123:
2590:, where Xun describes his ''ill tempered'' experience within the capital Peking (pinyin Beijing) during the winter of 1917; he begins by talking about how an old woman who is dressed in ''ragged clothing'' got caught in the shaft due to the strong winds ''fluttering'' her ''unbuttoned and tattered jacket''. Xun describes how he felt ''disgusted'' and in disbelief that the old woman who was laying on the ground was helped by the rickshaw man; he believed that the old woman was ''acting injured'' to gain sympathy and help from the rickshaw man. Towards the end of the incident, in an attempt to quench his feelings of shame and guilt, he gives the policeman a ''handful of coppers'' to be given to the rickshaw man as a form of ''reward'' for his Samaritan behavior. Xun's attitude towards the old woman and the rickshaw man is representative of the classist bourgeois view towards the proletariat who are the ''old woman and the rickshaw man'' in this case; an apathetic and selfish attitude towards people in distress.
2448:(1848), argues that 'the history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles'. As class struggle is the engine room of history, to understand the course of history, one must analyse the class relations that typify different historical epochs, the antagonisms, and forms of class struggle embodied in such class relations. This involves the development of class consciousness and follows the revolutionary movements that challenge the dominant classes. It extends to rating the success of these revolutions in developing new
2534:
2525:, where works focused on the lives of the different classes. In the years since then, the beliefs of some Marxist schools regarding literary theory have been modified to acknowledge that literary creation is a result of both subjective inspiration and the objective influence of the writer's surroundings. This system of belief relies on the social classes as well as the economic and political development of society. Thus, Marx's theories intertwined with the emerging ideologies of the new Russian movement and spread throughout the world.
2408:, the value produced by the worker that the capitalists appropriate; however, the working class must realize that they are being exploited not only as individuals but as a class. It is upon this realization that the working class reaches class consciousness). Marx believed that all history is a struggle between hostile and competing economic classes in a state of change. Marx and Engels collaborated to produce a range of publications based on capitalism, class struggles, and socialist movements.
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2586:"Karl Marx's sociological explanation of social conflict is one of the most powerful explanations, he has put forward that the notion of a class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, is inevitable within a capitalist system. The brewing social conflict amongst classes is well represented within Lu Xun's
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The viewpoint of
Marxists toward literary works is that they are not "works created according to a perpetual artistic standard, but as "consequences" of economic and ideological factors that are specific to that time period". Critiquing literary work in the perspective of a Marxist involves asking
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defines
Marxist criticism this way: "Marxist criticism is not merely a 'sociology of literature', concerned with how novels get published and whether they mention the working class. Its aims to explain the literary work more fully; and this means a sensitive attention to its forms, styles and,
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states that "the mode of production of material life determines altogether the social, political, and intellectual life process. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but on the contrary their social being, that determines their consciousness." Put simply, the social
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It is through the theories of class struggle, politics, and economics that
Marxist literary criticism emerged. The thought behind Marxist criticism is that works of literature are mere products of history that can be analyzed by looking at the social and material conditions in which they were
2368:. In such a society, the means of production (the base in the architectural metaphor Marx uses to analyze and describe the structure of any given society in written human history) are possessed in common by all people rather than being owned by an elite ruling class. Marx believed that
2404:. (In Marx's thought, it is only the proletariat, the working class, that must achieve class consciousness. The bourgeoisie is already quite well aware of its position and power in the capitalist paradigm. As individuals, workers know that they are being exploited in order to produce
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was less concerned with forecasting how capitalism would be overthrown, than considering how it had developed and how it functioned. The key to understanding this logic was the 'commodity form of social relations – a form that was most fully developed only in capitalism.
2348:
of any given society. Therefore, literary texts reflect the economic base rather than "the social institutions from which they originate" for all social institutions, or more precisely human–social relationships, are in the final analysis determined by the economic base.
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argues that society's economic organization consists of a distinctive pattern of forces and relations of productions. From this foundation arises a complex political and ideological superstructure, where economic development impacts societal progress.
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was accepted as the highest form of literature – a theory based on an art movement that depicted and glorified the proletariat's struggle towards societal progress. These ideas guided both literary creation and official literary criticism in the
2467:(1867) focus on the unfolding logic of a system, rather than class struggle. These provide an alternative account of historical development and emphasize the self-destructive contradictions and law of motion of specific modes of production.
2478:
was more concerned with the genesis and dynamic of capitalism. As
Mclellan (1971) states, "it refers to class struggle mainly in the context of the struggle between capital and labor, within capitalism, rather than over its suppression."
2326:. Marxist critics argue that even art and literature themselves form social institutions and have specific ideological functions, based on the background and ideology of their authors. The English literary critic and cultural theorist
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Ultimately, the core foundation of
Marxist critique is established on these questions since Marx once said that "the writer may very well serve a movement of history as its mouthpiece, but he cannot of course create it".
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meanings. But it also means grasping those forms styles and meanings as the product of a particular history." In
Marxist criticism, class struggle and relations of production are the central instruments in analysis.
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and class struggle were the three principles that explained his theories. (Though Marx does attribute a teleological function to the economic, he is no determinist. As he and
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Most
Marxist critics who were writing in what could chronologically be specified as the early period of Marxist literary criticism, subscribed to what has come to be called "
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in the mid-nineteenth century, it was not until the 1920s that
Marxist literary theory was systematized. The greatest impetus for this standardization came after the
220:
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situation of the author determines the types of characters that will develop, the political ideas displayed and the economical statements developed in the text.
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2392:, "Capitalism can be used to build socialism, but there is no sense in which the whole historical process is secretly laboring towards this goal.") The
2400:(subordinate class: ones who do not own and control the means of production) were the only two classes who engaged in hostile interaction to achieve
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Quoted Marx – W Duiker & J Spielvogel, The
Essential World History, vol, II: since 1500, 3rd ed, Thomson Higher Education, Belmont, 2008, p. 428
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of 1917 in Russia. The event instigated a change in belief around socialist ideals in government and society. While these ideals developed,
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Duiker, W & Spielvogel, J, The
Essential World History, vol, II: since 1500, 3rd ed, Thomson Higher Education, Belmont, 2008.
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T Eagleton, Marxism and Literary Criticism, Berkeley, U of California P, 1976
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K Siegel, 'Introduction to Modern Literary Theory', viewed 15 March 2011,
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D Mclellan, The Thought of Karl Marx, Macmillan Press, London, 1971, p. 42
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These theories and ideologies can be found within three published works:
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R Stones, Key Sociological Thinkers, Macmillan Press, London, 1998, p. 24
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Preface to the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
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Preface to the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
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436:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
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How do the protagonists/characters fight against oppression?
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401:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
221:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
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3055:
Journal of Teaching and Research in English Literature
2805:
The collected works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
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What is the role of class in the said literary work?
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2949:, Edinburgh University Press, Great Britain, 1997.
4035:
3052:Marxist Approach to Literature: An Introduction
2529:Critiquing literary works through Marxist lens
2508:Although Marx and Engels detailed theories of
3074:
2782:(7 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 149.
2292:
181:The Condition of the Working Class in England
2827:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2802:
2653:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
176:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
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3067:
2935:, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1975.
2581:
2444:The core publication of the movement, the
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2285:
321:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
196:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
2639:Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels (2013).
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2667:
2532:
121:
2993:Capital (Volumes I–III) (Marx, Engels).
2947:Classical Sociological Theory: A Reader
2322:developed by philosopher and economist
431:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany
4036:
3088:
2961:Introduction to Modern Literary Theory
2803:Marx, Engels, Karl, Friedrich (1976).
2777:
2740:http://www.kristisiegel.com/theory.htm
2364:built on control and ownership of the
2344:, which is determined by the economic
1107:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3062:
3036:Marx and Engels on Literature and Art
2980:Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels (2004) .
2020:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
391:Change the World Without Taking Power
3014:The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx
2916:, Berkeley, U of California P, 1976.
2842:Rummel, Rudolph Joseph (1975–1981).
2638:
2504:The development of Marxist criticism
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
346:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
276:Theses on the Philosophy of History
13:
3481:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
2974:
2938:Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels.
2452:and forms of social organization.
14:
4060:
3044:The Georg Lukacs Internet Archive
3028:
2674:. New Haven: Yale UP. p. 60.
366:Time, Labor and Social Domination
3224:
2983:Manifesto of the Communist Party
2970:, Macmillan Press, London, 1998.
2956:, Macmillan Press, London, 1971.
2266:
2254:
2242:
2078:21st-century communist theorists
416:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
331:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
251:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
157:
22:
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2835:
2796:
2771:
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2744:
2732:
2643:. New York: Norton. p. 61.
780:Theory of historical trajectory
658:Dictatorship of the proletariat
356:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
256:History and Class Consciousness
211:Critique of the Gotha Programme
33:needs additional citations for
2914:Marxism and Literary Criticism
2844:Understanding conflict and war
2723:
2720:As quoted in D Mclellan, p. 67
2714:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2661:
2632:
2623:
578:Socially necessary labour time
476:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
361:The Sublime Object of Ideology
286:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
3551:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
3521:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
3476:Anne Louise Germaine de Staël
2990:. Retrieved on 14 March 2015.
2896:
2487:
499:Critique of political economy
2780:A Glossary Of Literary Terms
2538:Pyramid of Capitalist System
536:Falling profit-rate tendency
311:The Society of the Spectacle
57:"Marxist literary criticism"
7:
2593:
2551:
2010:Capitalism Nature Socialism
526:Concrete and abstract labor
411:Capital in the Anthropocene
336:Social Justice and the City
231:The Accumulation of Capital
10:
4065:
3516:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2352:
2312:Marxist literary criticism
281:Dialectic of Enlightenment
3988:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
3381:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
3233:
3222:
3191:Reader-response criticism
3096:
2988:Marxists Internet Archive
2968:Key Sociological Thinkers
2611:Literature and Revolution
426:Literature and Revolution
386:Late Victorian Holocausts
316:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
301:The Wretched of the Earth
3431:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
3186:Psychoanalytic criticism
3012:Alex Callinicos (2012).
2963:', viewed 15 March 2011,
2954:The Thought of Karl Marx
2940:The Communist Manifesto.
2668:Eagleton, Terry (2011).
2617:
376:The Origin of Capitalism
246:The State and Revolution
3486:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
2807:. Progress Publishers.
2641:The Communist Manifesto
2582:Application of criteria
2417:The Communist Manifesto
2383:The Communist Manifesto
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1082:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
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236:Philosophical Notebooks
191:The Communist Manifesto
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3111:Biographical criticism
2778:Abrams, M. H. (1998).
2548:
2320:historical materialism
2025:Historical Materialism
770:Proletarian revolution
765:Primitive accumulation
760:Historical determinism
135:
128:World Cultural Figures
3651:Ferdinand de Saussure
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2536:
2493:constructed. Marx's
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2055:Science & Society
673:Democratic centralism
531:Factors of production
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341:Women, Race and Class
125:
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3511:Percy Bysshe Shelley
3491:Wilhelm von Humboldt
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3121:Cultural materialism
3106:Archetypal criticism
2904:Pride and Prejudice.
2370:economic determinism
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216:Dialectics of Nature
42:improve this article
3656:Claude Lévi-Strauss
3591:Friedrich Nietzsche
3546:Ralph Waldo Emerson
3506:Thomas Love Peacock
3501:Arthur Schopenhauer
3451:Mary Wollstonecraft
3136:Descriptive poetics
3126:Darwinian criticism
3016:. Haymarket Books.
3006:Theses on Feuerbach
2998:The German Ideology
2455:In contrast to the
2450:modes of production
2446:Communist Manifesto
2402:class consciousness
2366:means of production
2005:Capital & Class
685:False consciousness
633:Commodity fetishism
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226:What Is to Be Done?
186:The German Ideology
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4044:Literary criticism
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2933:The Age of Capital
2922:Why Marx Was Right
2711:D Mclellan, p. 124
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2549:
2514:October Revolution
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2912:Eagleton, Terry.
2557:these questions:
2518:socialist realism
2362:classless society
2309:
2308:
2150:Political ecology
2128:Marxian economics
1067:Council communism
1035:
1034:
962:Neue Marx-Lektüre
924:Regulation school
813:Cultural analysis
705:Lumpenproletariat
648:Cultural hegemony
638:Communist society
628:Classless society
563:Productive forces
296:Guerrilla Warfare
169:Theoretical works
118:
117:
110:
92:
4056:
4008:Yokomitsu Riichi
3978:J. Hillis Miller
3943:Geoffrey Hartman
3900:Elaine Showalter
3860:Raymond Williams
3820:Martin Heidegger
3810:Gaston Bachelard
3775:Jean-Paul Sartre
3760:Monroe Beardsley
3716:Georges Bataille
3696:Boris Eikhenbaum
3671:Viktor Shklovsky
3541:John Stuart Mill
3526:Giacomo Leopardi
3371:Pierre Corneille
3228:
3211:Source criticism
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
3059:
2925:. Yale UP, 2011.
2906:Oxford UP, 1990.
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2880:www.marxists.org
2872:
2866:
2865:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2818:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2378:Friedrich Engels
2301:
2294:
2287:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2224:Workers' council
2045:Race & Class
952:Frankfurt School
919:Neo-Gramscianism
892:Marxism–Leninism
874:
873:
818:Cultural Studies
775:World revolution
720:Private property
261:Prison Notebooks
161:
138:
137:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
3983:Clifford Geertz
3938:Jonathan Culler
3865:Lionel Trilling
3845:Michel Foucault
3835:Jacques Derrida
3711:Mikhail Bakhtin
3666:Walter Benjamin
3631:Antonio Gramsci
3626:Benedetto Croce
3571:Hippolyte Taine
3561:Edgar Allan Poe
3436:Joshua Reynolds
3229:
3220:
3171:New historicism
3098:Literary theory
3092:
3087:
3031:
2977:
2975:Further reading
2899:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2854:
2840:
2836:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2666:
2662:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2596:
2584:
2554:
2531:
2506:
2490:
2355:
2314:is a theory of
2305:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2229:
2228:
2202:Universal class
2093:Conflict theory
2073:
2065:
2064:
2040:New Left Review
1995:
1987:
1986:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1047:
1037:
1036:
947:Budapest School
871:
870:Common variants
863:
862:
793:
785:
784:
750:
740:
739:
643:Critical theory
603:
593:
592:
573:Surplus product
501:
491:
490:
451:
441:
440:
306:Reading Capital
171:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4062:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:Félix Guattari
3919:Gilles Deleuze
3916:
3914:Murray Krieger
3911:
3905:Sandra Gilbert
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3870:Julia Kristeva
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Georges Poulet
3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:Roland Barthes
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3815:Ernst Gombrich
3812:
3807:
3802:
3800:Roman Jakobson
3797:
3795:Theodor Adorno
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3770:Jan Mukařovský
3767:
3765:Cleanth Brooks
3762:
3753:
3751:Ernst Cassirer
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3726:R. P. Blackmur
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:I. A. Richards
3703:
3701:Virginia Woolf
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Irving Babbitt
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3606:Anatole France
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Matthew Arnold
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Thomas Carlyle
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Samuel Johnson
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3401:Joseph Addison
3398:
3396:Alexander Pope
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3361:Henry Reynolds
3358:
3353:
3351:Torquato Tasso
3348:
3346:Jacopo Mazzoni
3343:
3338:
3333:
3331:Wang Changling
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:Anandavardhana
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
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3208:
3203:
3198:
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3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Deconstruction
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Chicago school
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3030:
3029:External links
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:978-1608461387
3010:
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2972:
2971:
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2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2926:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2902:Austen, Jane.
2898:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2867:
2852:
2834:
2814:978-0717805068
2813:
2795:
2789:978-0155054523
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2527:
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2502:
2489:
2486:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2421:
2354:
2351:
2341:superstructure
2336:vulgar Marxism
2328:Terry Eagleton
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2281:
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2277:
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2251:
2239:
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2227:
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2216:
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2207:Vulgar Marxism
2204:
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2187:
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2172:
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2090:
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2080:
2074:
2072:Related topics
2071:
2070:
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2066:
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2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:Monthly Review
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Constellations
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
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1992:
1989:
1988:
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1959:
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1099:
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1045:Other variants
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1005:
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974:
969:
964:
959:
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949:
941:
940:
934:
933:
932:
931:
929:Third-worldist
926:
921:
916:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
889:
881:
880:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
855:
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845:
840:
838:Historiography
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
755:Class struggle
751:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
710:Metabolic rift
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
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558:
553:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
502:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
486:Marxist ethics
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
452:
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428:
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393:
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326:Ways of Seeing
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116:
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30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4061:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:Tristan Tzara
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Wolfgang Iser
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:Hélène Cixous
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:Chinua Achebe
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Northrop Frye
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:W. K. Wimsatt
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Kenneth Burke
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:György Lukács
3734:
3732:
3731:Jacques Lacan
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:Sigmund Freud
3644:
3642:
3641:A. C. Bradley
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:William Blake
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Immanuel Kant
3444:
3442:
3441:Denis Diderot
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Thomas Hobbes
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Francis Bacon
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Philip Sidney
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:St. Augustine
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:New Criticism
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2952:Mclellan, D,
2951:
2948:
2945:McIntosh, I,
2944:
2942:Norton, 2013.
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2881:
2877:
2876:"An Incident"
2871:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2853:0-470-15123-4
2849:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2699:
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1072:Eurocommunism
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1057:Austromarxism
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1003:Communization
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977:Praxis School
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98:December 2022
90:
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69:
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62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
3998:André Breton
3973:M. H. Abrams
3968:Peter Szondi
3963:Paul Ricoeur
3953:Hayden White
3890:Stanley Fish
3880:Harold Bloom
3830:Noam Chomsky
3785:Ronald Crane
3691:Leon Trotsky
3596:Walter Pater
3426:Edward Young
3411:Edmund Burke
3301:Rajashekhara
3296:Bharata Muni
3216:Thing theory
3181:Postcritique
3160:
3156:Geocriticism
3141:Ecocriticism
3051:
3047:marxists.org
3043:
3039:marxists.org
3035:
3013:
3004:
2996:
2982:
2967:
2959:Siegal, K, '
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2929:Hobsbawm, EJ
2920:
2913:
2903:
2883:. Retrieved
2879:
2870:
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2555:
2544:
2541:
2523:Soviet Union
2507:
2494:
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2424:
2415:
2410:
2387:
2381:
2356:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2311:
2310:
2145:Municipalism
1957:Bhattacharya
1102:Situationist
1077:Instrumental
842:
730:State theory
695:Immiseration
690:Human nature
680:Exploitation
510:accumulation
127:
119:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
4023:Octavio Paz
3928:René Girard
3909:Susan Gubar
3895:Edward Said
3875:Paul de Man
3741:Paul Valéry
3676:T. S. Eliot
3661:T. E. Hulme
3636:Umberto Eco
3621:Leo Tolstoy
3611:Oscar Wilde
3391:John Dennis
3376:John Dryden
2966:Stones, R,
2588:An Incident
2463:(1859) and
2433:Das Kapital
2398:proletariat
2394:bourgeoisie
2108:Communalism
1507:Wallerstein
1097:Revisionist
828:Film theory
808:Criminology
803:Archaeology
715:Proletariat
700:Imperialism
613:Bourgeoisie
588:Wage labour
481:Reification
271:On Practice
4038:Categories
3601:Émile Zola
3496:John Keats
3416:David Hume
3386:John Locke
2897:References
2488:Ideologies
2165:Democratic
2030:Mediations
1642:Przeworski
1582:Poulantzas
1432:Sivanandan
1387:Bettelheim
1287:Horkheimer
1282:Mariátegui
1257:Pashukanis
1182:Liebknecht
1112:Wertkritik
1052:Analytical
912:Trotskyism
887:Autonomist
878:Structural
858:Philosophy
798:Aesthetics
583:Value-form
551:Capitalist
456:Alienation
449:Philosophy
201:Grundrisse
68:newspapers
3686:Carl Jung
3581:Karl Marx
3286:Boccaccio
3246:Aristotle
3151:Formalism
2862:781219038
2823:cite book
2649:cite book
2510:socialism
2457:Manifesto
2380:write in
2358:Karl Marx
2324:Karl Marx
2212:Economism
2175:Reformist
2155:Socialism
2103:Communism
2083:Anarchism
1937:Coulthard
1862:McDonnell
1822:Screpanti
1732:Rowbotham
1597:Harnecker
1407:Althusser
1347:Deutscher
1187:Kollontai
1177:Luxemburg
1157:Plekhanov
1087:Nkrumaism
998:Classical
972:Political
897:Guevarism
853:Sociology
833:Geography
653:Democracy
601:Sociology
556:Socialist
521:Commodity
130:stamp of
4003:Mina Loy
3271:Boethius
3261:Plotinus
3256:Longinus
2885:25 April
2846:. Sage.
2768:K Siegel
2759:K Siegel
2750:K Siegel
2594:See also
2552:Criteria
2138:Old Left
2133:New Left
2000:Antipode
1994:Journals
1897:Heinrich
1872:Roediger
1867:Douzinas
1857:Hennessy
1812:Holloway
1727:Hartsock
1717:Eagleton
1702:Federici
1677:Bannerji
1652:Therborn
1632:Rancière
1627:Easthope
1607:Anderson
1602:Altvater
1502:O'Connor
1497:Mészáros
1492:Guattari
1447:Thompson
1437:Miliband
1417:Williams
1402:Hobsbawm
1377:Emmanuel
1357:Beauvoir
1322:Lefebvre
1267:Benjamin
1232:Bukharin
1212:Zinoviev
1207:Grossman
1192:Bogdanov
1167:Connolly
1147:Lafargue
1092:Orthodox
1062:Centrist
1013:Leninism
1008:Feminist
957:Humanist
938:Hegelian
466:Ideology
143:a series
141:Part of
4049:Marxism
4018:Hu Shih
3326:Liu Xie
3306:Valmiki
3276:Aquinas
3009:(Marx).
3001:(Marx).
2496:Capital
2481:Capital
2476:Capital
2469:Preface
2465:Capital
2438:Capital
2353:History
2237:Outline
2190:Utopian
1967:Srnicek
1952:Toscano
1947:Seymour
1902:Prashad
1852:Sankara
1847:Berardi
1832:Hampton
1807:Burawoy
1777:Panitch
1772:Haraway
1762:Cleaver
1747:Brenner
1712:Balibar
1667:Postone
1657:Losurdo
1587:Vattimo
1557:Gonzalo
1552:Jameson
1542:Parenti
1482:Liebman
1477:Guevara
1367:Nkrumah
1362:Sombart
1337:Padmore
1307:Kalecki
1302:Marcuse
1262:Bordiga
1247:Gramsci
1202:Trotsky
1162:Du Bois
1152:Kautsky
1028:Western
907:Titoism
792:Aspects
748:History
668:Radical
506:Capital
206:Capital
151:Marxism
134:, 1964.
126:Soviet
82:scholar
3316:Cao Pi
3251:Horace
3020:
2860:
2850:
2811:
2786:
2440:(1867)
2428:(1859)
2420:(1848)
2185:Social
2170:Market
1972:Horvat
1927:Fisher
1922:Linera
1917:Lordon
1907:Kelley
1892:Marcos
1887:Ghandy
1877:Foster
1802:Fraser
1797:Wright
1787:Jessop
1782:Clarke
1767:Bishop
1757:Massey
1737:Mouffe
1687:Newton
1682:Spivak
1672:Rodney
1637:Berman
1592:Badiou
1572:Laclau
1567:Harvey
1562:Dussel
1522:Debord
1517:Tronti
1487:Heller
1472:Castro
1467:Berger
1452:Bauman
1442:Cabral
1427:Mandel
1422:Freire
1412:Hinton
1392:Draper
1372:Sweezy
1342:Sartre
1332:Adorno
1297:Brecht
1252:Galiev
1227:Korsch
1222:Lukács
1197:Stalin
1142:Morris
1137:Engels
1125:People
902:Maoism
823:Ethics
663:Soviet
381:Empire
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
3321:Lu Ji
3281:Dante
3241:Plato
2919:---.
2618:Notes
1982:Saito
1977:Hamza
1842:Žižek
1827:Tamás
1792:Davis
1752:Davis
1742:Geras
1707:Wolff
1692:Sakai
1647:Cohen
1622:Sison
1617:Vogel
1577:Bahro
1547:Negri
1537:Nairn
1462:Kosik
1457:Fanon
1397:Jones
1352:Hoxha
1327:James
1312:Fromm
1242:Serge
1217:Bloch
1172:Lenin
993:Black
618:Class
89:JSTOR
75:books
3921:and
3907:and
3758:and
3018:ISBN
2887:2022
2858:OCLC
2848:ISBN
2829:link
2809:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2655:link
2545:1901
2346:base
1942:Malm
1912:Dean
1882:West
1837:Cano
1817:Rose
1722:Kurz
1697:Wood
1662:Ture
1612:Löwy
1532:Hall
1527:Amin
1512:Mies
1382:Hill
1292:Dutt
1277:Basu
1132:Marx
1023:Post
985:Both
967:Open
61:news
2436:or
1317:Cox
1272:Mao
1018:Neo
44:by
4040::
2986:.
2931:,
2878:.
2856:.
2825:}}
2821:{{
2651:}}
2647:{{
2542:c.
2459:,
2372:,
1932:Li
1237:Ho
145:on
3082:e
3075:t
3068:v
3024:.
2889:.
2864:.
2831:)
2817:.
2792:.
2657:)
2547:.
2300:e
2293:t
2286:v
512:)
508:(
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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