570:"On the fourth day of August we reached the north bank of the Republican River and went into camp. At 9 o'clock that evening, three white men came into camp and reported to me that a large band of Sioux warriors camped 25 miles northwest, waiting for an opportunity to attack the Pawnees for several days, anticipating that we would move up the river where buffaloes were feeding. Previous to this, white men visited us and warned us to be on our guard against Sioux attacks, and I was a trifle skeptical as to the truth of the story told by our white visitors. But one of the men, a young man about my age at the time, appeared to be so sincere in his efforts to impress upon me that the warning should be heeded, that I took him to Sky Chief who was in command that day, for a conference. Sky Chief said the men were liars; that they wanted to scare the Pawnees away from the hunting grounds so that white men could kill buffaloes for hides. He told me I was squaw and a coward. I took exception to his remarks, and retorted: 'I will go as far as you dare go. Don't forget that.' The following morning August 5, we broke camp and started north, up the divide between the Republican and the Frenchman Rivers. Soon after leaving camp, Sky Chief rode up to me and extending his hand said, 'Shake, brother.' He recalled our little unpleasantness the night previous and said he did not believe there was cause for alarm, and was so impressed with the belief that he had not taken the precaution to throw out scouts in the direction the Sioux were reported to be. A few minutes later a buffalo scout signaled that buffaloes had been sighted in the distance, and Sky Chief rode off to engage in the hunt. I never saw him again. He had killed a buffalo and was skinning it when the advance guard of the Sioux shot and wounded him. The Chief attempted to reach his horse, but before he was able to mount, several of the enemy surrounded him. He died fighting. A Pawnee, who was skinning a buffalo a short distance away but managed to escape, told me how Sky Chief died."
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the claim that the massacre "broke the strength and spirit" of the Pawnee causing the tribe to move from its reservation to
Oklahoma fails to note that the primary cause of the Pawnee's move to Oklahoma was the mismanagement of the Pawnee reservation. The United States government failed to honor the treaty rights guaranteed to the Pawnee, including protection from the Sioux. The Sioux and Pawnee had been in occasional conflict since the Sioux migrated into the Great Plains in the 18th century but the added pressure of encroaching settler-colonists, the coerced cession of Pawnee lands, and the withholding of promised resources by the United States government made the situation untenable for the Pawnee.
510:. By Article 11 they received a right to hunt along the Republican River, in the same area that the Pawnee retained non-exclusive hunting rights to, almost 200 miles south of their new reservation. While the 1833 treaty with the Pawnee does establish that the former Pawnee lands south of the Platte were intended to be shared with other "friendly Indians," the Pawnee were at war with the Sioux at the time of the signing in 1833 and the United States was at war with the Sioux until 1868, meaning that the granting of hunting rights on this land to the Sioux is of uncertain legality given the ambiguity of the phrase "friendly Indians."
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381:, when they were attacked. "A census taken at the Pawnee Agency in September, according Agent Burgess. . ." (see "Massacre Canyon Monument" article in External Links section) found that "71 Pawnee warriors were killed, and 102 women and children killed", the victims brutally mutilated and scalped and others even set on fire" although Trail Agent John Williamson's account states 156 Pawnee died (page 388). This
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479:. According to the terms of the 1833 treaty, this land was to remain a "common hunting ground" for the Pawnee and other "friendly Indians," meaning that the Pawnee had non-exclusive treaty rights to hunt buffalo in their former territory. The Massacre Canyon battlefield near Republican River is located within this area. They had suffered continual attacks by the
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got the impression that "about three hundred
Pawnees were killed". Eastes reported that at least one Sioux was killed and others were badly wounded. The Cut-off Oglalas had suffered no casualties at all, according to their sub-agent. This is at odds with narratives of what happened in the canyon that
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that increased violently in the early 1840s. Part of the terms of the 1833 treaty prevented the Pawnee from going to war with any neighboring tribes and required the Pawnee to defer to the United States government as the arbiter of disputes and negotiator between tribes, meaning that the Pawnee could
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Sky Chief covered the retreat of his people, and the Sioux encircled him. He was alone and on foot. Dog Chief, a younger brother of Sky Chief, rode through the Sioux line and told him to withdraw. Sky Chief refused to stop fighting while the enemies were killing Pawnee women and children. Knowing he
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The
Pawnees say that Sky Chief lived during the first part of the battle. He fought for his tribe, shouting words of encouragement to it. "Today I may see the tribe you protect here. This is the end. It is supposed to be better old men not to become. Now, men, a man be." He killed his own little son
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Some
Oglalas brought news of the big Pawnee camp on August 3. Chief Little Wound told Antoine Janis that he had stopped them from going against the Utes. Now, "the young men had determined to fight" the Pawnees, not to lose men and horses again. Janis replied that he could not prevent the Sioux from
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The US cavalry soldiers rode up the canyon in the afternoon. "The first body we came upon was that of a woman", remembered Platt. Army Dr. David
Franklin Powell described the march up the battleground: "We advanced from the mouth of the ravine to its head and found fifty-nine dead Pawnees ...". For
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The Pawnee had a long tradition of living in present-day
Nebraska. The Pawnee had been the most populous and perhaps the most powerful tribe in the Nebraska area, with a population of 10,000 to 12,000 around the year 1800. However, smallpox epidemics and increasing Sioux raids on villages beginning
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Several aspects of this telling of the battle are disputed by the historical record. Sources disagree about what role, if any, the cavalry played in stopping the violence. The United States government had agreed to protect the Pawnee as per the 1857 Treaty signed between the two governments. Also,
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Both the Pawnee and the Sioux complained regularly over attacks by the other tribe. Because both tribes had signed treaties explicitly giving power of mediation to the United States government, there was an attempted peace negotiation in 1871 with the United States as intermediary which ultimately
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Massacre Canyon is the large canyon about half a mile west of here. The battle took place in and along this canyon when a Pawnee hunting party of about 700, confident of protection from the government, were surprised by a War Party of Sioux. The Pawnee, badly outnumbered and completely surprised,
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In 1865, in part due to their long rivalry with the Sioux, 95 Pawnee men joined enlisted with the United States military for the Powder River War, a military campaign against the Sioux, Arapaho, and
Cheyenne intended to intimidate the tribes. The Pawnee scouts also worked with the Union Pacific
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in the area got the news. A boy eyewitness recalled many years later that "instantly all the warriors began to get ready to go on the warpath." In his understanding, the warriors were defending their hunting grounds. However, neither the Sioux nor the Pawnee had exclusive right to the hunting
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The last week of August, Williamson was back in
Massacre Canyon. He covered the dead with dirt broken down from the banks. The number of Pawnee victims on the battlefield range from at least 50 to "156". A source often quoted is Agent William Burgess, who stated that "20 men, 39 women and 10
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Dog Chief, being young, gave the bear claw necklace of his dead brother, Sky Chief, to the son of the Indian Agent
Burgess for safekeeping. When some Pawnees tried to get it back, they failed. In 1920, Chawi Pawnee chief Lone Chief visited Burgess in Chicago and brought the necklace back.
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himself would be killed, he took off his bear claw necklace, which was the symbol of his chieftainship. "Take the necklace and try to escape... I want you to have it and do not want the Sioux to gain possession of it." Dog Chief managed to bring the necklace to safety.
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In the Lakota winter count of Cloud-Shield, the victory is remembered as the winter "they killed many
Pawnees on the Republican river." The Pawnee Indians talk about "The hunters that were massacred".In the South Band Pawnee dialect, the area around Trenton is known as
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Around the same time in early August, about 700 Brulé Sioux, led by Chief Two Strike, were hunting buffalo in the same area. The Oglala Sioux, led by chiefs Little Wound and Pawnee Killer, were hunting along tributaries of the Republican River west of the Pawnee camp.
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Agency on the Pawnee Reservation, who accompanied the Pawnee hunting party, "On the 2d day of July, 1873, the Indians, to the number of 700, left Genoa for the hunting grounds. Of this number 350 were men, the balance women and children." Williamson stated that 156
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The morning of August 5 the Pawnees went up a canyon. Men looking for game took the lead and the families followed with loaded down packhorses. A number of the Pawnee huntsmen in front seem to have been the first fatalities, lured into a Sioux trap by a decoy.
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is 35 feet (11 m) high. The base measures 9 feet (2.7 m) by 9.5 feet (2.9 m) across; the bottom of the shaft is five feet (1.5 m) across, tapering to 32 inches (81 cm) near the top. The entire monument weighs 91 tons (83,000 kg).
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Sometime after the battle the Sioux warriors rode into camps. "One of the men in advance was waving a scalp. This caused great excitement. The men paraded around the village ... Everybody appeared to be happy and rejoicing". Later well-known Sioux Indian
491:. As part of this treaty, the Pawnee were guaranteed protection by the United States military. No explicit mention is made of the "common hunting ground" established from previously-ceded Pawnee lands as established in the 1833 treaty.
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attacking the Pawnee but suggested that the two tribes meet to discuss the matter instead which was ignored. Later he told his sister, Susan Bordeaux Bettelyoun, that to restrain the warriors "... you might as well stop an avalanche."
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See e.g. Blaine, Royce Martha: Pawnee Passage, 1870-1875. Norman and London, 1990, pp. 82-142. Poole, D.C.: Among the Sioux of Dakota. Eighteen Months' Experience as an Indian Agent, 1868-1870. St. Paul, 1988, pp. 58,62 and
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The Pawnee reached the Republican River, about a mile and a half south of here, and crossed to the other side. The Sioux were ready to pursue them still further, but a unit of cavalry arrived and prevented further fighting.
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near the Platte where Dr. William M. Bancroft treated the wounded. By train they arrived at Silver Creek, around ten miles south of the Pawnee Agency. The last tribal buffalo hunt of the Pawnee in Nebraska ended soon after.
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This incident, in particular, caused the government nationwide to intensify "its efforts to keep the Indians confined to their reservation" in an endeavor to curtail intertribal warfare. On a local level, Maj. Gen.
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Railroad to protect railroad workers during the construction of the transcontinental railroad through Nebraska and Wyoming. These actions by the Pawnee scouts did not improve relations between the Pawnee and Sioux.
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The Massacre Canyon Monument was dedicated on Sept. 26, 1930. It was the first historical monument erected in Nebraska by federal grant. It stands on a three-acre (1.2 ha) plot, three miles (4.8 km) east of
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A Pawnee hunting group—roughly 400 men, women and children—were located in camp near present-day Trenton on August 4, 1873. Trail Agent John W. Williamson stayed in the camp with his visitor Lester Beach Platt.
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760:"The adjacent stone monument erected in 1930 was first placed about a mile south of this area. Originally on the highway overlooking the canyon, it was moved to this location after the highway was relocated.
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were camped. All through the morning Pawnee survivors found the camp as well as Williamson and Platt, who had made his escape early during the fight. The Pawnees got instructions to proceed further east.
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were killed though numbers vary by source. This massacre ranked among "the bloodiest attacks by the Sioux" in Pawnee history. Cruel and violent warfare like this had been practiced against the
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346:, many Pawnees were killed with estimates of casualties ranging widely from around 50 to over 150. The victims, who were mostly women and children, suffered mutilation and sexual assault.
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News of the defeat reached the remaining Pawnees in the reservation on August 8 through a runner. "This produced intense excitement in the village, sorrowful wailings were heard all day".
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and saddles from the packhorses and the Pawnee started a disorganized retreat. "The withdrawal was a rout as the Sioux shot from both banks of the canyon into the fleeing Pawnee". In
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in the early 1800s and worsening in the 1830s left the Pawnee in a vulnerable position. In a 1833 treaty with the United States, the Pawnee ceded all of their land south of the
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The Pawnee prepared for defense. Agent Williamson and either his friend Platt or tribal member Ralph Weeks rode out to arrange a peace council, but bullets forced them back.
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The monument is located in a small park area with picnic tables and a visitor center and museum that features exhibits about early pioneers, the tribal customs of the
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Following the massacre, the Pawnee received $ 9,000 for the loss of more than 100 horses, 20 tons of dried meat and all sorts of equipment. The money came from the
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Massacre Along the Medicine Road: A Social History of the Indian War of 1864, p. 389, By Ronald Becher. Publisher: Caxton Press (March 1, 1999) Language: English
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People from the nearest communities visited the scene of the battle over the following days. Royal Buck wrote to the readers of Nebraska City News that "It was a
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Agency on the Pawnee reservation. He accompanied the Pawnee on their August 1873 hunt. He wrote his recollections of the battle decades after the incident.
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Mallory, Gerrick: The Corbusier Winter Counts. Smithsonian Institution. Fourth Annual Report to the Bureau of Ethnology. G.P.O.1886. Page facing p. 145.
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Dunlay, Thomas W.: Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90. Lincoln and London, 1982, p. 154.
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retreated into the head of the canyon about two miles northwest of here. The battle was the retreat of the Pawnee down the canyon to the Republican.
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Bettelyoun, Susan Bordeaux and Josephine Waggoner: With My Own Eyes. A Lakota Woman Tells her People's History. Lincoln and London, 1998, p. 80.
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The Nebraska Indian Wars reader, 1865–1877 By R. Eli Paul p.88 Publisher: University of Nebraska Press (April 1, 1998) Language: English
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Cloud-Shield's Lakota Winter Count for the years 1873–74. Massacre Canyon battle, Nebraska. "They killed many Pawnees on the Republican River."
310:) and the last battle/massacre between Great Plains Indians in North America. The massacre occurred when a large Sioux war party of over 1,500
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grounds. During the day around 1,000 warriors set off for the Pawnee to make a joint, quick attack and prevent the enemy from striking first.
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It was half a century after the battle before the Pawnee and the Sioux smoked the pipe of peace during the Massacre Canyon Pow Wow in 1925.
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In a 1857 treaty, the Pawnee ceded all territory north of the Platte River except for a small reservation on old Pawnee land, present-day
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Riley, Paul D. (Ed.): Red Willow County Letters of Royal Buck, 1872-1873. Nebraska History, Vol. 47, No. 4 (1966), pp. 371-397, p. 391.
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McGinnis, Anthony: Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889. Evergreen, 1990, p. 129.
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months and years prior to the massacre without US Government protection that had been promised in the 1857 Treaty with the Pawnee.
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Chief Luther Standing Bear. As a boy he saw the victorious Lakota warriors return to the camp after the Massacre Canyon battle.
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The defeat so broke the strength and spirit of the tribe that it moved from its reservation in central Nebraska to Oklahoma."
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The Pawnee version of the Massacre Canyon battle tells of a few individuals' fate and relates some peculiar incidents.
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1535:"Massacre Canyon saga is just one story in a rich Native American history in Nebraska" - Nebraska Rural Living article
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for centuries since the mid-1700s and through the 1840s. Attacks increased further in the 1850s until 1875. The
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and nothing more, and near 100 victims are lying on the ground and full two thirds are squaws and pappooses ".
708:"dispatched a small force" to protect the Pawnee Agency. The presence of troops did not stop the Sioux raids.
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in retaliation for stolen horses and the killing of a Sioux man by Antoine Janis, the sub-agent for the band.
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Map with Massacre Canyon battlefield (1873), Nebraska. Pawnee reservation and relevant Lakota territories.
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Blaine, Garland James & Martha Royce Blaine, “Pa-Re-Su A-Ri-Ra-Ke: The Hunters that were massacred”.
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is by some considered one of the factors that led to the Pawnees' decision to move to a reservation in
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La-Roo-Chuck-A-La-Shar (Sun Chief) was a Pawnee chief who died fighting the Lakota at Massacre Canyon.
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Pawnees taken captive by the Sioux were released at the behest of the whites to rejoin their tribe.
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In July 1873, a month before the massacre, the Oglala Sioux had been stopped from attacking the
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Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
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Among the Pawnee dead were Sky Chief (Tirawahut Lesharo) who was surrounded and killed by the
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not retaliate against the Sioux attacks on their villages without violating the treaty.
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Paul, R. Eli (ed.), “Lester Beach Platt's Account of the Battle of Massacre Canyon”.
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The Pawnee were traveling along the west bank of the canyon, which runs south to the
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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Standing Bear, Luther: Land of the Spotted Eagle. Lincoln and London, 1978. p. 41.
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Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2.
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Mallory, Gerrick: Picture-writing of the American Indians. Tribal Designations.
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Near the town of Culbertson, Capt. Charles Meinhold with his small command from
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Shellenberger, A. C.: The last Pawnee-Sioux Indian Battle and Buffalo Hunt.
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Murie, James R. (1981): Ceremonies of the Pawnee. Part II. The South Bands.
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Blaine, Royce Martha: Pawnee Passage, 1870-1875. Norman and London, 1990.
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Ludwickson, John: Historic Indian Tribes. Ethnohistory and Archaeology.
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John Williamson, aged 23, was assigned as the Pawnee trail-agent at the
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Conflict sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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with his knife, telling the Sioux that they would not get his child.
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Riley, Paul D. (Ed.): Dr. David Franklin Powell and Fort McPherson.
930:, August 21, 1873 (reported by William Burgess, Pawnee Indian agent)
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1108:"Pawnee (tribe) | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture"
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National Register of Historic Places in Hitchcock County, Nebraska
864:"Nebraska Historical Marker: Massacre Canyon - E Nebraska History"
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Unknown, but likely between 156 and 171, mostly women and children
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of the Sioux, as stipulated in the 1868 Sioux Treaty, Article 1.
1377:. American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University
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Medal of honor: historical facts & figures By Ron Owens p.52
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1371:"American Indian Studies Research Institute Dictionary Portal"
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one reason or another, a number of the dead women lay naked.
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The Sioux greatly outnumbered the Pawnee. Women threw hides,
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1360:, 1888-'89. Washington, 1893, pp. 377-388, p. 386, fig. 509.
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while skinning a buffalo, and the wife and four children of
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Pawnee: Sky Chief, Sun Chief, Fighting Bear, Ruling His Son.
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villages and Quaker agency near Genoa were attacked by the
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393:, though not all sources agree on its impact in this way.
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battle took place in Nebraska on August 5, 1873, near the
1084:"Treaty with the Pawnee, 1857 - Tribal Treaties Database"
1055:"Treaty with the Pawnee, 1833 - Tribal Treaties Database"
52:
View looking southwest from the Massacre Canyon monument
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Buildings and structures in Hitchcock County, Nebraska
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LAST BUFFALO HUNT OF THE PAWNEES By John W. Williamson
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Tayler, A. L.: Building the Massacre Canyon Monument,
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Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
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The Pawnee Nation: An Annotated Research Bibliography
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According to Indian agent John W. Williamson of the
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site
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1256:Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 27.
2941:Tourist attractions in Hitchcock County, Nebraska
2473:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1189:Riley, Paul D., “The Battle of Massacre Canyon”.
502:with the United States and agreed to live in the
294:. It was one of the last hostilities between the
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901:Indian Office Documents on Sioux-Pawnee Battle.
660:The Pawnee survivors traveled 80 miles or so to
2865:National Register of Historic Places portal
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267:Around 400 all in all, children, women and men
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2112:Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital
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1423:, Vol. 16, No, 3 (1935), pp. 171-177, p. 176.
1316:, Vol. 16, No. 3 (1935), pp. 132-145, p. 142.
1271:, Vol. 51, No. 2 (1970), pp. 153-170, p. 163.
996:, Vol. 75, No. 1 (1994), pp. 132-157, p. 140.
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1540:Massacre Canyon Monument and Visitor Center
1525:Nebraska Historical Marker: Massacre Canyon
756:The monument features a marker which reads:
215:Massacre Canyon, Hitchcock County, Nebraska
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238:Brule Lakota Indians Oglala Lakota Indians
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2413:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1375:AISRI South Band Pawnee Dictionary Portal
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35:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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2371:Native American place names in Nebraska
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1325:Massacre Canyon Fight August 5, 1873.
821:"National Register Information System"
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1495:(Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press), 2004.
1460:
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1240:, Vol. 67, No. 4 (1986), pp. 381-407.
1225:
1193:, Vol. 54, No. 2 (1973), pp. 221-249.
1162:
1129:
1127:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1004:
1002:
974:, Vol. 58, No. 3 (1977), pp. 342-358.
949:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
396:Principal chiefs at the battle were:
905:, vol. 16, No.3 (1935), pp. 147-155.
858:
856:
826:National Register of Historic Places
415:(Brulé chief). Chief Charging Bear (
2936:Monuments and memorials in Nebraska
2916:Native American history of Nebraska
2335:Fontenelle Forest Historic District
2219:Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site
1397:"Trenton's Massacre Canyon Pow-Wow"
813:
13:
2828:National Historic Preservation Act
1455:
1124:
1071:
1042:
999:
880:
797:List of battles fought in Nebraska
14:
2982:
2142:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
1786:Nebraska Indian Community College
1619:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
1506:
1112:Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS
1010:"The Pawnee and the Lakota Sioux"
853:
716:"where the hunters were killed."
498:In 1868 the Sioux entered into a
2870:
2869:
2858:
1577:
1329:, Vol. 16, No. 3 (1935), p. 141.
558:Trail Agent Williamson's account
450:and a Medal of Honor recipient.
95:
88:
70:
63:
2340:Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites
2224:Frank Parker Archeological Site
1485:
1426:
1413:
1388:
1363:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1261:
1196:
1152:
1135:"Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)"
1100:
986:
463:, a vast territory between the
2781:Federated States of Micronesia
2427:Architectural style categories
2310:Farwell Archeological District
2107:Genoa Indian Industrial School
977:
933:
917:
908:
837:
170:
1:
2961:Massacres of Native Americans
2956:Massacres by Native Americans
2315:Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site
2259:Table Rock Archeological Site
2229:Sweetwater Archeological Site
2122:Susan LaFlesche Picotte House
2086:Cunningham Archeological Site
1954:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
1949:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
1882:Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse
926:, Saturday, August 30, 1873;
807:
668:
574:
104:Show map of the United States
2015:Fullerton Archeological Site
1781:Little Priest Tribal College
1395:Sehnert, Walt (2006-02-20).
16:United States historic place
7:
2254:Humphrey Archeological Site
2249:Schrader Archeological Site
2010:Schrader Archeological Site
1669:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
1596:Historic and present tribes
790:
726:
164:3,680 acres (1,490 ha)
27:Massacre Canyon Battlefield
10:
2987:
2833:Historic Preservation Fund
2812:American Legation, Morocco
2350:Wiseman Archeological Site
2345:Schulte Archeological Site
2239:Ashland Archeological Site
2234:Burkett Archeological Site
2000:Horse Creek Pawnee Village
1842:Old Lady Grieves The Enemy
714:paareesuĘľ ahrirakurahatka,
453:
2853:
2820:
2799:
2774:Lists by associated state
2773:
2732:
2465:
2419:
2363:
2267:
2181:
2155:
2094:
2058:
1977:
1941:
1918:Battle of Warbonnet Creek
1890:
1867:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles
1794:
1774:colleges and universities
1771:
1728:
1692:
1594:
1421:Nebraska History Magazine
1327:Nebraska History Magazine
1314:Nebraska History Magazine
903:Nebraska History Magazine
868:www.e-nebraskahistory.org
735:Massacre Canyon Monument.
407:(Brulé chief) (unclear),
271:
258:
245:
232:
198:
193:
181:
169:NRHP reference
168:
160:
123:
113:
57:
45:
41:
32:
25:
21:
2755:Northern Mariana Islands
1990:Pike-Pawnee Village Site
1852:Susan La Flesche Picotte
1513:Massacre Canyon Monument
692:Massacre Canyon monument
475:and south into northern
251:Little Wound, Two Strike
145:40.206443°N 100.964598°W
2325:Kurz Omaha Village Site
2268:Other precontact places
2020:Oto Indian Village Site
1659:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
1218:Standing Bear, Luther,
674:children" were killed.
625:The next hours and days
504:Great Sioux Reservation
2750:Minor Outlying Islands
2733:Lists by insular areas
2447:Keeper of the Register
2305:Nehawka Flint Quarries
2295:Hudson-Meng Bison Kill
2182:Precontact communities
2059:Historic sacred places
773:
736:
693:
685:
638:
591:
572:
529:
246:Commanders and leaders
194:Massacre Canyon Battle
150:40.206443; -100.964598
2452:National Park Service
2432:Contributing property
2132:Moses Merrill Mission
2095:Other historic places
1942:Historic reservations
1908:Battle of Mud Springs
831:National Park Service
758:
734:
691:
683:
636:
589:
568:
533:Lead-up to the battle
527:
342:hunt. In the ensuing
272:Casualties and losses
2807:District of Columbia
1995:Skidi Pawnee Village
1978:Historic communities
1913:Battle of Rush Creek
1898:Battle of Ash Hollow
1730:Present reservations
1705:Omaha-Ponca language
1491:Boughter, Judith A.
1220:My People, the Sioux
1088:treaties.okstate.edu
1059:treaties.okstate.edu
644:Luther Standing Bear
338:during their summer
300:Chaticks si Chaticks
264:Around 1,000 Lakotas
79:Show map of Nebraska
2971:Battles in Nebraska
2285:Walker Gilmore site
2040:Theodore Davis Site
1014:nebraskastudies.org
924:The Chicago Tribune
334:attacked a band of
141: /
2906:August 1873 events
2156:Precontact peoples
1832:Francis La Flesche
1518:2017-04-20 at the
802:Pawnee Reservation
737:
694:
686:
639:
592:
530:
2911:Massacres in 1873
2901:Conflicts in 1873
2883:
2882:
2437:Historic district
2379:
2378:
2300:Woodcliff Burials
1837:Joseph La Flesche
1693:Present languages
1639:Northern Cheyenne
1434:"Massacre Canyon"
1139:National Archives
833:. March 13, 2009.
787:and a gift shop.
443:who served under
389:in what is today
322:warriors, led by
284:
283:
228:
227:
189:
188:
118:Trenton, Nebraska
2978:
2896:1873 in Nebraska
2873:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2786:Marshall Islands
2406:
2399:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2005:Cottonwood Creek
1985:Ton'wontongathon
1923:Grattan massacre
1877:James Young Deer
1827:Logan Fontenelle
1817:Joba Chamberlain
1795:Historic figures
1584:Native Americans
1582:
1581:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1542:- Visit Nebraska
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1466:"Pawnee Actions"
1462:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1440:. Archived from
1438:www.usgennet.org
1430:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
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1367:
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1336:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1272:
1269:Nebraska History
1265:
1259:
1258:Washington, D.C.
1252:
1241:
1238:Nebraska History
1234:
1223:
1222:. Lincoln, 1975.
1216:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:Nebraska History
1187:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1131:
1122:
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1119:
1118:
1104:
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1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1051:
1040:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1006:
997:
994:Nebraska History
990:
984:
981:
975:
972:Nebraska History
968:
947:
937:
931:
921:
915:
912:
906:
899:
878:
877:
875:
874:
860:
851:
841:
835:
834:
817:
411:(Oglala chief),
387:Indian Territory
379:Republican River
292:Republican River
277:Unknown, but few
200:
199:
191:
190:
172:
156:
155:
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105:
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50:
19:
18:
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2849:
2816:
2795:
2769:
2728:
2461:
2415:
2410:
2380:
2375:
2359:
2355:Durflinger Site
2263:
2177:
2151:
2117:Indian agencies
2090:
2054:
1973:
1937:
1933:Indian Congress
1903:Massacre Canyon
1891:Historic events
1886:
1812:Chief Blackbird
1802:Antonine Barada
1790:
1773:
1767:
1724:
1688:
1590:
1576:
1574:
1520:Wayback Machine
1509:
1488:
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1197:
1188:
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1125:
1116:
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1082:
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1072:
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1053:
1052:
1043:
1038:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1000:
991:
987:
982:
978:
969:
950:
938:
934:
922:
918:
913:
909:
900:
881:
872:
870:
862:
861:
854:
842:
838:
819:
818:
814:
810:
793:
729:
671:
627:
577:
560:
535:
506:in present-day
456:
288:Massacre Canyon
216:
149:
147:
143:
140:
135:
132:
130:
128:
127:
109:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
53:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2765:Virgin Islands
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:American Samoa
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:South Carolina
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:North Carolina
2636:
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2521:
2516:
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2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2466:Lists by state
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2457:Property types
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2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
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2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Patterson Site
2327:
2322:
2320:Barneston Site
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
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2264:
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2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:Central Plains
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Blackbird Hill
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:Woodcliff Site
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
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1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
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1920:
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1900:
1894:
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1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
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1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:Larry EchoHawk
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1772:Present tribal
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1715:Sioux language
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
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1572:
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1558:
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1544:
1543:
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1532:
1527:
1522:
1508:
1507:External links
1505:
1504:
1503:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1454:
1425:
1412:
1401:McCook Gazette
1387:
1362:
1349:
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1305:
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1242:
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1151:
1123:
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1025:
998:
985:
976:
948:
932:
928:New York Times
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809:
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728:
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623:
618:Fort McPherson
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433:Traveling Bear
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241:Pawnee Indians
239:
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234:
230:
229:
226:
225:
224:Lakota victory
222:
218:
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208:
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206:August 5, 1873
204:
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2714:West Virginia
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2679:South Dakota
2669:Rhode Island
2664:Pennsylvania
2644:North Dakota
2364:Other topics
2209:Signal Butte
2204:Schultz site
2173:Dismal River
2030:McClean Site
2025:Leshara Site
1928:Cheyenne War
1902:
1758:Santee Sioux
1720:Sac language
1710:Fox language
1684:Skidi Pawnee
1492:
1486:Bibliography
1473:. Retrieved
1469:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:the original
1437:
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1404:. Retrieved
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1143:. Retrieved
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489:Nance County
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461:Platte River
457:
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409:Little Wound
405:Spotted Tail
395:
376:
364:Lakota Sioux
348:
332:Spotted Tail
328:Little Wound
287:
285:
233:Belligerents
114:Nearest city
2800:Other areas
2760:Puerto Rico
2594:Mississippi
2509:Connecticut
2280:Indian Hill
2275:Indian Cave
2214:Site 25SM20
2071:Ahkawitakol
2050:Wright Site
1847:Petalesharo
1753:Sac and Fox
1470:nmai.si.edu
448:Frank North
435:, a former
148: /
136:100°57′53″W
124:Coordinates
2890:Categories
2709:Washington
2629:New Mexico
2624:New Jersey
2499:California
2244:Yutan Site
2194:Ash Hollow
2189:Leary Site
2045:Kelso Site
1872:Jim Thorpe
1475:2023-05-31
1448:2023-05-31
1406:2022-08-22
1381:2023-05-31
1145:2023-05-31
1117:2023-05-31
1093:2023-05-31
1064:2023-05-31
1019:2023-05-31
873:2023-05-31
808:References
669:Afterwards
662:Plum Creek
611:Culbertson
607:dried meat
575:The battle
549:All Sioux
471:rivers in
469:Republican
417:John Grass
413:Two Strike
324:Two Strike
302:) and the
133:40°12′23″N
2719:Wisconsin
2684:Tennessee
2589:Minnesota
2564:Louisiana
1857:Red Cloud
1763:Winnebago
1634:Missouria
698:annuities
2875:Category
2704:Virginia
2654:Oklahoma
2634:New York
2609:Nebraska
2599:Missouri
2584:Michigan
2574:Maryland
2559:Kentucky
2539:Illinois
2514:Delaware
2504:Colorado
2494:Arkansas
2168:Woodland
1969:Niobrara
1629:Meskwaki
1614:Comanche
1588:Nebraska
1516:Archived
791:See also
783:and the
727:Monument
652:massacre
514:failed.
473:Nebraska
437:sergeant
421:Sihasapa
391:Oklahoma
383:massacre
320:Sihasapa
259:Strength
211:Location
176:74001118
2821:Related
2724:Wyoming
2699:Vermont
2604:Montana
2544:Indiana
2524:Georgia
2519:Florida
2489:Arizona
2479:Alabama
1807:Big Elk
1609:Arikara
1604:Arapaho
750:obelisk
742:Trenton
454:History
439:in the
403:Sioux:
362:by the
340:buffalo
2926:Pawnee
2921:Lakota
2659:Oregon
2614:Nevada
2554:Kansas
2529:Hawaii
2484:Alaska
2420:Topics
2199:Coufal
1964:Pawnee
1654:Pawnee
1499:
943:
847:
500:treaty
477:Kansas
372:Lakota
368:Pawnee
360:Pawnee
356:Pawnee
336:Pawnee
330:, and
318:, and
312:Oglala
308:Lakota
296:Pawnee
221:Result
2791:Palau
2689:Texas
2569:Maine
2534:Idaho
2127:Nanza
2081:Pahuk
2066:Pahur
1748:Ponca
1743:Omaha
1738:Ioway
1700:Hocak
1679:Sioux
1644:Omaha
1624:Kiowa
781:Sioux
647:day.
564:Genoa
551:tipis
481:Sioux
429:Sioux
351:Genoa
316:Brulé
304:Sioux
2745:Guam
2694:Utah
2649:Ohio
2549:Iowa
1649:Otoe
1497:ISBN
1159:131.
941:ISBN
845:ISBN
744:off
519:Utes
465:Loup
445:Maj.
344:rout
306:(or
286:The
203:Date
161:Area
1959:Oto
1664:Sac
1586:in
423:) .
171:No.
2892::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
