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443:"Also they were never charged with the offence of trespass. The charges of unlawful assembly were changed to the more serious charge of riotous assembly. Mr Justice MacKinnon at Chester Assizes in 1933 stated that the Act of Parliament which made it an offence to trespass after being warned not to do so had been repealed, making 'trespassers will be prosecuted' signs unenforceable."
269:. The ramblers were able to reach their destination and meet with another group at Ashop Head. On the return, five ramblers were arrested, with another detained earlier. Trespass was not and is not a criminal offence in England, but some received jail sentences of two to six months for offences relating to violence involving the keepers.
229:
political activists, who opposed the private ownership of large areas of countryside. Frustrated by the lack of progress achieved through lobbying parliament to grant the public free access to the countryside, some activists took to illegally trespassing on privately owned countryside as a form of
195:
Although the mass trespass was a controversial strategy at the time, the imprisonment of some of the trespassers led to public outrage, which increased public support for open access land. Some of the trespassers went on to become successful activists and politicians, and some later died fighting
392:
and the Peak
District National Park Authority hold a walking event to mark the anniversary of the trespass. A commemorative plaque marks the start of the trespass at Bowden Bridge quarry near Hayfield, now a popular area for ramblers. It was unveiled in April 1982 by Benny Rothman (then aged 70)
337:
questioned the narrative of the Kinder Scout trespass as "a simple explanation of the triumph of the 'right to roam' movement". According to Hey, the trespass on balance did "more harm than good". In 2002, Philip Day of the
Manchester Ramblers' Federation stated the trespass was commonly used by
300:
The Kinder mass trespass was one of a number of protests at the time seeking greater access to the moorlands of the northern Peak
District. What set it apart from the others was it marked a new and more radical approach to the problem which was not universally popular with rambling groups. The
216:
of Kinder Scout was a popular area for hikers (known as ramblers) to visit and enjoy the natural beauty of the area. However, wealthy landowners began to guard the land zealously, forcefully evicting members of the public, leading to Kinder Scout being nicknamed "forbidden Kinder". All legal
346:
questioned the absolutism of this revisionism. He advocated for a post-revisionist stance on the mass trespass, acknowledging its positive effects both in the short and long term. He pointed to its symbolic role in the access campaign over the rest of the century that led to the CROW act.
203:
Many details of the event such as the exact turnout of protesters, whether the trespass helped the cause of public access in the immediate aftermath of the event, and even whether some of the trespassers ever made it to the summit, have been heavily debated by historians.
224:
During the 1930s, there was increasing pressure for greater public freedom to access mountains and moorlands as members of the public sought to escape the grim conditions of towns and cities. There was also a massive increase in sports clubs led by
320:
An unintended consequence of the mass trespass was greater interest being paid to ramblers' behaviour and potential ways to regulate it. This resulted in a 'Code of
Courtesy for the Countryside' being produced, which was a forerunner of the modern
177:, England, on 24 April 1932. The protest sought to highlight that walkers were denied access to areas of open countryside which had been fenced off by wealthy landowners who forbade public access. It was organised by communist leader and Jewish
293:(CROW Act) of 2000. Though controversial when it occurred, it has been interpreted as the embodiment of "working class struggle for the right to roam versus the rights of the wealthy to have exclusive use of moorlands for
301:
harshness of the sentences imposed on the leaders of the protest was headline news in local and national newspapers, resulting in the issue gaining public attention and sympathy. The subsequent access rally staged in
217:
attempts to open the land failed as the landowners were unwilling to compromise, and landowners began attacking members of the public with dogs. Without any evidence, the landowners claimed that hikers disturbed
238:
The 1932 trespass was a coordinated protest involving three groups of walkers who approached Kinder Scout from different directions at the same time. Accounts of the numbers involved vary widely: a
338:
opponents of the access movement as an argument for denying access even into the 1950s and 1960s, bringing a "positive hindrance" to the efforts of the movement. In 1989, walkers' rights activist
389:
282:
342:
challenged the assertion that the trespassers had reached the summit of Kinder Scout, saying they made it only as far as Ashop Head. In 2013, historian
847:
Walton, John K. (2013). "The
Northern Rambler: Recreational Walking and the Popular Politics of Industrial England, from Peterloo to the 1930s".
17:
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and other long-distance footpaths. Walkers' rights to travel through common land and uncultivated upland were eventually protected by the
987:
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397:
313:
189:
99:
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185:
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hikes up Kinder Scout every year on their annual
Communist Summer Camp to commemorate their involvement in the trespass.
668:
936:
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103:
333:
A number of writers have criticised the narrative of the success of the Kinder Scout trespass. In 2011, historian
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1017:
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1027:
265:. They proceeded via William Clough to the plateau of Kinder Scout, where there were violent scuffles with
242:
article at the time reported that it was about 100, Benny
Rothman claimed it was between 600 and 800, and
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363:
Ewan MacColl (then known by his real name, Jimmie Miller) anticipated these events in his 1932 song "
339:
1037:
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972:
774:"The Respectable Reaction – The Manchester Ramblers' Federation and the Kinder Mass Trespass 1932"
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and inspiration for "Walking in the
Footsteps of Giants" by northern folk band Harp and a Monkey.
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at the time, of an estimated 400 people. The trespassers began at Bowden Bridge quarry near
262:
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8:
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attracted 10,000 people to attend in support of greater access to the adjacent moorland.
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was one of the most successful in
British history. It arguably led to the passage of the
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257:, remembered it as over 3,000. The generally accepted figure is that reported by the
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1012:
471:"Kinder Scout trespass: How mass action 90 years ago won ramblers roaming rights"
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367:". The events form the subject of the song "You Can (Mass Trespass, 1932)" on
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Arrests and jail sentences for activists involved in the mass trespasses.
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266:
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950:. Moss Lane, Timperley, Altrincham, Cheshire, UK: Willow Publishing.
929:
1932 Kinder
Trespass: Personal View of the Kinder Scout Mass Trespass
334:
277:
According to the Hayfield Kinder Trespass Group website, this act of
602:"'The Manchester Rambler': Ewan MacColl and the 1932 Mass Trespass"
475:
213:
162:
226:
814:
Forbidden Land: The Struggle for Access to Mountain and Moorland
294:
218:
79:
Increase in both public awareness and support for the ramblers.
359:
Commemorative plaque at Bowden Bridge Quarry, unveiled in 1982
499:"How trespassing 'crystallised' Ewan MacColl's songwriting"
243:
221:
bird nesting, which the landowners sought to profit from.
578:
556:
554:
552:
978:
Right To Roam Act of Parliament (explained by BBC News)
799:. North Wales Area: Ramblers' Association. p. 193.
549:
566:
948:
Forbidden Kinder: The 1932 Mass Trespass Re-Visited
811:
316:in 2021 marking the mass trespass of Kinder Scout
903:. Young Communist League of Britain. 3 April 2019
285:and helped pave way for the establishment of the
994:
532:"Kinder Scout and the Legend of Mass Trespass"
661:
490:
393:during a rally to mark the 50th anniversary.
776:. History at Keele University. 6 March 2015
983:Article on Benny Rothman from WCML website
809:
35:
988:Details of Benny Rothman archives at WCML
945:
748:"Description of Trespass – 24 April 1932"
696:"Rebel ramblers: The politics of walking"
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572:
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253:, who participated in the walk and wrote
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314:Young Communist League (Great Britain)
100:Young Communist League (Great Britain)
973:Newspaper report of the mass trespass
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230:protest against wealthy landowners.
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24:
694:Garrahan, Des (20 November 2019).
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283:National Parks legislation in 1949
186:British Workers' Sports Federation
110:Gamekeepers for wealthy landowners
25:
1064:
966:
469:Harby, Jennifer (24 April 2022).
291:Countryside and Rights of Way Act
882:, Hayfield Kinder Trespass Group
754:. Hayfield Kinder Trespass Group
728:. Hayfield Kinder Trespass Group
702:. No. 225. pp. 43–44.
675:. Hayfield Kinder Trespass Group
350:
104:Communist Party of Great Britain
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797:The Pioneer Ramblers; 1950–1940
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643:"Mass Trespass on Kinder Scout"
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1:
1033:Walking in the United Kingdom
497:Long, Chris (24 April 2012).
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159:mass trespass of Kinder Scout
30:Mass trespass of Kinder Scout
18:Mass Trespass of Kinder Scout
901:"Communist Summer Camp 2019"
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380:Each year, a combination of
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7:
820:Manchester University Press
600:Harker, Ben (Spring 2005).
539:Agricultural History Review
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196:against fascism during the
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669:"Conflict and Controversy"
255:a song sung by the walkers
946:Warrender, Keith (2022).
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43:
34:
29:
810:Stephenson, Tom (1989).
609:History Workshop Journal
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927:Rothman, Benny (1982).
795:Howlett, David (2002).
212:In the early 1800s the
184:, the secretary of the
722:"Kinder Mass Trespass"
398:Young Communist League
374:A Singsong and a Scrap
365:The Manchester Rambler
360:
317:
190:Young Communist League
152:1932 protest in the UK
49:; 92 years ago
1018:History of Derbyshire
931:. Willow Publishing.
849:Labour History Review
752:KinderTrespass.org.uk
726:KinderTrespass.org.uk
673:KinderTrespass.org.uk
358:
311:
188:and a member of the
1043:1930s in Derbyshire
1028:Protests in England
861:10.3828/lhr.2013.14
647:Manchester Guardian
530:Hey, David (2011).
312:Activists from the
259:Manchester Guardian
621:10.1093/hwj/dbi016
390:The National Trust
361:
318:
279:civil disobedience
112:British government
47:24 April 1932
1048:April 1932 events
1008:Conflicts in 1932
957:978-0-946361-48-9
273:Political effects
198:Spanish Civil War
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16:(Redirected from
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649:. 25 April 1932
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905:. Retrieved
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651:. Retrieved
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575:, p. 9.
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506:. Retrieved
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425:Open Country
410:Fell running
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303:Winnats Pass
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251:Ewan MacColl
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179:anti-fascist
167:Kinder Scout
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135:Ewan MacColl
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122:Lead figures
67:Kinder Scout
780:20 December
369:Chumbawamba
329:Revisionism
297:shooting."
287:Pennine Way
267:gamekeepers
248:folk singer
165:protest at
74:Resulted in
997:Categories
855:(3): 264.
822:. p.
700:Red Pepper
653:26 October
508:3 November
451:References
388:from both
208:Background
175:Derbyshire
54:1932-04-24
907:14 August
708:1353-7024
629:154501683
545:(2): 210.
456:Citations
335:David Hey
234:The event
886:24 April
758:24 April
732:24 April
679:24 April
503:BBC News
482:24 April
476:BBC News
404:See also
263:Hayfield
214:moorland
163:trespass
62:Location
920:Sources
386:rangers
382:wardens
227:Marxist
169:in the
89:Parties
52: (
1013:Hiking
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295:grouse
219:grouse
161:was a
880:(PDF)
625:S2CID
605:(PDF)
535:(PDF)
431:Notes
240:Times
952:ISBN
933:ISBN
909:2019
888:2019
828:ISBN
782:2017
760:2019
734:2019
704:ISSN
681:2019
655:2019
510:2014
484:2022
396:The
384:and
246:and
244:poet
157:The
44:Date
857:doi
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