ellipse centered on
491:
camera. The images showed it landed safely but two of its four
488:
279:
2857:"'Lost' 2003 Mars Lander Found by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter"
2082:
2004:
mission design have been proposed for other mission concepts:
1461:
after landing and another the next (local) morning to confirm
806:
in 2004, which at then-currency exchange rates would be about
6212:
6145:
5794:
5666:
4781:
4063:
2682:"Meteorological predictions for the Beagle 2 mission to Mars"
621:
3888:(Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding)
3508:"Supersharp Mars Photos Show UK's Long-Lost Beagle 2 Lander"
5741:
3989:
3699:"New chance for Beagle as Nasa favours mission to the moon"
3304:
3048:. UK National Space Centre. 15 January 2015. Archived from
1904:
1519:
spacecraft. In the following days, the Lovell Telescope at
1510:
1446:
1442:
479:
376:
353:
3668:
2605:
conditions is not a probable failure mode of the mission")
1720:
In May 2004, the report from the Commission of Inquiry on
628:
lander's objectives were to characterise the landing site
5837:
Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
3396:. University of Leicester. 20 August 2004. Archived from
3137:"Beagle Mission Hampered by Funding, Management Problems"
1911:
had located the lander, which is lying on the surface of
265:
5971:
3485:"PIA19106: Components of Beagle 2 Flight System on Mars"
3218:"Portion of Beagle 2 Landing Ellipse in Isidis Planitia"
2039:(HP3), an instrument that also uses a self-digging arm.
3435:
3433:
3340:"ESA Licks Wounds, But Beagle's Loss Remains a Mystery"
2756:
1098:, a drill for collecting rock samples and a spot lamp.
758:
cameras and spectrometers after landing was painted by
2031:
Beagle 2's PLUTO mole was noted in the development of
1973:
is no longer lost". In reviews of lost Mars missions,
1829:
All above hypotheses were disproved in 2015 after the
2679:
2547: – Planned Mars rover, part of ExoMars programme
802:
The budget is secret but was estimated to be between
3430:
2466:
1550:, which was declared lost on 6 February 2004 by the
456:
mission that would have looked for evidence of past
3571:"Mars Beagle-2 lander found after 11 years missing"
1724:was submitted to ESA and the UK's science minister
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4907:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
4752:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
3717:"The Penetrating Mole of the InSight Mars Mission"
1441:coated with NORCOAT, an ablating material made by
463:The spacecraft was successfully deployed from the
5357:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
5347:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
4823:
3632:
3487:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 16 January 2015
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
1101:Rock samples were to be passed by the PAW into a
6585:
3477:
3238:Private conversation with Colin Pillinger, 2007.
2936:
2934:
674:– Consortium leader & scientific experiments
5282:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
3984:
3608:
3606:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3167:"Possible evidence found for Beagle 2 location"
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2759:"Identification of the Beagle 2 lander on Mars"
2089:Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
3413:"Colin Pillinger dies after brain haemorrhage"
2882:
2880:
2878:
2807:
2752:
2750:
1995:
1819:In February 2005, following comments from the
5957:
5111:
4564:
3970:
3804:
3523:
3521:
3394:"Beagle 2 Mission Report and Lessons Learned"
2931:
2018:BeagleNet (multiple Beagles and a mini-rover)
1815:even if the accelerometer readout was faulty.
1421:was initially mounted on the top deck of the
713:– Cruise, entry, descent and landing software
5262:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
3603:
3499:
3442:"Lost Beagle 2 probe found 'intact' on Mars"
3241:
3081:"Beagle 2 Mars Lander Doomed From The Start"
2841:
2623:see also Section 5.4.6 of the Inquiry Report
1811:timer may have been set to a too-short time;
963:
835:
648:and surface layers; collect data on Martian
3641:"Beagle 2 lander may have operated on Mars"
3459:
2875:
2747:
1965:Eleven years after the landing, ESA said; "
1171:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1002:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5964:
5950:
5687:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
5118:
5104:
4833:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
3977:
3963:
3811:
3797:
3518:
3305:Bonnefoy, R.; et al. (5 April 2005).
3069:. European Space Agency. 11 February 2004.
3061:
3059:
2911:
2909:
735:- composite materials for the solar panels
572:will do the same thing for life on Mars."
215:9 kg (20 lb) science instruments
5874:European Astrobiology Network Association
4868:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
3696:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3615:"Beagle 2 'was so close to Mars success'"
3540:
3169:. European Space Agency. 21 December 2005
2790:
2708:
2538: – Mars landing demonstration system
2037:Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package
1977:and its rediscovery are typically noted.
1693:Learn how and when to remove this message
1359:Learn how and when to remove this message
1235:Learn how and when to remove this message
1066:Learn how and when to remove this message
951:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
5367:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
3669:Gibson, E. K.; et al. (June 2012).
3573:. CBC. Thomson Reuters. 16 January 2015.
3220:. University of Arizona. PSP_002347_1915
2047:
1837:
1704:
1598:
1385:
1370:
839:
681:
520:
6644:Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-FG rockets
5785:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
3586:"Failed Mars missions: A brief History"
3465:
3134:
3056:
2906:
2894:. The Associated Press. 16 January 2015
2854:
2632:see Section 5.4.8 of the Inquiry Report
2614:see Section 5.4.4 of the Inquiry Report
2572: – Mars life detection experiments
1712:, pictured in 2012. At the time of the
1469:The British government spent more than
1433:coasted for six days after release and
452:mission. It was intended to conduct an
6586:
3697:Randerson, James (23 September 2007).
3651:
3638:
3583:
3555:. The Associated Press. Archived from
3307:Beagle 2: ESA/UK Commission of Inquiry
3215:
3143:. The Associated Press. Archived from
3067:"UK and ESA announce Beagle 2 inquiry"
2917:"UK-led Beagle 2 lander found on Mars"
6639:Space programme of the United Kingdom
5945:
5775:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
5099:
4737:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
3958:
3792:
3612:
3527:
3337:
3255:"Beagle 2 may have sped to its death"
3252:
3187:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2828:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2024:ARTEMIS (multiple small Mars landers)
1501:craft successfully deployed from the
5924:
5352:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
5337:Habitability of neutron star systems
3546:
3505:
3439:
3410:
3286:from the original on 1 February 2020
3097:
3087:. Agence France-Presse. 23 May 2004.
2940:
2645:
2570:Viking lander biological experiments
2000:Further use of some features of the
1631:adding citations to reliable sources
1602:
1297:adding citations to reliable sources
1268:
1169:adding citations to reliable sources
1136:
1000:adding citations to reliable sources
967:
889:adding citations to reliable sources
860:
509:, the ship that took the naturalist
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
5327:Habitability of binary star systems
3639:Nathan, Stuart (11 November 2016).
3404:
707:– Entry, descent and landing system
16:Failed Mars lander launched in 2003
13:
6619:European Space Agency space probes
5889:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
5332:Habitability of natural satellites
5257:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
4163:
4155:
4147:
4011:List of artificial objects on Mars
3613:Ghosh, Pallab (11 November 2016).
3584:Haynes, Korey (20 November 2018).
3440:Amos, Jonathan (16 January 2015).
3273:
3216:McEwen, Alfred (26 January 2007).
3190:"Beagle 2 probe 'spotted' on Mars"
3188:Ghosh, Pallab (20 December 2005).
3001:
2993:. 22 December 2003. Archived from
2919:. UK Space Agency. 16 January 2015
2724:
2658:National Space Science Data Center
2578:List of artificial objects on Mars
1492:
1489:) coming from the private sector.
1481:, with the remainder of the total
1264:
644:of the physical properties of the
14:
6660:
5869:Center for Life Detection Science
5790:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
5342:Habitability of red dwarf systems
5024:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
3737:
3547:Katz, Gregory (16 January 2015).
3466:Ellison, Doug (16 January 2015).
3120:. Open University. Archived from
3100:"Beagle 2 misses first call home"
2971:. Open University. Archived from
2829:Clark, Stuart (17 January 2015).
2739:. Open University. Archived from
1542:was pre-programmed to expect the
1132:
5923:
5912:
5911:
5894:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
5727:Life Investigation For Enceladus
5247:Extraterrestrial sample curation
5125:
4712:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
3863:
3818:
3098:Muir, Hazel (25 December 2003).
2855:Webster, Guy (16 January 2015).
2511:
2497:
2483:
2469:
2443:
2423:
2405:
2385:
2367:
2346:
2328:
2310:
2290:
2272:
2254:
2238:
2222:
2206:
2188:
2170:
2150:
2132:
2081:
2070:, overlaid with the position of
1956:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1607:
1523:failed to pick up a signal from
1273:
1141:
972:
865:
727:University of Wales, Aberystwyth
624:days) was thought possible. The
364:25 December 2003, 02:45 UTC
129:
23:
5832:Astrobiology Society of Britain
5707:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
5362:Habitable zone for complex life
4883:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
4689:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
3709:
3690:
3577:
3563:
3528:Davis, Nicola (26 April 2016).
3386:
3331:
3298:
3267:
3232:
3209:
3181:
3159:
3128:
3110:
3091:
3073:
3038:
2979:
2961:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2595:
2529: – Astrobiology programme
1618:needs additional citations for
1284:needs additional citations for
1086:cameras, a microscope with a 6-
876:needs additional citations for
513:on his round-the-world voyage.
34:needs additional citations for
5717:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
3892:Planetary Fourier Spectrometer
3356:10.1126/science.304.5675.1226a
2673:
1893:in November and December 2014.
1435:entered the Martian atmosphere
820:magazine reported a budget of
1:
6614:Derelict landers (spacecraft)
5765:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
5317:Extraterrestrial liquid water
4838:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
3880:High Resolution Stereo Camera
3411:Amos, Jonathan (8 May 2014).
3338:Clery, Daniel (28 May 2004).
3253:Hogan, Jenny (8 March 2004).
3135:Wardell, Jane (24 May 2004).
3020:NASA Solar System Exploration
2944:Beagle 2 Mars: Mission Report
2639:
1413:on 2 June 2003 at 17:45
516:
5899:Spanish Astrobiology Center
5307:Circumstellar habitable zone
3506:Wall, Mike (26 April 2016).
2689:Geophysical Research Letters
2588:
1951:Super-Resolution Restoration
733:McLaren Applied Technologies
442:that was transported by the
7:
6649:Spacecraft launched in 2003
6604:Astrobiology space missions
5884:NASA Astrobiology Institute
4762:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
4707:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
4683:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
4051:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3900:(VMC, e.g Mars Webcam (MW))
3276:"Beating the curse of Mars"
2947:. University of Leicester.
2462:
2042:
2027:MARGE (reuse an instrument)
1996:Follow-on mission proposals
1909:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1890:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1831:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1578:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
485:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
10:
6665:
5732:Mars sample return mission
3468:"Using HiView on image..."
2763:Royal Society Open Science
1800:landing package of NASA's
828:, and another outlet said
785:
560:. According to Pillinger:
552:in collaboration with the
438:is an inoperative British
6567:
6508:
6467:
6409:
6363:
6313:
6292:
6190:
6154:
6102:
6072:
6051:
5996:
5907:
5822:
5810:Terrestrial Planet Finder
5755:
5654:
5616:
5600:
5568:
5485:
5394:
5385:
5295:
5232:Earliest known life forms
5199:
5133:
5086:
5037:
5006:
4940:
4931:
4819:
4729:
4647:
4640:
4560:
4523:
4458:
4360:
4251:
4181:
4174:
4145:
4092:
4069:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
4026:
4019:
3996:
3934:
3907:
3872:
3861:
3828:
2941:Sims, M. R., ed. (2004).
2068:global topography of Mars
964:Robotic arm and analysers
836:Spacecraft and subsystems
701:– Main industrial partner
693:project, pictured in 2009
426:
422:
368:
360:
352:
348:
344:
336:
331:
327:
323:
315:
305:
295:
285:
271:
252:
247:
243:
239:
231:
219:
211:
207:33.2 kg (73 lb)
203:
198:
194:
190:
182:
172:
162:
152:
148:
128:
5842:Breakthrough Initiatives
5019:Mars Exploration Program
4001:List of missions to Mars
3898:Visual Monitoring Camera
3046:"The Beagle has Landed!"
2559:List of missions to Mars
1756:spacecraft carrying the
1376:Visual Monitoring Camera
1120:
225:Unfolded: 1.9 m diameter
5503:Mars Science Laboratory
5322:Galactic habitable zone
4109:Mars Science Laboratory
1382:as it heads off to Mars
678:University of Leicester
554:University of Leicester
5682:Enceladus Life Finder
5662:Breakthrough Enceladus
5186:Planetary oceanography
4478:Mars Exploration Rover
4168:
4160:
4152:
3927:(Comet orbiter/lander)
3768:by NASA (2004 archive)
2859:. NASA. Archived from
2661:. NASA. 26 August 2014
2129:
1717:
1509:was to have contacted
1401:
1383:
1092:Mössbauer spectrometer
858:
800:
694:
574:
538:
5857:Breakthrough Starshot
5457:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
5377:Superhabitable planet
5242:Extraterrestrial life
4673:(2024, flyby in 2025)
4665:(2024, flyby in 2025)
4244:(2023, flyby in 2026)
4235:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
4167:
4159:
4151:
4006:List of Mars orbiters
3939:European Space Agency
3760:by ESA (2003 archive)
3016:"In Depth | Beagle 2"
2064:Interactive image map
2051:
2011:Beagle 2e Evolution (
1934:11.52879°N 90.43139°E
1838:Discovery of location
1708:
1599:ESA/UK inquiry report
1423:European Space Agency
1389:
1374:
843:
789:
767:National Space Centre
685:
611:, an enormous, flat,
562:
524:
444:European Space Agency
410:Beagle 2 landing site
399:11.52879°N 90.43139°E
199:Spacecraft properties
167:National Space Centre
6233:Optus and Defence C1
5980:Orbital launches in
5864:Carl Sagan Institute
5852:Breakthrough Message
5692:Enceladus Orbilander
5427:Biosatellite program
5277:Planetary protection
5161:Evolutionary biology
5151:Atmospheric sciences
5029:Mars Next Generation
4988:Permanent settlement
4878:Mars Surveyor Lander
4344:Mars Climate Orbiter
4330:Mars Global Surveyor
3124:on 15 December 2003.
3052:on 26 December 2015.
2987:"McLaren nears Mars"
2975:on 20 December 2003.
2710:10.1029/2003GL018966
1883:Discovery images of
1627:improve this article
1564:Mars Global Surveyor
1293:improve this article
1165:improve this section
996:improve this section
885:improve this article
223:Folded: 1 m diameter
43:improve this article
6609:Attached spacecraft
6599:2015 in spaceflight
5847:Breakthrough Listen
3986:Spacecraft missions
3684:2012LPICo1679.4217G
3559:on 17 January 2015.
3350:(5675): 1226–1227.
3280:Science & Space
2997:on 4 November 2016.
2783:10.1098/rsos.170785
2775:2017RSOS....470785B
2701:2004GeoRL..31.1703R
2583:Exploration of Mars
2505:Solar System portal
2265:Mars Polar Lander ↓
2124:Mars Memorials list
1930: /
723:and lander software
591: /
394: /
290:Baikonur Cosmodrome
125:
5677:Enceladus Explorer
5014:Mars Scout Program
4853:Mars 4NM & 5NM
4777:Mars Micro Orbiter
4767:Mars Geyser Hopper
4169:
4161:
4153:
3908:Related spacecraft
3118:"The landing site"
2892:The New York Times
2863:on 24 October 2018
2519:Spaceflight portal
2130:
2021:Beagle to the Moon
1939:11.52879; 90.43139
1718:
1409:was launched from
1402:
1384:
1111:isotopes of carbon
1096:X-ray spectrometer
859:
804:£30 and 50 million
695:
539:
404:11.52879; 90.43139
340:February 6th, 2004
260:2003-06-02UTC07:45
256:2 June 2003, 07:45
186:6 months (planned)
121:
6579:
6578:
5939:
5938:
5818:
5817:
5642:Rosalind Franklin
5555:Trace Gas Orbiter
5212:Allan Hills 84001
5191:Planetary science
5093:
5092:
5082:
5081:
5053:The Case for Mars
4963:Atmospheric entry
4927:
4926:
4858:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
4815:
4814:
4792:Next Mars Orbiter
4700:Rosalind Franklin
4636:
4635:
4556:
4555:
4411:Mars Polar Lander
4143:
4142:
4037:2001 Mars Odyssey
3952:
3951:
3855:
3843:
3274:Knight, Matthew.
2737:"Technology FAQs"
2603:atmospheric entry
2543:Rosalind Franklin
2455:
2437:
2417:
2399:
2379:
2361:
2340:
2338:Rosalind Franklin
2322:
2304:
2284:
2266:
2248:
2232:
2216:
2200:
2182:
2164:
2144:
2087:Clickable image:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1677:
1516:2001 Mars Odyssey
1369:
1368:
1361:
1343:
1253:four disk-shaped
1245:
1244:
1237:
1219:
1107:gas chromatograph
1103:mass spectrometer
1076:
1075:
1068:
1050:
961:
960:
953:
935:
812:US$ 54−89 million
656:; and search for
613:sedimentary basin
430:
429:
319:December 19, 2003
119:
118:
111:
93:
6656:
6629:Missions to Mars
5985:
5984:
5983:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5943:
5942:
5927:
5926:
5915:
5914:
5392:
5391:
5287:Yamato meteorite
5120:
5113:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5059:Inspiration Mars
5046:The Mars Project
4938:
4937:
4821:
4820:
4645:
4644:
4562:
4561:
4179:
4178:
4024:
4023:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3956:
3955:
3867:
3853:
3841:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3752:
3751:
3749:Official website
3742:(archived copy)
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3666:
3649:
3648:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3319:on 27 March 2009
3318:
3311:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3250:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3022:. Archived from
3012:
2999:
2998:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2852:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2743:on 9 April 2004.
2733:
2722:
2721:
2712:
2686:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2649:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2599:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2477:Astronomy portal
2474:
2473:
2472:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2085:
2050:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1899:The location of
1874:
1862:
1850:
1824:Select committee
1821:House of Commons
1810:
1775:
1766:
1750:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1635:
1611:
1603:
1583:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1395:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1301:
1277:
1269:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1177:
1145:
1137:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1008:
976:
968:
956:
949:
945:
942:
936:
934:
893:
869:
861:
831:
823:
813:
809:
805:
798:
757:
689:, leader of the
606:
605:
603:
602:
601:
596:
592:
589:
588:
587:
584:
477:
418:
417:
415:
414:
413:
411:
406:
405:
400:
395:
392:
391:
390:
387:
263:
261:
248:Start of mission
183:Mission duration
133:
126:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6634:Open University
6584:
6583:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6563:
6504:
6463:
6405:
6359:
6309:
6288:
6242:Molniya-3 No.53
6186:
6150:
6110:Molniya-1 No.92
6098:
6068:
6047:
5992:
5991:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5970:
5940:
5935:
5903:
5824:
5814:
5757:
5751:
5712:Icebreaker Life
5650:
5612:
5596:
5570:
5564:
5481:
5387:
5381:
5298:
5291:
5195:
5171:Geomicrobiology
5129:
5124:
5094:
5089:
5078:
5033:
5002:
4923:
4825:
4811:
4757:Mars Base Alpha
4747:Icebreaker Life
4725:
4632:
4614:Mars 3MS No.170
4566:
4552:
4519:
4454:
4405:Mars Pathfinder
4356:
4247:
4206:Mariner 6 and 7
4170:
4162:
4154:
4139:
4088:
4015:
3992:
3983:
3953:
3948:
3944:Open University
3930:
3919:(Venus orbiter)
3903:
3868:
3859:
3824:
3817:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3722:. 27 April 2017
3719:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3695:
3691:
3675:
3667:
3652:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3611:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3553:Huffington Post
3545:
3541:
3526:
3519:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3438:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3409:
3405:
3400:on 1 July 2007.
3392:
3391:
3387:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3289:
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3251:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3186:
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3133:
3129:
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3092:
3079:
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3074:
3065:
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3057:
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3027:
3014:
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3002:
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2718:
2684:
2678:
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2651:
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2646:
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2637:
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2627:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2517:
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2308:
2299:
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2259:
2252:
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2236:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2079:
2062:
2048:
2045:
1998:
1959:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1913:Isidis Planitia
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1887:, taken by the
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1840:
1808:
1773:
1764:
1748:
1732:David Southwood
1710:David Southwood
1699:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1636:
1634:
1624:
1612:
1601:
1581:
1567:that suggested
1495:
1493:Mission failure
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1398:Isidis Planitia
1393:
1365:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1278:
1267:
1265:Mission profile
1241:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1178:
1176:
1162:
1146:
1135:
1123:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1009:
1007:
993:
977:
966:
957:
946:
940:
937:
894:
892:
882:
870:
838:
829:
821:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:
788:
755:
687:Colin Pillinger
672:Open University
642:oxidation state
609:Isidis Planitia
599:
597:
595:11.53°N 90.50°E
593:
590:
585:
582:
580:
578:
577:
550:Open University
546:Colin Pillinger
519:
502:is named after
475:
409:
407:
403:
401:
397:
396:
393:
388:
385:
383:
381:
380:
379:
373:Isidis Planitia
316:Deployment date
259:
257:
226:
224:
144:
135:Replica of the
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6662:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6577:
6576:
6572:Crewed flights
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6491:
6482:
6477:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6447:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6423:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6390:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6218:Progress M1-10
6215:
6210:
6205:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6164:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6117:
6112:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6036:
6031:
6015:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5987:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5946:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5921:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5800:Northern Light
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5756:Cancelled and
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5633:
5631:Europa Clipper
5628:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5582:
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5562:
5557:
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5551:
5550:
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5530:
5529:
5528:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5227:Drake equation
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5166:Exoplanetology
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5141:Astrochemistry
5137:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5064:Mars Institute
5061:
5056:
5049:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4897:
4894:Northern Light
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4704:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4666:
4663:Europa Clipper
4660:
4651:
4649:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4599:Mars 2M No.521
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4305:Phobos program
4302:
4301:
4300:
4293:
4284:Viking program
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4176:
4172:
4171:
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4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4030:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3982:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3920:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3845:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3739:
3738:External links
3736:
3734:
3733:
3708:
3689:
3650:
3631:
3602:
3576:
3562:
3539:
3517:
3498:
3476:
3458:
3429:
3403:
3385:
3330:
3297:
3266:
3240:
3231:
3208:
3180:
3158:
3147:on 23 May 2009
3127:
3109:
3090:
3072:
3055:
3037:
3000:
2978:
2960:
2953:
2930:
2905:
2874:
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2769:(10): 170785.
2746:
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2607:
2593:
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2590:
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2573:
2564:Viking landers
2561:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2523:
2522:
2508:
2494:
2491:Biology portal
2480:
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2221:
2205:
2187:
2176:
2169:
2156:
2149:
2131:
2116:
2112: Planned)
2105: Inactive
2091:
2080:
2072:Martian rovers
2052:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2009:
1997:
1994:
1958:
1955:
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1841:
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1812:
1790:
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1778:
1768:
1743:
1726:Lord Sainsbury
1701:
1700:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1494:
1491:
1487:US$ 80 million
1475:US$ 40 million
1367:
1366:
1281:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1243:
1242:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:Specifications
1131:
1122:
1119:
1090:resolution, a
1074:
1073:
980:
978:
971:
965:
962:
959:
958:
873:
871:
864:
847:launched with
837:
834:
808:€43-71 million
794:
787:
784:
737:
736:
730:
724:
721:Ground segment
714:
708:
702:
696:
675:
518:
515:
511:Charles Darwin
428:
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370:
366:
365:
362:
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357:
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332:End of mission
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141:Science Museum
134:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6597:
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6554:Ekspress AM22
6552:
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6428:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6350:Progress M-48
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6284:Cubesat XI-IV
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6252:Monitor-E GVM
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
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6209:
6206:
6203:
6199:
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6195:
6193:
6189:
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6137:
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6118:
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6108:
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6105:
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6095:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6059:Progress M-47
6057:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6021:
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5986:
5975:
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5808:
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5723:
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5708:
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5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Europa Lander
5695:
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5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
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5280:
5278:
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5270:
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5260:
5258:
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5252:Extremophiles
5250:
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5230:
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5009:
5005:
4999:
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4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:Human mission
4981:
4979:
4978:Sample return
4976:
4974:
4971:
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4323:Mars Observer
4320:
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3991:
3987:
3980:
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3957:
3945:
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3940:
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3926:
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3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:Venus Express
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3659:
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3607:
3591:
3590:Astronomy.com
3587:
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3349:
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3315:
3308:
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3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3260:New Scientist
3256:
3249:
3247:
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3219:
3212:
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3196:
3191:
3184:
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3138:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3104:New Scientist
3101:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3026:on 8 May 2019
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2956:
2954:1-898489-35-1
2950:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2935:
2918:
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2889:
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2845:
2836:
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2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:(1). L01703.
2694:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2604:
2598:
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2576:
2571:
2568:
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2562:
2560:
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2321:
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2293:
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2275:
2268:
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2250:
2241:
2234:
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2218:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2135:
2125:
2121:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:battery power
1983:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1957:Lander status
1954:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1686:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644: –
1643:
1639:
1638:Find sources:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1616:This section
1614:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:Although the
1490:
1480:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1360:
1352:
1349:December 2016
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310: –
1309:
1305:
1304:Find sources:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1282:This section
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1239:
1236:
1228:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186: –
1185:
1181:
1180:Find sources:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1150:This section
1148:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1067:
1059:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017: –
1016:
1012:
1011:Find sources:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
990:
986:
981:This section
979:
975:
970:
969:
955:
952:
944:
933:
930:
926:
923:
919:
916:
912:
909:
905:
902: –
901:
897:
896:Find sources:
890:
886:
880:
879:
874:This section
872:
868:
863:
862:
856:
852:
851:
846:
842:
833:
827:
819:
818:
817:New Scientist
793:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
754:
750:
744:
741:
734:
731:
729:– Robotic arm
728:
725:
722:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
692:
688:
684:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
668:
666:
661:
659:
658:biosignatures
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
610:
604:
573:
571:
567:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
536:
532:
528:
525:Model of the
523:
514:
512:
508:
507:
501:
496:
494:
490:
487:
486:
481:
474:
469:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
450:
445:
441:
437:
436:
425:
421:
416:
378:
374:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:
308:
306:Deployed from
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
284:
281:
277:
274:
270:
267:
255:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:Height: 12 cm
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
6624:Mars Express
6594:2003 on Mars
6581:
6571:
6493:
6454:Chuang Xin 1
6437:
6425:
6201:
6198:Mars Express
6177:Hellas Sat 2
6138:
6064:Intelsat 907
6024:SpaceHab RDM
6017:
5928:
5916:
5825:and programs
5823:Institutions
5641:
5623:
5601:Heliocentric
5589:
5577:
5545:
5532:
5524:Perseverance
5523:
5508:
5492:
5312:Earth analog
5299:habitability
5267:Ocean planet
5237:Earth analog
5222:Biosignature
5181:Paleontology
5176:Microbiology
5156:Biochemistry
5146:Astrophysics
5127:Astrobiology
5069:Mars Society
5051:
5044:
4998:Terraforming
4993:Colonization
4919:Voyager Mars
4911:
4899:
4892:
4718:
4698:
4669:
4656:Mangalyaan-2
4655:
4574:Mars 1M No.1
4533:
4513:
4497:
4483:
4471:
4447:
4440:
4434:Schiaparelli
4433:
4425:
4419:
4415:Deep Space 2
4404:
4397:
4390:
4350:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4295:
4288:
4240:
4227:
4220:
4122:Perseverance
4121:
4102:
4081:
4074:
4049:
4044:Mars Express
4042:
4035:
3922:
3914:
3848:
3847:
3837:Mars Express
3835:
3821:Mars Express
3819:
3781:Mars Express
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3741:
3724:. Retrieved
3711:
3703:The Guardian
3702:
3692:
3671:
3645:The Engineer
3644:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3618:
3593:. Retrieved
3589:
3579:
3565:
3557:the original
3552:
3542:
3534:The Guardian
3533:
3511:
3501:
3489:. Retrieved
3479:
3470:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3445:
3420:. Retrieved
3416:
3406:
3398:the original
3388:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3321:. Retrieved
3314:the original
3300:
3288:. Retrieved
3279:
3269:
3258:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3193:
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3145:the original
3140:
3130:
3122:the original
3112:
3103:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3050:the original
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3019:
2995:the original
2991:GPUpdate.net
2990:
2981:
2973:the original
2963:
2943:
2921:. Retrieved
2896:. Retrieved
2891:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:the original
2835:The Guardian
2834:
2766:
2762:
2741:the original
2714:
2692:
2688:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2656:
2647:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2597:
2553:Life on Mars
2542:
2534:Schiaparelli
2533:
2452:
2434:
2414:
2396:
2376:
2358:Schiaparelli
2357:
2337:
2319:
2302:Perseverance
2301:
2281:
2197:
2181:Deep Space 2
2161:
2141:
2138:
2098: Active
2086:
2030:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1948:
1900:
1898:
1888:
1884:
1828:
1818:
1805:
1802:Spirit rover
1796:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1754:Mars Express
1753:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1689:
1680:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1637:
1625:Please help
1620:verification
1617:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:Mars Express
1543:
1539:
1536:Mars Express
1535:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1521:Jodrell Bank
1514:
1506:
1503:Mars Express
1502:
1498:
1496:
1478:
1468:
1462:
1459:Mars Express
1458:
1455:
1451:
1430:
1427:Mars Express
1426:
1418:
1406:Mars Express
1404:
1403:
1390:
1379:
1355:
1346:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1303:
1291:Please help
1286:verification
1283:
1259:
1255:solar arrays
1246:
1231:
1222:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1179:
1163:Please help
1151:
1125:
1124:
1100:
1084:stereoscopic
1078:
1077:
1062:
1053:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1010:
994:Please help
982:
947:
938:
928:
921:
914:
907:
895:
883:Please help
878:verification
875:
855:Mars Express
854:
850:Mars Express
848:
844:
825:
815:
801:
790:
778:
774:
764:
760:Damien Hirst
752:
745:
738:
705:Martin-Baker
690:
664:
662:
638:geochemistry
625:
618:Martian year
600:11.53; 90.50
575:
569:
565:
563:
558:life on Mars
541:
540:
526:
505:
499:
497:
493:solar panels
483:
472:
470:
465:Mars Express
464:
462:
454:astrobiology
449:Mars Express
447:
434:
433:
431:
369:Landing site
361:Landing date
310:Mars Express
300:EADS Astrium
212:Payload mass
204:Landing mass
153:Mission type
136:
122:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
6534:Kosmos 2404
6530:Kosmos 2403
6526:Kosmos 2402
6480:Shen Tong 1
6439:Soyuz TMA-3
6340:Kosmos 2401
6336:Kosmos 2400
6326:Kosmos 2399
6321:EchoStar IX
6300:Opportunity
6276:AAU-Cubesat
6208:Kosmos 2398
6140:Soyuz TMA-2
6134:Kosmos 2397
5758:undeveloped
5608:BioSentinel
5498:Fobos-Grunt
5395:Earth orbit
5217:Biomolecule
5207:Abiogenesis
5200:Main topics
5134:Disciplines
4933:Exploration
4782:MELOS rover
4685:(mid 2020s)
4624:Fobos-Grunt
4498:Opportunity
3873:Instruments
3776:by BBC News
3726:12 November
3595:10 December
3471:Twitter.com
3085:Space Daily
2282:Opportunity
2118:(See also:
2008:Beagle 2007
1937: /
1483:£44 million
1471:£22 million
1439:heat shield
830:£50 million
822:£40 million
650:meteorology
598: /
440:Mars lander
402: /
286:Launch site
253:Launch date
157:Mars lander
6588:Categories
6521:Gruzomaket
6427:Shenzhou 5
6421:Horizons-1
5805:Red Dragon
5585:OSIRIS-REx
5569:Comets and
5272:Panspermia
5007:Strategies
4901:Red Dragon
4863:Mars-Aster
4807:Sky-Sailor
4802:Phootprint
4772:Mars-Grunt
4589:2MV-3 No.1
4584:2MV-4 No.1
4536:helicopter
4351:Mangalyaan
3829:Spacecraft
3783:Operations
3451:16 January
2969:"Industry"
2923:3 November
2898:17 January
2867:16 January
2665:22 January
2653:"Beagle 2"
2640:References
1925:90°25′53″E
1922:11°31′44″N
1683:March 2022
1653:newspapers
1642:"Beagle 2"
1593:Mars Curse
1319:newspapers
1308:"Beagle 2"
1225:March 2022
1195:newspapers
1184:"Beagle 2"
1088:micrometre
1056:March 2022
1026:newspapers
1015:"Beagle 2"
911:newspapers
900:"Beagle 2"
646:atmosphere
634:mineralogy
533:museum in
517:Background
408: (
389:90°25′53″E
386:11°31′44″N
296:Contractor
220:Dimensions
99:March 2022
69:newspapers
58:"Beagle 2"
6489:Yamal-202
6485:Yamal-201
6417:Galaxy 13
6364:September
6305:Rainbow 1
6247:Orbview-3
6223:Thuraya 2
6182:Beidou 1C
6129:AsiaSat-4
6124:Galaxy 12
5722:Laplace-P
5625:Dragonfly
5579:Hayabusa2
5571:asteroids
5540:Tianwen-1
5518:Mars 2020
5509:Curiosity
5442:Eu:CROPIS
5297:Planetary
5074:Mars race
4888:NetLander
4848:Marsokhod
4826:proposals
4824:Cancelled
4628:Yinghuo-1
4609:Mariner 8
4604:2M No.522
4594:Mariner 3
4546:Mars 2020
4534:Ingenuity
4472:Sojourner
4448:Tianwen-1
4269:Mariner 9
4196:Mariner 4
4128:Mars 2020
4103:Curiosity
4082:Tianwen-1
3624:2 January
3512:Space.com
3364:0036-8075
3141:Space.com
2589:Footnotes
2377:Sojourner
2162:Curiosity
1777:distance;
1378:image of
1152:does not
983:does not
941:June 2020
771:Leicester
531:Spaceport
504:HMS
460:on Mars.
178:2003-022C
174:COSPAR ID
6559:Tan Ce 1
6509:December
6468:November
6459:SERVIS-1
6397:INSAT-3E
6384:BILSAT-1
6331:SCISAT-1
6272:QuakeSat
6202:Beagle 2
6167:Hayabusa
6120:INSAT-3A
6052:February
6004:Coriolis
5918:Category
5780:Kazachok
5770:Beagle 3
5702:ExoLance
5655:Proposed
5493:Beagle 2
5467:OREOcube
5447:EXOSTACK
5388:missions
5038:Advocacy
4973:Aircraft
4941:Concepts
4873:Mars One
4843:Beagle 3
4730:Proposed
4720:Kazachok
4703:) (2028)
4677:EscaPADE
4567:launches
4525:Aircraft
4504:timeline
4490:timeline
4432:ExoMars
4420:Beagle 2
4398:Viking 2
4391:Viking 1
4315:Phobos 2
4310:Phobos 1
4297:Viking 2
4290:Viking 1
4252:Orbiters
4133:timeline
4114:timeline
4057:timeline
4028:Orbiters
3849:Beagle 2
3773:Beagle 2
3765:Beagle 2
3757:Beagle 2
3619:BBC News
3446:BBC News
3417:BBC News
3380:31667409
3372:15166335
3323:22 April
3290:27 March
3284:Archived
3224:22 April
3201:22 April
3195:BBC News
3173:22 April
3151:22 April
2801:29134081
2463:See also
2453:Viking 2
2435:Viking 1
2142:Beagle 2
2120:Mars map
2043:Mars map
2013:Beagle 3
2002:Beagle 2
1990:Beagle 2
1982:Beagle 2
1975:Beagle 2
1971:Beagle 2
1967:Beagle 2
1901:Beagle 2
1885:Beagle 2
1877:Close-up
1853:Overview
1806:Beagle 2
1797:Beagle 2
1786:Beagle 2
1781:Beagle 2
1771:Beagle 2
1767:airbags;
1762:Beagle 2
1758:Beagle 2
1746:Beagle 2
1739:Beagle 2
1722:Beagle 2
1714:Beagle 2
1573:Beagle 2
1569:Beagle 2
1556:Beagle 2
1552:Beagle 2
1548:Beagle 2
1540:Beagle 2
1532:Beagle 2
1525:Beagle 2
1507:Beagle 2
1499:Beagle 2
1479:Beagle 2
1463:Beagle 2
1431:Beagle 2
1419:Beagle 2
1411:Baikonur
1391:Beagle 2
1380:Beagle 2
1126:Beagle 2
1079:Beagle 2
845:Beagle 2
826:Beagle 2
795:—
779:Beagle 2
775:Beagle 2
753:Beagle 2
691:Beagle 2
665:Beagle 2
626:Beagle 2
570:Beagle 2
542:Beagle 2
535:Seacombe
527:Beagle 2
500:Beagle 2
473:Beagle 2
446:'s 2003
435:Beagle 2
337:Declared
276:Soyuz-FG
163:Operator
143:, London
137:Beagle 2
123:Beagle 2
6544:USA-175
6539:USA-174
6516:USA-173
6475:FSW-3 1
6450:CBERS-2
6445:USA-172
6410:October
6401:SMART-1
6388:STSat-1
6375:Orion 5
6371:USA-171
6355:USA-170
6345:Spitzer
6237:BSAT-2c
6171:Minerva
6115:USA-169
6094:USA-168
6080:USA-167
6039:USA-166
6019:STS-107
6013:CHIPSat
5997:January
5930:Commons
5747:Trident
5737:Oceanus
5636:ExoMars
5617:Planned
5591:Rosetta
5546:Zhurong
5534:Phoenix
5472:Tanpopo
5462:O/OREOS
5407:BIOCORE
4958:Landing
4953:Orbiter
4742:DePhine
4695:ExoMars
4648:Planned
4619:Mars 96
4579:1M No.2
4541:flights
4514:Zhurong
4441:InSight
4426:Phoenix
4362:Landers
4222:Rosetta
4084:orbiter
3924:Rosetta
3842:orbiter
3680:Bibcode
3491:28 July
3344:Science
3030:28 July
2792:5666264
2771:Bibcode
2697:Bibcode
2545:(rover)
2527:ExoMars
2415:Zhurong
2320:Phoenix
2198:InSight
2076:landers
2066:of the
2059:discuss
2033:InSight
1865:Context
1667:scholar
1333:scholar
1209:scholar
1173:removed
1158:sources
1115:methane
1040:scholar
1004:removed
989:sources
925:scholar
786:Funding
740:Astrium
699:Astrium
654:climate
630:geology
586:90°30′E
583:11°32′N
548:of the
529:at the
258: (
139:at the
83:scholar
6549:Amos-2
6499:IGS-2B
6495:IGS-2A
6393:e-Bird
6380:UK-DMC
6314:August
6280:CanX-1
6268:Cute-I
6260:DTUSat
6256:MIMOSA
6228:Spirit
6162:GSAT-2
6089:IGS-1B
6085:IGS-1A
6043:XSS-10
6009:ICESat
5989:2004 →
5974:← 2002
5879:MERMOZ
5672:CAESAR
5560:Viking
5477:VEGGIE
5452:EXPOSE
5432:E-MIST
5422:BIOPAN
5412:Biolab
5372:Tholin
4787:MetNet
4691:(2026)
4679:(2024)
4659:(2024)
4641:Future
4565:Failed
4484:Spirit
4466:PrOP-M
4459:Rovers
4450:lander
4385:Mars 7
4380:Mars 6
4375:Mars 3
4370:Mars 2
4337:Nozomi
4279:Mars 5
4274:Mars 4
4264:Mars 3
4259:Mars 2
4241:Psyche
4216:Mars 7
4211:Mars 6
4201:Zond 2
4191:Mars 1
4183:Flybys
4094:Rovers
4020:Active
3886:MARSIS
3882:(HRSC)
3854:lander
3785:by ESA
3378:
3370:
3362:
2951:
2799:
2789:
2719:≈ 51).
2397:Spirit
2247:Mars 6
2231:Mars 3
2215:Mars 2
2110:
2103:
2096:
1980:After
1809:'s
1774:'s
1765:'s
1749:'s
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1582:'s
1534:using
1400:basin.
1394:'s
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1013:
927:
920:
913:
906:
898:
756:'s
717:SCISYS
711:Logica
640:, and
566:Beagle
506:Beagle
489:HiRISE
476:'s
356:lander
280:Fregat
272:Rocket
264:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
6213:AMC-9
6146:GALEX
6103:April
6073:March
6034:SORCE
5795:MELOS
5667:BRUIE
5644:rover
5548:rover
5526:rover
5511:rover
5386:Space
4968:Rover
4948:Flyby
4913:Vesta
4797:PADME
4064:MAVEN
3894:(PFS)
3720:(PDF)
3676:(PDF)
3422:8 May
3376:S2CID
3317:(PDF)
3310:(PDF)
2685:(PDF)
1674:JSTOR
1660:books
1477:) on
1449:/cm.
1340:JSTOR
1326:books
1216:JSTOR
1202:books
1121:PLUTO
1094:, an
1047:JSTOR
1033:books
932:JSTOR
918:books
622:Earth
620:(687
564:"HMS
232:Power
90:JSTOR
76:books
6293:July
6264:MOST
6191:June
5982:2003
5742:THEO
5486:Mars
5417:Bion
4670:Hera
4229:Dawn
4175:Past
4075:Hope
3990:Mars
3728:2022
3626:2018
3597:2018
3493:2018
3453:2015
3424:2014
3368:PMID
3360:ISSN
3325:2009
3292:2007
3226:2009
3203:2009
3175:2009
3153:2009
3032:2022
2949:ISBN
2925:2016
2900:2015
2869:2015
2797:PMID
2667:2015
2074:and
2055:view
1905:NASA
1646:news
1511:NASA
1443:EADS
1312:news
1188:news
1156:any
1154:cite
1113:and
1105:and
1019:news
987:any
985:cite
904:news
824:for
749:Blur
652:and
498:The
480:NASA
471:The
458:life
432:The
377:Mars
354:Mars
235:60 W
62:news
6155:May
6028:EDO
5437:ERA
5402:BIO
3988:to
3352:doi
3348:304
2787:PMC
2779:doi
2705:doi
2536:EDM
2360:EDM
2035:'s
1915:at
1907:'s
1629:by
1513:'s
1425:'s
1415:UTC
1295:by
1250:UHF
1167:by
998:by
887:by
810:or
797:ESA
769:in
607:at
482:'s
266:UTC
45:by
6590::
6532:,
6528:,
6497:,
6487:,
6452:,
6399:,
6395:,
6386:,
6382:,
6373:/
6338:,
6282:,
6278:,
6274:,
6270:,
6266:,
6262:,
6258:,
6254:,
6235:,
6122:,
6087:,
6041:,
6026:,
6011:,
4626:/
4413:/
3701:.
3653:^
3643:.
3617:.
3605:^
3588:.
3551:.
3532:.
3520:^
3510:.
3444:.
3432:^
3415:.
3374:.
3366:.
3358:.
3346:.
3342:.
3282:.
3278:.
3257:.
3243:^
3192:.
3139:.
3102:.
3083:.
3058:^
3018:.
3003:^
2989:.
2933:^
2908:^
2890:.
2877:^
2843:^
2833:.
2809:^
2795:.
2785:.
2777:.
2765:.
2761:.
2749:^
2726:^
2713:.
2703:.
2693:31
2691:.
2687:.
2655:.
2126:)
2122:;
2107:•
2100:•
2057:•
1595:.
1417:.
814:.
762:.
719:–
660:.
636:,
632:,
375:,
278:/
6419:/
6204:)
6200:(
6173:)
6169:(
6030:)
6022:(
5965:e
5958:t
5951:v
5119:e
5112:t
5105:v
4697:(
3978:e
3971:t
3964:v
3856:)
3852:(
3844:)
3840:(
3812:e
3805:t
3798:v
3730:.
3705:.
3686:.
3682::
3647:.
3628:.
3599:.
3536:.
3514:.
3495:.
3473:.
3455:.
3426:.
3382:.
3354::
3327:.
3294:.
3263:.
3228:.
3205:.
3177:.
3155:.
3106:.
3034:.
2957:.
2927:.
2902:.
2871:.
2837:.
2803:.
2781::
2773::
2767:4
2717:s
2707::
2699::
2669:.
2092:(
2061:)
2053:(
2015:)
1696:)
1690:(
1685:)
1681:(
1671:·
1664:·
1657:·
1650:·
1623:.
1485:(
1473:(
1447:W
1362:)
1356:(
1351:)
1347:(
1337:·
1330:·
1323:·
1316:·
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