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1986:(the neutral mask). For Lecoq, masks became an important training tool, the neutral mask being designed to facilitate a state of openness in the student-performers, moving gradually on to character and expressive masks, and finally to "the smallest mask in the world" the clown's red-nose. One highly important feature of Lecoq's use of mask, wasn't so much its visual impact on stage, but how it changed the performers movement on stage. It was a body-based approach to mask work, rather than a visually led one. Lecoq's pedagogy has been hugely influential for theatre practitioners in Europe working with mask and has been exported widely across the world. This work with masks also relates to
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1472:– mime, mask, puppetry, farce, juggling – had a ritual context in that it was performed at religious or rites of passage such as days of naming, circumcisions, and marriages. Over time, some of these contextual ritual enactments became divorced from their religious meaning and they were performed throughout the year. Some 2500 years ago, kings and commoners alike were entertained by dance and mime accompanied by music where the dancers often wore masks, a vestige of an earlier era when such dances were enacted as religious rites. According to
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827:. The masks are usually carved with an extraordinary skill and variety by artists who will usually have received their training as an apprentice to a master carver – frequently it is a tradition that has been passed down within a family through many generations. Such an artist holds a respected position in tribal society because of the work that he or she creates, embodying not only complex craft techniques but also spiritual/social and symbolic knowledge. African masks are also used in the Mas or Masquerade of the
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with elaborate masques and costumes, existed side by side with the ragged and essentially folkloric customs of the rural areas. Although these civic masquerades and their masks may have retained elements drawn from popular culture, the survival of carnival in the 19th century was often a consequence of a self-conscious 'folklore' movement that accompanied the rise of nationalism in many
European countries. Nowadays, during
49:
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1410:
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1029:. Their masks were often masterpieces of carving, sometimes with movable jaws, with the parts sometimes moved by pulling cords, or a mask within a mask to represent a magical transformation. The carving of masks was an important feature of woodcraft, along with many other features that often combined the utilitarian with the symbolic, such as
712:(the family shrine). Rites of passage, such as initiation of young members of the family or funerals, were carried out at the shrine under the watch of the ancestral masks. At funerals, professional actors would wear these masks to perform deeds of the lives of the ancestors, thus linking the role of mask as a ritual object and in theatre.
2732:(for example, a wrestler known as 'The Panda' might wear a mask with a panda's facial markings). Often, wrestlers will put their masks on the line against other wrestlers' masks, titles or an opponent's hair. While in Mexico and Japan, masks are a sign of tradition, they are looked down upon in the United States and Canada.
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dance masks protected from bad spirits. Wedding masks were used to pray for good luck and a lasting marriage, and "Swallowing Animal" masks were associated with protecting the home and symbolised the "swallowing" of disaster. Opera masks were used in a basic "common" form of opera performed without a
902:
have highly arched eyebrows, almost almond-shaped eyes and a narrow chin. The raised strip running from both sides of the nose to the ears represent jewellery. Dark black hairstyle, tops the mask off. The whiteness of the face represents the whiteness and beauty of the spirit world. Only men wear the
525:
is a very ancient human practice across the world, although masks can also be worn for protection, in hunting, in sports, in feasts, or in wars – or simply used as ornamentation. Some ceremonial or decorative masks were not designed to be worn. Although the religious use of masks has waned, masks are
1471:
Theatre in the Middle East, as elsewhere, was initially of a ritual nature, dramatising human relationships with nature, the deities, and other human beings. It grew out of sacred rites of myths and legends performed by priests and lay actors at fixed times and often in fixed locations. Folk theatre
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have complex religions that also have animal masks. Their three main cults use seventy-eight different types of masks. Most of the ceremonies of the Dogon culture are secret, although the antelope dance is shown to non-Dogons. The antelope masks are rough rectangular boxes with several horns coming
1716:
During the
Reformation, many of these carnival customs began to die out in Protestant regions, although they seem to have survived in Catholic areas despite the opposition of the ecclesiastical authorities. So by the 19th century, the carnivals of the relatively wealthy bourgeois town communities,
533:
is finding the precise derivation of human culture and early activities, the invention and use of the mask is only one area of unsolved inquiry. The use of masks dates back several millennia. It is conjectured that the first masks may have been used by primitive people to associate the wearer with
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is dominant and religious ceremonies are devoted to ancestors. Inevitably, many of the mask types relate to use in these ceremonies and are linked with the activities of secret societies. The mask is regarded as an instrument of revelation, giving form to the sacred. This is often accomplished by
773:
has suggested that ritual masks, as representations of the human face, are extremely revealing of the two fundamental aspects of the human psychological condition: firstly, the repression of a cooperative, instinctive self or soul; and secondly, the extremely angry state of the unjustly condemned
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cave (circa 15,000 years old). According to John W. Nunley, "The earliest evidence of masking comes from the
Mousterian site of Hortus in the south of France. There the archaeologist Henry de Lumley found remnants of a leopard skin that was probably worn as a costume more than 40,000 years ago"
600:
Masks in various forms – sacred, practical, or playful – have played a crucial historical role in the development of understandings about "what it means to be human", because they permit the imaginative experience of "what it is like" to be transformed into a different identity (or to affirm an
768:
Ritual masks occur throughout the world, and although they tend to share many characteristics, highly distinctive forms have developed. The function of the masks may be magical or religious; they may appear in rites of passage or as a make-up for a form of theatre. Equally masks may disguise a
1427:
Korean masks have a long tradition associated with shamanism and later in ritual dance. Korean masks were used in war, on both soldiers and their horses; ceremonially, for burial rites in jade and bronze and for shamanistic ceremonies to drive away evil spirits; to remember the faces of great
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As a culture of scattered islands and peninsulars, Melanesian mask forms have developed in a highly diversified fashion, with a great deal of variety in their construction and aesthetic. In Papua New Guinea, six-metre-high totem masks are placed to protect the living from spirits; whereas the
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Many of the masks and characters used in
European festivals belong to the contrasting categories of the 'good', or 'idealised beauty', set against the 'ugly' or 'beastly' and grotesque. This is particularly true of the Germanic and Central European festivals. Another common type is the
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saying that he was ugly enough not to need a mask. The carnival was repressed during the
Napoleonic Republic, although in the 1980s its costumes and the masks aping the 18th century heyday were revived. It appears other cities in central Europe were influenced by the Venetian model.
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use masks with small eyes and mouths to represent humility and humbleness. They represent wisdom by making bulging forehead. Other masks that have exaggerated long faces and broad foreheads symbolize the soberness of one's duty that comes with power. War masks are also popular. The
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1072:(gods and spirits) frequently take the form of highly distinctive and elaborate masks that are used in ritual dances. These are usually made of leather with appendages of fur, feathers, or leaves. Some cover the face, some the whole head, and are often highly abstracted forms.
1609:, and other fanciful characters appear in carnivals throughout the continent. It is generally accepted that the masks, noise, colour, and clamour are meant to drive away the forces of darkness and winter, and open the way for the spirits of light and the coming of spring. In
1801:
Masks play a key part within world theatre traditions. They continue to be a vital force within contemporary theatre, and their usage takes a variety of forms and has often developed from, or continues to be part of old, highly sophisticated, stylized theatrical traditions.
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artwork is circa 30,000–40,000 years old. The use of masks is demonstrated graphically at some of these sites. Insofar as masks involved the use of war-paint, leather, vegetative material, or wooden material, such masks failed to be preserved, however, they are visible in
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are beginning to be more understood and appreciated. However, most
African masks are now being produced for the tourist trade. Although they often show skilled craftsmanship, they nearly always lack the spiritual character of the traditional tribal masks.
472:(literally, "more than the face" or "added face"), which evolved to "máscara", while the Arabic "maskharat" – referring to the buffoonery which is possible only by disguising the face – would be based on these Spanish roots. Other related forms are
1782:
1292:, 'Visages of Glory', are intended to ward off evil and are associated with the animal world as well as the divine. During ceremonies, these visages are given active form in the great mask dramas of the South and South-eastern Asian region.
2019:, the founder of Bread and Puppet theatre, made particular use of German Carnival masks. Bread and Puppet inspired other practitioners around the world, many of whom used masks in their work. In the US and Canada, these companies include
2039:, Ontario. These companies, and others, have a strong social agenda, and combine masks, music and puppetry to create a visual theatrical form. Another route masks took into American Theatre was via dancer/choreographers such as
1363:
Japanese masks are part of a very old and highly sophisticated and stylized theatrical tradition. Although the roots are in prehistoric myths and cults, they have developed into refined art forms. The oldest masks are the
806:
There are a wide variety of masks used in Africa. In West Africa, masks are used in masquerades that form part of religious ceremonies enacted to communicate with spirits and ancestors. Examples are the masquerades of the
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as whole or a particular group within the community. Masks are used almost universally and maintain their power and mystery both for their wearers and their audience. The continued popularity of wearing masks at
596:
could be small 3-inch (7.6 cm) finger masks, but also 10-kilogram (22 lb) masks hung from the ceiling or carried by several people. Masks have been created with plastic surgery for mutilated soldiers.
1865:
mask of a woman show how her expression appears to change with a tilting of the head of the performer - to demonstrate the effect, the mask was affixed to a wall with constant lighting and only the camera was
911:
in present-day Edo State of
Nigeria. It is believed to have been commissioned by a king of Benin in memory of his mother. To honor his dead mother, the king wore the mask on his hip during special ceremonies.
1476:, this practice evoked that of Roman funeral rites where masked actor-dancers represented the deceased with motions and gestures mimicking those of the deceased while singing the praise of their lives (see
1306:
In
Indonesia, the mask dance predates Hindu-Buddhist influences. It is believed that the use of masks is related to the cult of the ancestors, which considered dancers the interpreters of the gods.
1987:
1966:
Copeau, in his attempts to "Naturalise" actors, decided to use masks to liberate them from their "excessive awkwardness". In turn, Copeau's work with masks was taken on by his students including
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are also often different, although their masks are often made out of driftwood, animal skins, bones, and feathers. In some areas Inuit women use finger masks during storytelling and dancing.
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festivals, the ordinary roles were often inverted. Sometimes a slave or a criminal was temporarily granted the insignia and status of royalty, only to be killed after the festival ended. The
1982:, a sculptor, and they collaborated on reviving the techniques of making traditional leather Commedia masks. Later, developing Copeau's "noble mask", Lecoq would ask Satori to make him
735:, and are often of an ancient origin. The mask is normally a part of a costume that adorns the whole body and embodies a tradition important to the religious and/or social life of the
1428:
historical figures in death masks; and in the arts, particularly in ritual dances, courtly, and theatrical plays. The present uses are as miniature masks for tourist souvenirs, or on
1995:
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Many
African masks represent animals. Some African tribes believe that the animal masks can help them communicate with the spirits who live in forests or open savannas. People of
561:
cult, which involved the use of masks, the ordinary controls on behaviour were temporarily suspended, and people cavorted in merry revelry outside their ordinary rank or status.
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tournaments masks were sometimes used. From archaeological evidence it is clear that these were not only protective but also helped make the wearer appear more intimidating. In
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4639:. Iconography of religions, section VIII, "Arctic Peoples", fascicle 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. E.J. Brill.
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1550:. Masks are used throughout Europe in modern times, and are frequently integrated into regional folk celebrations and customs. Old masks are preserved and can be seen in
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penitent or preside over important ceremonies; they may help mediate with spirits, or offer a protective role to the members of a society who use their powers. Biologist
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developed, despite efforts of the Church to stamp out the indigenous traditions. Masks remain an important feature of popular carnivals and religious dances, such as
550:
Roche-Cotard site in France, a flintstone likeness of a face was found that is approximately 35,000 years old, but it is not clear whether it was intended as a mask.
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and para-Arctic regions have tended towards simple religious practice but a highly evolved and rich mythology, especially concerning hunting. In some areas, annual
2015:
took advantage of it. Influenced by modern dance, modern mime, Commedia dell'arte and Brecht such groups took to the streets to perform highly political theatre.
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mask evolved from the gigaku and bugaku and are acted entirely by men. The masks are worn throughout very long performances and are consequently very light. The
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masks and perform the dances with high stilts despite the fact that the masks represent women. One of the most beautiful representations of female beauty is the
1344:
also popular in topeng masked dance. Indonesian topeng dance styles are widely distributed, such as topeng Bali, Cirebon, Betawi, Malang, Yogyakarta, and Solo.
1857:
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In China, masks are thought to have originated in ancient religious ceremonies. Images of people wearing masks have been found in rock paintings along the
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of the Ivory Coast and
Liberia carve masks with round eyes to represent alertness and anger, with the straight nose to represent unwillingness to retreat.
3005:; These full-body masks are worn for the mourning, or ónyo ("weeping"), ceremony, a multi-day ritual held approximately a year after an individual's death
636:
Throughout the world, masks are used for their expressive power as a feature of masked performance – both ritually and in various theatre traditions. The
3340:
Dall, William Healey (2010) , "On masks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution",
1052:' masks, used in healing ceremonies and carved from living trees. These masks appear in a great variety of shapes, depending on their precise function.
1280:
The masks are usually highly exaggerated and formalised, and share an aesthetic with the carved images of monstrous heads that dominate the facades of
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2205:
Protective masks are pieces of kit or equipment worn on the head and face to afford protection to the wearer, and today usually have these functions:
2020:
1146:, and skull masks were not uncommon. Masks were also used as part of court entertainments, possibly combining political with religious significance.
3200:
Pernet emphasizes that masks are not a wholly universal cultural phenomenon, raising the question why some cultures do not have a masking tradition.
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and other criminal perpetrators may wear masks as a means in concealing their faces and thus identities from their victims and from law enforcement.
1979:
4438:
372:, "mask" is the term for a face without a body that is not modelled in the round (which would make it a "head"), but for example appears in low
1582:, sometimes considered to be the synthesis of the two contrasting types, Handsome and Ugly. Masks also tend to be associated with New Year and
1917:, and others in their lineage, attempted to move away from Naturalism. They turned to sources such as Oriental Theatre (particularly Japanese
1119:
Distinctive styles of masks began to emerge in pre-Hispanic America about 1200 BC, although there is evidence of far older mask forms. In the
2321:. As a disguise the mask acts as a form of protection for the wearer who wishes to assume a role or task without being identified by others.
2058:, who create a theatre in which masks are used along with puppets, film and other visual forms, with an emphasis on the narrative structure.
1123:, masks were used to dress the faces of the dead. These were originally made of fabric, but later burial masks were sometimes made of beaten
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1558:, and as a result many of the associated customs are seasonal. The original significance would have survived only until the introduction of
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prisoners in Australian jails in the late 19th century. They were made of white cloth and covered the face, leaving only the eyes visible.
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Masks are also familiar as pieces of kit associated with practical functions, usually protective, including in sports and during plagues:
1935:(1910) proposed the virtues of using masks over the naturalism of the actor. Craig was highly influential, and his ideas were taken up by
577:
festivities probably originated in the late 15th century, although some Jewish authors claim it has always been part of Judaic tradition.
361:
and for entertainment. They are usually worn on the face, although they may also be positioned for effect elsewhere on the wearer's body.
1817:
megaphone enabling the voice of the wearer to be projected into the large auditoria. In medieval Europe, masks were used in mystery and
1562:, which incorporated many of the customs into its own traditions. In that process their meanings were changed also so, for example, old
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ceremonies involved masked dances and these strongly abstracted masks are arguably the most striking artifacts produced in this region.
837:(also known as Jolé or Yolé) is a mask-dance from Temine people in Sierra Leone. Males wear the mask, although it does depict a female.
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symbolises agriculture, they interpret elements the masks differently. To the Bamana people, swords represent the sprouting of grain.
683:, masks were or are typically worn by all the performers, with several different types of mask used for different types of character.
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2050:
In Europe, Schumann's influence combined with the early avant-garde artists to encourage groups such as Moving Picture Mime Show and
1753:
1704:
and by the late 16th century the Venetian Carnival began to reach its peak and eventually lasted a whole 'season' from January until
4756:
2054:(both in the UK). These companies had a big influence on the next generation of groups working in visual theatre, including IOU and
4457:
3541:
2148:, a piece of medical equipment that protects the burn tissue from contact with other surfaces, and minimises the risk of infection.
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698:
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some kind of unimpeachable authority, such as a deity, or to otherwise lend credence to the person's claim on a given social role.
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In many cultural traditions, the masked performer is a central concept and is highly valued. In the western tradition, actors in
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and co-fraternities. These grew out of the earlier revels and had become evident by the 15th century in places such as Rome and
1680:
Another tradition of European masks developed, more self-consciously, from court and civic events, or entertainments managed by
1177:
continued wearing his mask after retirement, revealed his face briefly only in old age, and was buried wearing his silver mask.
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621:
401:
4680:. ISTOR Books 8. Budapest • Los Angeles: Akadémiai Kiadó • International Society for Trans-Oceanic Research. pp. 85–101.
4505:
2509:(gas or particulate mask), a mask worn on the face to protect the body from airborne pollutants and toxic materials, and fine
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in a self-conscious effort to combine the hiding of personal identity with the promotion of a powerful and intimidating image.
1546:
in southern France. Such masks survive in the alpine regions of Austria and Switzerland, and may be connected with hunting or
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Masks are use by penitents in ceremonies to disguise their identity in order to make the act of penitence more selfless. The
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In sport the protective mask will often have a secondary function to make the wearer appear more impressive as a competitor.
1978:. Lecoq, having worked as movement director at Teatro Piccalo in Italy, was influenced by the Commedia tradition. Lecoq met
1849:
to create a theatre that is essentially visual, rather than verbal, and many of its practitioners have been visual artists.
4776:
3745:
Masks of the World... The Universe of Masks in the Collections of the International Museum of Carnivals and the Binche Mask
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and other collections, and much research has been undertaken into the historical origins of masks. Most probably represent
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Decorative masks may be worn as part of a costume outside of ritual or ceremonial functions. This is often described as a
6820:
1253:
Masked characters, usually divinities, are a central feature of Indian dramatic forms, many based on depicting the epics
986:
masks of New Guinea are used to enforce social codes by intimidation. They are conical masks, made from cane and leaves.
499:
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characters – they are, however, reminders of the enduring power of pretense and play and the power and appeal of masks.
4812:
4340:
3446:
Forbes, Jamie Ellin (Spring 2010). "The resurrection of the beauty of Spring: Jeanette Korab at Carnevale de Venezia".
3368:
3289:
3256:
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2500:
1277:, and Lao – have developed the Indian forms, combined with local myths, and developed their own characteristic styles.
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definitions of mask use frequently overlap and merge but still provide a useful basis for categorisation. The image of
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Masques du Monde... L'univers du Masque Dans les Collections du Musée International du Carnaval et du Masque de Binche
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293:
275:
125:
76:
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Kupferblum, Markus (2007). "Menschen, masken, Charaktere: the Arbeit mit Masken am Theater". In Kreissl, Eva (ed.).
887:) is believed to have taught man the secrets of agriculture. Although the Dogons and Bamana people both believe the
4833:
4661:. in collab. with Henri Beuchat; translated, with a foreword, by James J. Fox. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
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Masks are sometimes used to punish the wearer either by signalling their humiliation or causing direct suffering:
2635:. The mask is considered "sacred" to some degree, placing its role closer to the ritual and performance function.
2265:
to protect the face had to be opaque with small eyeslits, and were a sort of mask, as often in mediaeval suits of
1165:. Mexico, in particular, retains a great deal of creativity in the production of masks, encouraged by collectors.
1095:"-members on Mardi Gras Day; local laws against using a mask to conceal one's identity are suspended for the day.
460:). This in turn is of uncertain origin – perhaps from a Germanic source akin to English "mesh", but perhaps from
6776:
1401:
is the theatre of modern Japan, rooted in the older forms, but in this form masks are replaced by painted faces.
573:, in which all are equal behind their masks, dates back to 1268 AD. The use of carnivalesque masks in the Jewish
228:
1173:, are very popular, and many of the wrestlers can be considered folk heroes. For instance, the popular wrestler
4676:
Oosten, Jarich G. (1997). "Cosmological Cycles and the Constituents of the Person". In S. A. Mousalimas (ed.).
4289:
3574:
3483:...in many parts of the world and throughout Jewish history it was the time for adults to engage in masquerade.
2007:
In America, mask-work was slower to arrive, but the Guerrilla Theatre movement, typified by groups such as the
213:
3769:
2563:, an item of diving equipment that allows scuba divers, free-divers, and snorkelers to see clearly underwater.
1845:
included the ancestors of the modern clown. In contemporary western theatre, the mask is often used alongside
2896:" (short for facial mask) is a temporary mask, not solid, used in cosmetics or as therapy for skin treatment.
2086:
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existing social or spiritual identity). Not all cultures have known the use of masks, but most of them have.
3598:
Lubin, David M. (Fall 2008). "Masks, Mutilation, and Modernity: Anna Coleman Ladd and the First World War".
235:
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worn by high-altitude pilots, or used in medicine to deliver oxygen, anesthetic, or other gases to patients
1674:
3284:. Weitra, Austria: Bibliothek der Provinz Verlag für Literatur, Kunst und Musikalien. pp. 165, 193n.
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style of wrestling. In modern lucha libre, masks are colourfully designed to evoke the images of animals,
1526:
1217:
4695:
2824:
2465:
2453:
2051:
1963:, and others who "attempted to restore a ritualistic if not actually religious significance to theatre".
1718:
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are good examples. Nowadays these are usually mass-produced plastic masks, often associated with popular
507:
465:
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styles. For example, attendants of a costume party will sometimes wear masks as part of their costumes.
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out of the top. The Dogons are expert agriculturists and the antelope symbolizes a hard-working farmer.
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4764:
1015:
795:
609:
242:
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Masken. Gesichter hinter dem Gesicht: Persönlichkeitsentfaltung und Therapie in der Arbeit mit Masken
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2008:
656:
4532:"Evaluating Anti-Facial Recognition Tools News Physical Sciences Division The University of Chicago"
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helmets were made mandatory in 2010, and have a wire mask on the front to protect the player's face.
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4388:
2055:
2012:
824:
645:
98:
1994:. Students of Lecoq have continued using masks in their work after leaving the school, such as in
1696:
and aristocracy, also involved the guilds, including a guild of maskmakers. There is evidence of '
27:
Any full or partial face covering, whether ceremonial, protective, decorative, or used as disguise
3607:
2503:
for divers and others; some let the wearer talk to others through a built-in communication device
1465:
224:
202:
4165:
Poppi, Cesayo (1994). "The other within: masks and masquerades in Europe". In Mack, John (ed.).
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Blanc, Dominique; d'Hauterives, Arnaud; Geoffroy-Schneiter, Bérénice; Pannier, François (2009).
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masks represent gods, men, women, madmen and devils, and each category has many sub-divisions.
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represent tranquility by making masks with eyes half-shut and lines drawn near the mouth. The
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groups vary widely and share neither a common mythology nor language. Not surprisingly their
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35:
17:
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An American football player wearing a mask that protects his face from another player's hand
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Protecting the face against flying objects or dangerous environments, while allowing vision.
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and goddesses originally associated with the celebrations were demonised and viewed as mere
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traditions merged with Christian rituals, and syncretic masquerades and ceremonies, such as
6808:
5868:
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Sivin, Carole (1986). "Maskmaking". Worcester, Massachusetts, USA: Davis Publications, Inc.
4587:. foreword by George Swinton. 46 Bloomsbury Street, London WCIB 3QQ: British Museum Press.
4313:
Rudlin, John (1999). "3: Jacques Copeau: the quest for sincerity". In Hodge, Alison (ed.).
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to protect the welder's face and eyes from the brightness and sparks created during welding
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countries throughout the world are examples of this, with their cone-shaped masks known as
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language. One German author claims the word "mask" is originally derived from the Spanish
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8:
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Wilsher, Toby, "The Mask Handbook – A Practical Guide", Routledge 2007, www.routledge.com
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Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch: Eine Darstellung galloromanischen sprachschatzes
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linking the mask to an ancestral presence, and thus bringing the past into the present.
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Masks. Faces Behind the Face: Personality Development and Therapy in Working with Masks
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to portray allegorical creatures, and the performer representing God frequently wore a
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An interesting example of a sports mask that confounds the protective function is the
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three-hole balaclava allows the wearer to protect the face against cold air or hinder
2174:, used to safely deliver rescue breaths during a cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest.
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The debate about the meaning of these and other mask forms continues in Europe, where
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A variety of technologies attempt to fool facial recognition software by the use of
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4506:"Kanye West perfected the art of the face mask as a fashion accessory. Here's how"
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community, its purpose is not to hinder recognition, although it falls under some
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stage or backdrops. These led to colourful facial patterns that we see in today's
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2882:" is a mask that covers only the cheeks (hence the adjective "buccal") and mouth.
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The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks: Agayuliyararput (Our Way of Making Prayer)
3385:
3344:, vol. 3, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 73–151
3187:
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is a mask either cast from or applied to the face of a recently deceased person.
2385:
Masks are also used to prevent recognition while showing membership of a group:
1435:
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developed from this – a complex dance-drama that used masks with moveable jaws.
1368:. The form no longer exists, and was probably a type of dance presentation. The
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mask is used for people to create a more animal-like image in fetish role play.
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2016:
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craftsmen produced impressive work for masked religious ritual, especially the
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4711:. Világjárók (in Hungarian). translated by Detre, Zsuzsa. Budapest: Gondolat.
4328:
3130:
3022:
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and Japanese wrestling. A wrestler's mask is usually related to a wrestler's
2496:
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2151:
2043:, who had been using masks in dance and had emigrated to America to flee the
1975:
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conventions until the late eighteenth century. The masked characters of the
1813:
drama. In some Greek masks, the wide and open mouth of the mask contained a
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The oldest representations of masks in Europe are animal masks, such as the
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Masks may also indicate a culture's ideal of feminine beauty. The masks of
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428:"mask, specter, nightmare". This word is of uncertain origin, perhaps from
31:
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are short farces with their own masks, and accompany the tragic nō plays.
1079:
In modern immigrant Euro-American culture, masking is a common feature of
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2747:, wear masks when they perform on stage. Several other groups, including
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COUNTRY TRAVEL – Practical seminar: "MASK TRADITIONS IN LATVIAN CULTURE"
4133:
LAUKU CEĻOTĀ – Praktiskais seminārs: "Masku tradīcijas latviešu kultūrā"
2986:
2659:
Particularly uncomfortable types, such as an iron mask, for example the
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4032:. Professional Wrestling Online Museum. 5 February 1984. Archived from
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4481:"damselfrau: a peek behind the many masks of the london-based artist"
3799:. London: Ferndale Editions. p. Introduction, after Himmelheber
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964:
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143:
68:
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2180:, an alternative to respirators and surgical masks during shortages.
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developed – courtly masked entertainments that continued as part of
1500:
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and demonstrated Hindu influences as it often feature epics such as
191:
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5202:
5091:
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5021:
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4892:
4887:
4864:
4821:
3908:
Lommel (1970), chapter: "Oceania: Melanesia, Polynesia, Australia".
3409:
2954:
2903:
cast of a face, used as a model for making a painting or sculpture.
2818:
to conceal the identities of the killer. Notable examples include
2699:
2554:
2551:, also known as a "ski mask", to protect the face against cold air.
2402:
2394:
2355:
2229:
1991:
1899:
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discovered a 673 g gold mask in the burial mound "Svetitsata" near
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dance masks were used in shamanic rituals to thank the gods, while
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are almost as highly developed as in Africa. It is a culture where
888:
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Another culture that has a very rich agricultural tradition is the
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are widely used to represent the performing arts, and specifically
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350:
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2441:
834:
592:, masks functioned above all as mediators of supernatural forces.
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in a mask to avoid being recognized by associates of the accused.
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4005:"Masks from North America, from the Edward S. Curtis Collection"
3673:
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Performers with masks. Mosaic. House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii
2643:
1740:. It is a very fine piece of workmanship made out of massive 23
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5290:
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5071:
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4979:
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4914:
4904:
4761:
4659:
Seasonal variations of the Eskimo: a study in social morphology
3990:
2893:
2773:, and other methods and themes are occasionally used to create
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Woodland tribes, especially in the northeastern and around the
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meant 'a mask'; it also referred to an individual who had full
663:
drama of Japan (14th century to present), the traditional
637:
518:
373:
346:
3747:] (in French). Tournai, Belgium: La Renaissance du Livre.
2784:
One user of masks in fashion is musician and fashion designer
1261:. Countries that have had strong Indian cultural influences –
110:
You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
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From the picture album "Shunyū bijo no yukaeri" 19th Century
2735:
Several bands and performers, notably members of the groups
1724:
In the beginning of the new century, on 19 August 2004, the
1708:. By the 18th century, it was already a tourist attraction,
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6447:
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4360:. Macmillan Modern Dramatists. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
2740:
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2198:
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1902:, experimented with theatre forms and masks in their work.
1822:
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masks are often replaced with face paint for more comfort.
1705:
1319:
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have masked Hudoq dance that represents nature spirits. In
1132:
1128:
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cave drawings, of which dozens have been preserved. At the
414:"covering to hide or guard the face", derived in turn from
326:
3639:
Masks and Masking: Faces of Tradition and Belief Worldwide
2415:
The cone-shaped mask in particular is identified with the
2358:, to avoid recognition, and to try to protect against any
1874:
were often incorporated into the theatre work of European
1206:. Later mask forms brings together myths and symbols from
1025:
coastal cultural groups generally included highly skilled
5759:
4899:
4877:
3546:
Phillip Charette, Contemporary Art in the Yupik Tradition
1918:
1905:
In the 20th century, many theatre practitioners, such as
1862:
1810:
1563:
1387:
mask is the supreme achievement of Japanese mask-making.
1380:
998:
Kwakwaka'wakw ritual mask (painted wood, fiber, and cord)
696:. A citizen could demonstrate his or her lineage through
660:
349:
and rites. Masks have been used since antiquity for both
4054:
Lommel (1970), chapter: "South America/Central America".
3771:
Freedom Expanded: Book 1 – The Human Condition Explained
2251:. Today this function is attributed to thin balaclavas.
2209:
Providing a supply of air or filtering the outside air (
1692:
carnival in St. Marks Square in Venice, attended by the
744:, and for children at parties and for festivals such as
4736:
The Mythic Mask: mask history and contemporary mask art
4246:
Through the Body: A Practical Guide to Physical Theatre
2763:
also wears masks but often remove them mid-performance.
2479:
Beaked masks containing herbs in the beak were worn in
2164:, to protect a medical professional from bodily fluids.
851:
ceremony, an inquisitorial search for sorcerers. Wood,
753:
407:
The word "mask" appeared in English in the 1530s, from
2705:
Several artists in the 20th and 21st century, such as
2136:, a piece of medical equipment that assists breathing.
1076:
masks appear to be inspired by the Pueblo prototypes.
3949:
The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks: Agayuliyararput
4702:. Frankfurt am Main: Frankurter Societăts-Druckerei.
4582:
3774:. WTM Publishing & Communications. p. 145.
3725:. Shimla, India: Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
3435:. Hillsdale, New York: Sophia Perennis. p. 141.
2599:
is used in this Japanese sword-fighting martial art.
2583:
goaltender to protect the head and face from injury.
1677:
and its hunter, and Giubiana herself, among others.
1169:
matches, where it is common for the participants to
1044:, cross-fertilized culturally with one another. The
4559:
3738:
3119:
Mask of Silen. Bronze. First half of 1st century BC
2309:wear Guy Fawkes masks while protesting against the
216:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4561:
4560:Burch, Ernest S. (junior); Forman, Werner (1988).
526:used sometimes in drama therapy or psychotherapy.
4742:The Noh Mask Effect: A Facial Expression Illusion
4144:(in Latvian), Latvian Country Tourism Association
3734:
3732:
3641:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co.
2021:In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theater
1925:, both of which forms feature masks prominently.
1878:artists from the turn of the nineteenth century.
6874:
4222:"Cornell University Library Digital Collections"
3739:Revelard, Michel; Kostadonova, Guergana (2000).
3363:] (in German). Oberhofen: Zytglogge-Verlag.
3311:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
2101:Vietnamese youth wear surgical masks during the
613:Theatrical masks of Tragedy and Comedy. Mosaic,
313:masks at the Narrensprung 2005 Carnival parade,
4634:
3497:Masques de l'Himalaya, du primitif au classique
2619:, a mask most widely used in the Mexican/Latin
1809:wore masks, as they do in traditional Japanese
715:Masks are a familiar and vivid element in many
439:"to ridicule". However, it may also come from
4009:American Ethnography (americanethnography.com)
3942:
3729:
3562:
3499:. Paris: Editions Raymond Chabaud. p. 44.
4806:
4062:
4060:
3917:
3509:
3494:
3177:, carbon-dated as 35,000 to 40,000 years old.
1248:
1087:. Costumes and masks (originally inspired by
706:of ancestors. These were wax casts kept in a
4568:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
4479:Solbakken, Per Kristian (10 February 2019).
4464:. San Diego State University. Archived from
4189:Lommel (1970), chapter: "Europe/Conclusion".
4160:
4158:
3495:Pannier, François; Mangin, Stéphane (1989).
3354:
3246:
3083:Mask wearing customers in downtown Budapest.
2257:Before strong transparent materials such as
2236:wore similarly ferocious-looking protective
867:call to the spirit to stop destruction. The
584:tribes used masks for healing purposes (see
3469:. Vol. 49, no. 27. Archived from
3342:Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report
1744:gold. Unlike other masks discovered in the
1464:, Iran, first half of first Millennium BC,
77:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4813:
4799:
4757:Smithsonian Institution African Mask Links
4472:
4441:. Discovery Channel Canada. Archived from
4333:The Moving Body: Teaching Creative Theatre
4239:
4237:
4235:
4057:
3863:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
3279:
2108:Some masks are used for medical purposes:
1752:and two in Greece), it is now kept in the
1432:, where they hang as good-luck talismans.
1002:North American indigenous cultures in the
655:In many dramatic traditions including the
4706:
4694:
4478:
4411:
4155:
3922:. Bulfinch Press/Little, Brown & Co.
3855:Bortolot, Alexander Ives (October 2003).
3719:Studies in Humanities and Social Services
3383:
3355:Klemm, Harald; Winkler, Reinhard (1996).
2483:by plague doctors to try to ward off the
774:conscious thinking egocentric intellect.
294:Learn how and when to remove this message
276:Learn how and when to remove this message
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
5905:
4713:Hungarian translation of Rasmussen 1926.
4306:
3854:
3767:
3717:(2004). "Ritual, masks, and sacrifice".
3539:
3308:Ritual Masks: Deceptions and Revelations
2642:
2533:
2298:
2283:
2188:
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2080:
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1775:
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993:
938:
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512:National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)
498:
392:', a 16th-century BC mask discovered by
383:
305:
30:For other uses, like protection against
4615:
4243:
4232:
3920:Where the Masks Still Dance: New Guinea
3857:"Idia: The First Queen Mother of Benin"
3151:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic
1852:
1760:. It is considered to be the mask of a
963:The variety and beauty of the masks of
604:
14:
6875:
6676:
4774:Gallery of Masks from Around the World
4675:
4529:
4523:
4455:
4312:
4258:
4198:
3881:
3794:
3686:
3661:
3445:
3427:
3386:"Other Mousterian (Neanderthal) Sites"
3304:
3186:A famous example is the images of the
2803:
2663:, are fit as devices for humiliation,
483:مَسْخَرَ = "he ridiculed, he mocked",
446:"to black (the face)" (or the related
402:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
4794:
4653:
4583:Hessel, Ingo; Hessel, Dieter (1998).
4380:
4355:
4327:
4321:
4283:
4164:
4104:
4066:
3976:
3636:
3597:
3461:Danan, Julie Hilton (21 March 1997).
3460:
2868:- 2012 South Korean television series
1163:The Dance of the Moors and Christians
883:people of Mali. The antelope (called
628:mask dance at a funeral feast in the
4129:
3918:Rainier, Chris; Taylor, Meg (1996).
3510:Bradley, Lisa; Chazot, Eric (1990).
3402:
3339:
2759:simulate the effect with facepaint.
1665:) preserves a tradition of masks of
435:مَسْخَرَۃٌ "buffoon", from the verb
214:adding citations to reliable sources
185:
137:
83:
42:
6821:Global trade of secondhand clothing
3828:. Department of Religious Studies,
3713:
3514:. New York: Pace Primitive Gallery.
3405:"Neanderthal 'face' found in Loire"
3251:. Basel: Zbinden Druck und Verlag.
2938:, Baleen Whale Mask, 19th century,
2061:
1988:performing with portable structures
1771:
646:juxtaposed comedy and tragedy masks
24:
4553:
4261:The Theatre of Edward Gordon Craig
3956:. University of Washington Press.
3569:. University of Washington Press.
3403:Amos, Jonathan (2 December 2003).
2544:American football helmet face mask
2501:self-contained breathing apparatus
2317:Masks are sometimes used to avoid
2247:was worn by women to protect from
1322:, masked dance is commonly called
1224:Bronze Mask with Protruding Eyes,
1142:, human skulls were prized as war
325:is an object normally worn on the
25:
6894:
4723:
4456:Brandt, Stacy (12 October 2008).
3861:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
3797:Masks: Their Meaning and Function
3606:(3/4). Archives of American Art,
3384:Hitchcock, Don (6 October 2019).
3051:. The Wellcome Collection, London
3001:Dance Mask (Takü), 20th century,
2444:usually shows membership of some
2232:Europe and in Japan soldiers and
58:This article has multiple issues.
6857:
4786:Costa Rica Traditional Face Mask
4635:Kleivan, Inge; B. Sonne (1985).
4414:"The 15 COOLEST Masks In Comics"
4095:Lommel (1970), chapter: "Japan".
4073:University of Pennsylvania Press
3600:Archives of American Art Journal
3415:British Broadcasting Corporation
3169:The oldest known example of the
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3056:
3033:
3010:
2994:
2978:
2962:
2946:
2928:
2674:Masks were used to alienate and
2393:parades throughout Spain and in
2066:For other functional masks, see
1456:Golden masks excavated from the
1149:In post-colonial Latin America,
1098:
989:
190:
142:
88:
47:
4498:
4449:
4431:
4412:Aitchison, Sean (12 May 2017).
4405:
4374:
4349:
4277:
4252:
4214:
4192:
4183:
4123:
4098:
4089:
4048:
4022:
3997:
3970:
3936:
3911:
3902:
3886:. Pagewise, Inc. Archived from
3875:
3848:
3823:
3817:
3788:
3761:
3707:
3680:
3655:
3630:
3591:
3556:
3540:Charette, Phillip John (n.d.).
3533:
3529:. Milan: 5 Continents Editions.
3518:
3503:
3488:
3454:
3439:
3421:
3396:
3194:
2681:Use of masks is also common in
2459:
2426:frequently wear masks (usually
763:
201:needs additional citations for
66:or discuss these issues on the
4290:University of California Press
4107:The History of Theater in Iran
3467:Jewish News of Greater Phoenix
3377:
3348:
3333:
3298:
3273:
3247:von Wartburg, Walther (1992).
3240:
3214:
3180:
3163:
2872:
2493:, a piece of safety equipment.
2027:; Arm-of-the Sea Theatre from
1861:Three photographs of the same
1754:National Archaeological Museum
1447:
946:holding mask, Papua New Guinea
13:
1:
4637:Eskimos: Greenland and Canada
4536:physicalsciences.uchicago.edu
4530:Bryson, Kevin (20 May 2023).
4228:. Cornell University Library.
3882:Kahler, Wendy (16 May 1986).
3207:
3045:
2915:anti-facial recognition masks
2814:Masks have been used in many
2788:. West has donned masks from
2184:
2115:, used for the prevention of
777:In parts of Australia, giant
4820:
4762:Virtual Museum of Death Mask
4730:Ritual, Masks, and Sacrifice
4620:. Hancock House Publishers.
4616:Huteson, Pamela Rae (2007).
4358:American Alternative Theatre
4284:Smith, Susan Harris (1984).
4167:Masks: the Art of Expression
4130:Roze, Inese (4 April 2013),
3563:Fienup-Riordan, Ann (1996).
2957:ceremonial mask made of wood
2436:) when they attend protests.
2035:; and Shadowland Theatre of
1570:, or were subjugated to the
1295:
464:"black", a borrowing from a
379:
357:purposes, as well as in the
7:
4738:(archived 11 November 2006)
4678:Arctic Ecology and Identity
4315:20th Century Actor Training
3616:10.1086/aaa.47.3_4.25435155
3226:Online Etymology Dictionary
3124:
2638:
2466:NIOSH air filtration rating
2454:French ban on face covering
2279:
2240:, extending to face-masks.
1719:carnival in the Netherlands
10:
6899:
6831:List of individual dresses
4585:Inuit Art. An introduction
4458:"Who Was That Masked Man?"
4248:. London: Nick Hern Books.
4201:Festivals and Celebrations
2921:
2807:
2689:
2463:
2354:usually wear masks, often
2156:respiratory source control
2076:
2065:
1443:(Kaksi, Yangban and Sonpi)
1439:traditional Korean masks,
1420:
1299:
1249:India/Sri Lanka/Indo-China
1091:) are frequently worn by "
958:
788:
686:In Ancient Rome, the word
494:
487:مَسَخَ = "he transfomed" (
29:
6854:
6737:
6667:
6539:
6496:
6438:
6360:
6312:
6112:
6031:
5901:
5886:
5846:
5778:
5752:
5738:
5665:
5615:
5528:
5514:
5351:
5201:
5062:
4965:
4863:
4828:
3966:– via Google books.
3795:Lommel, Andreas (1981) .
3768:Griffith, Jeremy (2013).
3433:Symbols of Sacred Science
2985:Fools Meeting or Parade,
2698:, and relates closely to
2529:
2243:In the 16th century, the
2009:San Francisco Mime Troupe
1825:or gilt mask. During the
1613:existed the tradition of
1483:
1083:traditions, most notably
1048:made spectacular wooden '
784:
657:theatre of ancient Greece
565:claims that in the Roman
529:One of the challenges in
345:, and often employed for
4747:Mask Makers of Mas, Bali
4707:Rasmussen, Knud (1965).
4607:: CS1 maint: location (
4356:Shank, Theodore (1982).
4263:. London: Eyre Methuen.
4244:Callery, Dympha (2001).
3884:"African mask symbolism"
3463:"Purim wears many masks"
3156:
2859:
2724:are used most widely in
2513:or infectious particles.
2056:Horse and Bamboo Theatre
2013:Bread and Puppet Theatre
1615:Mamuthones e Issohadores
1530:A Venetian carnival mask
1413:A Korean mask worn by a
1404:
1347:
1288:temples. These faces or
1185:
950:Today, the qualities of
825:Northern Edo Masquerades
4732:(archived 26 July 2014)
4199:Auguet, Roland (1975),
4030:"Spotlight on El Santo"
3662:Gregor, Joseph (2002).
3608:Smithsonian Institution
2276:meant "mask or visor".
1890:, other artists of the
1748:(of which three are in
1510:, Buduļi or Būduļi) of
1466:National Museum of Iran
1180:
97:This article cites its
6836:Reconstructed clothing
4389:Horse + Bamboo Theatre
4259:Bablet, Denis (1981).
4105:Floor, Willem (2005).
3977:Feder, Norman (1973).
3830:University of Virginia
3826:"Faces of the Spirits"
3687:Herold, Erich (1992).
3668:. Dover Publications.
3527:Masks of the Himalayas
3512:Masks of the Himalayas
3305:Pernet, Henry (1992).
3191:(Nunley, 1999, p. 22).
2796:, most notably on his
2739:, Mental Creepers and
2652:
2539:
2377:for protection and to
2314:
2296:
2202:
2105:
2094:
1867:
1798:
1531:
1523:
1493:
1468:
1444:
1418:
1360:
1340:. The native story of
1228:
1199:
1131:, and occasionally of
1116:
999:
947:
856:
803:
781:masks cover the body.
633:
618:
514:
404:
318:
4779:18 April 2014 at the
4286:Masks in Modern Drama
3228:. Douglas Harper. n.d
2646:
2537:
2497:Full-face diving mask
2422:Members of the group
2311:Church of Scientology
2302:
2287:
2192:
2128:, European equivalent
2100:
2084:
2068:Mask (disambiguation)
2031:; Snake Theater from
1860:
1807:Ancient Greek theatre
1788:
1750:Republic of Macedonia
1653:. The celebration of
1529:
1499:
1491:
1455:
1438:
1412:
1355:
1220:
1193:
1106:
1037:, poles, and houses.
997:
942:
863:known as the Bwa and
843:
798:
624:
612:
508:K'inich Janaab' Pakal
502:
387:
309:
36:Mask (disambiguation)
6777:Environmental impact
4767:8 March 2018 at the
4618:Transformation Masks
4468:on 12 February 2009.
4067:Emigh, John (1996).
3637:Edson, Gary (2005).
3552:on 26 December 2010.
3542:"About Yup'ik Masks"
3042:Ludwig van Beethoven
3017:Taiwanese President
2743:, and the guitarist
2575:, a mask worn by an
2373:often wear masks or
2269:, and (for example)
2195:reusable filter mask
1853:Contemporary theatre
1789:Masked dancers at a
1478:Masks in Performance
819:cultures, including
791:African tribal masks
605:Masks in performance
517:The use of masks in
210:improve this article
157:for the books listed
6864:Clothing portal
4445:on 16 October 2006.
4381:Frith, Bob (2008).
4226:Digital Collections
3979:American Indian Art
3944:Fienup-Riordan, Ann
3801:Afrikanische Masken
3282:Die Macht der Maske
3175:Venus of Hohle Fels
2899:A "life mask" is a
2804:In works of fiction
2665:corporal punishment
2481:early modern Europe
2474:breathing apparatus
2360:riot control agents
1929:Edward Gordon Craig
1911:Edward Gordon Craig
1894:School, as well as
821:Egungun Masquerades
617:, second century AD
580:The North American
537:The earliest known
394:Heinrich Schliemann
4169:. British Museum.
4069:Masked Performance
3890:on 5 February 2004
3690:The World of Masks
3665:Masks of the World
2713:, create masks as
2653:
2609:Visor (ice hockey)
2540:
2511:particulate matter
2430:, best known from
2408:Masks are used by
2346:Participants in a
2315:
2297:
2203:
2106:
2095:
1923:commedia dell'arte
1868:
1843:Commedia dell'arte
1799:
1698:commedia dell'arte
1532:
1524:
1494:
1469:
1445:
1419:
1361:
1229:
1200:
1117:
1000:
948:
857:
829:Caribbean Carnival
804:
675:in Korea, and the
634:
619:
586:False Face Society
571:Carnival of Venice
515:
405:
319:
6870:
6869:
6841:Right to clothing
6765:Halloween costume
6733:
6732:
6708:black lounge suit
6308:
6307:
6108:
6107:
5882:
5881:
5661:
5660:
4627:978-0-88839-635-8
4398:978-0-9558841-0-8
3963:978-0-295-97501-6
3836:on 29 August 2012
3824:Ray, Benjamin C.
3781:978-1-74129-011-0
3448:Fine Art Magazine
3027:COVID-19 pandemic
2103:COVID-19 pandemic
1786:
1764:king, presumably
1308:Native Indonesian
1115:-Aztec provenance
1023:Pacific Northwest
694:Roman citizenship
630:Dutch East Indies
479:= "mask"; Arabic
466:pre-Indo-European
390:Mask of Agamemnon
304:
303:
296:
286:
285:
278:
260:
184:
183:
136:
135:
128:
103:does not provide
81:
34:and viruses, see
16:(Redirected from
6890:
6862:
6861:
6846:Vintage clothing
6674:
6673:
6619:Pocket protector
5903:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5859:Bodysuit, infant
5750:
5749:
5531:formal, informal
5526:
5525:
5366:Ceremonial dress
4815:
4808:
4801:
4792:
4791:
4712:
4703:
4691:
4672:
4650:
4631:
4612:
4606:
4598:
4579:
4567:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4241:
4230:
4229:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4064:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4036:on 21 April 2014
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3981:. New York, NY:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3954:Anchorage Museum
3940:
3934:
3933:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3832:. Archived from
3821:
3815:
3814:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3548:. Archived from
3537:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3218:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3184:
3178:
3167:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3060:
3050:
3047:
3037:
3014:
2998:
2982:
2966:
2950:
2932:
2761:Hollywood Undead
2595:, a mask called
2428:Guy Fawkes masks
2062:Functional masks
1787:
1772:Masks in theatre
1089:masquerade balls
969:ancestor worship
719:and traditional
659:, the classical
329:, typically for
299:
292:
281:
274:
270:
267:
261:
259:
218:
194:
186:
179:
176:
170:
146:
138:
131:
124:
120:
117:
111:
92:
91:
84:
73:
51:
50:
43:
21:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6856:
6850:
6792:made-to-measure
6745:Clothing fetish
6729:
6663:
6535:
6492:
6434:
6410:Square leg suit
6356:
6332:Blanket sleeper
6304:
6295:Sleeved blanket
6104:
6027:
5892:
5890:
5878:
5854:Bodysuit, adult
5842:
5774:
5742:
5734:
5657:
5611:
5530:
5518:
5510:
5356:
5347:
5197:
5058:
4961:
4859:
4858:
4824:
4819:
4781:Wayback Machine
4769:Wayback Machine
4726:
4696:Rasmussen, Knud
4688:
4669:
4647:
4628:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4576:
4556:
4554:Further reading
4551:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4477:
4473:
4462:The Daily Aztec
4454:
4450:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4326:
4322:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4257:
4253:
4242:
4233:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4163:
4156:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4037:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3983:Harry N. Abrams
3975:
3971:
3964:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3864:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3737:
3730:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3685:
3681:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3635:
3631:
3596:
3592:
3577:
3561:
3557:
3538:
3534:
3523:
3519:
3508:
3504:
3493:
3489:
3476:
3474:
3473:on 10 June 2012
3459:
3455:
3444:
3440:
3426:
3422:
3401:
3397:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3353:
3349:
3338:
3334:
3319:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3278:
3274:
3259:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3181:
3171:Venus figurines
3168:
3164:
3159:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3108:
3105:
3096:
3093:
3084:
3081:
3072:
3065:Abraham Lincoln
3061:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3029:
3015:
3006:
3003:Brooklyn Museum
2999:
2990:
2983:
2974:
2971:Balinese topeng
2967:
2958:
2951:
2942:
2940:Brooklyn Museum
2933:
2924:
2908:animal roleplay
2875:
2862:
2825:Friday the 13th
2812:
2806:
2794:Maison Margiela
2767:Leather-working
2722:Wrestling masks
2707:Isamaya Ffrench
2692:
2641:
2573:Goaltender mask
2557:catcher's mask.
2532:
2476:
2462:
2331:Occasionally a
2282:
2261:were invented,
2187:
2178:Cloth face mask
2140:Anesthetic mask
2079:
2071:
2064:
2001:Trestle Theatre
1970:and later, via
1968:Etienne Decroux
1951:– and later by
1933:A Note on Masks
1931:(1872–1966) in
1888:Oskar Schlemmer
1855:
1776:
1774:
1690:Maundy Thursday
1623:Boes e Merdules
1486:
1458:Kalmakareh Cave
1450:
1425:
1407:
1350:
1310:tribes such as
1304:
1298:
1251:
1188:
1183:
1159:Day of the Dead
1101:
1016:mask traditions
992:
961:
793:
787:
771:Jeremy Griffith
766:
756:programmes, or
607:
539:anthropomorphic
497:
470:más que la cara
388:The so-called '
382:
359:performing arts
300:
289:
288:
287:
282:
271:
265:
262:
219:
217:
207:
195:
180:
174:
171:
160:
147:
132:
121:
115:
112:
109:
105:page references
93:
89:
52:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6896:
6886:
6885:
6868:
6867:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6779:
6774:
6772:Cross-dressing
6769:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6752:
6747:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6682:
6680:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
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5911:
5909:
5896:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5864:Long underwear
5861:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5791:Training pants
5788:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5754:
5747:
5736:
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4803:
4795:
4789:
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4771:
4759:
4754:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4725:
4724:External links
4722:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4704:
4692:
4686:
4673:
4667:
4651:
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4593:
4580:
4574:
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4549:
4548:
4522:
4497:
4471:
4448:
4439:"plaguedoctor"
4430:
4404:
4397:
4373:
4366:
4348:
4342:978-1408111468
4341:
4335:. Routeledge.
4329:Lecoq, Jacques
4320:
4305:
4298:
4276:
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4251:
4231:
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3502:
3487:
3453:
3438:
3420:
3395:
3376:
3370:978-3729605121
3369:
3347:
3332:
3317:
3297:
3291:978-3852528205
3290:
3272:
3258:978-2745309372
3257:
3239:
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3211:
3209:
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3193:
3179:
3161:
3160:
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3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Character mask
3133:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3087:
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2897:
2890:
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2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2820:Jason Voorhees
2810:Masked villain
2808:Main article:
2805:
2802:
2782:
2781:
2764:
2733:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2661:Scold's bridle
2640:
2637:
2617:wrestling mask
2613:
2612:
2606:
2603:Paintball mask
2600:
2590:
2584:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2488:
2461:
2458:
2450:anti-mask laws
2438:
2437:
2433:V for Vendetta
2420:
2413:
2406:
2383:
2382:
2363:
2344:
2329:
2313:, 2008, London
2281:
2278:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2165:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2113:N95 respirator
2085:A person dons
2078:
2075:
2063:
2060:
2029:New York State
2017:Peter Schumann
1984:masques neutre
1949:Eugene O'Neill
1915:Jacques Copeau
1854:
1851:
1835:ballet de cour
1773:
1770:
1728:archaeologist
1702:Venetian masks
1647:Sos Mamutzones
1556:nature spirits
1536:cave paintings
1485:
1482:
1449:
1446:
1406:
1403:
1349:
1346:
1300:Main article:
1297:
1294:
1250:
1247:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1111:, c. 1500, of
1107:Aztec mask of
1100:
1097:
1085:in New Orleans
991:
988:
960:
957:
919:people of the
855:, 19th century
786:
783:
765:
762:
606:
603:
496:
493:
423:Medieval Latin
381:
378:
311:Papierkrattler
302:
301:
284:
283:
198:
196:
189:
182:
181:
150:
148:
141:
134:
133:
96:
94:
87:
82:
56:
55:
53:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6895:
6884:
6881:
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6865:
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6853:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6798:
6797:ready-to-wear
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6787:haute couture
6785:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6760:creature suit
6758:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6750:Clothing swap
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6691:morning dress
6689:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
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6647:
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6607:
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6597:
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6587:
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6524:
6522:
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6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6495:
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6484:
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6437:
6431:
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6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
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6398:
6396:
6393:
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6378:
6376:
6373:
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6359:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6278:dressing gown
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
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6138:
6135:
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6121:
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6115:
6111:
6099:
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6037:
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6034:
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5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:Plastic pants
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5771:
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5654:
5651:
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5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5592:Princess line
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:Bouffant gown
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:Formal, semi-
5527:
5524:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:Pedal pushers
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5194:
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5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
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5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
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5112:
5110:
5107:
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5097:
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5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
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4968:
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4958:
4955:
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4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
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4855:
4852:
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4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4811:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4718:
4715:
4710:
4709:Thulei utazás
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4687:963-05-6629-X
4683:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4668:0-415-33035-1
4664:
4660:
4656:
4655:Mauss, Marcel
4652:
4648:
4646:90-04-07160-1
4642:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4596:
4594:0-7141-2545-8
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4575:0-8061-2126-2
4571:
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4408:
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4377:
4369:
4367:0-333-28883-1
4363:
4359:
4352:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4317:. Routeledge.
4316:
4309:
4301:
4299:0-520-05095-9
4295:
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4272:
4266:
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4176:0-7141-2507-5
4172:
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4139:
4135:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4116:0-934211-29-9
4112:
4108:
4101:
4092:
4084:
4082:0-8122-1336-X
4078:
4074:
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4010:
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3929:0-8212-2261-9
3925:
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3905:
3889:
3885:
3878:
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3810:0-905746-11-2
3806:
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3754:2-8046-0413-6
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3700:9780600574422
3696:
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3648:9780786421183
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3484:
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3457:
3450:. p. 21.
3449:
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3162:
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3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Anti-mask law
3129:
3128:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:Life mask of
3059:
3054:
3043:
3040:Life mask of
3036:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3023:surgical mask
3020:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2997:
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2988:
2981:
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2972:
2965:
2960:
2956:
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2944:
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2937:
2936:Kwakwaka'wakw
2931:
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2863:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2848:Michael Myers
2845:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:Jigsaw Killer
2827:
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2656:
2650:
2649:Mask of Shame
2645:
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2498:
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2471:
2470:FFP standards
2467:
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2371:supervillains
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2259:polycarbonate
2255:
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2179:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:, a tool for
2153:
2152:Surgical mask
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2114:
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2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:in a hospital
2092:
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2057:
2053:
2052:Welfare State
2048:
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2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:Amleto Satori
1977:
1976:Jacques Lecoq
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1921:theatre) and
1920:
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1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:Pablo Picasso
1881:
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1873:
1864:
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1820:
1819:miracle plays
1816:
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1572:Abrahamic God
1569:
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1437:
1433:
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1430:mobile phones
1424:
1416:
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1151:pre-Columbian
1147:
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1099:Latin America
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990:North America
987:
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847:used for the
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556:
553:In the Greek
551:
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409:Middle French
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368:, especially
367:
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348:
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343:entertainment
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241:
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234:
230:
227: –
226:
222:
221:Find sources:
215:
211:
205:
204:
199:This article
197:
193:
188:
187:
178:
168:
164:
163:add the ISBNs
158:
156:
151:This article
149:
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107:
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54:
45:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6804:Fur clothing
6624:Pocket watch
5945:British Warm
5920:Chesterfield
5831:boxer shorts
5826:boxer briefs
5558:little black
5211:Bell-bottoms
5181:sweater vest
4946:
4708:
4699:
4677:
4658:
4636:
4617:
4584:
4563:
4539:. Retrieved
4535:
4525:
4513:. Retrieved
4509:
4500:
4490:12 September
4488:. Retrieved
4484:
4474:
4466:the original
4461:
4451:
4443:the original
4433:
4421:. Retrieved
4417:
4407:
4383:
4376:
4357:
4351:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4308:
4285:
4279:
4270:0413-4788-07
4260:
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4245:
4225:
4216:
4200:
4194:
4185:
4166:
4146:, retrieved
4137:
4132:
4125:
4106:
4100:
4091:
4068:
4050:
4038:. Retrieved
4034:the original
4024:
4012:. Retrieved
4008:
3999:
3978:
3972:
3948:
3938:
3919:
3913:
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3888:the original
3877:
3865:. Retrieved
3860:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3834:the original
3819:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3770:
3763:
3744:
3740:
3722:
3718:
3715:Kak, Subhash
3709:
3689:
3682:
3664:
3657:
3638:
3632:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3565:
3558:
3550:the original
3545:
3535:
3526:
3520:
3511:
3505:
3496:
3490:
3482:
3475:. Retrieved
3471:the original
3466:
3456:
3447:
3441:
3432:
3429:Guénon, René
3423:
3408:
3398:
3389:
3379:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3341:
3335:
3307:
3300:
3281:
3275:
3248:
3242:
3230:. Retrieved
3225:
3216:
3196:
3188:Trois-Frères
3182:
3165:
3069:Leonard Volk
3019:Tsai Ing-wen
2851:
2846:series, and
2841:
2823:
2816:horror films
2813:
2783:
2757:Dimmu Borgir
2753:Alice Cooper
2715:wearable art
2704:
2693:
2675:
2654:
2647:A medieval "
2631:, and other
2614:
2596:
2581:field hockey
2523:Welding mask
2460:Occupational
2452:such as the
2439:
2431:
2417:Ku Klux Klan
2391:Semana Santa
2384:
2365:In fiction,
2316:
2304:
2273:
2256:
2253:
2242:
2226:gladiatorial
2223:
2204:
2171:
2117:tuberculosis
2107:
2091:surgical N95
2072:
2049:
2006:
1999:
1983:
1965:
1932:
1927:
1904:
1880:Alfred Jarry
1869:
1804:
1800:
1730:Georgi Kitov
1723:
1715:
1679:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1607:hobby horses
1588:
1576:
1560:Christianity
1533:
1477:
1474:George Goyan
1470:
1426:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1305:
1289:
1279:
1252:
1243:Peking opera
1236:
1231:
1230:
1201:
1196:Peking opera
1148:
1137:
1118:
1109:Xiuhtecuhtli
1078:
1067:
1054:
1039:
1020:
1001:
983:
977:
974:
962:
949:
944:Asaro mudman
929:Sierra Leone
914:
893:
878:
861:Burkina Faso
858:
848:
833:
805:
776:
767:
764:Ritual masks
714:
707:
697:
687:
685:
677:topeng dance
654:
635:
615:Roman mosaic
599:
594:Yup'ik masks
579:
552:
536:
531:anthropology
528:
516:
504:Funeral mask
484:
480:
476:
469:
461:
457:
450:
443:
436:
432:
425:
418:
411:
406:
363:
322:
320:
310:
290:
272:
266:January 2021
263:
253:
246:
239:
232:
220:
208:Please help
203:verification
200:
175:January 2021
172:
167:citation bot
161:Please help
152:
122:
116:January 2021
113:
102:
74:
67:
61:
60:Please help
57:
40:
32:tuberculosis
6703:Semi-formal
6669:Dress codes
6559:Boutonnière
6541:Accessories
6420:Swim diaper
6415:Swim briefs
6380:Boardshorts
6300:Windbreaker
6061:Suit jacket
6056:Mess jacket
5950:Guards Coat
5869:See-through
5633:Romper suit
5007:Neck gaiter
5002:Neckerchief
4849:Terminology
4564:The Eskimos
4515:1 September
4203:, Collins,
4148:26 February
4007:. Gallery.
3222:"mask (n.)"
3146:Domino mask
3049: 1812
3025:during the
2973:dance masks
2880:buccal mask
2873:Other types
2866:Bridal Mask
2798:Yeezus Tour
2621:lucha libre
2561:Diving mask
2517:Oxygen mask
2499:as part of
2491:Filter mask
2485:Black Death
2381:themselves.
2367:superheroes
2339:appears in
2337:prosecution
2319:recognition
2303:Members of
2294:recognition
2211:respirators
2193:Protective
2168:Pocket mask
2162:Face shield
2134:Oxygen mask
2045:Nazi regime
2041:Mary Wigman
2025:Minneapolis
1996:John Wright
1896:surrealists
1876:avant-garde
1827:Renaissance
1700:'-inspired
1643:Su 'Omadore
1586:festivals.
1518:regions in
1448:Middle East
1423:Korean mask
1337:Mahabharata
1290:Kirtimukhas
1255:Mahabharata
1042:Great Lakes
1027:woodworkers
1021:Indigenous
952:African art
921:Ivory Coast
907:'s Mask of
704:death masks
563:René Guénon
555:bacchanalia
548:neanderthal
544:paleolithic
396:in 1876 at
366:art history
339:performance
165:or run the
6644:Suspenders
6639:Sunglasses
6574:Cummerbund
6564:Coin purse
6468:Flip-flops
6463:Dress shoe
6458:Dress boot
6453:Court shoe
6400:Rash guard
6347:Nightshirt
6221:Harrington
6179:pellegrina
6039:Frock coat
6032:Suit coats
6021:Mackintosh
5962:Over-frock
5821:Underpants
5770:Undershirt
5643:Shirtdress
5484:boilersuit
5381:diplomatic
5343:Yoga pants
5333:Sweatpants
5246:High water
5241:Go-to-hell
5134:sleeveless
5087:halterneck
5077:cache-cœur
4997:Lavallière
4844:Technology
4749:(video on
4700:Thulefahrt
4541:27 January
4485:designboom
3693:. Hamlyn.
3576:0295975237
3477:26 October
3390:Don's Maps
3232:16 January
3208:References
3141:Pareidolia
3021:wearing a
2887:death mask
2790:Balenciaga
2786:Kanye West
2745:Buckethead
2711:Damselfrau
2685:practices.
2633:archetypes
2627:, ancient
2507:Respirator
2464:See also:
2440:While the
2348:black bloc
2215:dust masks
2185:Protective
2119:and other
2033:California
1972:Jean Daste
1870:Masks and
1793:festival,
1736:, Central
1603:harlequins
1492:Greek mask
1421:See also:
1222:Sanxingdui
1171:wear masks
1081:Mardi Gras
1050:false face
789:See also:
754:television
725:ceremonies
642:theatrical
588:). In the
567:saturnalia
523:ceremonies
489:transitive
455:Old French
400:, Greece,
351:ceremonial
331:protection
315:Ravensburg
236:newspapers
63:improve it
6713:black tie
6696:white tie
6604:Jewellery
6521:Pantyhose
6395:One-piece
6342:Nightgown
6314:Nightwear
6152:Inverness
6147:ferraiolo
5972:shadbelly
5940:Greatcoat
5907:Overcoats
5894:outerwear
5740:Underwear
5695:Miniskirt
5680:Ballerina
5597:Strapless
5575:debutante
5570:ball gown
5548:Coatdress
5489:cleanroom
5447:Religious
5442:Political
5338:Windpants
5276:Parachute
5193:Waistcoat
5171:polo neck
4657:(1979) .
4603:cite book
3624:192771456
2989:, Germany
2853:Halloween
2838:Ghostface
2778:gas masks
2775:artisanal
2771:steampunk
2549:Balaclava
2424:Anonymous
2410:vigilante
2356:bandannas
2306:Anonymous
2271:Old Norse
2224:In Roman
2146:Burn mask
2121:pathogens
1957:Grotowski
1907:Meyerhold
1726:Bulgarian
1548:shamanism
1417:performer
1296:Indonesia
1271:Indonesia
1208:shamanism
1167:Wrestling
1155:All Souls
965:Melanesia
845:Fang mask
799:Masks of
746:Halloween
737:community
733:festivals
681:Indonesia
667:drama of
590:Himalayas
441:Provençal
433:maskharah
380:Etymology
370:sculpture
355:practical
317:, Germany
69:talk page
6877:Category
6720:Informal
6649:Umbrella
6594:Headband
6569:Cufflink
6526:Stocking
6511:Hold-ups
6440:Footwear
6390:Monokini
6385:Dry suit
6362:Swimwear
6337:Negligee
6327:Babygrow
6322:Babydoll
6290:Ski suit
6273:bathrobe
6253:Lab coat
6231:mackinaw
6174:mozzetta
6164:monastic
6125:pinafore
6088:Tailcoat
6016:Raincoat
5796:Leggings
5765:Camisole
5745:lingerie
5653:Sundress
5553:Cocktail
5538:Backless
5479:Workwear
5462:vestment
5457:clerical
5437:Pantsuit
5403:Military
5398:Jumpsuit
5393:Jodhpuri
5371:academic
5358:uniforms
5328:Slim-fit
5316:hotpants
5266:Overalls
5261:Jodhpurs
5203:Trousers
5156:guernsey
5151:cardigan
5092:tube top
5082:crop top
4990:Clerical
4967:Neckwear
4942:Kerchief
4883:baseball
4865:Headwear
4854:Timeline
4839:Industry
4822:Clothing
4777:Archived
4765:Archived
4698:(1926).
4423:18 April
4331:(2002).
4209:73-15299
4109:. MAGE.
3946:(1996).
3867:25 March
3674:68-18150
3610:: 4–15.
3585:95023296
3431:(2004).
3410:BBC News
3327:91045396
3125:See also
3071:in 1860.
2987:Meßkirch
2969:Various
2955:Cherokee
2856:series.
2828:series,
2737:Slipknot
2700:carnival
2639:Punitive
2555:Baseball
2403:capirote
2399:Catholic
2395:Hispanic
2352:protests
2335:for the
2290:rib knit
2280:Disguise
2230:medieval
2197:worn by
2172:CPR mask
1992:puppetry
1900:Dadaists
1847:puppetry
1762:Thracian
1738:Bulgaria
1671:wild man
1663:Lombardy
1655:Giubiana
1651:Samugheo
1635:Orotelli
1619:Mamoiada
1611:Sardinia
1599:wild men
1591:monsters
1584:Carnival
1544:Dordogne
1516:Courland
1480:above).
1462:Lorestan
1441:Hahoetal
1356:Mask of
1331:Ramayana
1286:Buddhist
1275:Thailand
1263:Cambodia
1259:Ramayana
1212:Buddhism
1175:El Santo
1144:trophies
1138:For the
1069:kachinas
1046:Iroquois
1008:shamanic
889:antelope
801:Cameroon
742:carnival
721:pageants
709:lararium
699:imagines
582:Iroquois
559:Dionysus
557:and the
481:maskhara
458:mascurer
451:mascarar
444:mascarar
419:maschera
335:disguise
6816:Fursuit
6782:Fashion
6755:Costume
6738:Related
6678:Western
6599:Handbag
6584:Glasses
6579:Gaiters
6549:Armband
6498:Legwear
6488:Sneaker
6483:Slipper
6430:Wetsuit
6375:Burkini
6352:Pajamas
6236:Norfolk
6226:leather
6191:Cut-off
6137:Cagoule
6132:Blouson
6098:morning
6071:smoking
6044:bekishe
6001:Paletot
5801:Panties
5710:Rah-rah
5705:Prairie
5602:Wedding
5587:Prairie
5565:Evening
5516:Dresses
5452:cassock
5418:service
5321:running
5306:dolphin
5301:cycling
5296:Bermuda
5271:Palazzo
5251:Lowrise
5216:Bondage
5186:twinset
5146:Sweater
5099:Cycling
5012:Necktie
4920:homburg
4834:History
4751:YouTube
4510:GQIndia
3991:73-4857
3267:3488833
3173:is the
2922:Gallery
2901:plaster
2850:of the
2840:of the
2822:of the
2730:persona
2726:Mexican
2690:Fashion
2676:silence
2669:torture
2587:Hurling
2567:Fencing
2446:Islamic
2412:groups.
2333:witness
2326:Robbers
2249:sunburn
2234:samurai
2201:officer
2077:Medical
2037:Toronto
1941:Cocteau
1892:Bauhaus
1872:puppets
1831:masques
1791:tshechu
1746:Balkans
1667:anguane
1639:S'Urtzu
1631:Thurpos
1552:museums
1542:in the
1540:Lascaux
1512:Zemgale
1506:group (
1504:mumming
1415:Talchum
1232:Shigong
1204:Yangtze
1031:shields
979:duk-duk
959:Oceania
917:Senoufo
885:Chiwara
758:cartoon
729:rituals
689:persona
673:talchum
632:, 1930s
519:rituals
510:at the
495:History
485:masakha
477:masecha
448:Catalan
437:sakhira
421:, from
416:Italian
398:Mycenae
347:rituals
250:scholar
99:sources
6725:Casual
6686:Formal
6654:Wallet
6609:Livery
6589:Gloves
6531:Tights
6516:Garter
6473:Sandal
6425:Trunks
6370:Bikini
6263:Poncho
6248:Jerkin
6241:safari
6216:goggle
6211:flight
6201:Jacket
6186:Coatee
6159:Mantle
6076:sports
6066:Blazer
5984:Ulster
5979:Trench
5967:Riding
5935:Duster
5930:Duffel
5925:Covert
5836:briefs
5786:Diaper
5779:Bottom
5715:Sarong
5700:Pencil
5675:A-line
5667:Skirts
5638:Sheath
5628:Jumper
5616:Casual
5504:scrubs
5494:hazmat
5474:Prison
5469:School
5430:combat
5423:sailor
5291:Shorts
5236:Formal
5166:jersey
5161:hoodie
5124:Henley
5109:Mantle
5072:Blouse
5054:Tippet
5037:school
5032:kipper
4985:Collar
4980:Choker
4952:Turban
4932:Helmet
4915:fedora
4910:bowler
4905:boater
4684:
4665:
4643:
4624:
4591:
4572:
4395:
4364:
4339:
4296:
4267:
4207:
4173:
4140:]
4113:
4079:
4040:30 May
4014:6 July
3989:
3960:
3952:. The
3926:
3894:30 May
3840:30 May
3807:
3778:
3751:
3697:
3672:
3645:
3622:
3583:
3573:
3367:
3325:
3315:
3288:
3265:
3255:
2894:facial
2843:Scream
2755:, and
2696:masque
2629:heroes
2530:Sports
2472:, and
2267:armour
2263:visors
2245:Visard
2238:armour
2089:and a
1937:Brecht
1839:ballet
1797:, 2013
1795:Bhutan
1734:Shipka
1710:Goethe
1686:Venice
1682:guilds
1627:Ottana
1568:devils
1522:, 2016
1520:Latvia
1508:Budēļi
1501:Meteņi
1484:Europe
1399:Kabuki
1394:Kyōgen
1370:bugaku
1366:gigaku
1325:topeng
1302:Topeng
1140:Aztecs
1125:copper
1113:Mixtec
1074:Navajo
1066:. The
1056:Pueblo
1035:canoes
1004:Arctic
984:tubuan
881:Bamana
815:, and
809:Yoruba
785:Africa
731:, and
638:ritual
474:Hebrew
430:Arabic
412:masque
374:relief
252:
245:
238:
231:
225:"Mask"
223:
153:lacks
6883:Masks
6809:types
6659:Watch
6634:Spats
6405:Sling
6285:Shawl
6258:Parka
6196:Gilet
6169:royal
6120:Apron
6113:Other
6093:dress
6049:rekel
5994:opera
5989:Cloak
5957:Greca
5888:Coats
5874:Teddy
5816:Thong
5720:Skort
5690:Men's
5685:Denim
5623:House
5582:Plain
5521:gowns
5499:space
5376:court
5353:Suits
5256:Jeans
5231:Chaps
5226:Cargo
5221:Capri
5176:shrug
5119:dress
5114:Shirt
5104:Kurta
5049:Scarf
5042:stock
5017:ascot
4975:Bands
4873:Beret
4142:(PDF)
4136:[
3743:[
3620:S2CID
3359:[
3157:Notes
2860:Drama
2832:from
2593:Kendo
2569:mask.
2442:niqāb
2379:brand
2375:cowls
2362:used.
2341:court
2274:grímr
1961:Brook
1953:Arden
1945:Genet
1866:moved
1815:brass
1766:Teres
1758:Sofia
1742:karat
1659:Canzo
1595:bears
1405:Korea
1358:Tengu
1348:Japan
1342:Panji
1312:Dayak
1282:Hindu
1267:Burma
1186:China
1121:Andes
1093:krewe
1012:Inuit
934:Grebo
925:Temne
909:Benin
900:Gabon
869:Dogon
853:Gabon
835:Djolé
779:totem
750:films
669:Tibet
665:lhamo
650:drama
626:Batak
575:Purim
462:mask-
426:masca
341:, or
257:JSTOR
243:books
155:ISBNs
18:Masks
6826:Laws
6629:Sash
6614:Muff
6554:Belt
6506:Sock
6478:Shoe
6448:Boot
6268:Robe
6206:down
6142:Cape
6081:Teba
6011:Polo
5847:Full
5811:Slip
5743:and
5730:Wrap
5725:Tutu
5648:Slip
5607:Wrap
5519:and
5413:mess
5408:full
5388:Folk
5286:Phat
5129:polo
5064:Tops
5022:bolo
4957:Veil
4947:Mask
4937:Hood
4893:knit
4888:flat
4682:ISBN
4663:ISBN
4641:ISBN
4622:ISBN
4609:link
4589:ISBN
4570:ISBN
4543:2024
4517:2023
4492:2019
4425:2024
4393:ISBN
4384:Veil
4362:ISBN
4337:ISBN
4294:ISBN
4265:ISBN
4205:LCCN
4171:ISBN
4150:2016
4111:ISBN
4077:ISBN
4042:2014
4016:2010
3987:LCCN
3958:ISBN
3924:ISBN
3896:2014
3869:2007
3842:2014
3805:ISBN
3776:ISBN
3749:ISBN
3695:ISBN
3670:LCCN
3643:ISBN
3581:LCCN
3571:ISBN
3479:2012
3365:ISBN
3323:LCCN
3313:ISBN
3286:ISBN
3263:OCLC
3253:ISBN
3234:2021
2792:and
2749:Kiss
2741:Gwar
2709:and
2683:BDSM
2625:gods
2369:and
2213:and
2199:NYPD
2126:FFP2
2011:and
1990:and
1974:and
1898:and
1833:and
1823:gold
1706:Lent
1694:Doge
1675:bear
1645:and
1580:Fool
1564:gods
1514:and
1375:The
1334:and
1320:Bali
1318:and
1316:Java
1284:and
1257:and
1210:and
1198:mask
1181:Asia
1133:clay
1129:gold
1064:Zuni
1062:and
1060:Hopi
982:and
915:The
905:Idia
896:Punu
873:Mali
865:Nuna
849:ngil
823:and
813:Igbo
717:folk
640:and
353:and
327:face
323:mask
229:news
101:but
6006:Pea
5915:Car
5891:and
5760:Bra
5753:Top
5355:and
5311:gym
5027:bow
4925:top
4900:Hat
4878:Cap
4418:CBR
3612:doi
3067:by
2906:An
2892:A "
2878:A "
2834:Saw
2667:or
2597:Men
2579:or
2577:ice
2397:or
2350:at
2170:or
2087:PPE
2023:of
1998:'s
1919:Noh
1863:noh
1811:Noh
1756:in
1657:in
1649:of
1633:of
1625:of
1617:of
1538:of
1460:in
1381:noh
1379:or
1237:nuo
1226:Shu
1127:or
927:of
898:of
871:of
817:Edo
679:of
661:noh
521:or
506:of
491:).
364:In
212:by
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